Academic literature on the topic 'Quartz opening materials'

Introduction. Currently used grinding machines, among which drum mills are the most widely used, have a low efficiency, are bulky, are characterized by low specific productivity, significant consumption of steel for grinding bodies and lining, high noise level, and high energy consumption of the grinding process. The most promising devices of a new type that can effectively perform grinding operations at high technological rates are centrifugal mills. The centrifugal mill developed at SKGMI operates on the principle of self-grinding of pieces and particles of crushed mineral raw materials, when they collide and RUB in a mobile toroidal flow formed when the material moves between a rotating Cup-shaped rotor, a fixed body and the overlying layers of the crushed material. Grinding occurs due to the appearance of a gradient of particle velocities over the working body, due to their impact and, to a greater extent, abrasion. The tests of these mills for grinding various materials have shown high efficiency in operation, but until now, the issues of determining the physical and mechanical properties of the crushed material based on the establishment of the particle opening mechanism remain unresolved. The purpose of the tests. Determination of the physical and mechanical properties of the crushed material in a centrifugal mill based on the establishment of the particle opening mechanism. Test procedure. To solve this problem, a vertical centrifugal mill MC-600 with a rotor diameter of 600 mm was used. Tests of the centrifugal mill were carried out according to the following method. The speed of rotation of the rotor was 4.8 and 8.4 s-1, the height of the material column above the rotor was at the level of 250 and 350 mm; 6 radial ribs were installed in the rotor cavity of the mill. The time of each test was 4 hours. The tests were repeated 3–5 times for each mode of operation of the mill. Quartz was used as a reference material for determining the relative pulverizability coefficient. The research was carried out in the production conditions of the Izhevsk machinebuilding plant during the regeneration of spent molding quartz mixtures. Pieces of a liquid-glass mixture based on quartz sand with strength of 1.3 MPa and 4.25 MPa were used as the crushed material. The crushed material was dispersed according to the standard method for each hour of operation of the mill. Samples were taken in the size class -0.200 + 0.074 mm for their fractional analysis by size. Test result. 1. It was Found that the maximum productivity of a centrifugal mill when grinding pieces of material with a strength of 1.3 MPa was achieved with a loading weight of 90–100 kg, and with a strength of 4.25 MPa – 100–110 kg, which indicates the need to create an increased normal pressure of the layers of crushed material located above the mill rotor. It was found that the maximum productivity of a centrifugal mill when grinding pieces of material with a strength of 1.3 MPa and a rotor rotation frequency of 8.4 s-1 was 13.16 t/h, and when grinding pieces of material with a strength of 4.25 MPa – 10.0 t/h. 2. The Dependence of power consumption on the weight of the mill load and the rotor speed increases when the load weight is more than 100 kg. 3. The Highest fraction content of class -0.4 +0.16 mm is 72.14 %, and the content of class -0.074 mm is 3.9 %, i.e. there is no re-grinding of the source material. 4. The specific productivity of the centrifugal mill for the newly formed calculated size classes -0.074 mm and -0.200 mm was 1.28 t/h and 13.0 t/h, respectively. 5. Microscopic study of anshlifov showed that quartz grains in the crushed material mostly have a rounded shape, on average 90–95 % of the grains. In the initial material, about 90% of quartz joints with a binder, and in the crushed material, the number of joints does not exceed 3–5%. Thus, the degree of expansion of quartz reaches to 0.87. Conclusions. The paper presents the results of studies of a centrifugal mill in the conditions of the Izhevsk machinebuilding plant when grinding quartz-containing products. The physical and mechanical properties of the crushed material that significantly affect the efficiency of grinding are determined. The mechanism of the disclosure particles of quartz, which is primarily the mineral content of many ores and defined particle size obtained by grinding. At the same time, it was found that a large yield of thin classes significantly reduces the efficiency of further technology.

The clay deposit of Caxambu Hill occurs in a NW/SE oriented graben originated by syntectonic sedimentation during Cenozoic. Four facies were identified (fragmentary, nodular, massive and friable) and their differentiation is related to gravity mass-flow processes. The fragmentary facies is composed of extraclast fragments of the local Paleoproterozoic basement and sand size quartz-grains dispersed in a kaolinite-muscovite-goethitehematite matrix. The nodular facies is constituted by lithorelictal and pedorelictal nodules dispersed in a similar matrix as in the fragmentary facies. The massive facies is characterized by quartz grains dispersed in a kaolinite, hematite and goethite matrix with minor amounts of muscovite. The friable facies differs from the massive facies by its channel morphology, higher quartz and kaolinite content and the presence of millimetric clay-balls. The fragmentary facies is considered as deposited during the early stage of opening of the basin. After that, under sub-arid conditions, the slumping of lateritic materials from the surrounding regolith led to the formation of the nodular and massive facies. The friable facies was originated by the action of unidirectional flow that reworking the clayey sediments. The increasing of kaolinite content towards the top is related to the chemical weathering action after the deposition of the sediments.

Abstract Bentonite clays are materials composed by one or more smectite clay minerals and some accessory minerals, mainly quartz, cristobalite, mica, feldspars and other clay minerals such as kaolinite. These contaminants present in clays have a large distribution of particle sizes which severely restrict their industrial applications, with the use of hydrocyclone as a likely solution for their reduction. This study aims to analyze the treatment of smectite clays from the state of Paraíba using modeling, simulation and optimization of the variable average particle diameter in relation to various process variables related to the hydrocyclone. In this study, the average diameter of smectite clays was evaluated as a function of the factors: pressure, apex diameter and vortex diameter of the hydrocyclone. Complete factorial design and addition in the central points were used to model the hydrocycloning process. The results evidenced reduction in equivalent average particle size of approximately 19.2%. Regarding the simulations, the optimum point with the lowest value was found for the average diameter of 4.033 µm, with a pressure of 4.3 bar, apex opening of 5.3 mm, and vortex opening of 6.3 mm, all at a 95% confidence level.

Total reserves in tails in enrichment factories account for about 1.0 billion tons, and they contain copper, lead, zinc and precious metals. Therefore such tailings can be considered a major technological company and a reliable source of raw materials to build of processing company. We have studied the conditions of distribution and storage of tailings from enrichment plants. Microscopic description of the tailings material gave the following data. Chalcopyrite prevalent among the copper minerals covellite is most common in the second place, rare chalcocite, bornite, sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite. The grain size of the sulfides is generally 0.01-0.03 mm. The sulfides are mainly quartz or fused to it. Rarely observed aggregates are covellite-bornite, chalcopyrite-covellite and chalcopyrite-bornite. However, not all sulphides ore sufficiently disclosed, most of them are located within grains the surrounding rocks. If disclosed ore minerals associated with grains of rocks less than 100 microns, they can be readily available for leaching. To increase the fullness of extraction of metals from sulfide located inside rock grains larger than 150-200 microns, additional measures for their opening.

The paper deals with selected alkali-activated aluminosilicate (AAAS) composites based on ceramic precursors in terms of their characterization by mechanical fracture parameters. Composites made of brick dust as a precursor and an alkaline activator with a silicate modulus of Ms = 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 were investigated. The filler employed with one set of composites was quartz sand, while for the other set it was crushed brick. The test specimens had nominal dimensions of 40 × 40 × 160 mm and were provided with notches at midspan of up to 1/3 of the height of the specimens after 28 days. 6 samples from each composite were tested. The specimens were subjected to three-point bending tests in which force vs. displacement (deflection at midspan) diagrams (F–d diagrams) and force vs. crack mouth opening (F–CMOD) diagrams were recorded. After the correction of these diagrams, static modulus of elasticity, effective fracture toughness, effective toughness and specific fracture energy values were determined using the Effective Crack Model and the Work-of-Fracture method. After the fracture experiments, informative compressive strength values were determined from one of the parts. All of the evaluations included the determination of arithmetic means and standard deviations. The silicate modulus values and type of filler of the AAAS composites significantly influenced their mechanical fracture parameters.

This paper describes a series of experiments and analyses that were used to examine crack growth near sapphire/epoxy interfaces. Adhesion of the epoxy to the sapphire was enhanced by coating the sapphire with mixtures of two silane coupling agents that form self-assembled monolayers. A new biaxial loading device was used to conduct a series of mixed-mode fracture experiments. Crack opening interferometry, atomic force microscopy, and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allowed cohesive zone sizes, fracture surface topographies, and loci of fracture to be established. The experiments were complemented by finite element analyses that accounted for the rate- and pressure-dependent yielding of the epoxy. The analyses also made use of traction-separation laws to represent the various interphases that were produced by the mixed monolayers. The intrinsic toughness (defined as the area underneath the traction-separation curve) of the bare sapphire interfaces was independent of mode-mix and lower than values from previous experiments with glass/epoxy and quartz/epoxy specimens. The increase in overall toughness with mode-mix was completely accounted for by viscoplastic dissipation in the epoxy outside the cohesive zone. The minimum toughness of the coated sapphire interfaces was about five times higher than the mode-mix independent intrinsic toughness of the uncoated specimens. The increase in overall toughness with mode-mix was almost completely accounted for by increases in the intrinsic toughness as the traction-separation law varied with mode-mix. As a result, viscoplastic dissipation outside the cohesive zone was minimal. Atomic force fractography and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the crack growth mechanisms and the loci of fracture in the coated and uncoated specimens were quite different.

A facile and rapid combustion method was developed to synthesis to produce iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanopowder using dissolution of iron nitrate (as the oxidant) and glycine (as fuel) as the starting materials. Generally, combustion synthesis of different oxides involves a self-sustained reaction between a metal nitrates (oxidizer) and a urea, glycine, citric acid, hydrazine (fuel). Stoichiometric amounts of iron nitrate and glycine were dissolved in deionized water and poured into a quartz container can be mixed well by magnetic stirring for 1/2 h, which makes them almost as homogeneous mixtures, which was placed in a furnace at 300 °C. Initially, the solution boils and undergoes dehydration followed by decomposition with the evolution of large amount of gases with white fumes coming out from the exhaust opening provided on the top of the furnace in 15 minutes. After the solution reaches the point of spontaneous combustion, it begins burning and releases lots of heat, vaporizes all the solution instantly and becomes a foamy white solid powder. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the resultant powder with well-crystalline structure of pure α-Fe2O3 are produced using a single approach while simultaneously avoiding additional calcination procedures. Morphological analysis of the spherical structure of nanoparticle was achieved by SEM analyses is in the range of 35 nm and the study of the chemical the Fe2O3 bonds created was made possible by FTIR analysis. The XRD, FTIR and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of rhombohedral structural α-Fe2O3. Overall glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis has an outstanding potential for producing pure powder form of α-Fe2O3 nano particles, which leads to use in applications require high strength crystalline material.

Abstract. Pre-activation denotes the capability of particles or materials to nucleate ice at lower relative humidities or higher temperatures compared to their intrinsic ice nucleation efficiency after having experienced an ice nucleation event or low temperature before. This review presumes that ice preserved in pores is responsible for pre-activation and analyses pre-activation under this presumption. Idealized trajectories of air parcels are used to discuss the pore characteristics needed for ice to persist in pores and to induce macroscopic ice growth out of the pores. The pore width needed to keep pores filled with water decreases with decreasing relative humidity as described by the inverse Kelvin equation. Thus, narrow pores remain filled with ice well below ice saturation. However, the smaller the pore width, the larger the melting and freezing point depressions within the pores. Therefore, pre-activation due to pore ice is constrained by the melting of ice in narrow pores and the sublimation of ice from wide pores imposing restrictions on the temperature and relative humidity range of pre-activation for cylindrical pores. Ice is better protected in ink-bottle-shaped pores with a narrow opening leading to a large cavity. However, whether pre-activation is efficient also depends on the capability of ice to grow macroscopically, i.e. out of the pore. A strong effect of pre-activation is expected for swelling pores, because at low relative humidity (RH) their openings narrow and protect the ice within them against sublimation. At high relative humidities, they open up and the ice can grow to macroscopic size and form an ice crystal. Similarly, ice protected in pockets is perfectly sheltered against sublimation but needs the dissolution of the surrounding matrix to be effective. Pores partially filled with condensable material may also show pre-activation. In this case, complete filling occurs at lower RH than for empty pores and freezing shifts to lower temperatures.Pre-activation experiments confirm that materials susceptible to pre-activation are indeed porous. Pre-activation was observed for clay minerals like illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite with inherent porosity. The largest effect was observed for the swelling clay mineral montmorillonite. Some materials may acquire porosity, depending on the formation and processing conditions. Particles of CaCO3, meteoritic material, and volcanic ash showed pre-activation for some samples or in some studies but not in other ones. Quartz and silver iodide were not susceptible to pre-activation.Atmospheric relevance of pre-activation by ice preserved in pores may not be generally given but depend on the atmospheric scenario. Lower-level cloud seeding by pre-activated particles released from high-level clouds crucially depends on the ability of pores to retain ice at the relative humidities and temperatures of the air masses they pass through. Porous particles that are recycled in wave clouds may show pre-activation with subsequent ice growth as soon as ice saturation is exceeded after having passed a first cloud event. Volcanic ash particles and meteoritic material likely influence ice cloud formation by pre-activation. Therefore, the possibility of pre-activation should be considered when ice crystal number densities in clouds exceed the number of ice-nucleating particles measured at the cloud forming temperature.

This paper introduces many types of analogue materials in China and other countries in geotechnical model tests. Combined with the study on a few geo-mechanical model tests of significant tunnels and underground openings in Chinese western areas, this paper recommends a new type of analogue material, which is made from iron mineral powder, barite powder, quartz powder and alcoholic solution with rosin. In order to know the physico-mechanical characteristics of this composite material with different mixture ratios, we use specimens to do lots of mechanical experiments such as uniaxial compressive test, quasi-triaxial shear test, triaxial test and Brazilian test. Consequently, the analogue materials with different mixture ratios can be used to physically model different projects, and this analogue material with a certain mixture ratio has been successfully used in the model test of a branching-out tunnel. The results of the model test verify that this new analogue material can be successfully used in all kinds of geotechnical model tests.

Objetivo: Esse estudo objetivou investigar percepções de estudantes de Odontologia quanto ao medo e à ansiedade em relação ao manejo de pacientes e ao risco de infecção por COVID-19. Materiais e métodos: Esse estudo transversal envolveu todos os alunos regularmente matriculados em Odontologia, no primeiro semestre de 2020, da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Um questionário foi aplicado, coletando dados demográficos, nível de formação e perguntas relacionadas ao medo e ansiedade frente à pandemia de COVID-19. Quatro comparações de acordo com a fase da graduação (fase pré-clínica ou clínica), nível de graduação e pós-graduação e de acordo com os sexos foram feitas. Análises independentes para as comparações entre os sexos foram realizadas para os alunos de graduação e de pós-graduação (α<5%). Resultados: Foram incluídos 408 estudantes. Na graduação, mulheres relataram sentirem-se mais ansiosas ao realizar tratamento em pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 (54%) e sentem mais medo ao ouvir que a infecção tem causado mortes (92,4%), na pós-graduação, responderam ser mais nervosas para conversar com pacientes em ambientes fechados em comparações com homens (P<0,05). Alunos em fase pré-clínica possuem significativamente menor receio (65,5%), ansiedade (32,3%) e nervosismo (28,3%) do contágio do COVID-19 quando comparados com aqueles na fase clínica. Conclusões: Mulheres e alunos na fase clínica apresentam maior ansiedade e nervosismo. Descritores: Ansiedade; Estudantes de Odontologia; Medo; Infecções por Coronavírus. Referências Chang J, Yuan Y, Wang D. [Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2020;40(2):171-176. World Health Organization. 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Presented thesis deals with monitoring of the properties of the interface between opening materials and geopolymer binder using three quartz and four non quartz opening materials. There is observed mainly the type of destruction of connective bridges. The theoretical part of the thesis briefly summarizes commonly used methods in foundries and monitors experience with implementation of geopolymers in different foundries. The practical part monitors shape of the grains of the chosen opening materials. There are writed down the results from the measurement of the bending strength and workability and there is observed the type of destruction of connective bridges.

Abstract Buoyancy modules are widely used ancillary equipment aiming to shape riser systems to resist harsh offshore environments. Due to their thermoset polymeric nature, they are sensitive to the manufacturing parameters as well as subject to water absorption along their service life. To overcome the challenges of polymer-based buoyancy module, this paper explores the design of metallic buoyancy modules that can be 3-D metal printed. An initial material selection is performed to identify suitable material candidates for the optimization algorithm. Steel and aluminum materials are considered and evaluated on a representative case combining density, mechanical stress and buckling criterion. Then a topology optimization algorithm called ‘Adaptative Bone Mineralization’ is applied on the best candidate material, adapting their modulus of elasticity at each iteration according to the current stress distribution, load case definition and boundary conditions. The optimized design incorporates additional requirements related to additive manufacturing processes. Results of the optimization algorithm are presented in a progressive order of complexity starting from the optimization of an angular section of 11.25 degrees opening with symmetrical boundary conditions up to a quarter of half-shell buoyancy module fully optimized in 3D. The optimization process log, capturing the volume fraction and the maximum stress at each iteration, is presented and compared with the selected set of criteria. Impact of the manual reconstruction process of the buoyancy module is assessed and the buckling stability is evaluated as a post-treatment. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional topologically optimized buoyancy modules are presented and comply with the strict mass requirement, stress criterion and buckling stability achieving deep water depth. This novel design approach to create deep water metallic buoyancy modules achieves the tailoring of the buoyancy module's internal structure to maximize the buoyancy performance while ensuring its structural integrity.

In this paper, Living Quarter (LQ) structural design and verification is carried out for Floating Production Unit (FPU). There is much requirement at LQ area such as ceiling height, escape route and outfitting line for human living and operation, so it is quite difficult to get an optimum structural design. Generally, for the LQ design, the following requirement should be considered. - Company Specification Requirement - Class Requirement - Means of escape and access to lifeboats - Material Handling - Outfitting routing space such as Duct, piping, MCT (Multi Cable Transit) and Cable tray etc - Structural fire protection - Structural Weight and VCG for FPU stability - Structural safety – Main Structure, Helideck and Platform - Temporary living quarters To meet structural safety criteria under above requirements, global LQ structural analysis and local hole penetration evaluation such as door opening, duct, piping, cable tray and etc is performed. From the analysis results, structural reinforcement is applied at some area and outfitting design and routing is often changed at other areas. To get the final design, this kind of design spiral is repeated. So, close clash checks between structure, outfitting and HES department are essential for LQ design and evaluation. This paper explains how to proceed the LQ design at Shipyard and be a good example.