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1
Pelletier, Réjean. "Le militant du R.I.N. et son parti." Articles 13, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 41–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/055558ar.
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C'est au cours de son congrès national d'octobre 1968 que le Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale s'est sabordé. Né en septembre 1960 comme mouvement d'éducation politique et groupe de pression, le R.I.N. s'est transformé en parti politique au cours d'un congrès spécial tenu à Montréal en mars 1963. Durant plus de huit ans, quoique minoritaire sur la scène politique québécoise, le R.I.N. s'est imposé comme catalyseur de la question nationale et point de référence des partis traditionnels sur le plan constitutionnel. Ayant su profiter du déblocage provoqué par la « révolution tranquille », il fut en même temps un élément actif de cette révolution. Un certain nombre d'idées qu'il avait lancées au cours de sa brève existence ont marqué les partis politiques au pouvoir ou furent reprises, plus tard, par le Parti Québécois. Sans le R.I.N., le visage actuel du Québec serait probablement différent de ce qu'il est effectivement. Mais si le R.I.N. a pu marquer la vie politique québécoise, il s'insère aussi dans le vaste courant nationaliste qui a traversé le Québec au cours du vingtième siècle. D'un nationalisme que l'on pourrait qualifier de culturel où il s'agit avant tout de défendre la langue et la culture françaises en s'opposant aux provinces anglophones afin d'affirmer, de cette façon, la spécificité française du Québec, la province est passée peu à peu à un nationalisme politique qui s'est incarné surtout (après le nationalisme négatif de Duplessis) dans ce que l'on a appelé la « révolution tranquille ». Il s'agit désormais d'assurer la défense du fait français par la reconnaissance d'une nation canadienne-française et donc d'un statut spécial pour le Québec qui est « l'expression politique » du Canada français et le point d'appui de tous ceux qui parlent français au pays. Par la suite s'établit une distinction entre le Québec et le Canada français. De plus en plus, le Québec ne cherche pas à s'affirmer en s'opposant au Canada anglais, mais à se définir par rapport à lui-même. Il n'est plus question du sort des minorités françaises en dehors du Québec que certains qualifient de combat sans issue, mais des pouvoirs nécessaires à l'État du Québec pour assurer sa survie et favoriser l'organisation et le développement de la vie collective des Québécois. Le R.I.N. a traversé une courte phase de nationalisme culturel au cours des années 1960 et 1961. Mais il s'inscrit aussi, dès sa fondation, dans le courant du nationalisme politique en réclamant l'indépendance du Québec. Bien plus, il fut pour ainsi dire l'incarnation même de ce courant en servant de point de référence aux autres partis politiques. Cependant, sous l'influence conjuguée de Pierre Bourgault à la tête du R.I.N. à partir de mai 1964 (et plus tard, d'Andrée Ferretti) et de revues à caractère socialiste comme Révolution québécoise et Parti pris, le nationalisme politique se mue progressivement en nationalisme socio-économique. Dès lors, l'indépendance politique devient un moyen pour la réalisation du mieux-être des Québécois et pour leur libération de l'emprise « capitaliste » autochtone et de la domination « impérialiste » américaine. Il s'agit d'assurer avant tout le développement social et économique du Québec au bénéfice de la collectivité québécoise tout entière et non pas de la seule bourgeoisie, qu'elle soit de langue française ou de langue anglaise. Sous cette optique, pour certains groupes, le socialisme doit passer avant l'indépendance. En d'autres termes, on est indépendantiste parce qu'on est socialiste — l'indépendance du Québec permettant l'établissement d'un socialisme véritable — et non pas l'inverse. Au sein du R.I.N., le nationalisme politique se double rapidement du nationalisme socio-économique. Le parti, en effet, va s'employer non seulement à réclamer l'indépendance politique du Québec, mais aussi à élaborer et faire connaître un programme ambitieux de développement économique et social pour le futur Québec indépendant. On pourrait ajouter que là aussi le R.I.N. fut un élément moteur de ce nouveau nationalisme, bien que le caractère socialiste de son programme fût nettement moins accusé que celui d'autres groupements de moindre importance et plutôt marginaux. Ce mariage du national et du social s'est surtout opéré au moment où le R.I.N. est devenu parti politique et a songé, de ce fait, à se doter d'un programme qui soit différent de celui des partis traditionnels. C'est donc sur cette toile de fond que s'inscrit le développement du R.I.N. au cours des années 1960-1968. C'est dans ce climat politique général qu'il convenait de le situer afin de mieux comprendre, par la suite, l'action des militants au sein du parti et la perception globale qu'ils avaient de leur propre formation politique.
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Giasson, Thierry, Colette Brin, and Marie-Michele Sauvageau. "Le Bon, la Brute et le Raciste. Analyse de la couverture médiatique de l'opinion publique pendant la «crise» des accommodements raisonnables au Québec." Canadian Journal of Political Science 43, no. 2 (May 28, 2010): 379–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423910000090.
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Résumé.De mars 2006 à décembre 2007, le Québec a été secoué par un débat sociétal sur la question de la gestion de la diversité culturelle. Cette «crise» aurait été alimentée par untsunami médiatiquetraitant de divers cas d'accommodements juridiques ou d'ajustements administratifs accordés dans les services publics à des citoyens québécois issus de l'immigration dans la grande région de Montréal (Giasson et coll., 2008). Par le biais d'une couverture étendue, les médias ont attiré l'attention de la population sur ces pratiques d'accommodement. L'article présente les données exploratoires d'une analyse de contenu de la couverture faite par onze journaux québécois du climat de l'opinion des Québécois en matière de diversité et d'immigration pendant la phase intensive de développement du débat. L'étude montre que dans leur analyse des sondages d'opinion et dans la présentation générale des tendances de l'opinion publique sur les accommodements raisonnables, les journaux ont mis l'accent sur l'évaluation du malaise des répondants envers l'immigration et la diversité religieuse plutôt que sur l'ouverture de la population québécoise envers la diversité et sur l'apport social de l'immigration, renforçant ainsi davantage l'impression populaire qu'une crise sociale majeure se déroulait et qu'il existait un fossé entre les Québécois «de souche», les Québécois issus de l'immigration et les autres Canadiens.Abstract.From March 2006 to December 2007, the province of Quebec experienced a contentious public debate on diversity. The “crisis” was fueled by a “media tsunami” during which news outlets actively reported on numerous cases of reasonable accommodation practices or administrative agreements in public services granted in the Greater Montreal region to citizens of immigrant background (Giasson et al., 2008). Through this extensive coverage, the media brought these instances of accommodation to the public's attention. The research studies the press coverage that 11 daily newspapers dedicated to the state of public opinion in Quebec during the active and intense development phase of the “crisis”. The study shows that in their analysis of polls and their general framing of the mood of public opinion towards reasonable accommodation, newspapers focused mostly on the malaise in the population toward immigration and religious diversity rather than on its openness to diversity and to the positive social outcomes of immigration. In doing so, the media further anchored the popular impression that a serious social crisis was ongoing and that a wide gap in tolerance existed between Francophone Quebeckers, Quebeckers of recent immigrant background and other Canadians.
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Chaloux, Annie, Stéphane Paquin, and Hugo Séguin. "Canada’s Multiple Voices Diplomacy in Climate Change Negotiations: A Focus on Québec." International Negotiation 20, no. 2 (April 27, 2015): 291–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341311.
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This article sheds light on the complexity of international climate change negotiations in a federal country, like Canada, where there is no clear attribution of full power over international negotiation concerning this issue. Climate change is a multi-level and multi-stakeholder issue, one that can only be tackled successfully if all actors, at all levels of government, are involved in the process. In recent years, Canadian provinces, especially Québec, have become intensely involved in climate change paradiplomacy. That situation has led to a Canadian paradox where the Government of Québec worked to respect the Kyoto Protocol and act accordingly, while Canada opted out of the Protocol in 2011.
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Fortier, Julien, Benoit Truax, Daniel Gagnon, and France Lambert. "Hybrid poplar yields in Québec: Implications for a sustainable forest zoning management system." Forestry Chronicle 88, no. 04 (August 2012): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2012-075.
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In the province of Québec, approximately 12 000 ha of fast-growing poplar plantations are managed by industrials, while small private landowners have planted only 1000 ha. Most of these poplar plantations are established on clearcut forest sites (approx. 11 000 ha). What are the yields of these hybrid poplar plantations? In this article, available yield data are presented and discussed in the context of a sustainable forest zoning management system. In southern Québec, three factors are highly correlated to yield for clones of various parentages: NO3supply rate in riparian soils, elevation (or climate) and soil P availability in abandoned farmland soils. Many Québec forest sites, particularly in the boreal shield ecozone, have acidic soils and harsh climate, with low mineralization rates. They generally cannot fulfill the very high nutrient requirements of hybrid poplars. Within a forest zoning management system, hybrid poplar plantations and agroforestry should be located in priority in southern Québec landscapes, with low remaining natural forest cover, and where intensive agriculture is the dominant land-use. This strategy will increase biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. Elsewhere, intensive trembling aspen regeneration silviculture could be a sustainable alternative to forest conversion into hybrid poplar plantations.
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Harvey, Jean, Caroline Andrew, and Don Dawson. "Le loisir à Québec et l'État-providence." Recherche 31, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/056483ar.
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L'évolution des interventions de la Ville de Québec dans le domaine du loisir offre un terrain fertile à l'examen des relations entre le palier municipal et les paliers supérieurs de gouvernement. Cette évolution est marquée par celle de l'État-providence. Chaque période est caractérisée par une logique particulière, des types d'actions gouvernementales correspondantes et un degré différent d'autonomie locale. Pendant la période d'émergence de l'État-providence, la logique guidant l'implication étatique est celle de la charité. À la période de consolidation, c'est celle des droits du citoyen qui prévaut. La période de restructuration voit poindre la logique du contribuable/client.
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Pickler, Carolyne, Hugo Beltrami, and Jean-Claude Mareschal. "Climate trends in northern Ontario and Québec from borehole temperature profiles." Climate of the Past 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2016): 2215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2215-2016.
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Abstract. The ground surface temperature histories of the past 500 years were reconstructed at 10 sites containing 18 boreholes in northeastern Canada. The boreholes, between 400 and 800 m deep, are located north of 51° N and west and east of James Bay in northern Ontario and Québec. We find that both sides of James Bay have experienced similar ground surface temperature histories with a warming of 1.51 ± 0.76 K during the period of 1850 to 2000, similar to borehole reconstructions for the southern portion of the Superior Province and in agreement with available proxy data. A cooling period corresponding to the Little Ice Age was found at only one site. Despite permafrost maps locating the sites in a region of discontinuous permafrost, the ground surface temperature histories suggest that the potential for permafrost was minimal to absent over the past 500 years. This could be the result of air surface temperature interpolation used in permafrost models being unsuitable to account for the spatial variability of ground temperatures along with an offset between ground and air surface temperatures due to the snow cover.
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Laflamme, Jean N., and Gilles Périard. "The climate of freezing rain over the province of Québec in Canada: a preliminary analysis." Atmospheric Research 46, no. 1-2 (April 1998): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8095(97)00054-9.
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Létourneau, Alain. "Some challenges of interdisciplinarity." Language and Dialogue 11, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.00086.let.
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Abstract This piece explores dialogue analysis inside a particular ongoing collective work, a regional adaptation to climate change research-action project in the southern part of Québec province, the Memphrémagog MRC. First, some precision is given to better understand what it means to work in interdisciplinary contexts such as this one, continuing the development of a terminology to be able to better identify collaboration between and with different professionals. These problems are then expressed in two case studies of dialogues as they have been documented in the research project.
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Perreault, Isabelle, and Marie-Claude Thifault. "Les Soeurs de la Providence et les psychiatres modernistes : enjeux professionnels en santé mentale au Québec, 1910-1965." Articles 78, no. 2 (November 19, 2012): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013044ar.
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Au renouvellement de leur deuxième contrat avec le gouvernement du Québec en 1924, les Soeurs de la Providence, propriétaires de l’Asile Saint-Jean-de-Dieu depuis 1873, s’engagent, pour les cinquante années suivantes, à nourrir, entretenir, traiter et réhabiliter les malades mentaux. S’ensuivent, dans les années 1940 et 1950 des relations interpersonnelles et interprofessionnelles difficiles entre les soeurs et un groupe de jeunes psychiatres, dits modernistes. Le climat proprement thérapeutique s’envenime au profit d’intérêts politiques au sein même de l’institution. Ces tensions sont explicitement révélées en 1962 lors du dépôt du rapport Bédard sur la Commission d’étude des hôpitaux psychiatriques au Québec. Les tensions entre religieuses et psychiatres, depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu’aux années 1970, longtemps évacuées du discours historique n’ont pas permis, jusqu’ici, d’en révéler tous les aspects ou conséquences liés aux soins et au devenir des psychiatrisés. Nous entendons, dans cet article, mettre en lumière cette bataille mémorielle à propos du statut religieux de Saint-Jean-de-Dieu.
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Charbonneau, Édith, Simon Binggeli, Jean-Michel Dion, Doris Pellerin, Martin H. Chantigny, Stéphane Godbout, and Sébastien Fournel. "Optimal Housing and Manure Management Strategies to Favor Productive and Environment-Friendly Dairy Farms in Québec, Canada: Part I. Representative Farm Simulations." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 4 (2019): 959–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13271.
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Abstract. Tie-stall housing (93%) and solid manure management (44%) are used on many dairy farms in the province of Québec, Canada. However, this could change in the near future because the rise in average herd size and the popularity of milking robots are such that the industry expects an increase in free-stall dairies managing manure with liquid systems. This shift could affect the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) footprints of Québec’s dairy production. In this context, whole-farm modeling (N-CyCLES), considering all the production cycle, provides a tool for evaluating the economics and environmental impacts of standard housing and manure management systems (Part I) in combination with different mitigation approaches (Part II). Two representative dairy farms in southwestern Québec (SWQ; 45.3° N, 73.2° W) and eastern Québec (EQ; 48.45° N, 68.1° W) were simulated considering four scenarios involving combinations of tie-stall or free-stall housing and solid or liquid manure management. Maximum farm net income (FNI) was $0.33 and $0.18 kg-1 of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) for the SWQ and EQ farms, respectively, with N and P footprints of 12.22 to 16.99 g N kg-1 and 0.52 to 0.79 g P kg-1 of FPCM in SWQ, and 11.48 to 15.39 g N kg-1 and 1.41 to 1.88 g P kg-1 of FPCM in EQ. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reached 1.78 to 1.87 kg CO2e kg-1 and 1.67 to 1.71 kg CO2e kg-1 of FPCM in SWQ and EQ, respectively. The SWQ farm was associated with greater production of cash crops but also greater imports of fertilizers and purchased feeds, which negatively affected the N footprint and GHG emissions. Housing and manure management types did not influence FNI. Free-stall dairies were associated with greater N surpluses. Nevertheless, they emitted slightly less GHG than tie-stall dairies. Dairy farms under liquid manure management imported less fertilizers and produced less GHG despite greater CH4 emissions. As a result, the current transition toward free-stall barns and liquid manure systems in Québec seems advantageous from an environmental standpoint without compromising economic profitability. Keywords: Climate change, Dairy cow, Farm net income, Free stall, Greenhouse gas emission, Manure handling, Mitigation, Nutrient footprint, Tie stall, Whole-farm model.
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Lucas-Picher, Philippe, Philippe Riboust, Samuel Somot, and René Laprise. "Reconstruction of the Spring 2011 Richelieu River Flood by Two Regional Climate Models and a Hydrological Model." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0116.1.
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Abstract Climate simulations made with two regional climate models (RCMs), the French Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN) and the Canadian Regional Climate Model, version 5 (CRCM5), operating on 10-km meshes for the period 1989–2011, and the Hydro-Québec hydrological model (HSAMI), are used to reconstruct the spring 2011 Richelieu River flood in the southern region of the province of Québec, Canada. The analysis shows that the simulated fields of 2-m air temperature, precipitation, and snow water equivalent by the RCMs closely match the observations with similar multiyear means and a high correlation of the monthly anomalies. The climatic conditions responsible for the 2011 flood are generally well simulated by the RCMs. The use of multidecadal RCM simulations facilitates the identification of anomalies that contributed to the flood. The flood was linked to a combination of factors: the 2010/11 winter was cold and snowy, the snowmelt in spring was fast, and there was a record amount of precipitation in April and May. Driven by outputs from the RCMs, HSAMI was able to reproduce the mean hydrograph of the Richelieu River, but it underestimated the peak of the 2011 flood. HSAMI adequately computes the water transport from the mountains to the river mouth and the storage effect of Lake Champlain, which dampens the flood over a long period. Overall, the results suggest that RCM simulations can be useful for reconstructing high-resolution climate information and providing new variables that can help better understand the causes of extreme climatic events.
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Prest, V. K. "General stratigraphic framework of the Quaternary in Eastern Canada." Cadre stratigraphique et paléoclimatique 31, no. 1-2 (December 9, 2010): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000051ar.
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In eastern Canada, inter-glacial and interstadial deposits have been reported from Nova Scotia and Québec, but in the other provinces only Wisconsinan deposits. In Nova Scotia, pollen from some organic deposits buried beneath one or more tills, indicates a warm, interglacial climate — presumably the Sangamon Interglacial Interval. Other buried organic deposits, in contrast, indicate a cool, boreal forest environment. As radiocarbon analyses have given 'greater than' dates the deposits are considered to be early Wisconsinan. The interval is tentatively correlated with the St. Pierre Interstadial of Québec. The only known mid-Wisconsinan deposit is at Salmon River on St. Mary's Bay, in southwestern Nova Scotia, where the marine shells have been dated at 38,600,4C years. Elsewhere in both coastal and interior Nova Scotia multiple till sections suggest a more or less continuous ice cover through-out the Wisconsinan. In central Nova Scotia, however, red tills have been considered late-Wisconsinan. In Québec, there is a very limited, but nevertheless important, record of the Sangamon Interglacial Interval. Compact clayey rhythmites in the Harricana River Basin, close to James Bay, appear to correlate with the lacustrine member of the Missinaibi Formation farther west in Ontario. In southern Québec, there is another indication of interglacial deposits for the oldest sediments exposed in the Sherbrooke region and in the Upper Chaudière River Valley beneath the lowest of three Wisconsinan tills. These deposits were weathered and cemented prior to deposition of the oldest till. As the gravels contain pebbles of Laurentian Shield gneiss there obviously was a pre-Sangamon glaciation. These two areas contain the most complete stratigraphie record of the Wisconsinan yet established in Québec.
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Seiller, G., F. Anctil, and C. Perrin. "Multimodel evaluation of twenty lumped hydrological models under contrasted climate conditions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 11, 2012): 1171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1171-2012.
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Abstract. This paper investigates the temporal transposability of hydrological models under contrasted climate conditions and evaluates the added value of using an ensemble of model structures for flow simulation. This is achieved by applying the Differential Split Sample Test procedure to twenty lumped conceptual models on a catchment in the Province of Québec (Canada) and another one in the State of Bavaria (Germany). First, a calibration/validation procedure was applied on four historical non-continuous periods with contrasted climate conditions. Then, model efficiency was quantified individually (for each model) and collectively (for the model ensemble). The individual analysis evaluated model performance and robustness. The ensemble investigation, based on the average of simulated discharges, focused on the twenty-member ensemble and all possible model subsets. Results showed that using a single model may provide hazardous results when the model is to be applied in contrasted conditions. Overall, some models turned out as a good compromise in terms of performance and robustness, but generally not as much as the twenty-model ensemble. Model subsets offered yet improved performance over the twenty-model ensemble, but at the expanse of spatial transposability (i.e. need of site-specific analysis).
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Seiller, G., F. Anctil, and C. Perrin. "Multimodel evaluation of twenty lumped hydrological models under contrasted climate conditions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 9, 2011): 10895–933. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-10895-2011.
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Abstract. This paper proposes a methodology to interpret hydrological projections in a climate change context and to quantify model suitability as well as their potential transposability in time. This is achieved by applying the Differential Split Sample Test procedure on twenty lumped conceptual models, for two different catchments, in the Province of Québec (Canada) and in the State of Bavaria (Germany). First, a calibration/validation procedure was applied on four historical non-continuous periods with contrasted climate conditions. Then, model efficiency was quantified individually (for each model) and collectively (for the model ensemble). The individual analysis evaluated model performance and robustness. The ensemble investigation, based on the average of simulated discharges, focused on the twenty-member ensemble and all possible model subsets. Results showed that using a single model without performing a Differential Split Sample Test may provide hazardous results in terms of climate transposability. Overall, some models turned out as a good compromise in terms of performance and robustness, but never as much as the twenty-model ensemble. Model subsets offered yet improved performance and structural diversity, but at the expanse of spatial transposability.
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Aissia, M. A. Ben, F. Chebana, T. B. M. J. Ouarda, L. Roy, G. Desrochers, I. Chartier, and É. Robichaud. "Multivariate analysis of flood characteristics in a climate change context of the watershed of the Baskatong reservoir, Province of Québec, Canada." Hydrological Processes 26, no. 1 (May 19, 2011): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8117.
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Wotherspoon, Amy, Robert L. Bradley, Daniel Houle, Stéphane Tremblay, Martin Barrette, and Krista Reicis. "Mechanisms by Which Pre-Commercial Thinning Increases Black Spruce Growth in Different Climates and Soil Types." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050599.
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In the province of Québec (Canada), pre-commercial thinning (PCT) is a common silvicultural practice applied to young black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands. PCT removes some of the competing vegetation and smaller black spruce stems, in order to improve growth rates and reduce forest rotation intervals. It is uncertain whether this positive response in black spruce growth is primarily due to lower competition for resources or to other mechanisms, which may vary according to climate or edaphic conditions. We sampled soils and black spruce needles in PCT-treated and non-treated control plots occurring in two climate regimes, as well as on two contrasting soil parent materials within one of these two climate regimes (i.e., three “site types”). We performed our sampling approximately 20 years after treatment. Paired treatment plots (i.e., PCT vs. control) were replicated at four independent sites in each of the three site types, for a total of 24 plots. Over two consecutive years, we measured stand structural characteristics, indices of soil N fertility, soil microbial activity, indices of soil moisture availability, canopy openness, and foliar characteristics in each plot. In each site type, PCT decreased total basal area but increased radial growth of individual trees. Across all plots, soil N mineralization rates measured in 2016 were positively related to foliar N concentrations of one-year-old needles collected in 2017. Annual precipitation, drainage class, potential evapotranspiration, and climate moisture index all indicated that plots occurring in the drier climate and on glacial till deposits were more prone to summer moisture deficits. Accordingly, PCT increased forest floor moisture only in this site type, which may benefit tree growth. In the wetter climate and on poorly drained soils, however, we found evidence that PCT reduces soil N fertility, presumably by increasing the spread of ericaceous shrubs in the understory. In the dry fertile site type, the range in canopy openness was substantially higher (12–37%) and correlated negatively with tree diameter, suggesting that greater light availability did not improve tree growth. Taken collectively, our data suggest that PCT increases black spruce growth across a broad range of site conditions found in Québec, presumably by lowering intraspecific competition for resources. However, on drier sites, PCT may also benefit trees by increasing soil moisture availability, whereas wetter climates may mitigate the beneficial effect of PCT due to a loss of soil N fertility.
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Bajamgnigni Gbambie, Abdas Salam, Annie Poulin, Marie-Amélie Boucher, and Richard Arsenault. "Added Value of Alternative Information in Interpolated Precipitation Datasets for Hydrology." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0032.1.
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Abstract Gridded climate datasets are produced in many parts of the world by applying various interpolation methods to weather observations, to which are sometimes added secondary information (in addition to geographic location) such as topography and radar or atmospheric model outputs. For a region of interest, the choice of a dataset for a given study can be a significant challenge given the lack of information on the similarities and differences that exist between datasets, or about the benefits that one dataset may present relative to another. This study aims to provide information on the spatial and temporal differences between gridded precipitation datasets and their implication for hydrological modeling. Three gridded datasets for the province of Quebec are considered: the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) dataset, the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) dataset, and the dataset from the Ministère du Développement Durable, de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques du Québec (MDDELCC). Using statistical metrics and diagrams, these precipitation datasets are compared with each other. Hydrological responses of 181 Quebec watersheds with respect to each gridded precipitation dataset are also analyzed using the hydrological model HSAMI. The results indicate strong similarities in the southern parts and disparities in the central and northern parts of the province of Quebec. Analysis of hydrological simulations indicates that the CaPA dataset offers the best results, particularly for watersheds located in the central and northern parts of the province. MDDELCC shows the best performance in watersheds located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River and comes out as the overall second-best option.
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Papy, Jacques. "L’encadrement de l’échange de droits d’émission dans le marché réglementé du carbone au Québec sera-t-il efficace ? Enjeux, constats et prédictions." Revue générale de droit 44, no. 1 (September 3, 2014): 7–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1026398ar.
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Le 1er janvier 2012, le Québec a lancé, dans le cadre de la Western Climate Initiative, un système de plafonnement et d’échange de droits d’émission de gaz à effet de serre (SPEDE), l’un des premiers systèmes du genre en Amérique du Nord. Le SPEDE est la clé de voûte de la politique de la province en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques. Il appartient cependant à une catégorie d’instruments économiques de protection de l’environnement encore peu connue de la communauté juridique québécoise. Son étude paraît donc d’une grande actualité. L’article a pour objectif de proposer une première analyse des règles qui encadrent le SPEDE, à la lumière des enseignements de l’analyse économique du droit. L’analyse permet de dresser une nomenclature cohérente et intelligible des règles du SPEDE structurée autour de leur utilité dans l’échange de droits d’émission. Elle fait ainsi ressortir les stratégies de diversification de l’échange, d’institutionnalisation de ses modalités, ainsi que les enjeux de la surveillance du marché du carbone dans un contexte de fragmentation des autorités de tutelle.
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Villeneuve, Normand, and Jacques Brisson. "Old-growth forests in the temperate deciduous zone of Quebec: Identification and evaluation for conservation and research purposes." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79559-3.
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The Quebec Department of Natural Resources (Ministère des ressources naturelles du Québec) is working to identify and protect old-growth forests in the deciduous forest zone of the province. A total of 88 sites was visited and a multivariate analysis of the main attributes of old growth allowed the development of quantitative definitions and criteria for identifying old-growth sugar maple (Acer saccharum), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), eastern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis), and red spruce (Picea rubens) stands. Life expectancy of various species according to environment was determined through a statistical analysis of 21 500 study trees taken from the province's forest inventory. Four different identification criteria for old-growth forests were developed that include a number of indicators for old growth. Along with advanced age of forest cover, the criteria that best reflected the nature of old-growth forests were the presence of large dead trees, low cutting intensity, and the importance of shade-tolerant species. Old-growth forests identified during this validation work occupy roughly 60 km2 in Quebec's deciduous forest zone. Among other things, old-growth sugar maple stands of over 400 years old were discovered, containing stems with a diameter at breast height of 140 cm and a height of over 38 m. The very great potential of many of these exceptional forests for scientific research and biodiversity conservation is illustrated by the work carried out in the Boisé des Muir. Despite its small size, this sugar maple stand, which is over 300 years old, has advanced knowledge in fields as varied as forest dynamics, biodiversity, and climate studies, and has also served as a control site for various scientific studies. Key words: old-growth forests, definitions, criteria, indicators, inventory, Quebec, conservation, scientific value
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Bolinder, M. A., J. G. Fortin, F. Anctil, O. Andrén, T. Kätterer, R. de Jong, and L. E. Parent. "Spatial and temporal variability of soil biological activity in the Province of Québec, Canada (45–58 °N, 1960–2009)—calculations based on climate records." Climatic Change 117, no. 4 (October 19, 2012): 739–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0602-6.
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Beaulieu, Jean, and André Rainville. "Adaptation to climate change: Genetic variation is both a short- and a long-term solution." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81704-5.
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We propose a methodology combining a biophysical site index model and a seed source transfer model based on both temperature and precipitation to estimate white spruce plantation yield under present and future global warming conditions. The biophysical site index model predicts dominant height at 25 years, which is further used to estimate plantation yield using yield tables. The transfer model shows that, on average, seed sources are best adapted to the temperature conditions where they presently grow, and give maximum yield under these conditions. However, this model also shows that transfer of seed sources to drier sites could improve plantation yield. To predict site index values under climate change conditions, values obtained from the biophysical site index model are corrected by a factor estimated using the seed source transfer model. Our simulation results predict that global warming should favour a slight increase in white spruce plantation yield in southern Québec. However, one cannot expect to obtain similar yields from a seed source rapidly exposed to warmer conditions compared with a seed source that is presently growing under climatic conditions to which it has become adapted. It would take several generations (adaptation lag) for a seed source to adapt to warmer conditions. We believe that the method we propose will be helpful in identifying the most productive seed source to be used at any given location in the province, and in revising seed source transfer rules. Key words: climate change, white spruce, provenance test, transfer model, site index, adaptation, plantation, GIS
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Bouchard, Mathieu, Jacques Régnière, and Pierre Therrien. "Bottom-up factors contribute to large-scale synchrony in spruce budworm populations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 3 (March 2018): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0051.
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Understanding the mechanisms that cause large-scale synchrony in insect population dynamics might yield key insights for predicting potential outbreak occurrence. Here, we evaluated which environmental factors best explain synchronous population fluctuations in the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) (SBW), a major defoliator of coniferous forests in North America. SBW population levels were assessed with pheromone traps during the 1986–2014 period across a 625 000 km2 territory located in the province of Québec (Canada). The populations were characterized by abundance fluctuations that were often synchronized across the whole study area. Interannual population fluctuations were correlated with host tree cone production (a source of food) and high May temperatures, suggesting that synchrony was influenced by food availability and phenological mismatch during shoot development. Cone production was itself correlated with low precipitation during the previous summer. This study indicates that bottom-up trophic factors can drive spatiotemporal synchrony in insect populations and contribute to explain important and sustained population increases during some years. We also suggest that several biological processes, all influenced by weather, are likely to interact to explain population synchrony during the different phases of the approximately 35 year SBW outbreak cycle, complicating the prediction of climate change effects on this insect.
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Vionnet, Vincent, Colleen Mortimer, Mike Brady, Louise Arnal, and Ross Brown. "Canadian historical Snow Water Equivalent dataset (CanSWE, 1928–2020)." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 9 (September 24, 2021): 4603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4603-2021.
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Abstract. In situ measurements of water equivalent of snow cover (SWE) – the vertical depth of water that would be obtained if all the snow cover melted completely – are used in many applications including water management, flood forecasting, climate monitoring, and evaluation of hydrological and land surface models. The Canadian historical SWE dataset (CanSWE) combines manual and automated pan-Canadian SWE observations collected by national, provincial and territorial agencies as well as hydropower companies. Snow depth (SD) and bulk snow density (defined as the ratio of SWE to SD) are also included when available. This new dataset supersedes the previous Canadian Historical Snow Survey (CHSSD) dataset published by Brown et al. (2019), and this paper describes the efforts made to correct metadata, remove duplicate observations and quality control records. The CanSWE dataset was compiled from 15 different sources and includes SWE information for all provinces and territories that measure SWE. Data were updated to July 2020, and new historical data from the Government of Northwest Territories, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Saskatchewan Water Security Agency, and Hydro-Québec were included. CanSWE includes over 1 million SWE measurements from 2607 different locations across Canada over the period 1928–2020. It is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4734371 (Vionnet et al., 2021).
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Hillaire-Marcel, Claude, and Anne de Vernal. "lsotopic and Palynological Records of the Late Pleistocene in Eastern Canada and Adjacent Ocean Basins." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 43, no. 3 (December 18, 2007): 263–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032783ar.
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ABSTRACT Correlations of isotopic and palynological records from deep sea cores in Baffin Bay and Labrador Sea with terrestrial palynological sequences, supported by a few Th/U chronological controls, allow the establishment of a regional climatostratigraphic scheme for the Late Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in eastern Canada. During the climatic optimum of isotopic substage 5e, warmer conditions than present prevailed both on land and in oceanic surface water masses. The 5e/5d transition is marked by an abrupt shift in 818O values in Baffin Bay and Labrador Sea as a consequence of ice growth over circumpolar areas of northeastern Canada. From substage 5d to substage 5a, the Baffin Bay border lands experienced glacial conditions while subarctic to cool-temperate and humid climates persisted over Labrador Sea and Atlantic Canada. A short (<104yrs) stage 4 is recorded in deep sea cores with high 8'8O values. It corresponds to the Early Wisconsinan southward extension of the Laurentide Ice Sheet dated at ca. 80,000 yrs in the central St. Lawrence Lowland. There is no clear evidence of full glacial conditions in the Atlantic Provinces during this episode. Stage 3 (Middle Wisconsinan) corresponds in the isotopic records to large oscillations in 818O values suggesting meltwater transits in both Baffin Bay and Labrador Sea. The ice cover remained relatively extensive over eastern Canada, although some areas experienced ice-marginal conditions : in the Atlantic Provinces, notably on Cape Breton Island, hemiarctic to subarctic climate is inferred from palynological records; in the Appalachian foothills of Québec glacial Lake Gayhurst developed some 46,000 yrs ago. During isotopic stage 2 (Late Wisconsinan), the Laurentide Ice Sheet reached its maximum extent while satellitic ice-caps developed over the Atlantic Provinces. In deep sea cores, high 818O values mark the full glacial conditions of isotopic stage 2, although slightly lower values in western Labrador Sea indicate discrete but continuous meltwater influxes. An early melting phase of the northeastern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is recorded shortly after 16,700BP. The full ice-retreat is observed after ca. 11,000BP. At that time, southeastern Canada was already largely ice-free. Finally, the optimum climatic conditions of isotopic stage 1 settled diachronously in the adjacent basins of eastern Canada.
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Mingasson, Christian. "Observations sur l’influence hydrologique de la neige dans l’Est du Canada." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 2, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020063ar.
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This article deals with a group of 27 rivers all situated East of the 85 th meridian and South of Hudson Bay. In the first place, the author bas calculated the ratios of snow run-off during the springtime discharge. In the Maritime Provinces, the ratio obtained is only 20% of the total discharge (with a minimum of 17%) because of the rainy marine characteristics of the climate. In the Laurentian region, the ratio is close to 30% (maximum 35%) because of abundant snow precipitations and quite low summer discharge. One must note the retentional influence of lakes which display the flooding period jar beyond springtime and lower the spring ratio down to 23%. For instance, in Northern Ontario, due to losses in the marshy zones, the author bas found a ratio of only 19%. A second problem raised in this paper is the dating of the beginning of floods caused by the melting of snow. In the Southern parts of the Maritime provinces and of Ontario, the waters are high on April 5 th. In the Southern and Central parts of Québec, the flooding period begins between the 6 th and the 20 th of April. In the regions situated North of the St. Lawrence and South of James Bay, the flooding period usually begins after the 25 th of April. So the flooding period caused by the melting of snow happens later in the Northern regions. Finally, the author considers the monthly ratios of discharge during the month that knows the highest waters. Those ratios are between 2 and 3 (maximum 4.64) but they can lower down to 1.50 due to retention operated by the lakes. The month of maximum flooding extends from March, in the Southern parts of the zone covered by this study, to June, in the Northern parts. As a general rule, the figures found in this article are lower than those recorded for the rivers of the U.S.S.R.
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Saguez, Julien, Mathieu Neau, Christine Rieux, Maryse Vallières-Murray, Priscila Petrauskas, Stéphanie Mathieu, Brigitte Duval, Yves Auger, and Isabelle Fréchette. "First Evidence of Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Overwintering in the Province of Québec (Canada)." Journal of Economic Entomology, November 19, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa262.
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Abstract The western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Smith), is considered a major corn pest in North America. In 2009, it started invading the province of Québec (northeastern Canada). To our knowledge, there has been no evidence that this pest could overwinter in this province. In the falls of 2017 and 2018, storage totes containing mature western bean cutworm larvae were placed in the soil in three agricultural regions, in Québec, where western bean cutworm invasions are frequent and crop damage is often significant. The goal was to evaluate if western bean cutworm could resist the province’s winter conditions. The storage totes were removed from the soil at different dates to estimate winter survival. Emergence cages were installed over the totes in the spring of the following year to determine whether western bean cutworm could complete its life cycle. In the spring of 2019, car shelters were also installed at two different sites to evaluate natural moth emergences in fields in which numerous mature western bean cutworm larvae and damage were reported in 2018. Western bean cutworm moth emergences occurred in both cases. These experiments constitute the first documented evidence that western bean cutworm can overwinter and complete its life cycle in Québec’s cold climate. It also represents the northernmost overwintering survival for this species ever documented in North America. The western bean cutworm’s ability to overwinter in Québec will have important implications for corn producers. Pest monitoring and management programs in the province of Québec will need to be adapted accordingly.
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Dupuis-Déri, Francis. "Youth Strike for Climate: Resistance of School Administrations, Conflicts Among Students, and Legitimacy of Autonomous Civil Disobedience—The Case of Québec." Frontiers in Political Science 3 (April 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.634538.
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This text presents the results of the first research conducted on “green” actions and strikes for climate in high schools across Québec, a Canadian province that witnessed in 2019 the larger street protests of the international youth movement. Based on 20 semistructured interviews with students from 12 high schools, letters from school principals addressed to parents, and research in the media, this text reaffirms that schools are a place of political conflicts and struggles not only between students and adults but also between students in opposite currents of the movement. It is also a reminder of the involvement of young people in autonomous direct action groups (Extinction Rebellion). The discussion then focuses on potential implications of the movement for future elections, the legitimacy of these collective actions in relation to the philosophical debate about civil disobedience (John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, Manuel Cerveza-Marzal, and Alan Carter), and the hope for a renewal of the student movement in Québec in the face of a disaster of unprecedented scale.
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Ouellet, Veronique, Patrick Grenier, Debora E. Santschi, Victor Cabrera, Liliana Fadul-Pacheco, and Edith Charbonneau. "Projected economic losses from milk performance detriments under heat stress in Québec dairy herds." Canadian Journal of Animal Science, August 21, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2020-0069.
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The objective of this study was to estimate economic losses associated with milk performance detriments under different climate scenarios. A dataset containing milk records of Holstein and daily temperature-humidity indexes compiled over 6 years in two contrasting climatic dairy regions of Quebec Province [Eastern and Southwestern Quebec] was used to develop equations for modeling milk performance. Milk performance, including milk, fat, protein, and lactose yields of dairy herds (kg j-1), were then projected considering six plausible climate scenarios during a climatic reference period [REF: 1971 to 2000] and two future periods [FUT1: 2020 to 2049; FUT2: 2050 to 2079]. Economic losses were assessed by comparing future to reference milk prices based on components. Results indicated that fat and protein yields could decline in the future, thus resulting in economic losses ranging from 5.34 to 7.07 can$ hL-1 in Eastern Quebec, and from 5.03 to 6.99 can$ hL-1 in Southwestern Quebec, depending on the amplitude of future temperature and humidity changes and on whether it is milk quota or cow number which is adjusted to avoid under-quota production. The projected increase in occurrence and duration of heat stress episodes under climate change could result in substantial financial harm for producers, thereby reinforcing the necessity of implementing heat-abatement strategies on dairy farms.
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Reed, Graeme, Jen Gobby, Rebecca Sinclair, Rachel Ivey, and H. Damon Matthews. "Indigenizing Climate Policy in Canada: A Critical Examination of the Pan-Canadian Framework and the ZéN RoadMap." Frontiers in Sustainable Cities 3 (August 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.644675.
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Climate policies and plans can lead to disproportionate impacts and benefits across different kinds of communities, serving to reinforce, and even exacerbate existing structural inequities and injustices. This is the case in Canada where, we argue, climate policy and planning is reproducing settler-colonial relations, violating Indigenous rights, and systematically excluding Indigenous Peoples from policy making. We conducted a critical policy analysis on two climate plans in Canada: the Pan Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change (Pan-Canadian Framework), a federal government-led, top-down plan for reducing emissions; and the Québec ZéN (zero émissions nette, or net-zero emissions) Roadmap, a province-wide, bottom-up energy transition plan developed by civil society and environmental groups in Quebec. Our analysis found that, despite aspirational references to Indigenous Peoples and their inclusion, both the Pan-Canadian Framework and the ZéN Roadmap failed to uphold the right to self-determination and to free, prior, and informed consent, conflicting with commitments to reconciliation and a “Nation-to-Nation” relationship. Recognizing these limitations, we identify six components for an Indigenous-led climate policy agenda. These not including clear calls to action that climate policy must: prioritize the land and emphasize the need to rebalance our relationships with Mother Earth; position Indigenous Nations as Nations with the inherent right to self-determination; prioritize Indigenous knowledge systems; and advance climate-solutions that are interconnected, interdependent, and multi-dimensional. While this supports the emerging literature on Indigenous-led climate solutions, we stress that these calls offer a starting point, but additional work led by Indigenous Peoples and Nations is required to breathe life into a true Indigenous-led climate policy.