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1

Ivanyos, G., A. B. Nagy, and L. Ronyai. "Constructions for quantum computing with symmetrized gates." Quantum Information and Computation 8, no. 5 (2008): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic8.5-4.

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We investigate constructions for simulating quantum computers with a polynomial slowdown on ensembles composed of qubits on which symmetrized versions of one- and two-qubit gates can be performed. The simulation is based on taking Lie commutators of symmetrized Hamiltonians to extract Hamiltonians at desired local positions. During the simulation, only a part of the qubits can be used for storing information, the others are left unchanged by the commutators. We propose constructions for various symmetry groups where a pretty large fraction of the qubits can be used. As a few of the other qubit
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2

Bluvstein, Dolev, Harry Levine, Giulia Semeghini, et al. "A quantum processor based on coherent transport of entangled atom arrays." Nature 604, no. 7906 (2022): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04592-6.

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AbstractThe ability to engineer parallel, programmable operations between desired qubits within a quantum processor is key for building scalable quantum information systems1,2. In most state-of-the-art approaches, qubits interact locally, constrained by the connectivity associated with their fixed spatial layout. Here we demonstrate a quantum processor with dynamic, non-local connectivity, in which entangled qubits are coherently transported in a highly parallel manner across two spatial dimensions, between layers of single- and two-qubit operations. Our approach makes use of neutral atom arra
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3

Hopfmueller, Florian, Maxime Tremblay, Philippe St-Jean, Baptiste Royer, and Marc-Antoine Lemonde. "Bosonic Pauli+: Efficient Simulation of Concatenated Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill Codes." Quantum 8 (November 26, 2024): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-11-26-1539.

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A promising route towards fault-tolerant quantum error correction is the concatenation of a Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code with a qubit code. Development of such concatenated codes requires simulation tools which realistically model noise, while being able to simulate the dynamics of many modes. However, so far, large-scale simulation tools for concatenated GKP codes have been limited to idealized noise models and GKP code implementations. Here, we introduce the Bosonic Pauli+ model (BP+), which can be simulated efficiently for a large number of modes, while capturing the rich dynamics i
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4

Greenaway, Sean, Adam Smith, Florian Mintert, and Daniel Malz. "Analogue Quantum Simulation with Fixed-Frequency Transmon Qubits." Quantum 8 (February 22, 2024): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-22-1263.

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We experimentally assess the suitability of transmon qubits with fixed frequencies and fixed interactions for the realization of analogue quantum simulations of spin systems. We test a set of necessary criteria for this goal on a commercial quantum processor using full quantum process tomography and more efficient Hamiltonian tomography. Significant single qubit errors at low amplitudes are identified as a limiting factor preventing the realization of analogue simulations on currently available devices. We additionally find spurious dynamics in the absence of drive pulses, which we identify wi
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5

Essammouni, K., A. Chouikh, T. Said, and M. Bennai. "niSWAP and NTCP gates realized in a circuit QED system." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 14, no. 07 (2017): 1750100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887817501006.

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Based on superconducting qubit coupled to a resonator driven by a strong microwave field, we propose a method to implement two quantum logic gates ([Formula: see text]SWAP and NTCP gates) of one qubit simultaneously controlling [Formula: see text] qubits selected from [Formula: see text] qubits in a circuit QED [Formula: see text] by introducing qubit–qubit interaction. The interaction between the qubits and the circuit QED can be achieved by tuning the gate voltage and the external flux. The operation times of the logic gates are much smaller than the decoherence time and dephasing time. More
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6

Caraiman, Simona, and Vasile Manta. "Parallel Simulation of Quantum Search." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 5, no. 5 (2010): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2010.5.2219.

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Simulation of quantum computers using classical computers is a computationally hard problem, requiring a huge amount of operations and storage. Parallelization can alleviate this problem, allowing the simulation of more qubits at the same time or the same number of qubits to be simulated in less time. A promising approach is represented by executing these simulators in Grid systems that can provide access to high performance resources. In this paper we present a parallel implementation of the QC-lib quantum computer simulator deployed as a Grid service. Using a specific scheme for partitioning
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7

Said, Taoufik, Abdelhaq Chouikh, Karima Essammouni, and Mohamed Bennai. "Realizing an N-two-qubit quantum logic gate in a cavity QED with nearest qubit--qubit interaction." Quantum Information and Computation 16, no. 5&6 (2016): 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic16.5-6-4.

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We propose an effective way for realizing a three quantum logic gates (NTCP gate, NTCP-NOT gate and NTQ-NOT gate) of one qubit simultaneously controlling N target qubits based on the qubit-qubit interaction. We use the superconducting qubits in a cavity QED driven by a strong microwave field. In our scheme, the operation time of these gates is independent of the number N of qubits involved in the gate operation. These gates are insensitive to the initial state of the cavity QED and can be used to produce an analogous CNOT gate simultaneously acting on N qubits. The quantum phase gate can be re
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8

Said, T., A. Chouikh, K. Essammouni, and M. Bennai. "Implementing N-quantum phase gate via circuit QED with qubit–qubit interaction." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 05 (2016): 1650050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916500500.

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We propose a method for realizing a quantum phase gate of one qubit simultaneously controlling [Formula: see text] target qubits based on the qubit–qubit interaction. We show how to implement the proposed gate with one transmon qubit simultaneously controlling [Formula: see text] transmon qubits in a circuit QED driven by a strong microwave field. In our scheme, the operation time of this phase gate is independent of the number [Formula: see text] of qubits. On the other hand, this gate can be realized in a time of nanosecond-scale much smaller than the decoherence time and dephasing time both
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9

Yan, Zhiguang, Yu-Ran Zhang, Ming Gong, et al. "Strongly correlated quantum walks with a 12-qubit superconducting processor." Science 364, no. 6442 (2019): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1611.

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Quantum walks are the quantum analogs of classical random walks, which allow for the simulation of large-scale quantum many-body systems and the realization of universal quantum computation without time-dependent control. We experimentally demonstrate quantum walks of one and two strongly correlated microwave photons in a one-dimensional array of 12 superconducting qubits with short-range interactions. First, in one-photon quantum walks, we observed the propagation of the density and correlation of the quasiparticle excitation of the superconducting qubit and quantum entanglement between qubit
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10

Baßler, Pascal, Matthias Zipper, Christopher Cedzich, et al. "Synthesis of and compilation with time-optimal multi-qubit gates." Quantum 7 (April 20, 2023): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-04-20-984.

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We develop a method to synthesize a class of entangling multi-qubit gates for a quantum computing platform with fixed Ising-type interaction with all-to-all connectivity. The only requirement on the flexibility of the interaction is that it can be switched on and off for individual qubits. Our method yields a time-optimal implementation of the multi-qubit gates. We numerically demonstrate that the total multi-qubit gate time scales approximately linear in the number of qubits. Using this gate synthesis as a subroutine, we provide compilation strategies for important use cases: (i) we show that
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11

Bagrov, A. R., and E. K. Bashkirov. "ENTANGLEMNT IN NONLINEAR THREE-QUBITS JAYNES — CUMMINGS MODEL." Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 29, no. 1 (2023): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2023-29-1-89-101.

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In this paper, we investigated the dynamics of entanglement of pairs of qubits in a system of three identical qubits that interact non-resonantly with the selected mode of a microwave resonator without loss with the Kerr medium by means of single-photon transitions. We have found solutions to the quantum time Schrodinger equation for the total wave function of the system for the initial separable, biseparable and true entangled states of qubits and the Fock initial state of the resonator field. Based on these solutions, the criterion of entanglement of qubit pairs negativity is calculated. The
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12

F., Setiawan, Alexander V. Gramolin, Elisha S. Matekole, Hari Krovi, and Jacob M. Taylor. "Accurate and Honest Approximation of Correlated Qubit Noise." Quantum 9 (April 9, 2025): 1701. https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-04-09-1701.

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Accurate modeling of noise in realistic quantum processors is critical for constructing fault-tolerant quantum computers. While a full simulation of actual noisy quantum circuits provides information about correlated noise among all qubits and is therefore accurate, it is, however, computationally expensive as it requires resources that grow exponentially with the number of qubits. We propose an efficient systematic construction of approximate noise channels, where their accuracy can be enhanced by incorporating noise components with higher qubit-qubit correlation degree. To formulate such app
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13

Bashkirov, Evgeny K. "Entanglement of two superconducting qubits induced by a thermal noise of a cavity with Kerr medium taking into account the atomic coherence." Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems 25, no. 1 (2022): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/1810-3189.2022.25.1.7-15.

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The system consisting of two identical artificial atoms (qubits), resonantly interacting with the mode of quantum field of an ideal microwave cavity in the presence of Kerr nonlinearity, is considered. For the considered model, an exact solution of the quantum Liouville equation for the full density matrix of the system two qubits + resonator field mode is obtained. To solve the quantum equation of evolution, the representation of dressed states, that is, the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian, was used. A complete set of dressed states of the considered model is found. With its help, the solut
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14

Huang, Xing Kui. "The Construction and Simulation Analysis of Three-Qubit Hxx Chain Refrigerator Based on Quantum Entangled States." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4849.

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Quantum entangled state theory is combined with quantum thermodynamics theory to build quantum entangled state heat engine. The basic nature of three-qubit Hxx chain, and all parameters of the orbit are analyzed. Energy model of quantum entangled state refrigerator in working process is taken as as a theoretical basis to construct three qubits Hxx chain refrigerator based on quantum entangled states. The working nature of the new quantum entangled state refrigerator under different field strength is studied. Compaired with two-qubit Hxxx chain refrigerator based on quantum entangled states and
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15

Bertoni, A., P. Bordone, R. Brunetti, C. Jacoboni, and S. Reggiani. "Numerical Simulation of Quantum Logic Gates Based on Quantum Wires." VLSI Design 13, no. 1-4 (2001): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/86126.

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A system based on frontier mesoscopic semiconductor technology, able to perform the basic quantum operations needed for quantum computation, is proposed. The elementary quantum bit (qubit) is defined as the state of an electron running along a couple of quantum wires coupled through a potential barrier with variable height and/ or width. A proper design of the system, together with the action of Coulomb interaction of two electrons representing two different qubits, allows the implementation of basic one-qubit and two-qubit quantum logic gates. Numerical simulations confirm the correctness of
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16

Bagrov, A. R., and E. K. Bashkirov. "Dynamics of entanglement of qubits in the three-qubit Tavis — Cummings model with dipole-dipole interaction." Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 30, no. 3 (2024): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2024-30-3-89-103.

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The article studies the dynamics of pairwise entanglement of three qubits, two of which are trapped in a resonator and interact with a single-mode ideal resonator through single-photon transitions, and the third qubit is outside the resonator. This takes into account the dipole-dipole coupling between the isolated qubit and the qubit in the resonator. We have found a solution to the quantum nonstationary Schrodinger equation for the total wave function of the system for the initial separable and biseparable states of qubits and the thermal initial state of the resonator field. Using these solu
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17

Takahashi, Yasuhiro, Takeshi Yamazaki, and Kazuyuki Tanaka. "Hardness of classically simulating quantum circuits with unbounded Toffoli and fan-out gates." Quantum Information and Computation 14, no. 13&14 (2014): 1149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic14.13-14-7.

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We study the classical simulatability of constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits followed by only one single-qubit measurement, where the circuits consist of universal gates on at most two qubits and additional gates on an unbounded number of qubits. First, we consider unbounded Toffoli gates as additional gates and deal with the weak simulation, i.e., sampling the output probability distribution. We show that there exists a constant-depth quantum circuit with only one unbounded Toffoli gate that is not weakly simulatable, unless $\bqp \subseteq \postbpp \cap \am$. Then, we consider un
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18

Su, Qi-Ping, Liang Bin, Yu Zhang, and Chui-Ping Yang. "Simple realization of a hybrid controlled–controlled-Z gate with photonic control qubits encoded via eigenstates of the photon-number parity operator." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 11 (2023): 114001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138627.

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We propose a simple method to realize a hybrid controlled–controlled-Z (CCZ) gate with two photonic qubits simultaneously controlling a superconducting (SC) target qubit, by employing two microwave cavities coupled to a SC ququart (a four-level quantum system). In this proposal, each control qubit is a photonic qubit, which is encoded by two arbitrary orthogonal eigenstates (with eigenvalues ±1, respectively) of the photon-number parity operator. Since the two arbitrary encoding states can take various quantum states, this proposal can be applied to realize the hybrid CCZ gate, for which the t
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19

André, Eduardo L., and Alexander N. Tsirulev. "Hamiltonian simulation in the Pauli basis of multi-qubit clusters for condensed matter physics." Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science 31, no. 3 (2023): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2658-4670-2023-31-3-247-259.

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We propose an efficient method for Hamiltonian simulation of multi-qubit quantum systems with special types of interaction. In our approach, the Hamiltonian of a \(n\)-qubit system should be represented as a linear combination of the standard Pauli basis operators, and then decomposed into a sum of partial Hamiltonians, which are, in general, not Pauli operators and satisfy some anticommutation relations. For three types of Hamiltonians, which are invariant with respect to permutations of qubits, the effectiveness of the main algorithm in the three-qubit cluster model is shown by calculating t
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20

Bagrov, A. R., and E. K. Bashkirov. "DYNAMICS OF THE THREE-QUBITS TAVIS — CUMMINGS MODEL." Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 28, no. 1-2 (2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2022-28-1-2-95-105.

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In this article, we have studied the entanglement dynamics of three identical qubits (natural or artificial two-level atoms) resonantly interacting with the one mode of the thermal field of a microwave lossless resonator via one-photon transitions. An exact solution of the quantum time Schrodinger equation is found for the total wave function of the system for the initial separable and entangled states of qubits and the Fock initial state of the resonator. On the basis of this solution, an exact solution of the quantum Liouville equation for the total time-dependent density matrix of the syste
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21

Moawad, Youssef, Wim Vanderbauwhede, and René Steijl. "Quantum Circuit-Width Reduction through Parameterisation and Specialisation." Algorithms 16, no. 5 (2023): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16050241.

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As quantum computing technology continues to develop, the need for research into novel quantum algorithms is growing. However, such algorithms cannot yet be reliably tested on actual quantum hardware, which is still limited in several ways, including qubit coherence times, connectivity, and available qubits. To facilitate the development of novel algorithms despite this, simulators on classical computing systems are used to verify the correctness of an algorithm, and study its behaviour under different error models. In general, this involves operating on a memory space that grows exponentially
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22

Bashkirov, E. K. "ENTANGLEMENT BETWEEN TWO SUPERCONDUCTING CHARGE QUBITS." Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 29, no. 2 (2023): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2023-29-2-62-71.

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In this paper, we investigated the dynamics of entanglement of two identical charge qubits with Josephson junctions in the case when one of the qubits is exposed to a microwave field in a coherent or thermal state. We have found the exact solution of the quantum time equation of evolution of the system under consideration for the statistical operator in the case of initial separable and entangled states of qubits. The exact solution for the complete statistical operator is used to calculate the qubit entanglement criterion - concurrence. The results of numerical simulation of the time dependen
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23

Olaya-Castro, A., C. F. Lee, and N. F. Johnson. "Exact simulation of multi-qubit dynamics with only three qubits." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 74, no. 2 (2006): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2006-10005-1.

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Kornerup, Niels, Jonathan Sadun, and David Soloveichik. "Tight Bounds on the Spooky Pebble Game: Recycling Qubits with Measurements." Quantum 9 (February 18, 2025): 1636. https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-02-18-1636.

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Pebble games are popular models for analyzing time-space trade-offs. In particular, reversible pebble game strategies are frequently applied in quantum algorithms like Grover's search to efficiently simulate classical computation on inputs in superposition, as unitary operations are fundamentally reversible. However, the reversible pebble game cannot harness the additional computational power granted by intermediate measurements, which are irreversible. The spooky pebble game, which models interleaved Hadamard basis measurements and adaptive phase corrections, reduces the number of qubits beyo
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25

Ferraro, Elena, and Marco De Michielis. "Bandwidth-Limited and Noisy Pulse Sequences for Single Qubit Operations in Semiconductor Spin Qubits." Entropy 21, no. 11 (2019): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21111042.

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Spin qubits are very valuable and scalable candidates in the area of quantum computation and simulation applications. In the last decades, they have been deeply investigated from a theoretical point of view and realized on the scale of few devices in the laboratories. In semiconductors, spin qubits can be built confining the spin of electrons in electrostatically defined quantum dots. Through this approach, it is possible to create different implementations: single electron spin qubit, singlet–triplet spin qubit, or a three-electron architecture, e.g., the hybrid qubit. For each qubit type, we
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26

Zakharov, Rodion K., and Evgeny K. Bashkirov. "Entanglement of two dipole-couples qubits induced by a thermal field of a cavity with Kerr medium." Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems 24, no. 3 (2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/1810-3189.2021.24.3.9-17.

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In the present work, we investigated the dynamics of two identical superconducting qubits interacting with the mode of the quantum electromagnetic field of a microwave coplanar cavity with a Kerr medium in the presence of an effective dipole-dipole interaction of the qubits. We have found an exact solution of the quantum Liouville equation for the complete density matrix of the system under consideration for the Fock and thermal chaotic initial states of the cavityr field. The exact solution for the full density matrix was used to determine the reduced qubit density matrix and to calculate the
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27

APPN Editorial Office. "Highlights from the Asia Pacific Region." Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter 02, no. 02 (2013): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251158x13000271.

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Quantum information technologies hold the promise of greatly outperforming traditional approaches in, e.g., cryptography, metrology and simulation. However, the ultimate goal of realizing scalable quantum computing has so far remained elusive, largely owing to the formidable difficulty in "wiring up" suitable quantum bits (qubits). In recent years, individual nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) defects in diamond have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for a solidstate qubit for two reasons. First, they possess the longest observed room-temperature coherence time of an electron spin (the qubit
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28

Menegasso Pires, Otto, Eduardo Inacio Duzzioni, Jerusa Marchi, and Rafael De Santiago. "Quantum Circuit Synthesis Using Projective Simulation." Inteligencia Artificial 24, no. 67 (2021): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol24iss67pp90-101.

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Quantum Computing has been evolving in the last years. Although nowadays quantum algorithms performance has shown superior to their classical counterparts, quantum decoherence and additional auxiliary qubits needed for error tolerance routines have been huge barriers for quantum algorithms efficient use.These restrictions lead us to search for ways to minimize algorithms costs, i.e the number of quantum logical gates and the depth of the circuit. For this, quantum circuit synthesis and quantum circuit optimization techniques are explored.We studied the viability of using Projective Simulation,
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Sabín, Carlos. "Digital Quantum Simulation of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Elements." Quantum Reports 2, no. 1 (2020): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quantum2010013.

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We provide a recipe for the digitalization of linear and nonlinear quantum optics in networks of superconducting qubits. By combining digital techniques with boson-qubit mappings, we address relevant problems that are typically considered in analog simulators, such as the dynamical Casimir effect or molecular force fields, including nonlinearities. In this way, the benefits of digitalization are extended in principle to a new realm of physical problems. We present preliminary examples launched in IBM Q 5 Tenerife.
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Sun, Bo, Abdullah M. Iliyasu, Fei Yan, Fangyan Dong, and Kaoru Hirota. "An RGB Multi-Channel Representation for Images on Quantum Computers." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 17, no. 3 (2013): 404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2013.p0404.

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RGB multi channel representation is proposed for images on quantum computers (MCQI) that captures information about colors (RGB channels) and their corresponding positions in an image in a normalized quantum state. The proposed representation makes it possible to store the RGB information about an image simultaneously by using 2n+3 qubits for encoding 2n× 2npixel images, whereas pixel-wise processing is necessary in many other quantum image representations, e.g., qubit lattice, grid qubit, and quantum lattice. Simulation of storage and retrieval of MCQI images using human facial images demonst
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Jiang, Zhang, Amir Kalev, Wojciech Mruczkiewicz, and Hartmut Neven. "Optimal fermion-to-qubit mapping via ternary trees with applications to reduced quantum states learning." Quantum 4 (June 4, 2020): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-06-04-276.

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We introduce a fermion-to-qubit mapping defined on ternary trees, where any single Majorana operator on an n-mode fermionic system is mapped to a multi-qubit Pauli operator acting nontrivially on ⌈log3⁡(2n+1)⌉ qubits. The mapping has a simple structure and is optimal in the sense that it is impossible to construct Pauli operators in any fermion-to-qubit mapping acting nontrivially on less than log3⁡(2n) qubits on average. We apply it to the problem of learning k-fermion reduced density matrix (RDM), a problem relevant in various quantum simulation applications. We show that one can determine i
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Vlasov, Alexander Yu. "Quantum circuits and Spin(3n) groups." Quantum Information and Computation 15, no. 3&4 (2015): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic15.3-4-3.

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All quantum gates with one and two qubits may be described by elements of Spin groups due to isomorphisms Spin(3)\isomSU(2) and Spin(6)\isomSU(4). However, the group of n-qubit gates SU(2^n) for n>2 has bigger dimension than Spin(3n). A quantum circuit with one- and two-qubit gates may be used for construction of arbitrary unitary transformation SU(2^n). Analogously, the `$Spin(3n)$ circuits' are introduced in this work as products of elements associated with one- and two-qubit gates with respect to the above-mentioned isomorphisms. The matrix tensor product implementation of the Spin(3n) g
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Renner, Martin J., and Marco Túlio Quintino. "The minimal communication cost for simulating entangled qubits." Quantum 7 (October 24, 2023): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-10-24-1149.

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We analyze the amount of classical communication required to reproduce the statistics of local projective measurements on a general pair of entangled qubits, |ΨAB⟩=p |00⟩+1−p |11⟩ (with 1/2≤p≤1). We construct a classical protocol that perfectly simulates local projective measurements on all entangled qubit pairs by communicating one classical trit. Additionally, when 2p(1−p)2p−1log⁡(p1−p)+2(1−p)≤1, approximately 0.835≤p&
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Woolfe, Kieran J., Charles D. Hill, and Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg. "Scaling and efficient classical simulation of the quantum Fourier transform." Quantum Information and Computation 17, no. 1&2 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic17.1-2-1.

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We provide numerical evidence that the quantum Fourier transform can be efficiently represented in a matrix product operator with a size growing relatively slowly with the number of qubits. Additionally, we numerically show that the tensors in the operator converge to a common tensor as the number of qubits in the transform increases. Together these results imply that the application of the quantum Fourier transform to a matrix product state with n qubits of maximum Schmidt rank χ can be simulated in O(n (log(n))2 χ 2 ) time. We perform such simulations and quantify the error involved in repre
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35

Acharya, Nikita, Miroslav Urbanek, Wibe A. De Jong, and Samah Mohamed Saeed. "Test Points for Online Monitoring of Quantum Circuits." ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems 18, no. 1 (2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3477928.

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Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers consisting of tens of inherently noisy quantum bits (qubits) suffer from reliability problems. Qubits and their gates are susceptible to various types of errors. Due to limited numbers of qubits and high error rates, quantum error correction cannot be applied. Physical constraints of quantum hardware including the error rates are used to guide the design and the layout of quantum circuits. The error rates determine the selection of qubits and their operations. The resulting circuit is executed on the quantum computer. This study explores the ri
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Zhang, Xu, Wenjie Jiang, Jinfeng Deng, et al. "Digital quantum simulation of Floquet symmetry-protected topological phases." Nature 607, no. 7919 (2022): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04854-3.

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AbstractQuantum many-body systems away from equilibrium host a rich variety of exotic phenomena that are forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics. A prominent example is that of discrete time crystals1–8, in which time-translational symmetry is spontaneously broken in periodically driven systems. Pioneering experiments have observed signatures of time crystalline phases with trapped ions9,10, solid-state spin systems11–15, ultracold atoms16,17 and superconducting qubits18–20. Here we report the observation of a distinct type of non-equilibrium state of matter, Floquet symmetry-protected topolog
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Jozsa, Richard, and Akimasa Miyake. "Matchgates and classical simulation of quantum circuits." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, no. 2100 (2008): 3089–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2008.0189.

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Let G ( A , B ) denote the two-qubit gate that acts as the one-qubit SU (2) gates A and B in the even and odd parity subspaces, respectively, of two qubits. Using a Clifford algebra formalism, we show that arbitrary uniform families of circuits of these gates, restricted to act only on nearest neighbour (n.n.) qubit lines, can be classically efficiently simulated. This reproduces a result originally proved by Valiant using his matchgate formalism, and subsequently related by others to free fermionic physics. We further show that if the n.n. condition is slightly relaxed, to allow the same gate
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38

Bringewatt, Jacob, and Zohreh Davoudi. "Parallelization techniques for quantum simulation of fermionic systems." Quantum 7 (April 13, 2023): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-04-13-975.

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Mapping fermionic operators to qubit operators is an essential step for simulating fermionic systems on a quantum computer. We investigate how the choice of such a mapping interacts with the underlying qubit connectivity of the quantum processor to enable (or impede) parallelization of the resulting Hamiltonian-simulation algorithm. It is shown that this problem can be mapped to a path coloring problem on a graph constructed from the particular choice of encoding fermions onto qubits and the fermionic interactions onto paths. The basic version of this problem is called the weak coloring proble
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39

Zhou, Zheng, Yixin Li, Zhiyuan Wu, Xinping Ma, Shichang Fan, and Shaoyun Huang. "The exchange interaction between neighboring quantum dots: physics and applications in quantum information processing." Journal of Semiconductors 45, no. 10 (2024): 101701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/24050043.

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Abstract Electron spins confined in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are one of potential candidates for physical implementation of scalable quantum information processing technologies. Tunnel coupling based inter exchange interaction between QDs is crucial in achieving single-qubit manipulation, two-qubit gate, quantum communication and quantum simulation. This review first provides a theoretical perspective that surveys a general framework, including the Helter−London approach, the Hund−Mulliken approach, and the Hubbard model, to describe the inter exchange interactions between semiconducto
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40

Liu, Changyuan. "Variational Quantum Simulation of Deuteron Ground State Energy at Higher Order Expansion." EPJ Web of Conferences 302 (2024): 17002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202430217002.

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Recent development of quantum computing has been extended to nuclear physics. Researchers have demonstrated that the quantum simulation of deuteron ground state energy using the variational quantum eigenvalue solver. In this existing work, only 2 and 3 qubits are used. In this work, the theory of higher order expansion of the deuteron ground state Hamiltonian has been established. On a classical quantum simulator, the convergence of the ground state energy as the number of qubits increases has been verified up to 22 qubits.
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41

Wang, Qingfeng, Ming Li, Christopher Monroe, and Yunseong Nam. "Resource-Optimized Fermionic Local-Hamiltonian Simulation on a Quantum Computer for Quantum Chemistry." Quantum 5 (July 26, 2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-07-26-509.

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The ability to simulate a fermionic system on a quantum computer is expected to revolutionize chemical engineering, materials design, nuclear physics, to name a few. Thus, optimizing the simulation circuits is of significance in harnessing the power of quantum computers. Here, we address this problem in two aspects. In the fault-tolerant regime, we optimize the Rz and T gate counts along with the ancilla qubit counts required, assuming the use of a product-formula algorithm for implementation. We obtain a savings ratio of two in the gate counts and a savings ratio of eleven in the number of an
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42

Huerga, Daniel. "Variational Quantum Simulation of Valence-Bond Solids." Quantum 6 (December 13, 2022): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-12-13-874.

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We introduce a hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithm to simulate ground-state phase diagrams of frustrated quantum spin models in the thermodynamic limit. The method is based on a cluster-Gutzwiller ansatz where the wave function of the cluster is provided by a parameterized quantum circuit whose key ingredient is a two-qubit real XY gate allowing to efficiently generate valence-bonds on nearest-neighbor qubits. Additional tunable single-qubit Z- and two-qubit ZZ-rotation gates allow the description of magnetically ordered and paramagnetic phases while restricting the variational opti
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43

Lee, Y. H., M. Khalil-Hani, and M. N. Marsono. "An FPGA-based quantum circuit emulation framework using heisenberg representation." International Journal of Quantum Information 16, no. 06 (2018): 1850052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749918500521.

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While physical realization of practical large-scale quantum computers is still ongoing, theoretical research of quantum computing applications is facilitated on classical computing platforms through simulation and emulation methods. Nevertheless, the exponential increase in resource requirement with the increase in the number of qubits is an inherent issue in classical modeling of quantum systems. In the effort to alleviate the critical scalability issue in existing FPGA emulation works, a novel FPGA-based quantum circuit emulation framework based on Heisenberg representation is proposed in th
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44

Saavedra-Pino, Sebastian, Cristian Inzulza, Pablo Roman, Francisco Albarrán-Arriagada, and Juan Carlos Retamal. "Quantum simulation of entanglement dynamics in a quantum processor." Physica Scripta, July 11, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad624a.

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Abstract We implement a five-qubit protocol in IBM quantum processors to study entanglement dynamics in a two qubit system in the presence of a simulated environment. Specifically, two qubits represent the main system, while another two qubits serve as the environment. Additionally, we employ an auxiliary qubit to estimate the quantum entanglement. Specifically, we observe the sudden death and sudden birth of entanglement for different inital conditions that were simultaneously implemented on the IBM 127-qubit quantum processor \textit{ibm_brisbane}. We obtain the quantum entanglement evolutio
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45

Börner, Simon-Dominik, Christoph Berke, David P. DiVincenzo, Simon Trebst, and Alexander Altland. "Classical chaos in quantum computers." Physical Review Research 6, no. 3 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.033128.

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The development of quantum computing hardware is facing the challenge that current-day quantum processors, comprising 50–100 qubits, already operate outside the range of quantum simulation on classical computers. In this paper we demonstrate that the simulation of limits can be a potent diagnostic tool for the resilience of quantum information hardware against chaotic instabilities potentially mitigating this problem. As a testbed for our approach we consider the transmon qubit processor, a computing platform in which the coupling of large numbers of nonlinear quantum oscillators may trigger d
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46

Chen, Jie, Wenchang Yan, Jie Zhao, Xinsheng Tan, and Yang Yu. "Longitudinal Coupling Synthesis in Superconducting Qubits." physica status solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters, January 11, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssr.202300409.

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Longitudinal coupling, which generates entanglement without energy exchange, has extensive applications in quantum computing and quantum simulation. However, achieving available direct and flexible longitudinal couplings between highly coherent superconducting qubits is challenging. In this study, we develop a method to achieve direct and flexible longitudinal couplings between superconducting qubits, including the direct longitudinal coupling between capacitively shunted flux qubits (C‐shunt flux qubits) and that between transmon qubits. We first introduce a variant of the prototype C‐shunt f
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47

Smirnov, Nikita S., Elizaveta A. Krivko, Anastasiya A. Solovyova, Anton I. Ivanov, and Ilya A. Rodionov. "Wiring surface loss of a superconducting transmon qubit." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57248-y.

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AbstractQuantum processors using superconducting qubits suffer from dielectric loss leading to noise and dissipation. Qubits are usually designed as large capacitor pads connected to a non-linear Josephson junction (or SQUID) by a superconducting thin metal wiring. Here, we report on finite-element simulation and experimental results confirming that more than 50% of surface loss in transmon qubits can originate from Josephson junctions wiring and can limit qubit relaxation time. We experimentally extracted dielectric loss tangents of qubit elements and showed that dominant surface loss of wiri
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48

De Michielis, Marco, and Elena Ferraro. "Impact of Parallel Gating on Gate Fidelities in Linear, Square, and Star Arrays of Noisy Flip‐Flop Qubits." Advanced Quantum Technologies, September 27, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qute.202400341.

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AbstractSuccessfully implementing a quantum algorithm involves maintaining a low logical error rate by ensuring the validity of the quantum fault‐tolerance theorem. The required number of physical qubits arranged in an array depends on the chosen Quantum Error Correction code and the achievable physical qubit error rate. As the qubit count in the array increases, parallel gating —simultaneously manipulating many qubits— becomes a crucial ingredient for successful computation. In this study, small arrays of a type of donor‐ and quantum dot‐based qubits, known as flip‐flop (FF) qubits, are inves
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49

Tanamoto, Tetsufumi, Toyofumi Ishikawa, Kunihiro Inomata, Shumpei Masuda, Tamio Onuma, and Shiro KAWABATA. "Classical SPICE simulation of superconducting quantum circuits." Applied Physics Express, March 13, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/acc3d8.

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Abstract Quantum computing has been developed for many physical systems, and superconducting qubits are now in the integration phase. To efficiently design a many qubit system, an appropriate circuit simulator is necessary. Despite the existence of simulators for circuits including Josephson junctions, simpler circuit simulators are desirable when considering integrated qubits controlled by millions of transistors. This study examines the application of conventional SPICE simulators to analyze transmission signals of the system composed of transmons in the dispersive regime. Further, the influ
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50

Pérez-Rodríguez, Elias A., María T. Orvañanos-Guerrero, and Tetsufumi Tanamoto. "SPICE compact model of controlling electrons of spin qubits using FinFET." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, January 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/acb4f8.

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Abstract Semiconductor qubits have garnered attention in the field of device physics. Owing to the limited coherence of electrons and holes, smaller and more compact qubits are desirable. This requirement is aligned with the miniaturization of conventional transistors. In this study, we consider a compact spin qubit based on the FinFET(Fin Field-Effect Transistor) by using SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulator. The qubits are represented by the quantum dots (QDs) between the Fin structure. In order to setup the qubit, we have to control the number of electrons t
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