Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Quarry restoration'

Thesis (M. L. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes special report study entitled: Ecological restoration and tree species selection of quarry. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

The objective of this study was to assess the above-ground factors affecting the establishment and recovery of the dominant chaparral shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) on the Rocky Canyon granite mine. Attempts to restore the California chaparral have been challenging and few successful efforts have been documented. However, the California chaparral can fully recover from fire in as little as 10-15 years. Factors affecting chamise seedling establishment were tested by planting chamise seed in forty eight 1square meter plots managed to test the effects of interspecific competition with native postfire vegetation, post-mining volunteer vegetation, and intraspecific only competition. Plots were managed and observed from December 2004 to May 2006. Half of the 48 plots were summer irrigated throughout the first growing season to test the addition of water on growth and survivability. Nearly all chamise seedlings exposed to competition from either native or non-native vegetation perished within the first summer. Seedlings in plots where interspecific competition was removed experienced significantly higher germination and higher survival. Seedlings in the irrigated plots with competition removed, grew on average 18cm taller and had 27% more coverage per plot than non-irrigated with competition removed. They were also 4 times more likely to survive. The results of this study clearly show that chamise seedlings are not strong competitors when exposed to either native herbaceous post-fire vegetation or non-native weedy vegetation. Restoration of chamise at Rocky Canyon will require removal of all competing species during the first year of establishment. Irrigation is not required for successful germination and establishment but will result in higher survival and faster growth.

There are many dolomitic outcrops at Rondean sector (into the biogeographical Betic Province). Most of them, involve floral richness and vegetal endemic species due to its calcareous origin. These diverse organisms build peculiar plant communities. They can survive in extreme conditions as drought and high levels of Mg2+ cation. Many studies pronounce that these communities are unique, so they have to be conserved, and some of these plant communities are in the Habitats Directive 92/43 EC.

38% of the dolomitic outcrops can be affected by mining processes. Those particularly affected are dolomitic outcrops located in the mountains range of “Sierra Blanca” and “Sierra de Mijas”. Nowadays, there are 21 quarries in these mountains and they occupy more than 409 Ha. We have studied 11 dolomite quarries and surroundings on “Sierra de Mijas”. There is one vegetation serie on these areas (Rhamno oleoidis-Querco rotundifoliae sigmetum. Dolomitic section), knowing the plant communities we could draw with a Geographical Information System (GIS) the polygons where they are. And using the modified Botanic Value Index equation (Nieto et al., 1999) we could calculate the botanical value of these polygons. After that, we could establish a classification of the study area from the point of view of conservation interest, and we could set up new restoration criteria on these lands.

We have found that approximately the 53 % of the studied area has a high botanic value. There are many endemic taxa in the studied area and 4 species exclusive of the “Sierra de Mijas” mountain range. 90 % of the present communities are included in the Habitats Directive 92/43 CE, and three of the communities are exclusive of the studied area. This is the reason why these quarries have to be restored with a sustainable criteria.

Current restoration plans try to reforest with the climax vegetation (Quercus rotundifolia) or different species of pines (used in several previous reforestations). However, to restore a quarry these plans should include, in addition, other factors such as soil depth, structure of vegetal communities, botanic value, etc. And the Reforest Models of Valle (2004) propose sustainable restoration that could be usefull in the dolomite quarries of “Sierra de Mijas” mountain range.

Ecological restoration allows for accelerated recovery of a degraded ecosystem’s biodiversity, function, and ability to provide ecosystem services. However, the issues of when active restoration is necessary and how restoration effectiveness should be measured are still subject to considerable debate. Here we evaluate plant-pollinator networks in actively and passively restored quarries, comparing structure and composition to a natural area representing the reference ecosystem, to determine which restoration approach holds higher effectiveness on the rehabilitation of this ecological process. We found that while both approaches allowed for the restoration of pollination function, active restoration allowed for faster recovery. Nevertheless, the distinct strategies generated key structural vegetation differences, which influenced distinct pollinator communities providing the service in different areas. These results support the idea that restoration might be attained by distinct biological communities, and that both composition and function should be taken into account when evaluating restoration outcomes; RESUMO: O restauro ecológico permite acelerar a recuperação da biodiversidade, função e serviços de um ecossistema degradado. No entanto, existe bastante debate sobre as situações em que é realmente necessário o restauro ativo e como deve ser avaliado. Neste estudo, avaliamos redes plantapolinizador em pedreiras restauradas ativamente e passivamente, comparando a sua estrutura e composição com uma área natural que representa o ecossistema de referência, para determinar a abordagem mais eficiente na reabilitação da polinização. Verificámos que, apesar de ambas permitirem o restauro desta função, o restauro ativo permite uma recuperação mais rápida. No entanto, estratégias distintas geraram diferenças estruturais na vegetação, o que influenciou o estabelecimento de comunidades de polinizadores distintas a polinizar as diferentes áreas. Estes resultados apoiam a ideia de que o restauro pode ser atingido com comunidades biológicas distintas, e que a composição e a função devem ambas ser tidas em conta na avaliação do restauro ecológico.

Background. All over the world, the naturalistic restoration of abandoned quarry areas represents a real challenge because of the very adverse initial site conditions for plant species colonization. In order to identify the best restoration practices, the present thesis considered, as a case study, the “Botticino extractive basin” (Lombardy, Italy), that is today the second greatest Italian extractive basin and it is famous worldwide for the limestone extraction. In particular, the thesis proposes a multidisciplinary approach based on the study of the local vegetation dynamics, laboratory tests, plant selection for restoration and field experiments to test different restoration techniques. Methods. Spontaneous vegetation dynamics over the whole extractive basin was studied by an ecological approach through 108 plots, that were carried out on surfaces whose “disused time” from quarry abandonment was known; data were analysed by cluster analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and compared to the available data on grassland and woodlands related to the study area. We identified successional phases according to the trend of the most common species whose cover significantly increases or decreases with time. To assess the influence of geomorphological heterogeneity on vegetation succession, we studied morphology and ecology of plant species growing on the following three main geomorphological quarry surfaces: artificial cliffs, dump deposits and quarry platforms; data were subjected to statistical analysis (contingency tables) and CCA. Since any restoration project should ensure the soil stabilisation of quarry dump deposits, the contribution of herbaceous root systems to limit superficial movements was studied by calculating the root cohesion of three herbaceous species with different types of root systems (Anthyllis vulneraria, Bromus erectus and Stachys recta). To this aim, we made 421 tensile strength tests by the Stable Micro System TA Hd Plus apparatus and we collected root traits by means of image analysis and the software Winrhizo. In the view of field experiments regarding quarry restoration projects, we carried out some preliminary tests and analysis, such as: a) germination tests on some common species characterizing the local vegetation succession; b) planning the structure and the species composition of the tree layer by using natural woodlands as reference model; c) collection and characterization of the hayseed coming from a “donor grassland” close to the Botticino extractive basin. We performed field experiments in an apposite site of about 600 m2 (consisting in three terraces almost horizontal) selected on a fully exploited quarry inside the Botticino extractive basin. Topsoil showed a clayey texture and some physical (e.g. limited soil depth, high stoniness) and chemical (very alkaline pH, low availability of nutrients) limitations. We tested three different restoration methods: 1) terrace A: hydroseeding of hayseed and plantation of shrub and trees; 2) terrace B: traditional hydroseeding of a commercial seeds mixture and plantation of shrub and trees; 3) terrace C: only plantation of shrub and trees without herb layer. In the tree layer of the three terraces, 98 individuals per terrace were planted (main species: Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, Cotinus coggygria, Ostrya carpinifolia). One year after the experiment, we collected vegetation data by means of 3 x 3 m plots in which we measured some species traits, e.g. species cover, mean plant height of the herbaceous layers, number of dead individuals; in addition we collected further species traits for each species in four subplot (20 x 20 cm): e.g. number of individuals, cover, maximum plant height. Data were subjected to CCA and compared to reference sites, i.e. the “donor grassland” and a quarry area spontaneously revegetated. Main results. Sinchronic analysis of vegetation allowed to identify 10 plant communities and to assigned them to 5 successional phases: a) pioneer phase (0-2 years from abandonment), b) early phase (3-10 years), c) intermediate phase (11-22 years), d) later phase (23-44 years) and e) advanced phase (>44 years). B. erectus showed the highest value of root cohesion thanks to the high volume of the root system and to the high root tensile strength. Moreover, the selection of herbaceous species should also take into account that root tensile strength strongly decreased with root diameter according to a potential curve and that, as for root volume, it is species-specific. As regards restoration trials, terrace C showed the lowest vegetation cover (15%), plant height and biomass production (16.33 g/m2). Terrace B showed the highest herbaceous plant height (100 cm) and biomass production (355.23 g/m2), although determined only by 6 species (with a clear dominance of Lolium perenne). On the other hand, terrace A showed similar plant height (93.3 cm), but lower biomass production (190.19 g/m2) and a much higher number of species (16), anyway lower than those on the donor grassland (28). As concerns the number of dead tree and shrub in the experimental site, for each single species we recorded the greatest number of dead plants on the terrace B (74.49%), while 18.37% of plants died on terrace A, and only 4.08% on terrace C. Discussion and Conclusion. The succession in the quarry area was partially similar to a primary one and was affected by environmental factors (e.g. stoniness, slope) immediately after the pioneer phase, so that different types of vegetation community grew on different morphological surfaces at the same time. In particular, dump deposits resulted similar to platforms for ecological features and dominant species traits, while artificial cliffs differed significantly, being mostly affected by rockiness and slope. Considering the time needed for the spontaneous vegetation succession and the cost of restoration interventions, human efforts are recommended on dump deposits and platforms. Results also highlighted that the use of species belonging to the Poaceae family (or/and with a fasciculated root system) are recommended for their attitude to stabilize superficial soil layers.The planting of shrub and tree followed by the sowing of hayseed could be a suitable method to ensure a successful restoration. In this way the death of shrub and trees due to the plant competition with the herb layer is avoided and suitable biodiversity levels are ensured. The present thesis provides a procedure for the restoration of calcareous quarries that can be applied on large scale, directing human efforts to reduce the economic costs for restoration.

This study is based at Rocky Canyon Quarry (RCQ), a 200-acre granite aggregate open-pit quarry with chaparral-dominated plant communities located in San Luis Obispo County, CA. At RCQ, the Surface Mining and Reclamation Act (SMARA) of 1975 was interpreted as restoring the landscape to native plant communities. Native plant community restoration projects have occurred there since 1993 through cooperation with California Polytechnic State University Biology Department in San Luis Obispo, CA. I evaluated past restoration at RCQ and researched new techniques to improve chaparral restoration based on the natural processes of fire. Chaparral is an important fire-dominated plant community within the California Floristic Province, which covers about seven percent of California. Typically during a fire, heat immediately acts on Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise) seeds/m2 in the soil seed bank. Smoke also reaches seeds on and near the soil surface. Chemical effects of fire, such as smoke and charcoal, are deposited on the soil surface and leach into the seed bank after fall rains. In nature, this results in enhanced germination of the seeds and the beginning of chaparral post-fire succession. Fire effects, both heat and chemical, have been supported to increase seed germination in numerous laboratory and field studies. I sought to utilize natural fire cues, such as heat, charate, and liquid smoke, to develop successful and efficient restoration prescriptions. The most successful restoration technique developed utilized Wright’s Liquid Smoke and heat to increase seed germination of Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise), Ceanothus cuneatus (California lilac), and Salvia mellifera (Black Sage) significantly. A new restoration prescription for RCQ based on literature reviews and the above mentioned research is presented.

While the agricultural surplus in Europe has left us with a legacy of abandoned or set-aside land and efforts have been made to even reduce its high input-induced fertility, so that competition (mainly by grass) is reduced and broad leaved species (e.g. wildflowers) can establish, restoration legislation has long been requiring that post industrial land is returned to society by developers, after use, in its productive (in agricultural terms) previous state. Relatively recently, this has been challenged by new generation ecologists, who, however, base their arguments on previously established ecological principles, which had not yet found their way to materialize into practice, due to a general culture that saw high fertility as a self-evident goal. It is thus now proposed that instead of trying to make post- industrial land fertile as the rest of biodiversity-impoverished green fields, it is better that land use possibilities are expanded towards different end-"uses", which would comprise more diverse habitats and land uses. Trees, especially conifers, are usually better tolerators of harsh post-industrial land conditions, and have been used extensively in restoration. Broadleaved tree species and wildflower species have been employed in restoration too. Is there scope to retain their systematic use in restoration? If so, in order for those plants to establish successfully, some initial inputs may be necessary, so that disturbed or damaged nutrient cycles start functioning, and, at the same time, some initial grass-leguminous mixtures are often recommended to be sown, so that erosion is prevented. The concern, in this case, is to find what these inputs' levels must be, so that erosion control is achieved, without the development of overwhelming vegetation and fertility, because if this happens, certain sown or naturally colonizing species will prevail at the expense of species that are more valuable from a biodiversity point of view. The Woburn Sands Fuller's Earth Quarry in Aspley Heath (Bedfordshire,1994- 1998) was seen as a valuable terrain to study plant growth and survival in three spoil substrates with different vegetation. Substrates used exhibited typical spoil characteristics, lacking construction, nutrients, organic matter, water retention capacity etc. Additional bioassays with Woburn Sands substrates and also with sand, were done at the University of Reading Grounds and Glasshouses. As well as surveying soil characteristics and present vegetation and its evolvement during four consequent years, several plant forms (sycamore and alder seedlings and saplings, grasses, clover and wildflowers), namely regular protagonists in restoration projects, were screened for performance in the three substrates (which might -or might not- represent different successional stages on post industrial land, dominated by woody leguminous species - broom and gorse), and a calibration was sought for minimum nutrient inputs, so that the above goals of a) induction of nutrient cycles and b) discouragement of excessive fertility build-up (leading to competition and species loss), are served. Plant nutrients (N, P, K ) and lime were used in sub-optimal to near optimal levels (in agricultural terms) in multi-factorial bioassays, and thresholds were sought for, in which, nutrient actions and interactions were observed to promote or reverse the process of plant survival and I or growth: gradual nutrient increase was often observed to induce or inhibit plant survival and growth responses disproportionately, after a critical dosage threshold. In the field and in mixtures, such observations were examined through the framework of possible competition (notably by grasses) and facilitation manifestation. Spoils heterogeneity and 'immaturity', can produce inconsistent bioassay results. Thus, the amount of labour etc input in such studies hardly ever corresponds to the number of interpretable, let alone publishable, findings. Also, since this study concerned only one region, results cannot be generalised, but only help to knowledge built-up. While some thresholds have been detected, and some insights have emerged concerning the actual scope of planting what we plant on harsh substrates, further study is needed to clarify this work's findings towards a broader framework. In this work, there has also been an effort to place restoration into a broader historical, aesthetic, sociological, ethical and scientific context, relating it to issues of British Landscape conservation etc. The discourse of a palette of views amongst laypeople, concerned parties, politicians and scientists about restoration and conservation was also explored.

Tese de Mestrado em Arquitectura com Especialização em Planeamento Urbano e Territorial.
As pedreiras são fenómenos singulares ilustrativos das relações entre o homem e os valores do território. São paisagens exclusivas, identitárias da cultura das regiões em que se inserem, tal como dos recursos endógenos do meio, e neste sentido afirmam-se como fenómenos singulares pelo que devem ser defendidas e preservadas. Estas paisagens pela sua própria natureza e dimensões, na ausência de tratamento ambiental e paisagístico, podem repercutir-se pejorativamente. A não sustentabilidade das actividades extractivas impõem um limite ao seu desenvolvimento. Pelo que, após as explorações, a recuperação da área afectada é um imperativo legislativo. Assegurando o equilíbrio ecológico e a qualidade paisagística do local. As mesmas características e especificidades das pedreiras que incitam ao prejuízo atribuem, por outro lado, um carácter excepcional a estas paisagens. As áreas extractivas após o término da sua função genérica podem representar a oportunidade de serem reconvertidas em novos valores. A reabilitação de uma pedreira pode perpetuar o propósito útil do espaço, valorizando as especificidade da paisagem e a sua competitividade. A sua reconversão em novos atractivos pode beneficiando a região e da população e, simultaneamente, assegurar o equilíbrio e qualidade do meio e da paisagem.

Orientador: Haroldo Gallo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Identifica-se na contemporaneidade uma valorização das questões da formação de memória e, por consequência, da preservação do patrimônio material construído. Dentro deste quadro, o caso brasileiro tem peculiaridades que condicionam uma particular abordagem da questão, tanto do ponto de vista conceitual quanto metodológico e tecnológico. Neste quadro também emergem as comunidades locais especificidades a considerar. Esta dissertação estudará os procedimentos técnicos da fase de análise do artefato (edificação) no projeto de restauro arquitetônico que antecedem a adoção de um partido de intervenção. Está centrada nas diretrizes estabelecidas pelo órgão de preservação paulistano - Departamento do Patrimônio Histórico /SMC/PMSP. Tem por pressuposto a inadequação, obsolescência e falta de sistematização dessas diretrizes, fatores percebidos por intermédio da prática profissional. Inicialmente, sistematizam-se elementos teóricos conceituais que fundamentam a metodologia de projeto de restauro. Foram selecionados para este estudo de casos quatro exemplares tombados, localizados na cidade de São Paulo, com projetos desenvolvidos por especialistas na área, a saber: Igreja Evangélica Luterana de São Paulo, Igreja São Cristóvão, Igreja Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte e Igreja da Ordem Terceira do Pai Seráphico São Francisco. Identificam-se as formas de ação para reconhecimento e análise dos artefatos, pois, se inadequadas, podem comprometer a integridade e/ou autenticidade dos bens preservados. Procede-se em seguida a uma análise comparada dos casos apontados, realizada por observação direta e discurso textual. Conclui-se pela necessidade da formulação de normas e diretrizes claras, igualitárias para todos os casos e efetivamente fundamentadas em uma mesma base conceitual
Abstract: We identify, contemporaneously, the appreciation of issues regarding the formation of memory and consequently the preservation of built heritage. The Brazilian's case presents distinctive characteristics which condition a particular approach to such issues from the technological, methodological and conceptual standpoints, emerging also from local communities specifications to be considered. This essay will study the technical procedures during the phases of analysis of an artifact in the process of architectural restoration, based on the guidelines established by the preservation institute of the city of Sao Paulo - DPH/PMSP (Heritage Department/Local Government of the City of Sao Paulo), before intervention. It is believed, as a result of professional practice based on perception, that these are guidelines inadequate, obsolete and lacking systematization. Initially, we articulate the conceptual theoretical elements which substantiate the methodology of the restoration project. For this case study, we selected four examples placed under governmental trust located in Sao Paulo and involved in projects carried out by specialists. They are as follows: the Lutheran Evangelic Church of Sao Paulo; Church of São Cristóvão, Church of Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte, and Church of Ordem Terceira do Pai Seráphico São Francisco. The forms of recognition, action and analysis of the artifacts were identified, as inadequate recognition could jeopardize the integrity and/or authenticity of the preserved properties. A comparative analysis of the specified cases carried out by direct observation and textual discourse was then employed. It was concluded that the formulation of clear guidelines applicable to all cases, effectively founded on the same conceptual basis, is necessary
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As próteses metalocerâmicas ainda são apontadas como o tratamento de escolha em reabilitação oral por apresentarem altas taxas de sobrevivência, mesmo que o fator estético possa ser comprometido devido às propriedades óticas relacionadas à infraestrutura metálica. Além disso, há pouca informação na literatura científica sobre os fatores que levam às fraturas das próteses fixas metalocerâmicas. Com isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se a quantidade de elementos que compõe uma prótese, se a quantidade de elementos por retentor, se o tipo de prótese, se o tipo de pilar, se a localização da prótese, se o bruxismo e se a utilização de placa miorrelaxante influenciam na incidência de fraturas em próteses fixas metalocerâmicas. Para este estudo, foram selecionados 16 pacientes, totalizando 74 próteses metalocerâmicas, instaladas entre 2000 e 2010, que tiveram um acompanhamento mínimo de 4 anos. Foram coletados dados, como: gênero, idade, data de instalação das próteses e sistema cerâmico utilizado. Foi realizada a avaliação clínica considerando integridade da prótese, características do elemento antagonista e coleta da história odontológica em caso de fratura, além de um questionário para identificar provável ou possível bruxismo. Foram determinadas as taxas de sucesso, insucesso e sobrevivência da mesma. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de sucesso das próteses metalocerâmicas instaladas foi de 87,8% e a taxa de sobrevivência foi de 89,1%. Além disso, a taxa de sucesso não foi influenciada pela idade (p=0,903), tempo de instalação (p=0,830), número de próteses na boca (p=0,872), número de elementos (p=0,937) e número de pilares (p=0,064). Para as variáveis qualitativas também não houve diferença estatística significante (p>0,05) entre as proporções das taxas de sucesso e insucesso. Contudo, os resultados mostraram que pacientes que não usavam placa miorrelaxante tiveram taxa maior de sucesso que os pacientes usuários de placa (p=0,004). Assim, pode-se concluir que as próteses metalocerâmicas apresentam altas taxas de sucesso e sobrevida garantindo a longevidade desse tipo de reabilitação.
Metal-ceramic prosthesis are still the treatment choice in oral rehabilitation because they present high survival rates, even if the aesthetic can be compromised due to optical properties related to metallic infrastructure. In addition, there is little information on scientific literature about factors that lead to fractures of fixed metalceramic prosthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if prosthesis elements number, number of elements per prosthetic abutment, type of prosthesis, type of prosthetic abutment, the prosthesis location, bruxism and myorelaxant plaque influences on incidence of fractures in fixed metal-ceramic prosthesis. For this study, 16 patients were selected totaling 74 metal-ceramic dentures installed between 2000 and 2010 with a follow-up of at least 4 years. Data were collected, such as: gender, age, prosthesis installation date and the ceramic system used. Besides a questionnaire to identify probable or possible bruxism, a clinical evaluation was performed to evaluate prosthesis integrity, antagonist element characteristics and dental history in case of fracture. Success, failure and survival rates were determined. The results showed that the success rate of metal-ceramic prosthesis was 87.8% and the survival rate was 89.1%. In addition, the success rate was independent of age (p=0.903), installation time (p=0.830), number of prosthesis (p=0.872), elements (p=0.937) and abutments (p=0.064). The qualitative variables also did not show significant statistical results (p> 0.05) between success and failure rates. However, the results showed that patients who did not use myorelaxant plaque had a higher success rate than plaque users (p=0.004). Thus, it can be concluded that the metal-ceramic prosthesis has high success and survival rates, ensuring longevity of this type of rehabilitation.

Generally, works of public interest, such as the construction of hydroelectric power plants cause changes in ecosystems. Compensation for damage shall be notified by the entrepreneur, through ecological restoration of degraded ecosystem. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the evolution of areas in restoration process for a forest remnant more preserved, as well as evaluating methods and potential species, capable of maintaining the functionality of ecosystems. The State Park Quarta Colônia is full protection unit of 1847 hectares, located in the municipality of Agudo and Ibarama, Rio Grande do Sul, established in 2005, as a compensatory measure to the work of the hydroelectric dam of Dona Francisca, Rio Grande do Sul. The work was developed in chapters, where initially, held the definition and characterization of the reference area, establishing parameters for comparison with the areas in process of restoration. The reference area is located near 555.82 m of reclaimed areas, and 615.33 m of another, is composed of secondary forest in middle to advanced stage of succession. The vegetation of the reference area was recorded using 10 x 20 m 12 plots (200 m²) on tracks 100 m apart between sí, and 20 m between plots distributed systematically by topography gradient, being held at the circumference measurement of height peiro (CAP) of all individuals and arboreal with CAP ≥ 15 cm arbustivos. The regeneration was measured in circular sub-plots with radius of 1.78 m (10 m2) in the center of the parcels, and individuals with height ≥ 30 cm and CAP<15 cm. Data analysis was performed by means of the structure and diversity of vegetation and floristic groups, in addition to a canonical correspondence analysis between vegetation and environmental variables, where there was the formation of two groups floristic located according to the excerpts from land use and chemical characteristics. The second chapter deals with two areas in process of restoring deployed for seven years, styling-if A1, an area with restoration model based on successional species, and A2 the same criterion, but with wider spacing. To check the evolution of the process of restoration of the areas were considered attributes of floristic composition and vegetation structure structure, as well as environmental variables involved in ecological processes. The areas A1 and A2 were sampled by 18 plots, 10 x 20 m (200 m2), in each one, where he was observing the diameter, height and canopy coverage of individuals. The natural regeneration has been studied in sub-plots of 2 x 2 m (4 m2), retrieving the collar diameter and height (0.10 to 1.0 m). The environmental variables represented by the enzyme activity in soil, was observed through the collection of 10 samples of soil, in layers of 5 cm and 0 to 5 to 20 cm, in each area. The results showed that, in addition to the floristic composition and vegetation structure, the enzyme activity is a potential sign of the quality of the site, which indicates that the two areas restored retook the succession process, however A1 presents environmental conditions more favourable to development, enabling infer about the need for management, for the development of areas in recovery. The third chapter search information for deploying a restoration model for low-cost conservation unit and surroundings, where was rated a planting model composed of native forest species functionally divided into Group of fill (Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Schinus terebinthifolius Parapiptadenia rigida, Inga, vera, Luehea divaricata, Psidium cattleyanum) and diversity Group (Eugenia uniflora, Allophylus edulis, Cedrela fissilis, Prunus myrtifolia, Jacaranda micrantha, Cupania vernalis Cabralea canjerana,) and, associated with that, there was the influence of the staging area for subsoiling and seeding with legumes Vicia sativa. The experiment was deployed on delineation of blocks blocks in 2 x 2 x 4 trifatorial (method of staging area x Vicia sativa x time). The treatments consisted of: T1-cova planting tree species (fill-GP group and diversity-GD); T2-cova planting tree species (GP and GD) Vicia sativa; T3-subsoiling planting tree species (GP and GD); and T4-subsoiling planting tree species (GP and GD) Vicia sativa. The observed variables (mortality, collar diameter, height and diameter of the Cup) were subjected to analysis of variance and determination of the significance of the main effects of factors and interactions. The comparison of the species was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, and the comparison of averages by Dunn's Test. It was noted that the use of subsoiling was the best method, indifferent to the use of Vicia sativa due its competitiveness with diversity group seedlings. Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Schinus terebinthifolius and Inga vera are indicated to compose the group, while filling, species diversity group, in the circumstance of the experiment, should be introduced after partial coverage of the canopy. Considering the results of this study it was not possible to conclude that the ecological restoration strategies must ensure that pioneering species, secondary and climax are present in abundance and appropriate distribution, but the diversity group deployment should occur with the canopy formed. The areas A1 and A2 are in continuous process of restoration, although it is necessary for handling your position to keep a successional trajectories close to the original ecosystem.
Geralmente, obras de interesse público, como a construção de usinas hidrelétricas, causam alterações nos ecossistemas. A reparação dos danos deve ser realizada pelo empreendedor, através da restauração ecológica do ecossistema degradado. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a evolução de áreas em processo de restauração em relação a um remanescente florestal mais preservado, além de avaliar métodos e espécies potenciais, capazes de manter a funcionalidade dos ecossistemas. O Parque Estadual Quarta Colônia é uma unidade de proteção integral de 1847 hectares, localizada no município de Agudo e Ibarama, RS, e criada em 2005 como medida compensatória à obra da usina hidrelétrica de Dona Francisca. Esta tese foi desenvolvida em capítulos, sendo que, inicialmente, são apresentadas definições básicas para o entendimento do texto e, posteriormente, são apresentados três capítulos na forma de artigo. O capítulo I apresenta um estudo de remanescente de floresta secundária (área de referência), localizada a aproximadamente 560 m de uma das áreas recuperadas e a 620 m de outra, é composta por floresta secundária em estádio de sucessão médio a avançado, e correlações com variáveis ambientais. A vegetação da área de referência foi inventariada utilizando-se 12 parcelas de 10 x 20 m (200 m²), em faixas distantes 100 m uma da outra e 20 m distantes entre parcelas distribuidas sistematicamente em gradiente de topografia, através da medição da circunferência à altura do peito (CAP) de todos os indivíduos arbóreos e arbustivos com CAP≥15 cm. A regeneração foi calculada em subparcelas circulares com raio de 1,78 m (10 m²) no centro das parcelas, medindo-se os indivíduos com altura≥30 cm e CAP<15 cm. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio das características estruturais da vegetação e florística, verificando-se a existência de agrupamentos florestais. Além disso, realizou-se análise de correspondência canônica entre a vegetação e as variáveis ambientais, sendo que se observou a formação de dois grupos florísticos, localizados de acordo com os trechos de uso do solo e as características químicas. Os resultados confirmaram o estágio médio a avançado de sucessão, uma vez que foram encontrados trechos com espécies de grupos sucessionais iniciais e trechos com predominância de espécies tardias e de sub-bosque. Dessa forma, a indicação de espécies para restauração de áreas desprovidas de vegetação depende de estudos de áreas de referência em estágios inicias de sucessão. No segundo capítulo, são avaliadas duas áreas em processo de restauração de sete anos, denominando-se A1, área cujo modelo de restauração foi baseado no processo natural de sucessão, e A2, que, apesar de ter sido baseada no mesmo modelo, foi implantada com espaçamento mais amplo. Para verificar o desenvolvimento do processo de restauração das áreas, foram avaliados atributos da composição florística e da estrutura da vegetação, assim como variáveis ambientais envolvidas em processos ecológicos. As áreas A1 e A2 foram amostradas através de 18 parcelas de 10 x 20 m (200 m²) cada uma, de modo que se observou o diâmetro, a altura e a cobertura de copa dos indivíduos. A regeneração natural foi estudada em subparcelas de 2 x 2 m (4 m²), através da obtenção do diâmetro do coleto e da altura (0,10 a 1,0 m). As variáveis ambientais representadas pela atividade enzimática no solo foram observadas por meio da coleta de 10 amostras de solo, nas camadas de 0 a 5 cm e de 5 a 20 cm, em cada área. Os resultados evidenciaram que, além da composição florística e estrutura da vegetação, a atividade enzimática é um indicativo potencial da qualidade do ecossistema, sendo que as duas áreas restauradas, embora com valores inferiores à floresta natural utilizada como área de referência, retomaram o processo de sucessão. O terceiro capítulo busca obter informações para implantação de um modelo de restauração de baixo custo para a unidade de conservação e seu entorno. Para tanto, foi avaliado um modelo de plantio composto por espécies florestais nativas, funcionalmente divididas em grupo de preenchimento (Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Parapiptadenia rigida, Inga vera, Luehea divaricata, Psidium cattleyanum) e grupo de diversidade (Eugenia uniflora, Allophylus edulis, Cedrela fissilis, Prunus myrtifolia, Jacaranda micrantha, Cupania vernalis, Cabralea canjerana). Além disso, verificou-se a influência do preparo da área por subsolagem e semeadura com a leguminosa Vicia sativa. O experimento foi implantado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema trifatorial 2 x 2 x 4 (método de preparo da área x Vicia sativa x tempo). Os tratamentos consistiram em: T1 - cova + plantio de espécies arbóreas (grupo de preenchimento-GP e de diversidade-GD); T2 - cova + plantio de espécies arbóreas (GP e GD) + Vicia sativa; T3 - subsolagem + plantio de espécies arbóreas (GP e GD); e T4 -subsolagem + plantio de espécies arbóreas (GP e GD) + Vicia sativa. As variáveis observadas (mortalidade, altura, diâmetro do coleto e diâmetro da copa) foram submetidas à análise de variância e determinação da significância dos efeitos principais dos fatores e das interações. A comparação das espécies foi analisada pelo Teste de Kruskal-Wallis e a comparação das médias pelo Teste de Dunn. Constatou-se que o uso de subsolagem foi o melhor método, indiferente ao uso de Vicia sativa devido à sua competitividade com as mudas do grupo de diversidade. Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Schinus terebinthifolius e Inga vera são indicadas para compor o grupo de preenchimento, enquanto que as espécies do grupo de diversidade, na circunstância do experimento, são indicadas para serem introduzidas após a cobertura parcial do dossel. Considerando os resultados deste estudo, foi possível concluir que as estratégias de restauração ecológica devem garantir que espécies pioneiras, secundárias e clímax estejam presentes em abundância e distribuição adequadas, e que a implantação do grupo de diversidade deverá ocorrer com o dossel formado. As áreas A1 e A2 estão em contínuo processo de restauração, embora seja necessário seu manejo para que tenham condições de manter uma trajetória sucessional próxima ao ecossitema original.

A recomposição das matas ciliares pode vir a ser a solução mais eficaz e duradoura para reverter o acelerado processo de degradação dos recursos hídricos. Não há, no entanto, consenso sobre técnicas e espécies adequadas para a recomposição e nem critérios e indicadores para avaliar o êxito dos plantios. Esta pesquisa tratou do estudo de reflorestamento efetuado em 1990, às margens do córrego Tarumã, município de Tarumã, SP. No plantio foram utilizadas 29 espécies, sendo 28 nativas da região e uma introduzida de valor comercial (Pinus elliottii var. densa). As árvores foram plantadas em quatro módulos distintos, caracterizados por diferentes combinações de espécies, como segue: Módulo A - 100% pioneiras; Módulo B - 50% pioneiras + 50% não pioneiras; Módulo C - plantio misto aleatório de espécies nativas (pioneiras ou não) e módulo D - 100% Pinus. Avaliou-se a floresta formada, dez anos após o plantio, com base no desempenho das espécies plantadas e comparando-se os módulos entre si e com fragmento natural remanescente - (E), quanto à estrutura do estrato arbóreo, densidade, diversidade e riqueza florística da regeneração natural, características químicas do solo superficial e deposição de folhedo ao longo do ano. Verificou-se que há diferença entre os módulos de plantio para boa parte dos parâmetros avaliados. Do ponto de vista da estrutura da floresta, todos os módulos de plantio apresentam área basal, diâmetro médio e altura máxima inferiores ao fragmento natural. Por outro lado, a densidade do plantio foi superior à densidade da floresta natural e, mesmo com a mortalidade ao longo desses dez anos, a densidade nos diferentes módulos ainda é superior à da floresta natural (árvores com DAP maior ou igual 5 cm). Em síntese, dez anos não foram suficientes para que, nas condições ambientais deste experimento, a floresta plantada adquirisse a estrutura de uma floresta natural. Comparando-se entre si as espécies plantadas quanto ao seu desempenho, destacaram-se pela sua sobrevivência: Inga uruguensis, Croton urucurana e Schinus terebinthifolius. Pelo crescimento em altura e diâmetro, as espécies com melhor desempenho foram: Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Enterolobim contortisiliquum, Croton urucurana e Pinus elliottii var. densa. Comparando-se os quatro módulos entre si, verifica-se que o plantio misto aleatório apresentou maior densidade e riqueza de espécies em regeneração, seguido do plantio com 50% não pioneiras, plantio puro de pioneiras, e no último lugar, o plantio puro de Pinus. Predominam espécies zoocórias na regeneração natural, sendo que 62% das espécies não foram plantadas, devendo ter sido trazidas por dispersores. No que se diz respeito à ciclagem de nutrientes, o plantio puro de Pinus, embora tenha depositado a maior quantidade de folhedo/ha/ano, proporciona baixo retorno de nutrientes ao solo de modo geral, já que a concentração desses nutrientes no folhedo é baixa. Além disso, a análise química da camada superficial do solo mostrou que sob o Pinus o solo é mais ácido e há menor disponibilidade para a maior parte dos nutrientes, o modelo que mais se aproximou da floresta natural foi o plantio misto aleatório com essências nativas. No outro extremo, com piores resultados, esteve o plantio puro com Pinus elliottii var. densa, para as condições ambientais da área estudada.
Riparian forests restoration can be the best way to stop the degradation process of the water resources. However, there is no agreement about how to do that, what are the best species and planting techniques and how to evaluate the planted forests. This study was based upon a planted riparian forest, along Tarumã River, Tarumã municipality, São Paulo State. Twenty nine species were planted, being 28 native and one introduced species. Trees were planted in four different species combinations, as follows: Module - A 100% pioneer species; Module - B 50% pioneer and 50% no pioneer species; Module - C mixed; Module - D 100% Pinus. The four modules were evaluated ten year after planting, considering: forest structure, density, richness and diversity of natural regeneration, litter deposition and chemical properties of surface soil. These results of the planted forest were compared with a forest remnant - (E) located close to the experimental area. Differences were found among treatments and in comparison with the natural forest, for most of the parameters considered. Basal area, DBH, and maximum height were lower than in the forest fragment. Trees density is still higher in the planted forest than in the natural one, even the mortality rates have been high. Ten years were not enough to make the planted forest structure similar to the natural forest. Comparing the planted species performance, there is a group of high survival rates: Inga uruguensis, Croton urucurana and Schinus terebinthifolius. Another group presented species with high increment in height and diameter: Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Croton urucurana and Pinus elliottii var. densa. Natural regeneration density and richness under the planted forest were also different among treatments, in decreasing order: mixed planting - 50% pioneer + 50% no pioneer - 100% pioneer - pure Pinus. Among the species surveyed, zoochory is the main dispersion syndrome and 62% of the species were not planted. They were, probably, brought by animal dispersers. Litter production was higher in pure Pinus planting than in the other treatrnents. However, nutrients concentration is lower than in treatments with native species. So, total quantity of mineral elements that return to the soil is higher in those forests planted with native species. In addition, chemical properties of surface soil under Pinus forests (H + AI, pH, Ca, Mg, etc.) are worse than under other treatments. This study leads to conclusion that, among the tested treatments, the mixed planting with native species (C) was the most similar to the native forest in structure, diversity and natural regeneration. The worst result, under the environmental conditions of this study, was obtained with the pure stand of Pinus elliottii var. densa.

Chan, Hoi Weun Kilkenny.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-248).
Abstract also in Chinese.
ABSTRACT --- p.i
ABSTRACT (IN CHINESE) --- p.iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.xii
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xiv
LIST OF PLATES --- p.xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xviii
Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptual framework --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Study objectives --- p.9
Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of research --- p.10
Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of thesis --- p.12
Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.14
Chapter 2.2 --- The geographical setting of Hong Kong --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Climate of Hong Kong --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Geology of Hong Kong --- p.16
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Soils of Hong Kong --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Vegetation of Hong Kong --- p.18
Chapter 2.3 --- Forestry management in Hong Kong --- p.19
Chapter 2.4 --- Land degradation and growth constraints --- p.20
Chapter 2.5 --- Importance of ecological rehabilitation --- p.23
Chapter 2.6 --- Use of exotic and native species in ecological rehabilitation --- p.27
Chapter 2.7 --- Myths of native species --- p.32
Chapter 2.8 --- Quarrying and quarry rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.34
Chapter 2.8.1 --- Permit quarries --- p.34
Chapter 2.8.2 --- Contract quarries --- p.36
Chapter 2.8.3 --- Quarry rehabilitation contracts --- p.37
Chapter 2.9 --- Constraints of quarry rehabilitation --- p.39
Chapter 2.10 --- Characteristics of quarry growth substrates --- p.41
Chapter 2.11 --- Soil amendment materials --- p.42
Chapter 2.12 --- Summary --- p.43
Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- SCREENING OF SOIL AMENDMENT MATERIALS FOR THE GROWTH OF SCHIMA SUPERB A
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44
Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Post-planting care --- p.53
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Plant performance measurements --- p.53
Chapter 3.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.55
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Soils --- p.55
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Amendment materials --- p.59
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Foliar nutrient contents --- p.60
Chapter 3.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.61
Chapter 3.5 --- Results and discussion --- p.61
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of decomposed granite --- p.61
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Chemical properties of soil amendment materials --- p.64
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Plant growth performance --- p.68
Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of SAMs on growth performance of the seedlings --- p.78
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.81
Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- SOILS AND VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE RESTORED QUARRY SITES
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.85
Chapter 4.2 --- Study area --- p.87
Chapter 4.3 --- Methodology --- p.92
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Experimental design --- p.92
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Soil sampling --- p.93
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Vegetation survey --- p.94
Chapter 4.4 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.95
Chapter 4.5 --- Results and discussion --- p.96
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Characteristics and properties of the restored soils --- p.96
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Vegetation survey --- p.110
Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.130
Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- EFFECT OF ENGINEERING DESIGN AND RAINSTORM ON ECOLOGICAL REHABILITATION
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.133
Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.135
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.135
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Assessment of plant growth and storm damage --- p.142
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.143
Chapter 5.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.143
Chapter 5.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.143
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of the growth substrate --- p.143
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Chemical properties of the soil amendment materials --- p.146
Chapter 5.4.3 --- The weather and growth conditions in ARQ --- p.149
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Damage caused by the rainstorm --- p.155
Chapter 5.4.5 --- Survival rates of the seedlings --- p.161
Chapter 5.4.6 --- Growth performance of seedlings 3 months after planting --- p.163
Chapter 5.4.7 --- Lessons learnt from this experiment --- p.167
Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.174
Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- GROWTH OF SCHIMA SUPERBA AND RHAPHIOLEPIS INDICA ON DECOMPOSED GRANITE (DG) AND DECOMPOSED VOLCANIC (DV)
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.177
Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.179
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.179
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Plant performance measurements and data processing --- p.181
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.182
Chapter 6.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.182
Chapter 6.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.183
Chapter 6.4.1 --- Properties of decomposed granite and decomposed volcanic --- p.183
Chapter 6.4.2 --- Properties of the soil amendment materials --- p.186
Chapter 6.4.3 --- Survival rates of the seedlings --- p.188
Chapter 6.4.4 --- Height growth of seedlings --- p.198
Chapter 6.4.5 --- Stem basal diameter growth of seedlings --- p.201
Chapter 6.4.6 --- Overall growth performance of seedlings --- p.203
Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.204
Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.207
Chapter 7.2 --- Summary of major findings --- p.207
Chapter 7.3 --- Implications of the study --- p.216
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Screening of soil amendment materials to promote early growth of seedlings in decomposed granite --- p.216
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Successional development in the restored quarry sites under existing revegetation programme --- p.218
Chapter 7.3.3 --- Constraints of quarry rehabilitation --- p.221
Chapter 7.3.4 --- Potential use of native species in quarry rehabilitation --- p.225
Chapter 7.4 --- Limitations of the study --- p.228
Chapter 7.5 --- Suggestions for further study --- p.230
REFERENCES --- p.233
APPENDICES --- p.249

Täktverksamheter innebär stora ingrepp i miljön. När verksamheten avslutas ska täktområdet efterbehandlas och det finns flera sätt en efterbehandling kan utformas på och vad som måste tas hänsyn till. Gråsjöns skiffertäkt i Jämtland har inte efterbehandlats. Då den är en del av en kulturhistorisk miljö, att området kan vara geologiskt intressant samt att täkten är belägen i fjällmiljö gör det svårt att avgöra hur efterbehandlingen ska ske. Syftet med studien är därför att ta reda på hur skiffertäkten på bäst lämpade sätt ska efterbehandlas med avseende på aspekterna geologiska värden, naturvärden, kulturmiljövärden, estetiska värden samt risk och säkerhet. Detta har gjorts genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer samt litteraturgranskning av rapporter om efterbehandling av täkter. Vid efterbehandling kan det vara värdefullt att bevara eventuella intressanta lagerföljder i täkten för forsknings- och utbildningssyften. Den biologiska mångfalden bör gynnas och bergsbranter, blockstensupplag och vattensamlingar kan skapa gynnsamma miljöer. Äldre brottstensytor från historisk brytning ska bevaras och säkerhetsåtgärder bör vidtas så att inte människor som rör sig i området skadar sig i täkten: Detta kan göras genom snedsprängning och släntning eller att en skyddshylla sprängs in i bergväggen. En färdig efterbehandlingsplan som är anpassad och tar hänsyn till alla aspekter går inte att ta fram i dagsläget då det måste göras en inventering av arterna i och runt täkten. Först när det underlaget finns går det att avgöra hur täkten ska efterbehandlas och hur de andra aspekterna kan vävas in i efterbehandlingen.
Quarries result in great environmental interference. When quarrying is completed the area must undergo restoration. There are different ways to design the restoration plan and what must be taken into account. The shale quarry in Gråsjön, Jämtland County hasn’t been restored. Due to cultural heritage in the quarry, the possible geological value and the fact that the shale-quarry is located in an alpine environment makes it difficult to determine the course of action. The aim of this paper is to determine what best way is to restore the shale-quarry due to geological values, nature values, cultural heritage, esthetical values and risk and safety. This was done by qualitative semi-structured interviews and a literature study of reports on restoration of quarries. Upon restoration, it can be valuable to preserve interesting strata in the quarry for research and educational purposes. The biodiversity should be favored and slopes, heaps of stone blocks and pools of water can create favorable environments. Older parts of the quarry that represent a cultural heritage should be preserved and precautions should be taken to prevent people from getting injured in the quarry. This could be done by line out the steep walls in the quarry or blast out a protective step in the stone wall that prevent people from falling down. A restoration plan that is taking into account all the aspects is not possible because a species inventory must be initiated. When the inventory is complete the course of action can be decided and how the other aspects can be part of the restoration plan.

碩士
國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
100
Taiwan’s mining site vegetation restoration technology has been developed to a certain standard, but the effectiveness and schedule of vegetation restoration in the post-mine surface of mining sites currently has no effective set of monitoring models to follow. The use of traditional manpower survey will require extensive manpower and time, and large-scale and comprehensive investigation cannot be done. In order to gain an insight into the effectiveness of vegetation restoration in the mining site, this study analyzed the Hsin-Chen Shan Quarry in Asia. A cement corporation engaged in long-term vegetation greening was the study subject. Through the satellite remote sensing image analysis technique, the results of restoration vegetation restoration in the mining site were quantified. Through the QuickBird satellite images taken in 2009, coupled with Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) data and aerial photos, actual mining locations over the years were compared, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value differences of the virgin forest by the vegetation restoration area and mining site of Hsin-Chen Shan Quarry were analyzed. Additionally, the restoration results were quantified, thereby evaluating the progress of vegetation restoration in the mining site and serving as a reference for the continuous monitoring of vegetation recovery in mining sites in the future. The results show that the main factor affecting the quarry NDVI value changes is the growth of vegetation, which can obscure rocks. In addition, the virgin forest vegetation is more dense and less subject to destruction. The NDVI standard deviation is smaller, which is significantly different from the NDVI standard deviation in the restoration area. On the other hand, the NDVI value in the restoration area tends to increase with time. That is, areas with longer restoration time have higher NDVI mean values. The regression analysis results show that when the mining site’s vegetation restoration time exceeded 22 years, the NDVI value also reached the greening level of the virgin forest. In the future, remote sensing image analysis techniques with such advantages as a wide range of investigative capacity and real-time monitoring can be adopted to reduce the difficulty of monitoring vegetation restoration in mining sites. In this study, through field planting year, combined with the NDVI analysis method, vegetation greening was effectively obtained. By applying this model in mining sites to conduct long-term vegetation monitoring, the mining site vegetation restoration related explorations can effectively keep pace with the times.

碩士
國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
99
Abstract The study site locates in Asia Cement Corporation Sin-Chen Shan Quarry northeast final limited slope, altitude between 427-330m. To shorten the landscape restoration and time need, Asia Cement Greening team developed the vegetation bag method on quarried out wall for restoration in 2006. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the vegetation restoration from the sampling slots for the period of 3-months, 6-months, 1-year and 3-years. The results were that 13 species of woody plants and 60 species of herbs, with a total coverage of 75% in 3 months plots; 11 species of woody plants, 36 species of herbs, with a total coverage 104% in 6 months plots; 8 species of woody plants, average trees height 2.12 m, 135% coverage, and 26 species herbaceous in 1-year plots; 12species of woody plants, average trees height 2.48 m, 143% coverage, and 21 species herbaceous in 3-years plots. Although the number of species seems to be decreased, the vegetation became a secondary forest. The vegetation bag method made a green landscape in 3 months plots. The vegetation reached a total coverage over 100% in 6 months plots. A year later, landscape or coverage was satisfied. The dominant tree species were Broussonetia papyrifera、Boehmeria frutescens and Trema orientalis , and the vegetation became a young secondary forest. Three years later,the most dominant tree species is Trema orientalis , and vegetation became a three-layered secondary forest. Finally,from 1-year plots of both the vegetation bag method and the rock wall platform vegetation method were compared, to understand the effectiveness of vegetation restoration. The former cost are expensive, prices are 1200 dollars/m2 ，the later price are cheaper, 388 dollars/m2,however, the former save time；both have similar dominant species,which are shade- intolerant pioneer species of secondary forest. .