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Journal articles on the topic 'Quasi orthogonal space time block code'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 6 July 2025

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1

Zhang, Xue Yi, and Jie Sun. "Study on Quasi-Orthogonal Space Time Block Code Based on Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6014.

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A kind of quasi-orthogonal space time block code for amplify-and-forward relay networks is analyzed in this paper. At the source, 4 single-antenna users transmit the quasi-orthogonal space time block code matrix. At the relay node, fast maximum-likelihood decoding algorithm is adopted and the decoded symbols are then encoded into quasi-orthogonal code which is transmitted through transmit antenna. At the destination, pair-wise decoding algorithm is utilized. Finally we compare the performance of the quasi-orthogonal space time block code in relay networks with that of the quasi-orthogonal space time block code in traditional communication system. Simulation results show that at the given BER of 10-3, the new code can provide about gain of 4dB and 1 dB comparing with that for the traditional quasi-orthogonal code, respectively. And at the given BER of 10-5, the new code can provide about gain of 4.6dB and 2.6dB comparing with that for the old quasi-orthogonal code, respectively.

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2

Jafarkhani, H. "A quasi-orthogonal space-time block code." IEEE Transactions on Communications 49, no. 1 (2001): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.898239.

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3

Park, Seung-Kyu, Jae-Shin Han, Jeong-Min Choi, and Jong-Soo Seo. "Efficient differential quasi-orthogonal space-time block code system." IEICE Communications Express 3, no. 12 (2014): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/comex.3.347.

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4

Wang, Zhongbao, Jinliang Gu, Xingxing Wang, Weihua Zhu, and Zhijun Teng. "Analysis of Capacity of the Improved Space-Time Block Code Based on MIMO System." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 28, no. 4 (2024): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2024.p0829.

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The anti-intereference ability can be strengthened and the BER can be decreased when space-time block code (STBC) is applied to MIMO systems. The existing quasi-orthogonal code TBH can effectively improve the system capacity, but the effect is not good at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, we introduce an improved quasi-orthogonal code, derive system capacity formula not with space-time coding but with TBH and improved quasi-orthogonal STBC, and simulate the relationship curve of the SNR and capacity in these systems based on MATLAB. The simulation shows that the system capacity with the improved code is bad in low SNR, but much better than that of the existed code with the increasing SNR, and the advantage on increasing capacity is outstanding, especially when the SNR is high.

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5

Song, L. y., and Alister Burr. "Differential quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 6, no. 1 (2007): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2007.05188.

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6

Ahmadi, Adel, and Siamak Talebi. "Fast Maximum-Likelihood Decoder for Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/654865.

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Motivated by the decompositions of sphere and QR-based methods, in this paper we present an extremely fast maximum-likelihood (ML) detection approach for quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QOSTBC). The proposed algorithm with a relatively simple design exploits structure of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations to achieve its goal and can be extended to any arbitrary constellation. Our decoder utilizes a new decomposition technique for ML metric which divides the metric into independent positive parts and a positive interference part. Search spaces of symbols are substantially reduced by employing the independent parts and statistics of noise. Symbols within the search spaces are successively evaluated until the metric is minimized. Simulation results confirm that the proposed decoder’s performance is superior to many of the recently published state-of-the-art solutions in terms of complexity level. More specifically, it was possible to verify that application of the new algorithms with 1024-QAM would decrease the computational complexity compared to state-of-the-art solution with 16-QAM.

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7

YAMAOKA, Tomoya, Yoshitaka HARA, Noriyuki FUKUI, and Hiroshi KUBO. "3-Hop Cooperative Diversity Using Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code." IEICE Transactions on Communications E93-B, no. 6 (2010): 1636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e93.b.1636.

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8

Ham, J., K. Kim, M. Shin, and C. Lee. "Performance analysis of code selection algorithm based on quasi-orthogonal space–time block code." IET Communications 4, no. 15 (2010): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2010.0055.

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9

Granados, Omar, and Jean Andrian. "Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding Using Polynomial Phase Modulation." ISRN Communications and Networking 2011 (June 20, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/157927.

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Recently, polynomial phase modulation (PPM) was shown to be a power- and bandwidth-efficient modulation format. These two characteristics are in high demand nowadays specially in mobile applications, where devices with size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints are common. In this paper, we propose implementing a full-diversity quasiorthogonal space-time block code (QOSTBC) using polynomial phase signals as modulation format. QOSTBCs along with PPM are used in order to improve the power efficiency of communication systems with four transmit antennas. We obtain the optimal PPM constellations that ensure full diversity and maximize the QOSTBC's minimum coding gain distance. Simulation results show that by using QOSTBCs along with a properly selected PPM constellation, full diversity in flat fading channels and thus low BER at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) can be ensured. More importantly, it is also shown that QOSTBCs using PPM achieve a better error performance than those using conventional modulation formats.

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10

Ni, Liang-Fang, Fu-Kui Yao, and Li Zhang. "A Rotated Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code for Asynchronous Cooperative Diversity." Entropy 14, no. 4 (2012): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e14040654.

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11

Yuen, Chau, Yong Liang Guan, and Tjeng Thiang Tjhung. "On the Search for High-Rate Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Code." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 13, no. 4 (2006): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10776-006-0033-2.

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12

Jia Hou, Moon Ho Lee, and Ju Yong Park. "Matrices analysis of quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes." IEEE Communications Letters 7, no. 8 (2003): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2003.814706.

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13

Chu, Yan, Chun Hua Deng, Yan Shao, and Hai Guang Wang. "Space-Time Coding Technique Based on Four-Antenna Transceiver System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 135-136 (October 2011): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.135-136.913.

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Space-time block code, as one of the space-time codes, greatly improves the performance in the cooperative wireless communication systems by the use of space and time diversity. However, traditional STBC can’t enhance the overall transmission rate and there is no form of complex codes with the rate of 1 when the number of antenna is more than 2. In order to design codes with full-rate, we refer to quasi-orthogonal STBC whose generator matrix is orthogonal between its subspaces. In this paper, based on the combination of QO-STBC and Self-adaptation technology, we propose a new plan of space-time coding which dismisses the interference among symbols when decoding and advances the coding capabilities in the context of full-rate transmission, finally we justify the new plan through lots of computational simulations.

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14

Dalton, L. A., and C. N. Georghiades. "A full-rate, full-diversity four-antenna quasi-orthogonal space-time block code." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 4, no. 2 (2005): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2004.842945.

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15

ZHAO, Rui, Yan LI, and Da-cheng YANG. "A Kind of Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code and its Decoding Methods." Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 13, no. 1 (2006): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8885(07)60072-7.

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16

Gong, Zheng-wei, Tai-yi Zhang, and Rui-ping Zhang. "Precoding-Based Full Rate Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 30, no. 5 (2011): 1163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2006.01625.

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17

Liu, Can, Xiang-Gen Xia, Yongzhao Li, Xiqi Gao, and Hailin Zhang. "Omnidirectional Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Coded Massive MIMO Systems." IEEE Communications Letters 23, no. 9 (2019): 1621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2019.2923220.

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18

Li Liu and H. Jafarkhani. "Application of quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes in beamforming." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 53, no. 1 (2005): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2004.838939.

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19

Janani, Mohammad, and Aria Nosratinia. "Efficient Space-Time Block Codes Derived from Quasi-Orthogonal Structures." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 6, no. 5 (2007): 1643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2007.360365.

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20

Taha, Zafar Q., and Abdallah K. Farraj. "Efficient Decoding for Generalized Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Codes." Wireless Personal Communications 68, no. 4 (2012): 1731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0547-0.

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21

Ali, Sajid, Sara Shakil Qureshi, and Syed Ali Hassan. "Quaternion Codes in MIMO System of Dual-Polarized Antennas." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (2021): 3131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073131.

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The use of quaternion orthogonal designs (QODs) to describe point-to-point communication among dual-polarized antennas has the potential to provide higher rate orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal complex designs exploiting polarization diversity among space and time diversities. Furthermore, it is essential to have a space time block code (STBC) which offers a linear and decoupled decoder which quasi-orthogonal designs fail to attain. In this paper, we show how the realm of quaternions unexpectedly offers us a possible solution and codes obtained from quaternion designs mostly achieve both linear and decoupled decoders. This motivated us to perform an indispensable search for QODs such that the code rate is bounded below by 1/2 and does not sharply decrease as the number of transmit antennas increases. It is shown that three famous recursive techniques do not satisfy this criteria and their code rates decrease rather rapidly. Therefore, we propose another method of constructing quaternion designs suitable for any number of transmit antennas and verify that these attain linear and decoupled decoders with the system model based on quaternionic channel. It is shown that such designs outperform others in terms of transmit diversity, code rates and the optimality of the proposed decoder is validated through simulation results.

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22

Wang, Dong, Haiquan Wang, and Xiang-Gen Xia. "Space-Time Trellis Code Design Based on Super Quasi-Orthogonal Block Codes With Minimum Decoding Complexity." IEEE Transactions on Communications 55, no. 8 (2007): 1441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2007.902521.

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23

Liao, Mang, Meng Xing Wang, and Ling Xu Jin. "Analysis of Minimum Decoding Complexity Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code for 6 Transmit Antennas." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 2568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.2568.

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Previous work on quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QO-STBC) has been designed to achieve full rate and full diversity gain for four antennas. However this conventional QO-STBC scheme decoding is complex. For achieving more diversity gains, an extended QO-STBC scheme is provided to achieve full diversity with one rate for six antennas. Furthermore, by transforming the detection matrix to an orthogonal one, this novel scheme can achieve a simple linear decoding. Therefore it proposes an extended minimum decoding complexity QO-STBC (MDC-QO-STBC) for six antennas. Due to eliminate the interference from different equivalent channels, the novel extended MDC-QO-STBC scheme improves transmission reliability and linear decoding complex compared with the conventional QO-STBC scheme. At last extensive simulation results are presented to prove the theoretical analysis.

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24

Jeong, Jae Jin. "A Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) Decoder for Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Code." Electronics 8, no. 7 (2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070732.

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The quasi-orthogonal space–time block code (QO-STBC) was introduced to achieve a full transmission rate for the four antennas system. In this paper, a decoding method for the QO-STBC is proposed to improve the bit-error-rate (BER) and to solve a rank-deficient problem. The proposed algorithm is based on the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) technique. To overcome the implementation problem from the MMSE, an estimation method of the noise variance is developed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is implemented without matrix inversion, therefore, the proposed algorithm achieves a better BER than the conventional algorithms, as it has a low computational complexity. The simulation results show the low BER of the proposed algorithm in a Rayleigh fading channel.

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25

Winn, Khin Zar Chi, and Yeon-Ho Chung. "32×32 Full-Rate Massive MIMO Using Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code (QOSTBC)." Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 19, no. 3 (2015): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jkiice.2015.19.3.507.

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26

CHAE, C., D. CHOI, and T. JUNG. "New Minimum Decoding Complexity Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code for 8 Transmit Antennas." IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E91-A, no. 10 (2008): 2990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietfec/e91-a.10.2990.

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27

Nie, Zhong Er, An Guo Wang, and Ning Ma. "An Improved Low Complexity Detection Algorithm for Quasi-Orthogonal STBC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.175.

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In this paper, based on QR decomposition, an improved detection algorithm for quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QOSTBC) using square QAM constellation is presented. In the proposed method, by executing single complex symbol twi-detection for each block and selecting the optimal result, the BER performance is much better than that of the linear receivers. Compared with conventional maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding, though the bit error rates (BER) performance is with a slight loss, the improved detection algorithm reduces the decoding complexity significantly. The derivation and simulation results of the proposed algorithm are presented.

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28

Ghauri, Sajjad Ahmed, Bilal Arshad, Agha Saif, and I. M. Qureshi. "Performance of Space Time Block Codes and Quasi Orthogonal Space Time Codes on Fading Channel." International Journal for Infonomics Special 1, no. 1 (2013): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.20533/iji.1742.4712.2013.0093.

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29

Song, Wei, Moon Ho Lee, Mustafa M. Matalgah, and Ying Guo. "Quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes designs based on Jacket transform." Journal of Communications and Networks 12, no. 3 (2010): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2010.6388452.

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30

Alabed, Samer J., Javier M. Paredes, and Alex B. Gershman. "A Low Complexity Decoder for Quasi-Orthogonal Space Time Block Codes." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 10, no. 3 (2011): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2011.010411.101263.

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31

Yang, Jae-Dong, Xianglan Jin, Jong-Seon No, and Dong-Joon Shin. "On the error probability of quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes." International Journal of Communication Systems 21, no. 10 (2008): 1033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.936.

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32

Senthilkumar, Kumaraswamy, Manickavelu Palanivelan, Valimohamad Noormohammed, Thankaraj Helanvidhya, Venkatesan Yogalakshmi, and Veeraragavan Bakyalakshmi. "On the performance of code word diversity based quasi orthogonal space time block codes in multiple-input- multiple-output systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (2020): 2535–42. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2535-2542.

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In the recent past, a lot of researches have been put into designing a Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system to provide multimedia services with higher quality and at higher data rate. On par with these requirements, a novel Quasi Orthogonal Space Time Block Code (QOSTBC) scheme based on code word diversity is proposed, which is a multi-dimensional approach, in this paper. The term code word diversity is coined, since the information symbols were spread across many code words in addition to traditional time and spatial spreading, without increasing transmission power and bandwidth. The receiver with perfect channel state information estimates the transmitted symbols with less probability of error, as more number of samples is available to estimate given number of symbols due to the extra diversity due to code words. The simulation results show a significant improvement in the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme when compared with the conventional schemes.

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33

Le, M. T., V. S. Pham, L. Mai, and G. Yoon. "Low-Complexity Maximum-Likelihood Decoder for Four-Transmit- Antenna Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Code." IEEE Transactions on Communications 53, no. 11 (2005): 1817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2005.858688.

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34

KIM, H., and H. PARK. "An Efficient Maximum-Likelihood Detector for Four-Transmit-Antenna Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code." IEICE Transactions on Communications E91-B, no. 2 (2008): 666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e91-b.2.666.

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35

Su, W., and X. G. Xia. "Signal Constellations for Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Codes With Full Diversity." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 50, no. 10 (2004): 2331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2004.834740.

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36

Leuschner, J., and S. Yousefi. "A new sub-optimal decoder for quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes." IEEE Communications Letters 12, no. 8 (2008): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2008.080471.

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37

Ahmadi, Adel, Siamak Talebi, and Mostafa Shahabinejad. "A New Approach to Fast Decode Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 14, no. 1 (2015): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2014.2334615.

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38

Peng, A. Y. C., Il-Min Kim, and S. Yousefi. "Low-complexity sphere decoding algorithm for quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes." IEEE Transactions on Communications 54, no. 3 (2006): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2006.869881.

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39

Wang, Haiquan, Dong Wang, and Xiang-Gen Xia. "On Optimal Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Codes With Minimum Decoding Complexity." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 55, no. 3 (2009): 1104–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2008.2011521.

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40

Dao, D. N., and C. Tellambura. "A general method to decode ABBA quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes." IEEE Communications Letters 10, no. 10 (2006): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2006.060431.

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41

Yabo Li, Haiquan Wang, and Xiang-Gen Xia. "On Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes for Dual-Polarized MIMO Channels." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 11, no. 1 (2012): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2011.110811.111061.

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42

Azzam, Luay, and Ender Ayanoglu. "Real-valued maximum likelihood decoder for quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes." IEEE Transactions on Communications 57, no. 8 (2009): 2260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2009.08.070470.

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43

Haixia Zhang, Dongfeng Yuan, and Hsiao-Hwa Chen. "On Array-Processing-Based Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block-Coded OFDM Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 59, no. 1 (2010): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2009.2030684.

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44

Fazel, F., and H. Jafarkhani. "Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Frequency and Space-Time-Frequency Block Codes for MIMO OFDM Channels." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 7, no. 1 (2008): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2008.060420.

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45

KIM, J. "A Comparison of Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes for Fast Fading Channels." IEICE Transactions on Communications E88-B, no. 7 (2005): 3069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.7.3069.

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46

Kumaraswamy, SenthilKumar, Palanivelan Manickavel, Noormohammed Valimohamad, Helanvidhya Thankaraj, Yogalakshmi Venkatesan, and Bakyalakshmi Veeraragavan. "On the performance of code word diversity based quasi orthogonal space time block codes in multiple-input-multiple-output systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (2020): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2535-2542.

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Abstract:

In the recent past, a lot of researches have been put into designing a Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system to provide multimedia services with higher quality and at higher data rate. On par with these requirements, a novel Quasi Orthogonal Space Time Block Code (QOSTBC) scheme based on code word diversity is proposed, which is a multi-dimensional approach, in this paper. The term code word diversity is coined, since the information symbols were spread across many code words in addition to traditional time and spatial spreading, without increasing transmission power and bandwidth. The receiver with perfect channel state information estimates the transmitted symbols with less probability of error, as more number of samples is available to estimate given number of symbols due to the extra diversity due to code words. The simulation results show a significant improvement in the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme when compared with the conventional schemes.

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47

Yan, Zheng-hang, Yu-hang Yang, Mao-de Ma, and Yi-long Lu. "Switching between antenna subset selection and quasi-orthogonal space-time block code in presence of correlation." Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science) 14, no. 6 (2009): 651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12204-009-0651-9.

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48

FENG, Ang, and Qinye YIN. "Low Complex Decision-Feedback Equalization for Time-Reversal Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes." IEICE Transactions on Communications E94-B, no. 1 (2011): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e94.b.166.

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49

Zhongding Lei, Chau Yuen, and Francois P. S. Chin. "Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes for Two Transmit Antennas and Three Time Slots." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 10, no. 6 (2011): 1983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2011.032411.101636.

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50

Kaur, Satwinder, Lavish Kansal, Gurjot Singh Gaba, and Mohannad A. M. Al-Ja'afari. "BER Assessment of FBMC Systems Augmented with Different Space-Time Coding Schemes Over Diverse Channels." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.8 (2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.8.16844.

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Diverse methodologies of encoding schemes like space-time block codes (STBC), orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) &quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes (QOSTBC) are being proposed as alternatives of basic Alamouti space-time encoding scheme for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme for existing wireless communication systems. Since filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) scheme is an integral part of the 5th generation (5G) cellular systems, the performance of these schemes needs to be investigated for FBMC methodology also. Alamouti and Space-time block codes are widely used in MIMO system because of their ability to achieve full diversity and the different channels are used at the receiver. In this work, we proposed different approaches for the bit error rate (BER) of Alamouti, STBC3, and STBC4 in FBMC. These approaches are based on the type of space-time encoding and number of receiving antennas being used for each space time encoding scheme for analyzing the MIMO-FBMC. Moreover, we also investigation the performance of these proposed MIMO schemes over Rayleigh and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and compared it with the performance of BER or signal to noise ratio (SNR) of different channels.

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