Relevant bibliographies by topics / Quaternary Ammonium Compounds – metabolism

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Academic literature on the topic 'Quaternary Ammonium Compounds – metabolism'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds – metabolism"

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Ancelin, Marie L., Michèle Calas, Anne Bonhoure, Serge Herbute, and Henri J. Vial. "In Vivo Antimalarial Activities of Mono- and Bis Quaternary Ammonium Salts Interfering with Plasmodium Phospholipid Metabolism." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 8 (August 2003): 2598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.8.2598-2605.2003.

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ABSTRACT We previously showed that quaternary ammonium salts have potent antimalarial activities against the blood stage of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, 13 compounds of this series were comparatively assessed in murine in vivo malarial models. Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei were successfully treated with 11 quaternary ammonium salts in a 4-day suppressive test with a once-daily intraperitoneal administration. The dose required to decrease parasitemia by 50% (ED50) ranged from 0.04 to 4.5 mg/kg of body weight. For six mono- and three bis-quaternary ammonium salts, the therapeutic indices (i.e., 50% lethal dose and ED50) were higher than 5, and at best, around 20 to 30 for five of them (E6, E8, F4, G5, and G25), which is comparable to that of chloroquine under the same conditions. Plasmodium chabaudi was significantly more susceptible to G5, G15, and G25 compounds than P. berghei. Similar therapeutic indices were obtained, regardless of the administration mode or initial parasitemia (up to 11.2%). Parasitemia clearance was complete without recrudescence. Subcutaneously administered radioactive compounds had a short elimination half-life in mice (3.5 h) with low bioavailability (17.3%), which was likely due to the permanent cationic charge of the molecule. The high in vivo therapeutic index in the P. chabaudi-infected mouse model and the absence of recrudescence highlight the enormous potential of these quaternary ammonium salts for clinical malarial treatment.
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Rajasekaran, Lada R., D. Aspinall, G. P. Jones, and L. G. Paleg. "Stress metabolism. IX. Effect of salt stress on trigonelline accumulation in tomato." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-079.

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The presence of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and their accumulation in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Duke in response to different modes for causing NaCl stress were studied. Pre-germinated tomato seeds were grown in sand culture and 25-d-old seedlings were subjected to abrupt, progressive or prolonged salt stress using NaCl at various osmotic potentials. Plant water status was measured using psychrometry and quaternary ammonium compounds were visualized using thin-layer chromatography and then confirmed and quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Leaf water potential and osmotic potential declined depending on the osmotic potential of the rooting medium and the mode of stress imposition. A greater decline in osmotic potential compared with the total water potential led to turgor maintenance in plants under progressive or prolonged NaCl stress. The QAC, trigonelline and choline were identified in tomato. Trigonelline, but not choline, accumulated rapidly in response to abrupt, progressive or prolonged NaCl stress. The threshold external water potential (ψext.) for trigonelline accumulation was –0.565 MPa. Trigonelline accumulation correlated with changes in ψL (r = –0.92***), ψS (r = –0.94***) and ψP (r = 0.85***). Trigonelline contributed only –0.035 MPa to the osmotic adjustment, suggesting that its role may also lie in areas other than osmoregulation. Key words: Bataines choline, growth, Lycopersicon esculentum, salt stress, trigonelline, water relations
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Ancelin, Marie L., Michèle Calas, Valérie Vidal-Sailhan, Serge Herbuté, Pascal Ringwald, and Henri J. Vial. "Potent Inhibitors of Plasmodium Phospholipid Metabolism with a Broad Spectrum of In Vitro Antimalarial Activities." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 8 (August 2003): 2590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.8.2590-2597.2003.

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ABSTRACT We characterized the potent in vitro antimalarial activity and biologic assessment of 13 phospholipid polar head analogs on a comparative basis. There was a positive relationship between the abilities of the drugs to inhibit parasite growth in culture and their abilities to specifically inhibit phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Maximal activity of G25 was observed for the trophozoite stage of the 48-h erythrocytic cycle (50% inhibitory concentration, 0.75 nM), whereas the schizont and ring stages were 12- and 213-fold less susceptible. The compounds exerted a rapid nonreversible cytotoxic effect, with complete clearance of parasitemia after 5 h of contact with the mature stages. The compounds were highly specific against P. falciparum, with much lower toxicity against three other mammalian cell lines, and the in vitro therapeutic indices ranged from 300 to 2,500,000. Finally, the monoquaternary ammonium E10 and two bis-ammonium salts, G5 and G25, were similarly active against multiresistant strains and fresh isolates of P. falciparum. This impressive selective in vitro toxicity against P. falciparum strongly highlights the clinical potential of these quaternary ammonium salts for malarial chemotherapy.
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Takenaka, Shinji, Takashi Tonoki, Kazuya Taira, Shuichiro Murakami, and Kenji Aoki. "Adaptation of Pseudomonas sp. Strain 7-6 to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Their Degradation via Dual Pathways." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 6 (January 19, 2007): 1797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02426-06.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas sp. strain 7-6, isolated from active sludge obtained from a wastewater facility, utilized a quaternary ammonium surfactant, n-dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), as its sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. When initially grown in the presence of 10 mM DTAC medium, the isolate was unable to degrade DTAC. The strain was cultivated in gradually increasing concentrations of the surfactant until continuous exposure led to high tolerance and biodegradation of the compound. Based on the identification of five metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, two possible pathways for DTAC metabolism were proposed. In pathway 1, DTAC is converted to lauric acid via n-dodecanal with the release of trimethylamine; in pathway 2, DTAC is converted to lauric acid via n-dodecyldimethylamine and then n-dodecanal with the release of dimethylamine. Among the identified metabolites, the strain precultivated on DTAC medium could utilize n-dodecanal and lauric acid as sole carbon sources and trimethylamine and dimethylamine as sole nitrogen sources, but it could not efficiently utilize n-dodecyldimethylamine. These results indicated pathway 1 is the main pathway for the degradation of DTAC.
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Hernandez, Monica N., and Steven E. Lindow. "Contact-dependent traits in Pseudomonas syringae B728a." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): e0241655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241655.

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Production of the biosurfactant syringafactin by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae B728a is a surface contact-dependent trait. Expression of syfA, as measured using a gfp reporter gene fusion was low in planktonic cells in liquid cultures but over 4-fold higher in cells immobilized on surfaces as varied as glass, plastic, paper, parafilm, agar, membrane filters, and leaves. Induction of syfA as measured by GFP fluorescence was rapid, occurring within two hours after immobilization of cells on surfaces. Comparison of the global transcriptome by RNA sequencing of planktonic cells in a nutrient medium with that of cells immobilized for 2 hours on filters placed on this solidified medium revealed that, in addition to syfA, 3156 other genes were differentially expressed. Genes repressed in immobilized cells included those involved in quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) metabolism and transport, compatible solute production, carbohydrate metabolism and transport, organic acid metabolism and transport, phytotoxin synthesis and transport, amino acid metabolism and transport, and secondary metabolism. Genes induced in immobilized cells included syfA plus those involved in translation, siderophore synthesis and transport, nucleotide metabolism and transport, flagellar synthesis and motility, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis and transport, energy generation, transcription, chemosensing and chemotaxis, replication and DNA repair, iron-sulfur proteins, peptidoglycan/cell wall polymers, terpenoid backbone synthesis, iron metabolism and transport, and cell division. That many genes are rapidly differentially expressed upon transfer of cells from a planktonic to an immobilized state suggests that cells experience the two environments differently. It seems possible that surface contact initiates anticipatory changes in P. syringae gene expression, which enables rapid and appropriate physiological responses to the different environmental conditions such as might occur in a biofilm. Such responses could help cells survive transitions from aquatic habitats fostering planktonic traits to attachment on surfaces, conditions that alternatively occur on leaves.
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Inazu, Masato. "Functional Expression of Choline Transporters in the Blood–Brain Barrier." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102265.

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Cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system play a vital role in higher brain functions, such as learning and memory. Choline is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons. The synthesis and metabolism of acetylcholine are important mechanisms for regulating neuronal activity. Choline is a positively charged quaternary ammonium compound that requires transporters to pass through the plasma membrane. Currently, there are three groups of choline transporters with different characteristics, such as affinity for choline, tissue distribution, and sodium dependence. They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5). Brain microvascular endothelial cells, which comprise part of the blood–brain barrier, take up extracellular choline via intermediate-affinity choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and low-affinity CTL2 transporters. CTL2 is responsible for excreting a high concentration of choline taken up by the brain microvascular endothelial cells on the brain side of the blood–brain barrier. CTL2 is also highly expressed in mitochondria and may be involved in the oxidative pathway of choline metabolism. Therefore, CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport to the brain through the blood–brain barrier plays an essential role in various functions of the central nervous system by acting as the rate-limiting step of cholinergic neuronal activity.
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Sabapathy, Nadana N. "Chapter 14 Quaternary ammonium compounds." Toxicology 91, no. 1 (June 1994): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(94)90247-x.

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Meini, S., A. Lecci, F. Carini, M. Tramontana, S. Giuliani, C. A. Maggi, R. Ricci, et al. "In vitro and in vivo activity of analogues of the kinin B2 receptor antagonist MEN11270." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-022.

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In this study, we describe the in vitro and in vivo activities of a series of cyclic peptide analogues of the selective kinin B2 receptor antagonist MEN11270 on Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human B2 receptor (hB2R), the human isolated umbilical vein (hUV), the isolated guinea pig ileum (gpI), and bradykinin (BK) induced bronchoconstriction (BC) and hypotension in anaesthetized guinea pigs. Substitutions in the backbone of MEN11270 (H-DArg-Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Thi-c(Dab-DTic-Oic-Arg)c(7γ-10α)) aimed to increase the potency in inhibiting bronchospasm versus hypotension following the topical (intratracheal (i.t.)) or systemic (intravenous (i.v.)) application of these antagonists. A series of analogues were left unprotected from N-terminal cleavage by aminopeptidases (MEN12739, MEN13052, MEN13346, and MEN13371): these compounds maintained sizeable affinities for the hB2R (pKi = 9.4, 9.6, 9.7, and 8.6, respectively) and antagonist activities toward BK in the hUV (pA2 = 7.9, 8.3, 8.2, and 7.5) and gpI assays (pKB = 7.4, 7.8, 7.9, and 7.9), but the inhibition of BK-induced BC and hypotension in vivo was negligible following either i.v. or i.t. administration. Two analogues (MEN12388 and MEN13405) could be potential substrates of angiotensin-converting enzyme: these have good activity in the hB2R (pKi = 9.5 and 8.9, respectively), hUV (pA2 = 8.2 for MEN12388), and gpI assays (pKB = 8.4 and 8.0) but an in vivo activity 10- to 30-fold lower than the parent compound MEN11270 (pKi = 9.4, pA2 = 8.1, pKB = 8.3) when given by either the i.v. or the i.t. route. Other analogues were functionalized with a quaternary ammonium Lys derivative (MEN13031, MEN12374, and the previously mentioned MEN13052) or with an ethyl group on Arg (MEN13655 and the previously mentioned MEN13346 and MEN13405) in order to hinder or facilitate local absorption. MEN13346 and MEN13031 (pKi = 9.7and 9.5, pA2 = 8.2 and 7.9, pKB = 7.9 and 8.5, respectively) were 10- to 30-fold less active in vivo than MEN11270, without improving the discrimination between BK-induced BC and hypotension after either systemic or topical administration. It is concluded that the decreased in vivo activities of cyclic analogues of MEN11270 on BK-induced BC and hypotension following either their intratracheal or their intravenous routes of administration might be due in large part to metabolic degradation.Key words: bradykinin, asthma, blood pressure, guinea pig, metabolism.
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DOCKX, Jozef. "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Organic Synthesis." Synthesis 1973, no. 08 (September 12, 2002): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1973-22233.

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McLean, William F. H., Gerald Blunden, and Kenneth Jewers. "Quaternary ammonium compounds in the Capparaceae." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24, no. 5 (July 1996): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(96)00044-0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds – metabolism"

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Tezel, Ulas. "Fate and effect of quaternary ammonium compounds in biological systems." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28229.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Pavlostathis, Spyros G.; Committee Member: Huang, Ching-Hua; Committee Member: Hughes, Joseph B.; Committee Member: Sobecky, Patricia A.; Committee Member: Spain, Jim C.
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McDonald, Valerie Alexandra. "Evaluating Immunotoxicity of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79723.

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Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) are common quaternary ammonium compounds used as disinfectants in households, medical, and restaurant settings. They cause occupational skin and respiratory hazards in humans, and developmental and reproductive toxicity in mice. They also cause increased secretions of proinflammatory cytokines in cell lines and vaginal inflammation in porcine models; but have not been evaluated for developmental immunotoxicity. We assessed immunotoxicity in-vitro with J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line by analyzing cytokine production and phagocytosis; and evaluated developmental immunotoxicity in CD-1 mice by analyzing antibody production. Additionally, because of the associations between gut microbiome dysbiosis and immune disease, we monitored changes in the microbiome as a result of ADBAC+DDAC exposure. Production of cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 increased at low ADBAC+DDAC concentrations, and IL-10 decreased in the murine macrophages with ADBAC+DDAC exposure. The phagocytic function of macrophages was also severely decreased. ADBAC+DDAC altered the mouse microbiome by decreasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides and increases in Clostridia in F0 and F1 generations. IgG primary and secondary responses were altered in F1 male mice; and IgA and IgM production were decreased in secondary response in F2 male mice. Since ADBAC+DDAC show signs of immunotoxicity in mice, further studies are needed to reassess risk for human exposure as ADBAC+DDAC may be contributing to immune disease.
Master of Science
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Parr, J. A. "Antimicrobial properties of silicone quaternary ammonium compounds." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375600.

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Christofides, A. "Pyrolysis gas chromatographic analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304009.

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Ioannou, Christopher J. "Action of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds against Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423601.

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Owens, Gary. "Nitrate selective resins : interaction of monomeric and polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds with nitrates /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pho97.pdf.

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Jennings, Megan Christina. "Bioorganic Investigation of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Probing Antibacterial Activity and Resistance Development with Diverse Polyamine Scaffolds." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/434038.

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Chemistry
Ph.D.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have long served as lead disinfectants in residential, industrial, and hospital settings. Their simple yet effective amphiphilic nature makes them an ideal class of compounds through which to explore antibacterial activity. We have developed novel multiQAC scaffolds through simple and cost-efficient syntheses, yielding hundreds of diverse compounds strategically designed to examine various aspects of antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity, as well as toxicity. Many of these bis-, tris-, and tetraQACs display antibacterial activity 10 to 100 times greater than conventional monoQACs, and are among the most potent biofilm eradicators to date. Through analyzing their activity against several strains, we have uncovered and provided further evidence for key tenets of amphiphilic QAC bioactivity: a balance of hydrophobic side chains with cationic head groups generates optimal antibacterial activity, though toxicity to eukaryotic cells needs to be mitigated. Given their ubiquitous nature and chemical robustness, the overuse of QACs has led to the development of QAC resistance genes that are spreading throughout the microbial world at an alarming rate. These resistant strains, when found in bacterial biofilms, are able to persist in the presence of lead commercial QAC disinfectants, warranting the development of next-generation biocides. Several of our scaffolds were designed with QAC resistance machinery in mind; thus, we utilized these compounds not only as antibacterial agents but also as chemical probes to better understand and characterize QAC-resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Our findings support previous postulations that triscationic QACs would retain potency against QAC-resistant strains. Furthermore, we have identified monocationic and aromatic moieties, as well as conformational rigidity, as being more prone to recognition by the resistance machinery. Using our chemical toolbox comprised of QACs of various charge state and scaffold, we explored both the mechanism and scope of QAC-resistance by examining their structure-resistance relationship. Our holistic findings have allowed us to better understand the dynamics of this system towards the design and development of next-generation QACs that will: (1) allow us to better probe the resistance machinery, and (2) remain efficacious against a variety of microbial pathogens.
Temple University--Theses
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Hajaya, Malek Ghaleb. "Fate and effect of quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compounds on biological nitrogen removal within high-strength wastewater treatment systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41113.

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High strength wastewater (HSWW) generated in food processing industries is characterized by high organic carbon and nitrogen content, and thus high oxygen demand. Biological nitrogen removal (BNR) is a technology widely used for the treatment of HSWW. Food processing facilities practice sanitation to keep food contact surfaces clean and pathogen-free. Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are cationic quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compounds (QACs) common in industrial antimicrobial formulations. BAC-bearing wastewater generated during sanitation applications in food processing facilities is combined with other wastewater streams and typically treated in BNR systems. The poor selectivity and target specificity of the antimicrobial BACs negatively impact the performance of BNR systems due to the susceptibility of BNR microbial populations to BAC. Objectives of the research were: a) assessment and quantification of the inhibitory effect of QACs on the microbial groups, which mediate BNR in HSWW treatment systems while treating QAC-bearing HSWW; b) evaluation of the degree and extent of the contribution of QAC adsorption, inhibition, and biotransformation on the fate and effect of QACs in BNR systems. A laboratory-scale, multi-stage BNR system was continuously fed with real poultry processing wastewater amended with a mixture of three benzalkonium chlorides. The nitrogen removal efficiency initially deteriorated at a BAC feed concentration of 5 mg/L due to complete inhibition of nitrification. However, the system recovered after 27 days of operation achieving high nitrogen removal efficiency, even after the feed BAC concentration was stepwise increased up to120 mg/L. Batch assays performed using the mixed liquors of the BNR system reactors, before, during, and post BAC exposure, showed that the development of BAC biotransformation capacity and the acquisition of resistance to BAC contributed to the recovery of nitrification and nitrogen removal. Kinetic analysis based on sub-models representing BNR processes showed that BAC inhibition of denitrification and nitrification is correlated with BAC liquid-phase and solid-phase concentrations, respectively. Simulations using a comprehensive mathematical BNR model developed for this research showed that BAC degradation and the level of nitrification inhibition by BAC were dynamic brought about by acclimation and enrichment of the heterotrophic and nitrifying microbial populations, respectively. The fate and effect of BACs in the BNR system were accurately described when the interactions between adsorption, inhibition, and resistance/biotransformation were considered within the conditions prevailing in each reactor. This work is the first study on the fate and effect of antimicrobial QACs in a continuous-flow, multi-stage BNR system, and the first study to quantify and report parameter values related to BAC inhibition of nitrification and denitrification. Results of this study enable the rational design and operation of BNR systems for the efficient treatment of QAC-bearing wastewater. The outcome of this research provides information presently lacking, supporting the continuous use of QACs as antimicrobial agents in food processing facilities, when and where needed, while avoiding any negative impacts on biological treatment systems and the environment.
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Kane, Deborah M. "Evaluation of a sanitizing system using isopropyl alcohol quaternary ammonium formula and carbon dioxide for dry-processing environments." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14175.

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Master of Science
Food Science
Kelly J. K. Getty
Dry-processing environments are particularly challenging to clean and sanitize because water introduced into systems not designed for wet cleaning can favor growth and establishment of pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella. The objective was to determine the efficacy of isopropyl alcohol quaternary ammonium (IPAQuat) formula and carbon dioxide (CO[subscript]2) sanitizer system for eliminating Enterococcus faecium and Salmonella on food contact surfaces. Coupons of stainless steel and conveyor belting material used in dry-processing environments were spot-inoculated in the center of 5 × 5 cm coupons with approximately 7.0 log CFU/ml of E. faecium and up to 10 log CFU/ml of a six-serotype composite of Salmonella and subjected to IPAQuat-CO[subscript]2 sanitation treatments using exposure times of 30 s, 1 or 5 min. After sanitation treatments, wet coupons were swabbed for post-treatment survivors. Preliminary experiments included coupons which were soiled with a flour and water solution prior to inoculation and subsequent sanitation treatments. For the main study, inoculated surfaces were soiled with a breadcrumb flour blend and allowed to sit on the lab bench for a minimum of 16 h before sanitation. Preliminary results showed that IPAQuat-CO[subscript]2 sanitizing system was effective in reducing approximately 3.0 logs of E. faecium and Salmonella from clean and soiled surfaces after 1 min exposure but higher initial inoculum levels were needed to demonstrate >5 log reductions. For the main study, pre-treatment Salmonella populations were approximately 7.0 log CFU/25 cm[superscript]2 and post-treatment survivors were 1.3, < 0.7 (detection limit), and < 0.7 log CFU/25 cm[superscript]2 after 30 s, 1 or 5 min sanitizer exposures, respectively, for both clean and soiled surfaces. Treatment with IPAQuat-CO[subscript]2 sanitation system using 30 s sanitizer exposures resulted in 5.7 log CFU/25 cm[superscript]2 reductions whereas, greater than 6.0 log CFU/25 cm[superscript]2 reductions were observed for sanitizer exposures of 1 and 5 min. The IPAQuat-CO[subscript]2 sanitation system reduced 6 logs CFU/25 cm[superscript]2 of Salmonella with sanitizer exposure times of at least 1 min. The IPAQuat-CO[subscript]2 system would, therefore, be an effective sanitation system to eliminate potential contamination from Salmonella on food contact surfaces and have application in facilities that process dry ingredients or low-moisture products.
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John, Cathy Nisha. "Protein expression and antifungal effect of fluconazole-resistant Candida species following effective in vitro treatment with K21, a novel antifungal agent." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7889.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Background: Oropharyngeal candidiasis, caused by the fungus Candida, is the most common opportunistic infection affecting the quality of life of immunocompromised patients. Fluconazole is widely used as the first line of treatment for fungal infections. However, the inappropriate and misguided use of the drug has led to the evolvement of fluconazole-resistant Candida organisms. This arising resistance resulted in the urgent need for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antifungal action of K21, a novel antimicrobial quarternary ammonium compound, on fluconazole-resistant Candida species.
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Books on the topic "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds – metabolism"

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Collins, Antony John. Analytical quality control quaternary ammonium compounds in pharmaceutical formulations. Portsmouth: Portsmouth Polytechnic, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 1988.

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Smith, Beverley E. The characterisation and distribution of quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulphonium compounds in marine algae. Portsmouth: Portsmouth Polytechnic, School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, 1991.

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Wong, S. L. Ultrastructural changes as indicators of the effectiveness of a hyamine quaternary compound as an algacide in controlling growth of the filamentous alga, Cladophora (Chlorophyta). [Toronto]: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1992.

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Wong, S. L. Ultrastructural changes as indicators of the effectiveness of a Hyamine Quaternary compound as an algacide in controlling growth of the filamentous alga, Cladophora (chlorophyta). Rexdale, Ont: Limnology Section, 1992.

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Starbuck, Brian J. Ion-pair high pressure liquid chromatography techniques for the determination of quaternary ammonium compounds. 1986.

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Starbuck, Brian J. Ion-pair high pressure liquid chromatography techniques for the determination of quaternary ammonium compounds. 1986.

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Valladao, Marilin. Growth of lactococci relative to antibiotic and quaternary ammonium compounds. 1990.

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Dept.of Environment. Determination of Long Alkyl Chain Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Environmental Matrices by High Performance Liquid Chromotography (Methods for the Examination of Waters & Associated Minerals). Stationery Office Books, 1996.

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Hunt, Patricia A., Terry C. Hrubec, and Vanessa E. Melin. Disinfection in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0009.

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Use of personal care products and household and commercial cleaners with antibacterial capabilities has increased human exposure to an array of chemicals. Because these products are washed down the drain, they are discharged with wastewater into fields, lakes, streams, oceans, and municipal water systems. This chapter focuses on the uses, persistence, routes of human exposure, and potential health effects of four common environmental chemicals or chemical classes—parabens, triclosan, triclocarban, and quaternary ammonium compounds—because exposure to them is ubiquitous, environmental contamination is significant, and evidence of harm has emerged. These man-made environmental contaminants illustrate how the rapid introduction of new chemicals into consumer products must be weighed against the unavoidable environmental contamination and potential biologic effects that may ensue.
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Book chapters on the topic "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds – metabolism"

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Loontjens, J. A. "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds." In Biomaterials Associated Infection, 379–404. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1031-7_15.

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Harrowfield, Jack M., William R. Richmond, and Alexander N. Sobolev. "Inclusion of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds by Calixarenes." In Calixarenes 50th Anniversary: Commemorative Issue, 257–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0267-4_16.

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Bragg, Robert, Arina Jansen, Marisa Coetzee, Wouter van der Westhuizen, and Charlotte Boucher. "Bacterial Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC) Disinfectants." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1–13. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1774-9_1.

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Krysiński, Jerzy. "Analysis of Structure — Activity Relationships of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds." In Intelligent Decision Support, 119–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7975-9_9.

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Yue, Xianfeng, Xiaoqing Yang, Huairui Li, Rong Zhang, and Daochun Qin. "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds-Modified Halloysite and Its Antifungal Performance." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 121–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5947-7_14.

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Nicholson, John, M. Mathey, and V. Surana. "Release of Quaternary Ammonium Antimicrobial Compounds from Acrylic Bone Cement." In IFMBE Proceedings, 52–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69367-3_15.

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Tezel, Ulas, and Spyros G. Pavlostathis. "Role of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds on Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment." In Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment, 349–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118156247.ch20.

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Gorham, J. "Quantitative Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds by Ion Exchange and Ion-Pair High Performance Liquid Chromatography." In Recent Developments in Ion Exchange, 79–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3449-8_9.

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Walker, Edward. "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds." In Handbook of Topical Antimicrobials. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203909256.ch5.

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Jones, R. Alan. "Oxidation of Organic Compounds." In Quaternary Ammonium Salts, 415–74. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012389171-6/50011-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds – metabolism"

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Miao Zhang, Maohua Wang, Simon S Ang, and Gang Liu. "Feasibility Study of an All-solid-state ISE Using Quaternary Ammonium Compounds for Soil Nitrate-nitrogen Fast Determination." In 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.42117.

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Muradov, Nazim Z., and Ali T-Raissi. "Solar Production of Hydrogen Using “Self-Assembled’’ Polyoxometalate Photocatalysts." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76071.

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Abstract:
Near-term and cost-effective production of solar hydrogen from inexpensive and readily available hydrogen containing compounds (HCCs) can boost the prospects of future hydrogen economy. In this paper, we assess the prospects of solar-assisted conversion of HCCs into hydrogen using polyoxometalate (POM) based photocatalysts, such as isopolytunstates (IPT) and silicotungstic acid (STA). Upon exposure to solar photons, IPT aqueous solutions containing various HCCs (e.g. alcohols, alkanes, organic acids, sugars, etc.) produce hydrogen gas and corresponding oxygenated compounds. The presence of small amounts of colloidal platinum increases the rate of hydrogen evolution by one order of magnitude. A solar photocatalytic flat-bed reactor, approximately 1.2 m × 1.2 m in size, was fabricated and tested for production of hydrogen from water-alcohol solutions containing IPT and STA and small amounts of colloidal Pt. The solar photoreactor tests demonstrated steady-state production of hydrogen gas for several days. IPT immobilized on granules of anion exchange resins with quaternary ammonium active groups show good photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production from water-alcohol solutions exposed to near-UV or solar radiation.
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Reports on the topic "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds – metabolism"

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Kaj, Lennart, Petra Wallberg, and Eva Brorström-Lundén. Quaternary ammonium compounds. Nordic Council of Ministers, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2014-556.

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