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Journal articles on the topic 'Quantum mechanical'

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1

Shuang Xu, Shuang Xu, Liyun Hu Liyun Hu, and Jiehui Huang Jiehui Huang. "New fractional entangling transform and its quantum mechanical correspondence." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 3 (2015): 030801–30804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.030801.

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2

Maranganti, R., and P. Sharma. "Revisiting quantum notions of stress." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2119 (February 15, 2010): 2097–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0636.

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An important aspect of multi-scale modelling of materials is to link continuum concepts, such as fields, to the underlying discrete microscopic behaviour in a seamless manner. With the growing importance of atomistic calculations to understand material behaviour, reconciling continuum and discrete concepts is necessary to interpret molecular and quantum-mechanical simulations. In this work, we provide a quantum-mechanical framework to a distinctly continuum quantity: mechanical stress. While the concept of the global macroscopic stress tensor in quantum mechanics has been well established, there still exist open issues when it comes to a spatially varying local quantum stress tensor. We attempt to shed some light on this topic by establishing a general quantum-mechanical operator-based approach to continuity equations and from those, introduce a local quantum-mechanical stress tensor. Further, we elucidate the analogies that exist between the (classical) molecular-dynamics-based stress definition and the quantum stress. Our derivations appear to suggest that the local quantum-mechanical stress may not be an observable in quantum mechanics and therefore traces the non-uniqueness of the atomistic stress tensor to the gauge arbitrariness of the quantum-mechanical state function. Lastly, the virial stress theorem (of empirical molecular dynamics) is re-derived in a transparent manner that elucidates the analogy between quantum-mechanical global stresses.
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3

Bohm, A., S. Maxson, Mark Loewe, and M. Gadella. "Quantum mechanical irrebersibility." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 236, no. 3-4 (March 1997): 485–549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(96)00284-1.

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4

Roy, D. K. "Quantum mechanical tunnelling." Pramana 25, no. 4 (October 1985): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02846768.

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5

Feynman, Richard P. "Quantum Mechanical Computers." Optics News 11, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/on.11.2.000011.

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6

Lloyd, Seth. "Quantum-Mechanical Computers." Scientific American 273, no. 4 (October 1995): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1095-140.

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7

Fedorovich, G. V. "Quantum-mechanical screening." Physics Letters A 164, no. 2 (April 1992): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(92)90694-h.

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8

Feynman, Richard P. "Quantum mechanical computers." Foundations of Physics 16, no. 6 (June 1986): 507–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01886518.

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9

Zaspa, Yu, and A. Dykha. "Quantum-mechanical approaches in evaluating the contact interaction of tribosystems." Problems of Tribology 25, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2020-95-1-63-68.

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10

AGLIARI, ELENA, OLIVER MÜLKEN, and ALEXANDER BLUMEN. "CONTINUOUS-TIME QUANTUM WALKS AND TRAPPING." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 02 (February 2010): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410025715.

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Recent findings suggest that processes such as the excitonic energy transfer through the photosynthetic antenna display quantal features, aspects known from the dynamics of charge carriers along polymer backbones. Hence, in modeling energy transfer one has to leave the classical, master-equation-type formalism and advance towards an increasingly quantum-mechanical picture, while still retaining a local description of the complex network of molecules involved in the transport, say through a tight-binding approach. Interestingly, the continuous time random walk (CTRW) picture, widely employed in describing transport in random environments, can be mathematically reformulated to yield a quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian of tight-binding type; the procedure uses the mathematical analogies between time-evolution operators in statistical and in quantum mechanics: The result are continuous-time quantum walks (CTQWs). However, beyond these formal analogies, CTRWs and CTQWs display vastly different physical properties. In particular, here we focus on trapping processes on a ring and show, both analytically and numerically, that distinct configurations of traps (ranging from periodical to random) yield strongly different behaviors for the quantal mean survival probability, while classically (under ordered conditions) we always find an exponential decay at long times.
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11

UBRIACO, MARCELO R. "QUANTUM DEFORMATIONS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 01 (January 10, 1993): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393000106.

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Based on a deformation of the quantum mechanical phase space we study q-deformations of quantum mechanics for qk=1 and 0<q<1. After defining a q-analog of the scalar product on the function space we discuss and compare the time evolution of operators in both cases. A formulation of quantum mechanics for qk=1 is given and the dynamics for the free Hamiltonian is studied. For 0<q<1 we develop a deformation of quantum mechanics and the cases of the free Hamiltonian and the one with a x2-potential are solved in terms of basic hypergeometric functions.
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12

DJEMAI, A. E. F. "QUANTUM MECHANICAL GALILEI GROUP AND Q-PLANES." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 34 (November 10, 1992): 3169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773239200255x.

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In this work, we show that for a particular choice of translations in the phase space in the context of quantum mechanics, we get a Manin plane. In this framework, we construct the quantum mechanical Galilei group.
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13

Marinescu, N., and M. Apostol. "Quantum-Mechanical Concepts in the Waveguides Theory." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 47, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1992-0902.

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Abstract A Klein-Gordon-type equation is derived for the wave propagation in an ideal, uniform waveguide, and its quantum-mechanical interpretation is given. The "cross-section" concept is introduced for a waveguide and the power transmission factor is obtained by using standard methods of quantum mechanics. The spinorial formalism is also employed for deriving the equivalent Dirac-type equation, and the perturbation theory is applied for computing the frequency shifts. The general applicability of the quantum-mechanical concepts to the waveguides theory is discussed
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14

Fernández de Córdoba, P., J. M. Isidro, Milton H. Perea, and J. Vazquez Molina. "The irreversible quantum." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 12, no. 01 (December 28, 2014): 1550013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887815500139.

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We elaborate on the existing notion that quantum mechanics is an emergent phenomenon, by presenting a thermodynamical theory that is dual to quantum mechanics. This dual theory is that of classical irreversible thermodynamics. The linear regime of irreversibility considered here corresponds to the semiclassical approximation in quantum mechanics. An important issue we address is how the irreversibility of time evolution in thermodynamics is mapped onto the quantum-mechanical side of the correspondence.
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15

Nurdin, Hendra I., Matthew R. James, and Ian R. Petersen. "Quantum LQG Control with Quantum Mechanical Controllers." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, no. 2 (2008): 9922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.01679.

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16

Brovarets, O. O., and D. M. Hovorun. "Tautomeric hypothesis: to be or not to be? Quantum-mechanical verdict." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 92, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj92.04.124.

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17

Dong, Chunhua, Yingdan Wang, and Hailin Wang. "Optomechanical interfaces for hybrid quantum networks." National Science Review 2, no. 4 (August 4, 2015): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwv048.

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Abstract Recent advances on optical control of mechanical motion in an optomechanical resonator have stimulated strong interests in exploring quantum behaviors of otherwise classical, macroscopic mechanical systems and especially in exploiting mechanical degrees of freedom for applications in quantum information processing. In an optomechanical resonator, an optically- active mechanical mode can couple to any of the optical resonances supported by the resonator via radiation pressure. This unique property leads to a remarkable phenomenon: mechanically-mediated conversion of optical fields between vastly different wavelengths. The resulting optomechanical interfaces can play a special role in a hybrid quantum network, enabling quantum communication between disparate quantum systems. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts of optomechanical interactions and discuss recent theoretical and experimental progresses in this field. A particular emphasis is on taking advantage of mechanical degrees of freedom, while avoiding detrimental effects of thermal mechanical motion.
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18

OIKAWA, Shun-ichi, Tsuyoshi OIWA, and Takahiro SHIMAZAKI. "Quantum Mechanical Plasma Scattering." Plasma and Fusion Research 5 (2010): S2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.5.s2024.

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19

Lloyd, Seth. "Quantum-mechanical Maxwell’s demon." Physical Review A 56, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 3374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.56.3374.

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20

KEMSLEY, JYLLIAN. "A QUANTUM MECHANICAL TWEAK." Chemical & Engineering News 86, no. 5 (February 4, 2008): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v086n005.p029.

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21

Muñoz‐Tapia, Ramon. "Quantum mechanical squeezed state." American Journal of Physics 61, no. 11 (November 1993): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17382.

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22

Albert, David Z. "A Quantum-Mechanical Automation." Philosophy of Science 54, no. 4 (December 1987): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/289406.

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23

Franson, J. D. "Quantum-mechanical twin paradox." New Journal of Physics 18, no. 10 (October 24, 2016): 101001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/10/101001.

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24

Herb, Joachim, Petra Meerwald, Michael J. Moritz, and Harald Friedrich. "Quantum-mechanical deflection function." Physical Review A 60, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.60.853.

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25

Vanner, Michael R. "Mechanical quantum systems controlled." Nature 563, no. 7729 (October 31, 2018): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07169-4.

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26

Bender, Carl M., Dorje C. Brody, and Bernhard K. Meister. "Quantum mechanical Carnot engine." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 33, no. 24 (June 9, 2000): 4427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/33/24/302.

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27

Ikot, Akpan N., Louis E. Akpabio, Ita O. Akpan, Michael I. Umo, and Eno E. Ituen. "Quantum Damped Mechanical Oscillator." International Journal of Optics 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/275910.

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The exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation for quantum damped oscillator with modified Caldirola-Kanai Hamiltonian are evaluated. We also investigate the cases of under-, over-, and critical damping.
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28

Lin, E. B. "Quantum mechanical control systems." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 12, no. 3 (1989): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(89)90108-8.

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29

Dekker, H. "Quantum mechanical barrier problems." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 146, no. 3 (December 1987): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(87)90274-3.

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30

Dekker, H. "Quantum mechanical barrier problems." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 146, no. 3 (December 1987): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(87)90275-5.

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31

Dekker, H. "Quantum mechanical barrier problems." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 146, no. 3 (December 1987): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(87)90276-7.

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32

Liu, Meiyi, Katelyn Youmans, and Jiali Gao. "Dual QM and MM Approach for Computing Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation Factor of Organic Species in Solution." Molecules 23, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 2644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102644.

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A dual QM and MM approach for computing equilibrium isotope effects has been described. In the first partition, the potential energy surface is represented by a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method, in which a solute molecule is treated quantum mechanically, and the remaining solvent molecules are approximated classically by molecular mechanics. In the second QM/MM partition, differential nuclear quantum effects responsible for the isotope effect are determined by a statistical mechanical double-averaging formalism, in which the nuclear centroid distribution is sampled classically by Newtonian molecular dynamics and the quantum mechanical spread of quantized particles about the centroid positions is treated using the path integral (PI) method. These partitions allow the potential energy surface to be properly represented such that the solute part is free of nuclear quantum effects for nuclear quantum mechanical simulations, and the double-averaging approach has the advantage of sampling efficiency for solvent configuration and for path integral convergence. Importantly, computational precision is achieved through free energy perturbation (FEP) theory to alchemically mutate one isotope into another. The PI-FEP approach is applied to model systems for the 18O enrichment found in cellulose of trees to determine the isotope enrichment factor of carbonyl compounds in water. The present method may be useful as a general tool for studying isotope fractionation in biological and geochemical systems.
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33

NAKAZATO, HIROMICHI, and SAVERIO PASCAZIO. "ON THE SHORT-TIME BEHAVIOR OF QUANTUM MECHANICAL SYSTEMS." Modern Physics Letters A 10, no. 40 (December 28, 1995): 3103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732395003252.

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The conditions that yield deviations from a purely exponential behavior of a quantum mechanical system at short times are analyzed with special emphasis on the boundedness of the Hamiltonian. A few practical examples are considered. The problem of dissipation in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory is also briefly discussed.
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34

Zhang, Yan, and Hai Lin. "Flexible-Boundary Quantum-Mechanical/Molecular-Mechanical Calculations: Partial Charge Transfer between the Quantum-Mechanical and Molecular-Mechanical Subsystems." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 4, no. 3 (February 21, 2008): 414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct700296x.

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35

’t Hooft, Gerard. "Constructing deterministic models for quantum mechanical systems." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 17, supp01 (April 28, 2020): 2040007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887820400071.

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A sharper formulation is presented for an interpretation of quantum mechanics advocated by the author. We claim that only those quantum theories should be considered for which an ontological basis can be constructed. In terms of this basis, the entire theory can be considered as being deterministic. An example is illustrated: massless, noninteracting fermions are ontological. Subsequently, as an essential element of the deterministic interpretation, we put forward conservation laws concerning the ontological nature of a variable, and the uncertainties concerning the realization of states. Quantum mechanics can then be treated as a device that combines statistics with mechanical, deterministic laws, such that uncertainties are passed on from initial states to final states.
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36

Gui-Lu, Long, Yan Hai-Yang, Li Yan-Song, Tu Chang-Cun, Zhu Sheng-Jiang, Ruan Dong, Sun Yang, Tao Jia-Xun, and Chen Hao-Ming. "Quantum Mechanical Nature in Liquid NMR Quantum Computing." Communications in Theoretical Physics 38, no. 3 (September 15, 2002): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/38/3/305.

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37

Barrios, Gabriel, Francisco Peña, Francisco Albarrán-Arriagada, Patricio Vargas, and Juan Retamal. "Quantum Mechanical Engine for the Quantum Rabi Model." Entropy 20, no. 10 (October 7, 2018): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20100767.

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We consider a purely mechanical quantum cycle comprised of adiabatic and isoenergetic processes. In the latter, the system interacts with an energy bath keeping constant the expectation value of the Hamiltonian. In this work, we study the performance of the quantum cycle for a system described by the quantum Rabi model for the case of controlling the coupling strength parameter, the resonator frequency, and the two-level system frequency. For the cases of controlling either the coupling strength parameter or the resonator frequency, we find that it is possible to closely approach to maximal unit efficiency when the parameter is sufficiently increased in the first adiabatic stage. In addition, for the first two cases the maximal work extracted is obtained at parameter values corresponding to high efficiency, which constitutes an improvement over current proposals of this cycle.
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38

CHOU, CHIHONG. "GENERALIZED QUANTUM STATISTICS." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 29 (September 21, 1992): 2685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392002147.

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In this letter, a non-anyonic generalization of quantum statistics is presented, in which Fermi-Dirac statistics (FDS) and Bose-Einstein statistics (BES) appear as two special cases. This new quantum statistics, which is characterized by the dimension of its single particle Fock space, contains three consistent parts, namely the generalized bilinear quantization, the generalized quantum mechanical description and the corresponding statistical mechanics.
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39

Bryce, Richard, and Ian Hillier. "Quantum Chemical Approaches: Semiempirical Molecular Orbital and Hybrid Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Techniques." Current Pharmaceutical Design 20, no. 20 (May 31, 2014): 3293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990601.

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40

ISIDRO, JOSÉ M. "QUANTUM-MECHANICAL DUALITIES ON THE TORUS." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 23 (July 30, 2004): 1733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304014860.

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On classical phase spaces admitting just one complex-differentiable structure, there is no indeterminacy in the choice of the creation operators that create quanta out of a given vacuum. In these cases the notion of a quantum is universal, i.e. independent of the observer on classical phase space. Such is the case in all standard applications of quantum mechanics. However, recent developments suggest that the notion of a quantum may not be universal. Transformations between observers that do not agree on the notion of an elementary quantum are called dualities. Classical phase spaces admitting more than one complex-differentiable structure thus provide a natural framework to study dualities in quantum mechanics. As an example we quantise a classical mechanics whose phase space is a torus and prove explicitly that it exhibits dualities.
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41

Khan, Faisal Shah, and Simon J. D. Phoenix. "Gaming the quantum." Quantum Information and Computation 13, no. 3&4 (March 2013): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic13.3-4-5.

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In the time since the merger of quantum mechanics and game theory was proposed formally in 1999, the two distinct perspectives apparent in this merger of applying quantum mechanics to game theory, referred to henceforth as the theory of ``quantized games'', and of applying game theory to quantum mechanics, referred to henceforth as ``gaming the quantum'', have become synonymous under the single ill-defined term ``quantum game''. Here, these two perspectives are delineated and a game-theoretically proper description of what makes a multiplayer, non-cooperative game quantum mechanical, is given. Within the context of this description, finding Nash equilibrium in a zero-sum quantum game is exhibited to be equivalent to finding a solution to a simultaneous distance minimization problem in the state space of quantum objects, thus setting up a framework for a game theory inspired study of ``equilibrium'' behavior of quantum physical systems such as those utilized in quantum information processing and computation.
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42

Kotler, Shlomi, Gabriel A. Peterson, Ezad Shojaee, Florent Lecocq, Katarina Cicak, Alex Kwiatkowski, Shawn Geller, et al. "Direct observation of deterministic macroscopic entanglement." Science 372, no. 6542 (May 6, 2021): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf2998.

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Quantum entanglement of mechanical systems emerges when distinct objects move with such a high degree of correlation that they can no longer be described separately. Although quantum mechanics presumably applies to objects of all sizes, directly observing entanglement becomes challenging as masses increase, requiring measurement and control with a vanishingly small error. Here, using pulsed electromechanics, we deterministically entangle two mechanical drumheads with masses of 70 picograms. Through nearly quantum-limited measurements of the position and momentum quadratures of both drums, we perform quantum state tomography and thereby directly observe entanglement. Such entangled macroscopic systems are poised to serve in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, enable sensing beyond the standard quantum limit, and function as long-lived nodes of future quantum networks.
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43

Xu, Dingguo, Qiang Cui, and Hua Guo. "Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical studies of zinc hydrolases." International Reviews in Physical Chemistry 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144235x.2014.889378.

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44

ACOSTA, D., P. FERNÁNDEZ DE CÓRDOBA, J. M. ISIDRO, and J. L. G. SANTANDER. "EMERGENT QUANTUM MECHANICS AS A CLASSICAL, IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 10, no. 04 (March 6, 2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887813500072.

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We present an explicit correspondence between quantum mechanics and the classical theory of irreversible thermodynamics as developed by Onsager, Prigogine et al. Our correspondence maps irreversible Gaussian Markov processes into the semiclassical approximation of quantum mechanics. Quantum-mechanical propagators are mapped into thermodynamical probability distributions. The Feynman path integral also arises naturally in this setup. The fact that quantum mechanics can be translated into thermodynamical language provides additional support for the conjecture that quantum mechanics is not a fundamental theory but rather an emergent phenomenon, i.e. an effective description of some underlying degrees of freedom.
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45

NOZARI, KOUROSH, and TAHEREH AZIZI. "QUANTUM MECHANICAL COHERENT STATES OF THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR AND THE GENERALIZED UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE." International Journal of Quantum Information 03, no. 04 (December 2005): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749905001468.

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In this paper, dynamics and quantum mechanical coherent states of a simple harmonic oscillator are considered in the framework of the Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP). Equations of motion for the simple harmonic oscillator are derived and some of their new implications are discussed. Then, coherent states of the harmonic oscillator in the case of the GUP are compared with the relative situation in ordinary quantum mechanics. It is shown that in the framework of GUP there is no considerable difference in definition of coherent states relative to ordinary quantum mechanics. But, considering expectation values and variances of some operators, based on quantum gravitational arguments, one concludes that although it is possible to have complete coherency and vanishing broadening in usual quantum mechanics, gravitational induced uncertainty destroys complete coherency in quantum gravity and it is not possible to have a monochromatic ray in principle.
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46

Shahandeh, Farid, and Martin Ringbauer. "Optomechanical state reconstruction and nonclassicality verification beyond the resolved-sideband regime." Quantum 3 (February 25, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-02-25-125.

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Quantum optomechanics uses optical means to generate and manipulate quantum states of motion of mechanical resonators. This provides an intriguing platform for the study of fundamental physics and the development of novel quantum devices. Yet, the challenge of reconstructing and verifying the quantum state of mechanical systems has remained a major roadblock in the field. Here, we present a novel approach that allows for tomographic reconstruction of the quantum state of a mechanical system without the need for extremely high quality optical cavities. We show that, without relying on the usual state transfer presumption between light an mechanics, the full optomechanical Hamiltonian can be exploited to imprint mechanical tomograms on a strong optical coherent pulse, which can then be read out using well-established techniques. Furthermore, with only a small number of measurements, our method can be used to witness nonclassical features of mechanical systems without requiring full tomography. By relaxing the experimental requirements, our technique thus opens a feasible route towards verifying the quantum state of mechanical resonators and their nonclassical behaviour in a wide range of optomechanical systems.
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47

Lopes, Minal, and Nisha Sarwade. "Cryptography from Quantum Mechanical Viewpoint." International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcis.2014.4202.

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48

Zhi-Yong, Wang, Xiong Cai-Dong, and He Bing. "Quantum mechanical description of waveguides." Chinese Physics B 17, no. 11 (November 2008): 3985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/17/11/008.

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49

Snieder, Roel, and Albert Tarantola. "Imaging of quantum-mechanical potentials." Physical Review A 39, no. 7 (April 1, 1989): 3303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.3303.

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50

Sjöqvist, Erik. "A quantum mechanical angle anholonomy." Physics Letters A 226, no. 1-2 (February 1997): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(96)00930-9.

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