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1
Shovkovy, Igor A. "Electromagnetic Response in an Expanding Quark–Gluon Plasma." Particles 5, no. 4 (October 22, 2022): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles5040034.
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The validity of conventional Ohm’s law is tested in the context of a rapidly evolving quark–gluon plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions. Here, we discuss the electromagnetic response using an analytical solution in kinetic theory. As conjectured previously, after switching on an electric field in a nonexpanding plasma, the time-dependent current is given by J(t)=(1−e−t/τ0)σ0E, where τ0 is the transport relaxation time and σ0 is the steady-state electrical conductivity. Such an incomplete electromagnetic response reduces the efficiency of the magnetic flux trapping in the quark–gluon plasma, and may prevent the observation of the chiral magnetic effect. Here, we extend the study to the case of a rapidly expanding plasma. We find that the decreasing temperature and the increasing transport relaxation time have opposite effects on the electromagnetic response. While the former suppresses the time-dependent conductivity, the latter enhances it.
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Jaiswal, Amaresh, Najmul Haque, Aman Abhishek, Raktim Abir, Aritra Bandyopadhyay, Khatiza Banu, Samapan Bhadury, et al. "Dynamics of QCD matter — current status." International Journal of Modern Physics E 30, no. 02 (February 2021): 2130001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301321300010.
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In this article, there are 18 sections discussing various current topics in the field of relativistic heavy-ion collisions and related phenomena, which will serve as a snapshot of the current state of the art. Section 1 reviews experimental results of some recent light-flavored particle production data from ALICE collaboration. Other sections are mostly theoretical in nature. Very strong but transient magnetic field created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions could have important observational consequences. This has generated a lot of theoretical activity in the last decade. Sections 2, 7, 9, 10 and 11 deal with the effects of the magnetic field on the properties of the QCD matter. More specifically, Sec. 2 discusses mass of [Formula: see text] in the linear sigma model coupled to quarks at zero temperature. In Sec. 7, one-loop calculation of the anisotropic pressure are discussed in the presence of strong magnetic field. In Sec. 9, chiral transition and chiral susceptibility in the NJL model is discussed for a chirally imbalanced plasma in the presence of magnetic field using a Wigner function approach. Sections 10 discusses electrical conductivity and Hall conductivity of hot and dense hadron gas within Boltzmann approach and Sec. 11 deals with electrical resistivity of quark matter in presence of magnetic field. There are several unanswered questions about the QCD phase diagram. Sections 3, 11 and 18 discuss various aspects of the QCD phase diagram and phase transitions. Recent years have witnessed interesting developments in foundational aspects of hydrodynamics and their application to heavy-ion collisions. Sections 12 and 15–17 of this article probe some aspects of this exciting field. In Sec. 12, analytical solutions of viscous Landau hydrodynamics in 1+1D are discussed. Section 15 deals with derivation of hydrodynamics from effective covariant kinetic theory. Sections 16 and 17 discuss hydrodynamics with spin and analytical hydrodynamic attractors, respectively. Transport coefficients together with their temperature- and density-dependence are essential inputs in hydrodynamical calculations. Sections 5, 8 and 14 deal with calculation/estimation of various transport coefficients (shear and bulk viscosity, thermal conductivity, relaxation times, etc.) of quark matter and hadronic matter. Sections 4, 6 and 13 deal with interesting new developments in the field. Section 4 discusses color dipole gluon distribution function at small transverse momentum in the form of a series of Bells polynomials. Section 6 discusses the properties of Higgs boson in the quark–gluon plasma using Higgs–quark interaction and calculate the Higgs decays into quark and anti-quark, which shows a dominant on-shell contribution in the bottom-quark channel. Section 13 discusses modification of coalescence model to incorporate viscous corrections and application of this model to study hadron production from a dissipative quark–gluon plasma.
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Becattini, Francesco, and Michael A. Lisa. "Polarization and Vorticity in the Quark–Gluon Plasma." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 70, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 395–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-021920-095245.
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The quark–gluon plasma (QGP) produced by collisions between ultrarelativistic heavy nuclei is well described in the language of hydrodynamics. Noncentral collisions are characterized by very large angular momentum, which in a fluid system manifests as flow vorticity. This rotational structure can lead to a spin polarization of the hadrons that eventually emerge from the plasma, and thus these collisions provide experimental access to flow substructure at unprecedented detail. Recently, the first observations of Λ hyperon polarization along the direction of collisional angular momentum were reported. These measurements are in broad agreement with hydrodynamic and transport-based calculations and reveal that the QGP is the most vortical fluid ever observed. However, there remain important tensions between theory and observation that might be fundamental in nature. In the relatively mature field of heavy-ion physics, the discovery of global hyperon polarization and 3D simulations of the collision have opened an entirely new direction of research. We discuss the current status of this rapidly developing area and directions for future research.
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Hattori, Koichi, Masaru Hongo, and Xu-Guang Huang. "New Developments in Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics." Symmetry 14, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14091851.
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Relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) provides an extremely useful description of the low-energy long-wavelength phenomena in a variety of physical systems from quark–gluon plasma in heavy-ion collisions to matters in supernova, compact stars, and early universe. We review the recent theoretical progresses of RMHD, such as a formulation of RMHD from the perspective of magnetic flux conservation using the entropy–current analysis, the nonequilibrium statistical operator approach applied to quantum electrodynamics, and the relativistic kinetic theory. We discuss how the transport coefficients in RMHD are computed in kinetic theory and perturbative quantum field theories. We also explore the collective modes and instabilities in RMHD with a special emphasis on the role of chirality in a parity-odd plasma. We also give some future prospects of RMHD, including the interaction with spin hydrodynamics and the new kinetic framework with magnetic flux conservation.
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Alam, Jan-E., Pradip Roy, Sourav Sarkar, Sibaji Raha, and Bikash Sinha. "Thermal Masses and Equilibrium Rates in the Quark Gluon Phase." International Journal of Modern Physics A 12, no. 28 (November 10, 1997): 5151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x97002759.
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We apply the momentum integrated Boltzmann transport equation to study the time evolution of various quark flavors in the central region of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. The effects of thermal masses for quarks and gluons are incorporated to take into account the in-medium properties of these ingredients of the putative quark gluon plasma. We find that even under very optimistic conditions, complete chemical equilibration in the quark gluon plasma appears unlikely.
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Andreev, Oleg. "Drag force on heavy quarks and spatial string tension." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 06 (February 28, 2018): 1850041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318500414.
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Heavy quark transport coefficients in a strongly coupled Quark–Gluon Plasma can be evaluated using a gauge/string duality and lattice QCD. Via this duality, one can argue that for low momenta the drag coefficient for heavy quarks is proportional to the spatial string tension. Such a tension is well-studied on the lattice that allows one to straightforwardly make non-perturbative estimates of the heavy quark diffusion coefficients near the critical point. The obtained results are consistent with those in the literature.
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ZHANG, BIN. "J/ψ PRODUCTION FROM CHARM COALESCENCE IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007465.
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J/ψ production is closely related to the production of the strongly interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma (sQGP) in relativistic heavy ion collisions. To study the effects of charm quark dynamics on J/ψ production, the phase space distributions of charm and anti-charm quarks are generated using A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) model. These charm quarks then coalesce into J/ψ particles. The production and flow of J/ψ show strong sensitivity to final state charm interactions. The results are compared to charm quark and D meson results from the AMPT model and recent predictions from other models.
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Plumari, Salvatore, Santosh K. Das, Francesco Scardina, Vincenzo Minissale, and Vincenzo Greco. "Heavy Quark Dynamics toward thermalization: RAA, υ1, υ2, υ3." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 18014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817118014.
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We describe the propagation of Heavy quarks (HQs) in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) within a relativistic Boltzmann transport (RBT) approach. The interaction between heavy quarks and light quarks is described within quasi-particle approach which is able to catch the main features of non-perturbative interaction as the increasing of the interaction in the region of low temperature near TC. In our calculations the hadronization of charm quarks in D mesons is described by mean of an hybrid model of coalescence plus fragmentation. We show that the coalescence play a key role to get a good description of the experimental data for the nuclear suppression factor RAA and the elliptic flow υ2(pT) at both RHIC and LHC energies. Moreover, we show some recent results on the direct flow υ1 and triangular flow υ3 of D meson.
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GUBSER, STEVEN S. "HEAVY ION COLLISIONS AND BLACK HOLE DYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 03n04 (March 2008): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808012425.
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Relativistic heavy ion collisions create a strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma. Some of the plasma's properties can be approximately understood in terms of a dual black hole. These properties include shear viscosity, thermalization time, and drag force on heavy quarks. They are hard to calculate from first principles in QCD. Extracting predictions about quark–gluon plasmas from dual black holes mostly involves solving Einstein's equations and classical string equations of motion. AdS/CFT provides a translation from gravitational calculations to gauge theory predictions. The gauge theory to which the predictions apply is [Formula: see text] super-Yang–Mills theory. QCD is different in many respects from super-Yang–Mills, but it seems that its high temperature properties are similar enough for us to make some meaningful comparisons.
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Dong, Xin, Yen-Jie Lee, and Ralf Rapp. "Open Heavy-Flavor Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 69, no. 1 (October 19, 2019): 417–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023806.
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The ultrarelativistic heavy-ion programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider have entered an era of quantitative analysis of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at high temperatures. The remarkable discovery of the strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma (sQGP), as deduced from its hydrodynamic behavior at long wavelengths, calls for probes that can reveal its inner workings. Charm- and bottom-hadron spectra offer unique insights into the transport properties and the microscopic structure of the QCD medium created in these collisions. At low momentum the Brownian motion of heavy quarks in the sQGP gives access to their diffusion constant, at intermediate momentum these quarks give insight into hadronization mechanisms, and at high momentum they are expected to merge into a radiative-energy loss regime. We review recent experimental and theoretical achievements on measuring a variety of heavy-flavor observables, characterizing the different regimes in momentum and extracting pertinent transport coefficients to unravel the structure of the sQGP and its hadronization.
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Heinz, Ulrich. "Quark–gluon soup — The perfectly liquid phase of QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 02 (January 20, 2015): 1530011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15300112.
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At temperatures above about 150 MeV and energy densities exceeding 500 MeV/fm3, quarks and gluons exist in the form of a plasma of free color charges that is about 1000 times hotter and a billion times denser than any other plasma ever created in the laboratory. This quark–gluon plasma (QGP) turns out to be strongly coupled, flowing like a liquid. About 35 years ago, the nuclear physics community started a program of relativistic heavy-ion collisions with the goal of producing and studying QGP under controlled laboratory conditions. This article recounts the story of its successful creation in collider experiments at Brookhaven National Laboratory and CERN and the subsequent discovery of its almost perfectly liquid nature, and reports on the recent quantitatively precise determination of its thermodynamic and transport properties.
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WANG, XIN-NIAN. "HEAVY ION THEORY: QCD AND MATTER IN EXTREMIS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 30 (December 10, 2007): 5474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07038736.
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Nuclear matter is predicted to undergo a phase transition and become a plasma of quarks and gluons (QGP) at high temperature and density. Recent experimental results from high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-ion Collider (RHIC) indicate the production of a strongly interacting quark-gluon matter with fluid-like properties. I will discuss some expected features of QCD at high temperature and density, theoretical interpretations of experimental observations and challenges in unraveling some of the basic properties of dense matter in the strongly interacting regime.
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Beraudo, A., A. De Pace, W. M. Alberico, and A. Molinari. "Transport properties and Langevin dynamics of heavy quarks and quarkonia in the Quark Gluon Plasma." Nuclear Physics A 831, no. 1-2 (December 2009): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2009.09.002.
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Liu, Shuai Y. F., Baochi Fu, and Longgang Pang. "Shear-induced spin polarization and “strange memory” in heavy-ion collisions." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 13004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225913004.
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We discuss the theory of the spin polarizations induced by hydrodynamic gradients, which includes a newly discovered shear-induced polarization (SIP) term. In the phenomenological study using a hydrodynamic model, we discover that the local polarization contributed by SIP is substantial and has the “same sign” as the experimental measurements. Also, we find that the “sign” property of the local polarization observed in experiments seems to be related to “memory” effects on the polarizations of strange quarks in quark-gluon plasma.
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Dubla, Andrea. "Overview of open heavy-flavour and quarkonia measurements with ALICE." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225901003.
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Heavy-flavour hadrons, i.e. hadrons containing charm or beauty quarks, are effective probes to test perturbative-QCD (pQCD) calculations, to investigate the different hadronisation mechanisms, and to study the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. Measurements performed in pp and p–Pb collisions have recently revealed unexpected features not in line with the expectations based on previous measurements from e+e− and ep collisions, showing that charm fragmentation fractions are not universal. The investigation of initial-state effects such as shadowing in the collision of a proton with a heavy nucleus is also performed. Measurements of open heavy-flavour and quarkonia production in Pb–Pb collisions allow for testing the mechanisms of heavy-quark transport, energy loss, and coalescence effects during the hadronisation in the presence of a QCD medium. In this contribution, the most recent results on open heavy-flavour and quarkonia production in pp, p–Pb, and Pb–Pb collisions obtained by the ALICE Collaboration are discussed.
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Radhakrishnan, Sooraj. "Measurements of charm hadron production and anisotropic flow in Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV with the STAR experiment at RHIC." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 18006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817118006.
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Heavy flavor quarks, owing to their large masses, are predominantly produced through initial hard parton scatterings in heavy-ion collisions, and thus are excellent probes to study properties of the strongly coupled Quark Gluon Plasma (sQGP) medium produced in these collisions. Measurements of anisotropic flow harmonics of heavy flavor hadrons can provide information on the properties of the medium, including the heavy flavor transport coefficient. Charm quark hadronization mechanism in the sQGP medium can be studied through measurements of yields of different charm hadrons. In these proceedings we report on the measurements of elliptic and triangular flow harmonics of D0 mesons as well as the yield ratios of D±s/D0 and Λ±c/D0 in Au+Au collisions at [see formula in PDF] = 200 GeV at RHIC with the STAR detector. These measurements use the STAR Heavy Flavor Tracker (HFT) to reconstruct charm hadrons via their hadronic decay channels. Results are compared to model calculations and the implications on the understanding of charm quark dynamics in the medium are discussed.
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Eliseev, Sergey M., and Bekhzad S. Yuldashev. "Monte Carlo model for neutrino-nucleus interactions: past, present and future." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920406013.
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Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the correct theory of strong interactions. The main direction of investigations in physics of elementary particles and nuclear physics is testing of QCD. QCD predicts that at high energy density there will be a transformation from ordinary nuclear matter to a plasma of free quarks and gluons, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). In order to reach new knowledge of QCD from the interaction of relativistic heavy ions, one needs directly comparable data sets from systems of various sizes, different energies and different experimental probes. Lepton-nucleus scattering provides a nontrivial possibility to study space-time evolution of jets inside the nuclear matter. Using QCD-inspired time dependent cross sections for pre-hadrons we have introduced a space-time model for propagation and hadronization of quark and gluon jets in the nuclear matter in DIS. The aim of this work is to examine a multiproduction process of charged-current deep inelastic vμ-nucleus and nuclear emulsion scattering and estimate quantitatively the value of the formation time. These studies may help to explain the jet quenching in heavy ion collisions. In conclusion, the role of neutrino generators in modern neutrino experiments with nuclear targets will be discussed.
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Shi, Shuzhe, Kai Zhou, Jiaxing Zhao, Swagato Mukherjee, and Pengfei Zhuang. "From lattice QCD to in-medium heavy-quark interactions via deep learning." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225904003.
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Bottomonium states are key probes for experimental studies of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in high-energy nuclear collisions. Theoretical models of bottomonium productions in high-energy nuclear collisions rely on the in-medium interactions between the bottom and antibottom quarks, which can be characterized by real (VR(T, r)) and imaginary (VI(T, r)) potentials, as functions of temperature and spatial separation. Recently, the masses and thermal widths of up to 3S and 2P bottomonium states in QGP were calculated using lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD). Starting from these LQCD results and through a novel application of deep neural network (DNN), here, we obtain model-independent results for VR(T, r) and VI(T, r). The temperature dependence of VR(T, r) was found to be very mild between T ≈ 0 − 330 MeV. Meanwhile, VI(T, r) shows rapid increase with T and r, which is much larger than the perturbation theory based expectations.
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Colamaria, Fabio. "Open heavy-flavour measurements with ALICE at the LHC." EPJ Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819200016.
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Heavy quarks are produced in the early stages of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, and their number is preserved throughout the subsequent evolution of the system. Therefore, they constitute ideal probes for characterising the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) medium and for the study of its transport properties. In particular, heavy quarks interact with the partonic constituents of the plasma, losing energy, and are expected to be sensitive to the medium collective motion induced by its hydrodynamical evolution. In pp collisions, the measurement of heavy-flavour hadron production provides a reference for heavyion studies, and allows also testing perturbative QCD calculations in a wide range of collision energies. Similar studies in p-Pb collisions help in disentangling cold nuclear matter effects from modifications induced by the presence of a QGP medium, and are also useful to investigate the possible existence of collective phenomena also in this system. The ALICE detector provides excellent performances in terms of particle identification and vertexing capabilities. Hence, it is fully suited for the reconstruction of charmed mesons and baryons and of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at central rapidity. Furthermore, the ALICE muon spectrometer allows reconstructing heavy-flavour decay muons at forward rapidity. A review of the main ALICE results on open heavy flavour production in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions is presented. Recent, more differential measurements are also shown, including azimuthal correlations of heavy-flavour particles with charged hadrons in p-Pb collisions, and D-meson tagged-jet production in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions.
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Gazdzicki, Marek. "Phase diagram of strongly interacting matter: the last 20 years at the CERN SPS." European Physical Journal Special Topics 229, no. 22-23 (December 2020): 3507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000090-9.
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AbstractTwenty years ago, on February 10, 2000, the CERN Director General Luciano Maiani announced: The combined data coming from the seven experiments on CERN’s Heavy Ion programme have given a clear picture of a new state of matter. This result verifies an important prediction of the present theory of fundamental forces between quarks. This report briefly reviews studies of the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter with relativistic nuclear collisions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron which followed the CERN’s press release on the quark-gluon plasma discovery. An attempt to formulate priorities for future measurements at the CERN SPS closes the paper. The report is dedicated to David Blaschke who celebrated his 60th birthday in 2019. David’s contribution to the studies presented here was very significant.
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Sambataro, Maria Lucia, Salvatore Plumari, Yifeng Sun, Vincenzo Minissale, and Vincenzo Greco. "Charm and Bottom quarks dynamics in heavy-ion collisions: RAA, anisotropic flows vn and their correlations to the bulk." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 10016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225910016.
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We describe the propagation of heavy quarks (HQs), charm and bottom, in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) by means of a full Boltzmann transport approach including event-by-event fluctuations within a coalescence plus fragmentation hadronization. The non-perturbative dynamics of the interaction between HQs and plasma particles have been taken into account through a Quasi-Particle Model (QPM). We show that the resulting charm in-medium evolution is able to correctly predict simultaneously not only the experimental data for the average D-mesons RAA(pT) and v2,3(pT) at LHC energies but also the extension of the analysis to the event-shape engineeering tecnique that classify events according to magnitude of the second-order harmonic reduced flow vector q2. In the same scheme we show predictions for RAA(pT) of electrons from semi-leptonic B-mesons decays at top LHC energies. Our results entail a determination of Ds which is consistent with the lattice QCD calculations.
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Sheikh, Ashik Ikbal, and Zubayer Ahammed. "Impact of the chromo-electromagnetic field fluctuations on transport coefficients of heavy quarks and shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of quark-gluon plasma." Nuclear Physics A 986 (June 2019): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2019.03.011.
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Binder, Tobias, Kyohei Mukaida, Bruno Scheihing-Hitschfeld, and Xiaojun Yao. "Non-Abelian electric field correlator at NLO for dark matter relic abundance and quarkonium transport." Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, no. 1 (January 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep01(2022)137.
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Abstract We perform a complete next-to-leading order calculation of the non-Abelian electric field correlator in a SU(Nc) plasma, which encodes properties of the plasma relevant for heavy particle bound state formation and dissociation, and is different from the correlator for the heavy quark diffusion coefficient. The calculation is carried out in the real-time formalism of thermal field theory and includes both vacuum and finite temperature contributions. By working in the Rξ gauge, we explicitly show the results are gauge independent, infrared and collinear safe. The renormalization group equation of this electric field correlator is determined by that of the strong coupling constant. Our next-to-leading order calculation can be directly applied to any dipole singlet-adjoint transition of heavy particle pairs. For example, it can be used to describe dissociation and (re)generation of heavy quarkonia inside the quark-gluon plasma well below the melting temperature, as well as heavy dark matter pairs (or charged co-annihilating partners) in the early universe.
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Zaanen, Jan. "Planckian dissipation, minimal viscosity and the transport in cuprate strange metals." SciPost Physics 6, no. 5 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21468/scipostphys.6.5.061.
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Could it be that the matter formed from the electrons in high Tc superconductors is of a radically new kind that may be called "many body entangled compressible quantum matter"? Much of this text is intended as an easy to read tutorial, explaining recent theoretical advances that have been unfolding at the cross roads of condensed matter- and string theory, black hole physics as well as quantum information theory. These developments suggest that the physics of such matter may be governed by surprisingly simple principles. My real objective is to present an experimental strategy to test critically whether these principles are actually at work, revolving around the famous linear resistivity characterizing the strange metal phase. The theory suggests a very simple explanation of this "unreasonably simple" behavior that is actually directly linked to remarkable results from the study of the quark gluon plasma formed at the heavy ion colliders: the "fast hydrodynamization" and the "minimal viscosity". This leads to high quality predictions for experiment: the momentum relaxation rate governing the resistivity relates directly to the electronic entropy, while at low temperatures the electron fluid should become unviscous to a degree that turbulent flows can develop even on the nanometre scale.
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Yao, Xiaojun, Weiyao Ke, Yingru Xu, Steffen A. Bass, and Berndt Müller. "Coupled Boltzmann transport equations of heavy quarks and quarkonia in quark-gluon plasma." Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, no. 1 (January 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep01(2021)046.
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Abstract We develop a framework of coupled transport equations for open heavy flavor and quarkonium states, in order to describe their transport inside the quark-gluon plasma. Our framework is capable of studying simultaneously both open and hidden heavy flavor observables in heavy-ion collision experiments and can account for both, uncorrelated and correlated recombination. Our recombination implementation depends on real-time open heavy quark and antiquark distributions. We carry out consistency tests to show how the interplay among open heavy flavor transport, quarkonium dissociation and recombination drives the system to equilibrium. We then apply our framework to study bottomonium production in heavy-ion collisions. We include ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), ϒ(3S), χb(1P) and χb(2P) in the framework and take feed-down contributions during the hadronic gas stage into account. Cold nuclear matter effects are included by using nuclear parton distribution functions for the initial primordial heavy flavor production. A calibrated 2 + 1 dimensional viscous hydrodynamics is used to describe the bulk QCD medium. We calculate both the nuclear modification factor RAA of all bottomonia states and the azimuthal angular anisotropy coefficient v2 of the ϒ(1S) state and find that our results agree reasonably with experimental measurements. Our calculations indicate that correlated cross-talk recombination is an important production mechanism of bottomonium in current heavy-ion experiments. The importance of correlated recombination can be tested experimentally by measuring the ratio of RAA(χb(1P)) and RAA(ϒ(2S)).
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Liu, Shuai Y. F., and Ralf Rapp. "Nonperturbative effects on radiative energy loss of heavy quarks." Journal of High Energy Physics 2020, no. 8 (August 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep08(2020)168.
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Abstract The radiative energy loss of fast partons traveling through the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is commonly studied within perturbative QCD (pQCD). Nonperturbative (NP) effects, which are expected to become important near the critical temperature, have been much less investigated. Here, we utilize a recently developed T -matrix approach to incorporate NP effects for gluon emission off heavy quarks propagating through the QGP. We set up four cases that contain, starting from a Born diagram calculation with color- Coulomb interaction, an increasing level of NP components, by subsequently including (remnants of ) confining interactions, resummation in the heavy-light scattering amplitude, and off-shell spectral functions for both heavy and light partons. For each case we compute the power spectra of the emitted gluons, heavy-quark transport coefficients (drag and transverse-momentum broadening, $$ \hat{q} $$ q ̂ ), and the path-length dependent energy loss within a “QGP brick” at fixed temperature. Investigating the differences in these quantities between the four cases illustrates how NP mechanisms affect gluon radiation processes. While the baseline perturbative processes experience a strong suppression of soft radiation due to thermal masses of the emitted gluons, confining interactions, ladder resummations and broad spectral functions (re-)generate a large enhancement toward low momenta and low temperatures. For example, for a 10 GeV charm quark at 200 MeV temperature, they enhance the transport coefficients by up to a factor of 10, while the results smoothly converge to perturbative results at sufficiently hard scales.
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Liu, Feng-Lei, Wen-Jing Xing, Xiang-Yu Wu, Guang-You Qin, Shanshan Cao, and Xin-Nian Wang. "QLBT: a linear Boltzmann transport model for heavy quarks in a quark-gluon plasma of quasi-particles." European Physical Journal C 82, no. 4 (April 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10308-x.
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AbstractWe develop a new heavy quark transport model, QLBT, to simulate the dynamical propagation of heavy quarks inside the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Our QLBT model is based on the linear Boltzmann transport (LBT) model with the ideal QGP replaced by a collection of quasi-particles to account for the non-perturbative interactions among quarks and gluons of the hot QGP. The thermal masses of quasi-particles are fitted to the equation of state from lattice QCD simulations using the Bayesian statistical analysis method. Combining QLBT with our advanced hybrid fragmentation-coalescence hadronization approach, we calculate the nuclear modification factor $$R_\mathrm {AA}$$ R AA and the elliptic flow $$v_2$$ v 2 of D mesons at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider. By comparing our QLBT calculation to the experimental data on the D meson $$R_\mathrm {AA}$$ R AA and $$v_2$$ v 2 , we extract the heavy quark transport parameter $$\hat{q}$$ q ^ and diffusion coefficient $$D_\mathrm {s}$$ D s in the temperature range of $$1-4~T_\mathrm {c}$$ 1 - 4 T c , and compare them with the lattice QCD results and other phenomenological studies.
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Sambataro, Maria Lucia, Yifeng Sun, Vincenzo Minissale, Salvatore Plumari, and Vincenzo Greco. "Event-shape engineering analysis of D meson in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions." European Physical Journal C 82, no. 9 (September 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10802-2.
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AbstractWe describe the propagation of charm quarks in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) by means of an event-by-event transport approach. In our calculations the non-perturbative interaction between heavy quarks and light partons has been taken into account through a quasi-particle approach with thermal light quark masses tuned to reproduce lQCD thermodynamics. We found that the flow observables $$v_2$$ v 2 and $$v_3$$ v 3 of D mesons are comparable with the experimental measurements for Pb + Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV in different ranges of centrality selections. The results are analyzed with event-shape engineering technique. The comparison of the anisotropic flow coefficients $$v_n$$ v n with experimental data show a quite good agreement with experimental data for different flow vector $$q_2$$ q 2 selections, which confirms the strong coupling between charm quarks and light quarks in the QCD matter. Furthermore, we present here a novel study of the event-by-event correlations between flow harmonics of D mesons and soft hadrons at LHC energy with the event-shape engineering technique that can put further constraints on heavy quark transport coefficients toward a solid comparison between the phenomenological determination and the lattice QCD calculations.
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Li, Shuang, Wei Xiong, and Renzhuo Wan. "Relativistic Langevin dynamics: charm versus beauty." European Physical Journal C 80, no. 12 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08708-y.
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AbstractThe production of heavy quarks (charm and beauty) provides unique insights into the transport properties of the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion collisions. Experimentally, the nuclear modification factor $$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$$ R AA and the azimuthal anisotropy coefficient $$v_{\mathrm{2}}$$ v 2 of heavy-flavor mesons are powerful observables to study the medium-related effects, such as energy loss and collectivity, on the heavy quark propagation through the QGP evolution. The latest measurements of the prompt and non-prompt open heavy-flavor hadrons allow a systematic comparison of the transport behaviors probed by charm and beauty quarks. In this work we make such an attempt utilizing our recently developed framework. By performing a quantitative investigation of $$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$$ R AA and $$v_{\mathrm{2}}$$ v 2 , it is found that both charm and beauty quarks are efficient probes to capture the dynamical features of QGP, in particular the resulting mass hierarchy for the energy loss and azimuthal anisotropy, which are well inherited by the various D/B-meson species. Moreover, our calculations can describe simultaneously $$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$$ R AA and $$v_{\mathrm{2}}$$ v 2 data for the prompt and non-prompt $$D^{0}$$ D 0 mesons in central ($$0-10\%$$ 0 - 10 % ) and semi-central ($$30-50\%$$ 30 - 50 % ) Pb–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02~{\mathrm{TeV}}$$ s NN = 5.02 TeV . The predictions for B-meson observables for upcoming experimental tests are also made down to the low momentum region.
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Berrehrah, H., P. B. Gossiaux, J. Aichelin, W. Cassing, and E. Bratkovskaya. "Dynamical collisional energy loss and transport properties of on- and off-shell heavy quarks in vacuum and in the quark gluon plasma." Physical Review C 90, no. 6 (December 12, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.90.064906.
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