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Journal articles on the topic 'Quench water'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Xu, Dao Kui, Paul A. Rometsch, Hua Chen, and Barry C. Muddle. "Influence of Solution Treatment on Microstructure and Quench Cracking in a Water-Quenched Aluminium Alloy 7150." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.934.

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In this work, the influence of multi-step solution (MSS) treatments on the constituent particle dissolution, overheating and associated quench cracking behaviour in room temperature water-quenched 7150 Al alloy has been investigated. For comparison, the microstructure and quench cracking behaviour of single step solution treated samples water-quenched from 505°C were also investigated. Based on optical microscopy of differently quenched samples, the quench cracking mode and the influence of overheating of constituents on the quench cracking behaviour have been demonstrated. The results reveal that the constituent particles can be effectively dissolved in the MSS-505°C samples. When the quench temperature of MSS-505°C samples is equal to or higher than 485°C , macro quench cracks can be clearly observed. Moreover, the density and length of the quench cracks increase with increasing quench temperature. Etched microstructures indicate that the quench crack propagation mode is intergranular. However, for samples directly heated to 505°C , typical overheating can be observed at the triple junctions and these regions preferentially act as crack propagation routes.

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2

Babu, K. "Effect of Part Size on Surface Heat Flux during Immersion Quenching." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.353.

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In this paper, the effect of quench probe diameter on the heat transfer rate during immersion quenching of stainless steel (SS) probes in still water has bee studied. Quench probes of different diameters with an aspect ratio of 2.5 were prepared from SS. These probes were heated to 850 °C and then quenched in water. Time-temperature data were recorded during quenching. The surface heat flux and temperature were estimated based on the inverse heat conduction (IHC) method. The results of the computation showed that the different cooling regimes during quenching in water were significantly affected by the diameter of the quench probes. The peak heat flux was higher for the probe having larger diameter followed by the next larger diameter probes.

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3

Gavrilenko, Maxim, Michael Krawczynski, Philipp Ruprecht, Wenlu Li, and Jeffrey G. Catalano. "The quench control of water estimates in convergent margin magmas." American Mineralogist 104, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 936–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6735.

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AbstractHere we present a study on the quenchability of hydrous mafic melts. We show via hydrothermal experiments that the ability to quench a mafic hydrous melt to a homogeneous glass at cooling rates relevant to natural samples has a limit of no more than 9 ± 1 wt% of dissolved H2O in the melt. We performed supra-liquidus experiments on a mafic starting composition at 1–1.5 GPa spanning H2O-undersaturated to H2O-saturated conditions (from ~1 to ~21 wt%). After dissolving H2O and equilibrating, the hydrous mafic melt experiments were quenched. Quenching rates of 20 to 90 K/s at the glass transition temperature were achieved, and some experiments were allowed to decompress from thermal contraction while others were held at an isobaric condition during quench. We found that quenching of a hydrous melt to a homogeneous glass at quench rates comparable to natural conditions is possible at water contents up to 6 wt%. Melts containing 6–9 wt% of H2O are partially quenched to a glass, and always contain significant fractions of quench crystals and glass alteration/devitrification products. Experiments with water contents greater than 9 wt% have no optically clear glass after quench and result in fine-grained mixtures of alteration/devitrification products (minerals and amorphous materials). Our limit of 9 ± 1 wt% agrees well with the maximum of dissolved H2O contents found in natural glassy melt inclusions (8.5 wt% H2O). Other techniques for estimating pre-eruptive dissolved H2O content using petrologic and geochemical modeling have been used to argue that some arc magmas are as hydrous as 16 wt% H2O. Thus, our results raise the question of whether the observed record of glassy melt inclusions has an upper limit that is partially controlled by the quenching process. This potentially leads to underestimating the maximum amount of H2O recycled at arcs when results from glassy melt inclusions are predominantly used to estimate water fluxes from the mantle.

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4

Riza, R. I., Wahyuaji Narottama Putra, and S. Harjanto. "Cooling Rate Observation in Quenching Process Using Carbon Nanofluids for S45C Carbon Steel." Key Engineering Materials 833 (March 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.833.13.

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Quenching process is the most important step in steel heat treatment as this process will determine the properties of the steel such as strength and hardness. Different cooling rate and thermal conductivity provided by the quench medium affect strongly to the mentioned steel properties. Recently, studies for nanoparticle added in the quench medium are developing rapidly. This nanoparticle added fluid is known as nanofluid and could affect the thermal property of the quench medium which ultimately changes the properties of the steel. The nanoparticle composition in nanofluid will affect its thermal property. In this research, carbon was used as the nanoparticle. The composition variations were 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 weight percent in 100 ml distilled water. Pure distilled water was also used as a comparison control. Planetary ball-mill were utilized for 15 hours at 500 rpm to produce nanosized carbon particle. Field-Emission Scanning Microscope (FE-SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) were used to check the particle size, shape and purity of the carbon nanoparticles. These nanofluids were then used to quench S45C carbon steels samples annealed at 1000°C for 1 hour. Samples were attached with a thermocouple which connected to temperature data logger to observe the cooling rate of the quench medium. The quenched samples were be tested to get the information of hardness and metallography analysis for supporting data.

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5

Martinovic, S., J. Majstorovic, V. Vidojkovic, and T. Volkov-Husovic. "Influence of the damage level during quenching on thermal shock behavior of low cement castable." Science of Sintering 42, no. 2 (2010): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos100518001m.

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In the recent decades, the use of unshaped monolithic refractories has been increasing greatly because of their significant advantages over other shaped refractory bricks of the same class. A low cement high alumina castable was synthetised and sintered at 1300?C in order to investigate thermal and mechanical properties, as well as thermal shock behavior. The water quench test was applied as an experimental method for thermal stability testing. Modification of the water quench test was performed by additional monitoring of the samples behavior during the water quench test such as implementation of image analysis and ultrasonic measurements. The image analysis program was applied on samples in order to measure the level of surface damage before and during the water quench test. Ultrasonic measurements were performed with the aim to measure the Young modulus of elasticity during the testing. Strength deterioration of the samples was calculated by the model based on ultrasonic velocity changes during the water quench test. The influence of monitoring the damage level before and during the quench experiment and its influence on thermal shock behavior will be discussed.

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6

Arai, Shoshana R., Alice Butzlaff, Nancy A. Stotts, and Kathleen A. Puntillo. "Quench the Thirst." Biological Research For Nursing 16, no. 4 (October 16, 2013): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800413505900.

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Thirst, as a symptom, has long been considered the most prevalent clinical complaint patients voice in healthcare settings. Yet, rarely have researchers examined thirst by its correlation with physiologic factors. This review was undertaken to examine the relationships between thirst ratings and factors mediating its primary physiologic correlates: plasma osmolality (pOsm) and arginine vasopressin peptide (AVP). A literature search was undertaken to identify clinical studies in human subjects that investigated the relationship of thirst to specific physiologic thirst-related correlates and associated thirst mediators. Thirst was induced in 17 selected clinical studies by hyperosmolar infusion, through water deprivation or exercise weight-loss regimens. Positive linear relationships between the subjects' thirst ratings and rising serum pOsm levels confirmed the presence of intact osmotic thirst drives. However, there were significant variations in normal compensatory rises in AVP levels that followed the rises in plasma osmolality after the subjects were exposed to cold, physical pre-conditioning and water immersion tests. Notably, older adults in the studies reported diminished thirst ratings. Weak correlations suggest that angiotensin II may play only a minor role in thirst mediation. Atrial natriuretic hormone's inhibitory effect on thirst was inconsistent. Findings indicated that older adults are at higher risk for profound dehydration due to sensory deficits along with failure to correct volume losses. The thirst trials results support the close correlation between serum pOsm values and patients' thirst ratings, with the exception of the older adult.

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7

Cheng, S. C., and K. T. Poon. "Correlation of true quench temperature for water." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 12, no. 5 (September 1985): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(85)90086-7.

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8

Vignesh Nayak, U., and K. Narayan Prabhu. "Heat Transfer during Immersion Quenching in MWCNT Nanofluids." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.172.

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Quench heat treatment consists of rapid cooling of steel alloys after austenetization by subjecting them to cooling in a suitable cooling medium. At the heart of quench treatment is the transient heat transfer that occurs between the metal surface and the quenchant at their interface. This governs the quality of the component as it influences phase transformation, residual quench stresses and mechanical properties developed. In the present research work, spatially dependent transient heat flux in the axial direction was estimated using cooling curve analyses coupled with inverse heat conduction technique. A standard Inconel 600 probe instrumented with multiple thermocouples and heated to 865°C was quenched in distilled water (DW) and DW based multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) quench media. For evaluating the cooling performance, nanoquenchants with concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0g/lt. were prepared. The cooling rate curve calculated from the measured temperature at the geometric center of the probe and the estimation of spatially dependent heat fluxes showed that the heat extraction during quenching with MWCNT nanoquenchant (0.1g/lt.) was higher than the other quenchants. The measured values of thermal conductivity and viscosities of quenchants did not show any significant variation.

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9

Rontó, Viktória, E. Nagy, Mária Svéda, Kinga Tomolya, F. Varga, and B. Molnár. "Developing Mechanical Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Cu Alloys by Jominy End-Quench Test." Materials Science Forum 537-538 (February 2007): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.537-538.55.

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Copper alloys have many properties, which make them suitable in wide-ranging applications in all the engineering industries. For the investigated alloys the most important properties are hardness, strength and electrical conductivity. Precipitation hardenable alloys were studied by Jominy end-quench test, in order to examine the change of hardness, electrical conductivity and microstructure as a length of the test bar (i.e. cooling rate). In the first step samples were solution treated at different temperatures, then water quenched followed by aging. Cold-work after quench was applied in some alloys and improve in the properties was clearly seen. The following Cu-alloys were investigated: Cu-Co-Ni-Be, Cu-2Be-Ni and Cu-2Ni-Be.

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10

Lu, Xin Yu, Zhi Hui Li, Guo Jun Wang, Yon Gan Zhang, and Bai Qing Xiong. "Investigation on Quench Sensitivity of a Heat-Resistant Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.346.

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The quench sensitivity of 2D70 aluminum alloy was investigated by end-quenching. The effect of water temperature on quench sensitivity was studied by measuring the hardness and conductivity. The end-quenching characteristics of hardness and conductivity of 2D70 aluminum alloy under different water temperatures has been described. The end-quenching characteristics of 2D70 and 2124 alloy under the same condition have been compared and analyzed. The results show that the susceptibility of 2D70 alloy to quenching is slow and the differential effects of the water temperatures of 16°C and 30°C on end-quenching of this alloy are not obvious. The quench depth of the alloy is more than 150mm.

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11

HONDA, Sawao, Shuhei HAYAKAWA, Tadahiro NISHIKAWA, and Hideo AWAJI. "Water-Quench Thermal Shock Testing for Ceramic Disks." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 108, no. 1254 (2000): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.108.1254_166.

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12

Kresnodrianto, S. Harjanto, W. N. Putra, G. Ramahdita, S. S. Yahya, and E. P. Mahiswara. "Characterization of water based nanofluid for quench medium." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 348 (April 2018): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/348/1/012009.

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13

Ferguson, B. Lynn, Zhichao Li, and Andrew M. Freborg. "Characterizing Water Quenching Systems with a Quench Probe." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23, no. 12 (October 25, 2014): 4197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1276-1.

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14

Dimitrijevic, M., M. Posarac, R. Jancic-Heinemman, J. Majstorovic, T. Volkov-Husovic, and B. Matovic. "Thermal shock resistance of ceramic fibre composites characterized by non-destructive methods." Processing and Application of Ceramics 2, no. 2 (2008): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac0802115d.

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Alumina based ceramic fibres and alumina based ceramic were used to produce composite material. Behaviour of composite ceramics after thermal shock treatments was investigated. Thermal shock of the samples was evaluated using water quench test. Surface deterioration level of samples was monitored by image analysis before and after a number of quenching cycles. Ultrasonic measurements were done on samples after quench tests. Dynamic Young modulus of elasticity and strength degradation were calculated using measured values of ultrasonic velocities. Strengths deterioration was calculated using the non-destructive measurements and correlated to degradation of surface area and number of quenches. The addition of small amount of ceramic fibres improves the strengths and diminishes the loss of mechanical properties of samples during thermal shock experiments.

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15

ArslanHafeez, Muhammad, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Adnan Arshad, and Malik AdeelUmer. "Nanoindentation-Based Micro-Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Quench-Hardened, Tempered Low-Carbon Steel." Crystals 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060508.

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The nanoindentation technique is widely used to measure the micro-scale mechanical properties of various materials. Herein, the nanoindentation-based micro-mechanical and electrochemical properties of low-carbon steel were investigated after quench hardening and tempering processes. The steel was produced on a laboratory scale and subjected to quench hardening separately in two different media-water and brine (10 wt% NaCl)-and subsequent moderate temperature tempering. Microstructure analysis revealed that the lath martensite phase formed after all heat treatments, having different carbon percentages ranging from 0.26% to 0.58%. A ferrite phase was also observed in the microstructure in three different morphologies, i.e., allotriomorphic ferrite, idiomorphic ferrite, and Widmanstätten ferrite. Nanoindentation analysis showed that the brine quench hardening process provided a maximum twofold improvement in indentation hardness and a 51% improvement in stiffness with a 30% reduction in reduced elastic modulus compared with as-received steel. Electrochemical performance was also evaluated in a 1% HNO3 solution. The water quench-hardened and tempered sample exhibited the highest corrosion resistance, whereas the brine quench-hardened sample exhibited the lowest corrosion resistance among all heat-treated samples.

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16

Li, Xi Wu, Bai Qing Xiong, Yon Gan Zhang, Zhi Hui Li, Feng Wang, and Hong Wei Liu. "Investigation of Microstructure and Properties of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.885.

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In this study, the microstructure and properties of an Al-7.5Zn-1.7Mg-1.4Cu-0.12Zr alloy in T74 condition have been investigated using TEM, tensile properties testing, conductivity measurement, fracture toughness testing, fatigue testing, corrosion testing and soaking quench method etc. The results indicate that When T74 tempers are performed, the alloy can obtain a good comprehensive performance with GPII zones, η' phases and η phases as the major precipitates in the matrix and coarser and discontinuous precipitates on the grain boundaries. The alloy also exhibits a good combination of tensile strength, fracture toughness, fatigue and corrosion properties. And the alloy has a good quench performance, after soaking quenched in water, the strength of the forging with 210mm thickness is stable and varies less than 10% along the depth direction.

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17

Morgeneyer, T. F., Marco J. Starink, and I. Sinclair. "Experimental Analysis of Toughness in 6156 Al-Alloy Sheet for Aerospace Applications." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1023.

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Analysis of toughness in 6156 Al-Mg-Si-Cu sheet has been performed using enhanced Kahn tear tests on samples quenched at different rates, whilst microstructures of the samples have been assessed using differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Crack initiation energies were unaffected by changing water quench temperature from 20°C to 60°C, however a significant reduction was evident on air cooling. Crack propagation resistance was reduced for both 60°C water quenched and air cooled materials. The failure morphology of the air cooled material appears consistent with classical intergranular ductile failure. Coarse voiding and shear decohesion was prevalent in the 20°C water quenched material, whilst the 60°C water quenched material showed a mixture of transgranular and intergranular fracture modes. Changes in microstructure and precipitation behaviour resulting from reduced quenching rate were identified and related to the observed fracture behaviour, particularly in terms of precipitate free zone formation and the simultaneous presence of coarse particles at grain boundaries.

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18

Kaliatka, Tadas, Algirdas Kaliatka, Virginijus Vileiniškis, and Eugenijus Ušpuras. "Modelling of QUENCH-03 and QUENCH-06 Experiments Using RELAP/SCDAPSIM and ASTEC Codes." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/849480.

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To prevent total meltdown of the uncovered and overheated core, the reflooding with water is a necessary accident management measure. Because these actions lead to the generation of hydrogen, which can cause further problems, the related phenomena are investigated performing experiments and computer simulations. In this paper, for the experiments of loss of coolant accidents, performed in Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, QUENCH-03 and QUENCH-06 are modelled using RELAP5/SCDAPSIM and ASTEC codes. The performed benchmark allowed analysing different modelling features. The recommendations for the model development are presented.

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19

Imamudeen, Bello, and Shiv Singh. "HIGH-SPEED QUECHING OF HIGH CARBONSTEEL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 12 (June 8, 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i12.2019.297.

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Medium and high carbon steels are usually quenched in polymer and oil in order to avoid cracking and distortion; however, recent studies have proved that it is possible to minimize cracking using water as a coolant of these steels by promoting extremely high cooling rates. By great agitation and velocity of quench ant, the vapour blanket is reduced or prevented during water quench, allowing uniform hardening of the surface. In this study, the cooling severity of a spray quenching system and a high-speed quenching chamber are studied. Cylindrical samples of AISI 304 stainless steel (20mm in diameter and 100mm length) were employed to characterize the cooling severity. Thermal data was acquired through K-type thermocouples placed in the sample at three positions, 1mm below surface, mid-radius and at centre of the specimen, connected to a data acquisition system. High thermal gradients were observed in both systems, being the high-speed chamber the severest cooling. The maximum cooling rate obtained at the surface was 470 and 300C/s for the high-speed chamber and the spray system, respectively. In addition, 5160 spring steel samples were quenched for short times in both systems; the cooling was interrupted to avoid through transformation and to produce a case-core type microstructure. Different cooling times were used for the interrupted quenching to modify the marten site case thickness. No cracks.

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20

van der Linde, Christian, Wai Kit Tang, Chi-Kit Siu, and Martin K. Beyer. "Kinetics of the reaction of CO3˙−(H2O)n, n = 0, 1, 2, with nitric acid, a key reaction in tropospheric negative ion chemistry." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 16 (2018): 10838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07773d.

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21

Nandi, Prithwish K., Christian J. Burnham, and Niall J. English. "Electro-nucleation of water nano-droplets in No Man's Land to fault-free ice Ic." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 12 (2018): 8042–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07406a.

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22

Hasan, Hala S., Reham H. Khaleefah, Nasser A. Al haboubi, and Raad D. Salman. "Effect of Agitation, Temperature, and Quenching Medium on Cooling Curve and cooling rate for Steels." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 21, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.21040473.

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The control of quenching process has been investigated in this study by developing a quench system design to simulate the quenching process and measure the time – temperature history inside the sample during the cooling stage. The main purpose of this quench system is to evaluate the quench power of different quenchant at different conditions (type, temperature and agitation).A stainless steel sample was used with a suitable measurement as a probe in designing this quench system.The performance of two of quenchants (water and brine) with different conditions was investigated, and the designed probe was used to illustrate the effect of quenching parameters (quenchant type, temperature and its agitation) on cooling curves and cooling rate.The quenching system has proven its ability to work effectively and the results showed that heat transfer properties were significantly affected by quenchant parameters.

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23

Mcaskill, R. D., D. Bhattacharyya, and R. I. Kermode. "Coal gasification condensate water: Thermodynamic modeling of gas quench effluent." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 63, no. 1 (February 1985): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450630121.

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24

SUZUKI, Akihiko, Toshio SAKUMA, Nagatoshi OKABE, Masahiro ASAYAMA, Takuma MAKINO, Hirosi KAWAMOTO, Hideo TAKAHASHI, and Hideaki KOMAKI. "Water Quench Test for Thermal Shock Resistance of Porous Ceramics." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2003 (2003): 701–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2003.0_701.

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25

Goswami, A., and S. Kumar. "Failure of water quench tower in an ethylene cracking plant." Engineering Failure Analysis 118 (December 2020): 104857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104857.

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26

Ulysse, Patrick. "Thermo-mechanical characterization of forged coated products during water quench." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 209, no. 15-16 (August 2009): 5584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.05.015.

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27

Posarac-Markovic, M., J. Majstorovic, A. Devecerski, B. Matovic, and T. Volkov-Husovic. "Young’s modulus evaluation and thermal shock behavior of a porous SiC/cordierite composite material." Science of Sintering 47, no. 3 (2015): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1503289p.

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Porous SiC/Cordierite Composite Material with graphite content (10%) was synthesized. Evaluation of Young modulus of elasticity and thermal shock behavior of these samples was presented. Thermal shock behavior was monitored using water quench test, and non destructive methods such are UPVT and image analysis were also used for accompaniment the level of destruction of the samples during water quench test. Based on the level of destruction graphical modeling of critical number of cycles was given. This approach was implemented on discussion of the influence of the graphite content on thermal stability behavior of the samples.

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28

Huang, Yifeng, Zhijie Nie, Chengjin Wang, Yi Li, Mindy Xu, and Ron Hofmann. "Quenching H2O2 residuals after UV/H2O2 oxidation using GAC in drinking water treatment." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 10 (2018): 1662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00407b.

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29

Hwang, Joong-Ki. "Effects of Water Jet Height and End Dipping on the Cooling Rate and Hardenability in the Jominy End Quench Test." Processes 9, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040607.

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The effects of water jet height and end dipping on cooling rate and hardenability in the Jominy end quench test were investigated to understand the Jominy test in more detail. Experimental tests were conducted under end dipping cooling condition as well as for specific water jet heights of 35, 65, and 100 mm. The thermal behavior and mechanical properties of the Jominy specimen with region were evaluated using thermocouples and hardness measurements, respectively. The effect of the water jet height on the thermal and hardness behaviors was not large; especially, the influence of water jet height was negligible when the water jet height was over 50 mm. These observations indicate that the uncertainty of the water jet height is not important during the standard Jominy end quench test. Meanwhile, during the standard Jominy test, we cannot neglect the heat flow along the radial direction of the specimen because the temperature difference between the center and surface area was not small; the maximum temperature difference was approximately 50 °C. Based on the comparative study between the standard Jominy cooling and the end dipping cooling processes, the thermal gradient along the radial direction of the specimen can be reduced with the more stable cooling condition on the Jominy end. However, the effect of temperature deviation along the radial direction of the Jominy specimen on the hardness distribution along the longitudinal direction was not large, which shows the high reliability of the Jominy end quench test.

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30

Wang, Q. C., Li Tao Wang, and Wei Peng. "Thermal Stress Relief in 7050 Aluminum Forgings by Uphill Quenching." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.97.

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A novel deep cryogenic treatment is presented to relieve residual stresses in 7050 aluminum alloy parts, in which the parts are submerged in liquid nitrogen and uphill quenched in proprietary QCW-01 quenchant. The optimum parameters of uphill quenching process were concluded in an attempt to combine maximum stress relief with the required levels of mechanical properties. The experimental results show that this novel deep cryogenic treatment can relieve as much as roughly 71% of residual stresses, higher than the traditional treatment uphill quenched in boiling water. An application example is highlighted, in which this uphill quench treatment has resulted in lower levels of residual stresses and machining distortions for an aircraft bulkhead forging.

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31

Kobasko, Nikolai. "IMPROVEMENT OF IQ - 3 PROCESSES TO ELIMINATE CRACK FORMATION, DECREASE DISTORTION, AND MAXIMIZE MATERIAL STRENGTH, AND DUCTILITY." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 29, 2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.000122.

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The paper presents an overview and significant improvement of one of the intensive quenching processes (namely, the IQ-3 process). The IQ-3 process is an interrupted quench method that is usually implemented in high-velocity single-part quenching IQ units. The IQ-3 process is often called a direct convection quenching since, due to a very high water flow rates through the quench chamber, both the film boiling process and the nucleate boiling process are eliminated completely, and convention process starts immediately after beginning of the quench. Different criteria of the IQ-3 process interruption are considered. Normally, the IQ-3 process is interrupted at a time when current surface compressive stresses are at their maximum value. After a conventional IQ-3 process, there is a mixed structure in the part core. The paper focuses on the IQ-3 method that provides a bainitic structure in the part core. A method for calculation of a required water flow rate for high-velocity IQ systems for providing the bainitic part core structure is discussed.

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32

Wang, Xiaoya, Jiantang Jiang, Guoai Li, Wenzhu Shao, and Liang Zhen. "Precipitation during Quenching in 2A97 Aluminum Alloy and the Influences from Grain Structure." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 2802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112802.

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The quench-induced precipitation and subsequent aging response in 2A97 aluminum alloy was investigated based on the systematic microstructure characterization. Specifically, the influence on precipitation from grain structure was examined. The results indicated the evident influence from the cooling rate of the quenching process. Precipitation of T1 and δ′ phase can hardly occur in the specimen exposed to water quenching while become noticeable in the case of air cooling. The yield strength of 2A97-T6 alloy de-graded by 234 MPa along with a comparable elongation when water quenching was replaced by air cooling. Sub-grains exhibited a much higher sensitivity to the precipitation during quenching. The presence of dislocations in sub-grains promoted the quench-induced precipitation by acting as nucleation sites and enhancing the diffusion of the solute. A quenching rate of 3 °C/s is tolerable for recrystallized grains in 2A97 Al alloy but is inadequate for sub-grains to inhibit precipitation. The study fosters the feasibility of alleviating quench-induced precipitation through cultivating the recrystallization structure in highly alloyed Al–Cu–Li alloys.

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33

Kim, Jun Hwan, Myoung Ho Lee, Byoung Kwon Choi, and Yong Hwan Jeong. "Failure behavior of Zircaloy-4 cladding after oxidation and water quench." Journal of Nuclear Materials 362, no. 1 (May 2007): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.10.026.

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34

Kim, Jun Hwan, Myoung Ho Lee, Byoung Kwon Choi, and Yong Hwan Jeong. "Embrittlement behavior of zircaloy-4 cladding during oxidation and water quench." Nuclear Engineering and Design 235, no. 1 (January 2005): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2004.08.030.

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35

Gomez, C. F., C. W. M. van der Geld, J. G. M. Kuerten, M. Bsibsi, and B. P. M. van Esch. "Quench cooling of fast moving steel plates by water jet impingement." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 163 (December 2020): 120545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120545.

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36

Kobasko, Nikolai Mykola. "Intense Quench Process in Slow Agitated Water Salt and Polymer Solutions." European Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.3.76.

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In the paper it is shown that quenching in slow agitated water salt solution of optimal concentration and in low concentration of inverse solubility polymers is intensive quenching creating maximal temperature gradients at the beginning of cooling. The evidence to support such idea were collected by analyzing quenching process in liquid media where any film boiling process was completely absent. In this case, surface temperature at the beginning of cooling drops closely to saturations temperature of a liquid within the interval 1–2 seconds, independently on nature of water solution, and then during transient nucleate boiling process maintains at the level of boiling point of a liquid which is often called self–regulated thermal process. The computer modeling of such cooling processes provided Kondrat’ev numbered Kn which are strongly linear function of time. At the beginning of cooling Kondrat’ev number is almost equal to 1 while average Kondrat’ev number Kn≥0.8. According to US Patent, intensive quenching starts when Kn=0.8. Based on achieved results, it is possible to perform intensive quenching in slow agitated of low concentration water salt and polymer solutions, usually initiated by hydrodynamic emitters. Along with liquid agitation, emitters generate resonance wave effect which destroys film boiling processes making cooling very uniform and intensive. The proposed IQ process works perfectly when martensite starts temperature Ms>Ts. If saturation temperature Ts≥Ms, intensive austempering process via cold liquids can be successfully performed to replace slow cooling of molten salts and alkalis by intensive quenching in liquid media.

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37

Dayan, Franck E. "Octan-1-ol / Water Partition Coefficients of p-benzo-and p-naphthoquinones corrected for pH effect." Journal of Chemical Research 2002, no. 10 (October 2002): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823402103170592.

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38

Wang, Li-Yun, Ling-Yu Dong, Luan Chen, Ya-Bing Fan, Jing Wu, Xiang-Feng Wang, and Meng-Xia Xie. "A novel water-soluble quantum dot–neutral red fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe for the selective detection of megestrol acetate." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 1 (2015): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj01443j.

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39

Cocic, Mira, Branko Matovic, Milica Posarac, Tatjana Volkov-Husovic, Jelena Majstorovic, Visa Tasic, Snezana Devic, and Nenad Vusovic. "Thermal shock properties of glass-ceramics synthesized from a glass frit." Science of Sintering 49, no. 2 (2017): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1702139c.

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In this study, the behavior of glass-ceramics synthesized from a glass frit of FFW (Final Flotation Waste) originated from the RTB Bor Company was investigated. Thermal shock resistance was monitored in order to assess the possibility of application of such waste material. Thermal shock of the samples was conducted using water quench test. Image analysis and ultrasonic measurements were used as nondestructive methods for quantification of thermal shock damage at the surface and in the bulk of the specimens. Phase composition of samples was determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The degradation level of samples was about 43 % after 20 cycles of water quench tests. The results pointed out that glass-ceramic material exhibited good thermal shock resistance.

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40

Anil Kumar, V., R. K. Gupta, J. Paul Murugan, J. Srinath, Sushant K. Manwatkar, and S. V. S. Narayana Murty. "Effect of Cooling Medium on Solution Treatment Response of Titanium Alloy Ti-5Al-5V-2Mo." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.123.

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Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace industry in the areas of pressure vessels, airframe structures, landing gears, aeroengine compressor blades etc. The principal qualities of titanium alloys required for these applications are high specific strength, low density and high specific modulus. Among the families of Ti alloys, high strength titanium alloys come under martensitic α + β and metastable β alloys. Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5V-2Mo (BT-23) is an important example of martensitic α + β alloy similar to the work horse Ti6Al4V alloy which exhibits good combination of strength and ductility in solution treated and aged conditions. But due to quenching from solution treatment temperature, the alloy tends to retain good amount of residual stresses. The severity of residual stress increases with increase in solution treatment temperature as well as severity of quench. An attempt has been made to study the effect of air cooling subsequent to solution treatment to compare the strength of the alloy vis-à-vis that achievable during water quenching. An attempt has also been made to correlate the microstructure evolution, hardness with variation in solution treatment temperature and quench severity in titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2Mo-5V. Samples subjected to air cooling subsequent to solution treatment exhibited higher microhardness when compared to water quenched samples. It is proposed that dynamic aging and/ or stress relieving occurs during air cooling from solution treatment temperature down to room temperature. Also the fine α precipitates formed during air cooling may be resulting in higher hardness compared to the α’’/α’ formed during water quenching. The same has been supported by thermal analysis of air cooling and water quenching processes employed subsequent to solution treatment.

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Soetbeer, Janne, Prateek Dongare, and Leif Hammarström. "Marcus-type driving force correlations reveal the mechanism of proton-coupled electron transfer for phenols and [Ru(bpy)3]3+ in water at low pH." Chemical Science 7, no. 7 (2016): 4607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc00597g.

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42

Lau, Stephanie S., Ryan P. Dias, Kayla R. Martin-Culet, Nicholas A. Race, Marella H. Schammel, Keith P. Reber, A. Lynn Roberts, and John D. Sivey. "1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene (TMB) as a new quencher for preserving redox-labile disinfection byproducts and for quantifying free chlorine and free bromine." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 7 (2018): 926–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00062j.

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43

M, Baskaran, Vijayakumar KCK, and Bharathiraja Moorthy. "Experimental investigations of Jominy End Quench test using CuO nanofluids." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 12, no. 10 (January 6, 2017): 4455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v12i10.5248.

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Nanofluids are the new class of quenching medium with colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, which improves the heat transfer characteristics. The present work has been focused on the quenching effect of mild steel and EN-8 steel with nanoparticles dispersed quenching medium. The different volume concentrations of nanofluids have been prepared by adding CuO nanoparticles with the average diameter of less than 50 nm in distilled water. Three volume concentrations (0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1%) of nanofluids have been prepared. EN8 and mild steel rod have machined as per Jominy end quench standard. The materials are heated up to 900⁰C and the heated specimens are Jominy end quenched by using nanofluid. Heat transfer during the cooling has been recorded by interfacing the LabVIEW software, NI-DAQ kit and thermocouple. Then the hardness values are measured at different points on the work piece to examine the change in hardness of the quenched specimens. The result shows that, 0.05% volume concentration nanofluid exhibits a higher heat transfer rate; consequently the high hardness value has been achieved as compared with other specimens. The same effect has been observed with cooling curve, which was recorded by LabVIEW during the quenching process.

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44

Abd Aziz, Radhiyah, and Rozaidi Zaharudin. "Thermal Conductivity and Stability Studies of Cooking and Waste Cooking Oil as a Based Fluid of TiO2 Nanofluid for Carbon Steel Quenching Process." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 78, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.78.2.2233.

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Selection of quench media is important as it depends on the hardenability of the metal alloys, component’s thickness and geometry. Recently, oil and water are frequently used as a quench media in heat treatment industries. Improper quench media will cause the material to become brittle, suffers from geometric distortion, or having a high undesirable residual stress in the components. Oil was used as the fluid base in this research as the main observation focus. To obtain nanofluids and explore thermal conductivity and stability of nanofluids, the two-step method was introduced to prepare the nanofluids with 4 types of different cooking and waste cooking oil as a base fluid (Palm oil, sunflower oil, canola oil and corn oil). TiO2 powder will be mixed with oil fluid by using magnetic stirrer for 1 hour and ultrasonic bathing. Observation method used in 30 days with thermal conductivity and zeta potential to evaluate stability of each nanofluid specimens. Heat treatment onto carbon steel applied and the sample were heated at 950°C for 90 minutes and then quenched in difference oils. Microstructure and hardness analysis applied to get the result. It can conclude, adding nanoparticles in oil base fluid will enhance thermal conductivity and improve thermal performance of heat transfer of the base fluid. Quenching process with oil-based nanofluid will produce martensite structure and waste sunflower and corn oil with TiO2 it's not stable after 30 days observation but the palm and canola oil with TiO2 can achieve the highest hardness test and thermal conductivity.

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45

In, Wang Kee, and Kwan Geun Lee. "Quenching Experiments with CrAl-coated Zircaloy Cladding in Reflooding Water Flows." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071859.

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A quenching experiment is performed to investigate the heat transfer characteristics and cooling performance of CrAl-coated Zircaloy (Zr) cladding in a water flow. The CrAl-coated Zr cladding is one of the accident tolerant fuels for light water reactors. The uncoated Zr cladding is also used in this quenching experiment for comparison. This experiment simulates reflood quenching of fuel rod during loss of coolant accident (LOCA) in nuclear power plant. The test conditions were determined to represent the peak cladding temperature, the coolant subcooling and the reflood velocity in the event of LOCA. The flow visualization showed the film boiling during early stage of reflood quenching and the transition to nucleate boiling. The film layer decreases as the coolant subcooling increases and becomes wavy as the reflood velocity increases. The CrAl-coated Zr cladding showed more wavy and thinner film than the uncoated Zr cladding. The rewetting temperature increases as the initial wall temperature and/or the coolant subcooling increases. The quench front velocity increases significantly as the coolant subcooling increases. The reflood velocity has a negligible effect on rewetting temperature and quench front velocity.

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46

Volkov-Husović, Tatjana, R. M. Jančić, and D. Mitraković. "Using the Image Analysis Program for Prediction of Thermal Stability Behavior of Refractory Specimen." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.561.

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Most important properties which are usually measured for refractories are work temperature and thermal stability. Thermal stability of the alumina based samples was measured using a standard laboratory procedure, the water quench test ( JUS.B.D.8.319.). ImagePro Plus Program was used for image analysis of microphotographs of the samples before, during and after water quench test. Changes at the surface before, and after cycling were given. Mechanical characteristics were considered such as compressive strength, and dynamic modulus of elasticity. It was measured by resonance frequency measurements, as well as ultrasonic velocity. In this work the correlation between microstructure, ulatrasonic velosity and strength on thermal stability of the sample were investigated. The obtained results were used for validation of the model to predict the thermal stability of the refractory specimen.

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47

Komosiński, Bogusław, Bartłomiej Bobik, Tomasz Konieczny, and Ewelina Cieślik. "Dust emission from wet, low-emission coke quenching process." E3S Web of Conferences 28 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801002.

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Coke plants, which produce various types of coke (metallurgical, foundry or heating), at temperatures between 600 and 1200°C, with limited access to oxygen, are major emitters of particulates and gaseous pollutants to air, water and soils. Primarily, the process of wet quenching should be mentioned, as one of the most cumbersome. Atmospheric pollutants include particulates, tar substances, organic pollutants including B(a)P and many others. Pollutants are also formed from the decomposition of water used to quench coke (CO, phenol, HCN, H2S, NH3, cresol) and decomposition of hot coke in the first phase of quenching (CO, H2S, SO2) [1]. The development of the coke oven technology has resulted in the changes made to different types of technological installations, such as the use of baffles in quench towers, the removal of nitrogen oxides by selective NOx reduction, and the introduction of fabric filters for particulates removal. The BAT conclusions for coke plants [2] provide a methodology for the measurement of particulate emission from a wet, low-emission technology using Mohrhauer probes. The conclusions define the emission level for wet quenching process as 25 g/Mgcoke. The conducted research was aimed at verification of the presented method. For two of three quench towers (A and C) the requirements included in the BAT conclusions are not met and emissions amount to 87.34 and 61.35 g/Mgcoke respectively. The lowest particulates emission was recorded on the quench tower B and amounted to 22.5 g/Mgcoke, therefore not exceeding the requirements.

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48

Stepanek, Jan, Vaclav Blaha, and Vaclav Dostal. "QUENCH FRONT PROPAGATION IN THE ANNULAR CHANNEL." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 4 (December 16, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2016.4.0097.

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Understanding the quench front propagation during bottom core reflooding is crucial for the effective cooling during the LOCA accident. The results presented in this paper were obtained on an experimental loop with an annular test section. The test section consists of a vertical electrically heated stainless steel tube with outer diameter 9 mm and length of 1.7 m. The heated tube is placed inside a glass tube with the inner diameter 14.5 mm. Water mass flux during the reflooding is in the range from 100 kg.m<sup>−2</sup>.s<sup>−1</sup> up to 140 kg.m<sup>−2</sup>.s<sup>−1</sup> and the initial wall temperature of the stainless steel tube is in the range from 250 °C up to 800 °C. The presented results show the influence of the initial conditions on the quench front propagation and the complexity of the phenomenon.

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49

Song, Y., M. D. J. Cross, Mark W. Rainforth, and Bradley P. Wynne. "Observations of Strain Induced Precipitation during the Thermomechanical Processing of AA6111 Alloy." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.211.

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The effect of interpass time during thermomechanical processing of AA61111 on flow behaviour and microstructure evolution has been investigated. This was achieved using plane strain compression testing undertaken on the Sheffield thermomechanical compression (TMC) facility, using the hit-hold-hit-quench approach. Following solution treatment at 560°C for 1200s, samples were water mist quenched to 320°C and deformed at a constant strain rate of 85s-1 to an initial strain of 0.5, unloaded and held for delay times of 0.019, 6, 60, 600 and 6000s and then given a second deformation for a further strain of 0.5, followed by a water quench to room temperature. Hardening of the alloy was observed, the extent of which was dependent on the hold time. The microstructure of the samples was quantified by TEM in order to determine the extent of strain induced precipitation. TEM identified precipitation, predominantly β and Q phases, on dislocation lines, the size and volume fraction of which were a function of the hold time. The coarsening rate during the hold period of the precipitates was considerably faster than for coarsening following a conventional precipitation treatment. The size of the microband structure at the end of the double deformation was a function of the hold time, suggesting that coarsening of the precipitates during the hold had altered the Zener pinning potential. The implication of these observations on the thermomechanical processing of 6xxx alloys is discussed.

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50

Mathur, Ajit B., Ajay Kumar, Manjeet S. Choudhary, Gandham Satya Srinivasa Rao, Zubair Ahmad, Rajeev Basargekar, and Rakshvir Jasra. "Structure and Properties ofβNucleated Polypropylene Film Prepared by Tubular Water Quench Process." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 55, no. 10 (February 11, 2016): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2015.1098675.

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