Relevant bibliographies by topics / Quenched-in fluorite type structure

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Quenched-in fluorite type structure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Quenched-in fluorite type structure"

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Webster, Nathan A. S., Chris D. Ling, and Frank J. Lincoln. "Structure–property relationships in fluorite-type Bi2O3–Yb2O3–PbO solid-electrolyte materials." Powder Diffraction 29, S1 (November 21, 2014): S73—S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715614001079.

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New quenched-in face-centred cubic fluorite-type materials were synthesised in the Bi2O3–Yb2O3–PbO system. After annealing in air at 500 °C for up to 200 h, each material underwent a conductivity-lowering structural transformation, thus making them unsuitable for use as solid electrolytes in solid-oxide fuel cells. For example, (BiO1.5)0.80(YbO1.5)0.17(PbO)0.03 underwent a fluorite- to Bi17Yb7O36-type orthorhombic transformation, indicative of long-range cation ordering, and (BiO1.5)0.80(YbO1.5)0.11(PbO)0.09 underwent a fluorite- to β-Bi2O3-type tetragonal transformation, indicative of long-ra
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Landa-Cánovas, Á. R., Eladio Vila, Jorge Hernández-Velasco, Jean Galy, and Alicia Castro. "Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Low Mo-content Bi-Mo-O Phases." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, S5 (August 2012): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612013013.

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δ-Bi2O3, a material with a fluorite-type structure, is one of the best solid-state oxygen-ion conductors. It is a high-temperature form that cannot be quenched to room temperature. However, doping with small amounts of transition metal oxides preserves the δ-Bi2O3 structure at low temperature and retains its anionic conduction properties. The Bi2O3–MoO3 materials are interesting because of their functional properties, chiefly as catalysts and as good ionic conductors. All the phases in this system are related to the fluorite structure except Bi2MoO6 which shows an Aurivillius-type structure.
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Sorokin, N. I. "Polarizability of Fluoride Ions in Fluorides with Fluorite-Type Structure." Crystallography Reports 45, no. 6 (November 2000): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1327662.

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Lucid, Aoife K., Aoife C. Plunkett, and Graeme W. Watson. "Predicting the Structure of Grain Boundaries in Fluorite-Structured Materials." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 63, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651319x15598975874659.

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Interfaces are a type of extended defect which govern the properties of materials. As the nanostructuring of materials becomes more prevalent the impact of interfaces such as grain boundaries (GBs) becomes more important. Computational modelling of GBs is vital to the improvement of our understanding of these defects as it allows us to isolate specific structures and understand resulting properties. The first step to accurately modelling GBs is to generate accurate descriptions of the structures. In this paper, we present low angle mirror tilt GB structures for fluorite structured materials (c
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Withers, RL, JG Thompson, PJ Barlow, and JC Barry. "The Defect Fluorite Phase in the ZrO2-PrO1.5 System and Its Relationship to the Structure of Pyrochlore." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 9 (1992): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9921375.

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A detailed transmission electron microscope and X-ray powder diffraction study has been made of the so-called 'defect fluorite' phase field in the ZrO2-PrO1.5 system and of its close relationship to the pyrochlore solid solution field in the same system. Even for the lowest possible PrO1.5 content within the 'defect fluorite' phase field, it is clear that the sharp Bragg reflections characteristic of the underlying fluorite average structure are accompanied by some of the 'satellite reflections' characteristic of the pyrochlore solid solution field. As the PrO1.5 content increases, these satel
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Shiraki, Koichi, Taku Tsuchiya, and Shigeaki Ono. "Structural refinements of high-pressure phases in germanium dioxide." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 59, no. 6 (November 25, 2003): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768103021761.

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Recently, there has been substantial interest in the new high-pressure polymorphs of GeO2 synthesized in the laboratory. Previous investigators reported the synthesis of `CaCl2-type', `α-PbO2-type' and `pyrite-type (modified-fluorite-type)' GeO2 at pressures of 30–130 GPa in laser-heated diamond anvil cells. In order to provide definitive information about the new high-pressure polymorphs, we performed Rietveld refinements of the structures. The structure refinements confirm that two of these high-pressure phases do have the α-PbO2-type and pyrite-type (modified-fluorite-type) structures.
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Ye, Fei, Ding Rong Ou, and Toshiyuki Mori. "Microstructural Evolution in a CeO2-Gd2O3 System." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, no. 1 (December 15, 2011): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611012396.

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AbstractMicrostructural evolution in a CeO2-Gd2O3 system at atomic and nanoscale levels with increasing Gd concentration has been comprehensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy. When the Gd concentration was increased from 10 to 80 at.%, the phase transformation from ceria with fluorite structure to solid solution with C-type structure was not a sudden change but an evolution in the sequence of clusters, domains, and precipitates with C-type structure in the fluorite-structured matrix. Moreover, the ordering of aggregated Gd cations and oxygen vacancies in these microstructur
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Rossell, HJ, M. Leblanc, G. Ferey, DJM Bevan, DJ Simpson, and MR Taylor. "On the Crystal Structure of Bi2Te4O11." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 9 (1992): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9921415.

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Bi2Te4O11 is monoclinic, space group P21/n; the lattice parameters derived from a Guinier powder pattern ( Si standard) are: a = 6.9909(3), b = 7.9593(3), c = 18.8963(8) � , β = 95.176(3)�, Z = 4, V = 1047.15 �. The structure was solved independently from both single-crystal X-ray data and a combination of X-ray and neutron powder data. It is an anion-deficient superstructure of fluorite in which can be recognized the ordered intergrowth of fluorite-type Bi2Te2O7 and rutile-type Te2O4. Lone-pair electrons are stereochemically active.
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Achary, S. N., S. J. Patwe, and A. K. Tyagi. "Powder XRD study of Ba4Eu3F17: A new anion rich fluorite related mixed fluoride." Powder Diffraction 17, no. 3 (September 2002): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1477198.

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The compound Ba4Eu3F17 was prepared by heating pre-dried BaF2 and EuF3 (4:3) at 800 °C for 8 h in static vacuum. The colorless polycrystalline product obtained was characterized by Rietveld refinement of the observed powder diffraction data with a starting model of Ba4Y3F17. The title compound Ba4Eu3F17 crystallizes in rhombohedral lattice with lattice parameters, a=11.1787(4) and c=20.5789(10) Å, Z=3 (Space group R 3, No. 148). The Ba4Eu3F17 structure can be described as an ordered anion-rich fluorite type structure with the formation of Eu6F37 clusters. There are two crystallographically dis
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Kennedy, Brendan, Peter Blanchard, Emily Reynolds, and Zhaoming Zhang. "Transformation from pyrochlore to fluorite by diffraction and X-ray spectroscopy." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314097654.

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We have studied the long-range average and local structures in a number of zirconium containing materials of the type A2B2O7 ( A = Ln or Y; B = Zr, Hf or Sn) using synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Studies of the system Gd2-xTbxZr2O7 include neutron diffraction data, obtained at λ ≍ 0.497 Å to minimise absorption, not only provide evidence for independent ordering of the anion and cation sublattices, but also suggest that the disorder transition across the pyrochlore-defect fluorite boundary of Ln2Zr2O7 is rather gradual. In general we observe
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Quenched-in fluorite type structure"

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Webster, Nathan A. S. "New fluorite-type Bi2O3-based solid electrolytes : characterisation, conductivity and crystallography." University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0092.

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[Truncated abstract] New, double-doped, Bi2O3-based materials in the Bi2O3 Ln2O3 PbO (Ln = La, Nd, Er and Yb) and Bi2O3 WO3 PbO systems were prepared using solid-state reactions. For the Bi2O3 Er2O3 PbO and Bi2O3 Yb2O3 PbO systems, the air-quenchable compositional domain of the fcc fluorite-type phase was partially established. Temperature dependent conductivity measurements were performed on these quenched-in fluorite-type materials using AC impedance spectroscopy. Conductivity at 750[degrees Celsius] generally increased with increasing Pb2+/Ln3+ and decreasing (Ln3++Pb2+)/Bi3+ ratios
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Brigden, Clive. "A study of the synthesis chemistry, structure formation and characterization of all-silica, aluminium-, scandium- and copper-containing MFI and BEA type zeolites synthesized in fluoride and caustic media." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542315.

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Book chapters on the topic "Quenched-in fluorite type structure"

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Danko, Stefania J., and Hiroshi Suzuki. "The Use of Metal Fluoride Compounds as Phosphate Analogs for Understanding the Structural Mechanism in P-type ATPases." In P-Type ATPases, 195–209. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3179-8_19.

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Lupei, V., A. Lupei, and I. Ursu. "Structure and Luminescence Properties of U6+ Centers in Alkali and Alkaline Earth Fluorides." In Spectroscopy of Solid-State Laser-Type Materials, 560. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0899-7_27.

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"Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater." In Nano-Phytoremediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminates, 31–54. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9016-3.ch004.

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In this chapter, the authors explore Fluoride (F) in groundwater as a major issue of water pollution. Geo-statistical analysis of groundwater quality in Newai Tehsil (India) has been done in order to identify the possible spatial distribution of water quality parameters and to assess the spatial dependence of water properties with the help of principal component analysis (PCA) structure. Two types of maps (spatial map and principal component map) of groundwater quality have been developed. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different Fluoride (F) concentration combined with Pseudomonas fluorescens (P.F) on Prosopis juliflora plant. The field design was used as completely randomized block design with three replicates. The study revealed that parameters were found to be positively and highly correlated with principal component. Low and high values (with their acceptable limit) have also been displayed over each spatial map. Plants treated with P. fluorescens showed the highest F uptake in root, shoot, and leaves tissues were 33.14, 19.41, and 15.15 mg kg-1 after 120 days, respectively. Both total bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) were obtained above one (i.e., 1.06 and 1.04). This confirmed the high accumulation and translocation of F in plant tissues. The F uptake efficiency of plant was enhanced to 67.7%, and plant biomass was increased to 57.03%. The present study will be beneficial for researchers working towards further improvement of F phytoremediation technology.
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Herbert, Bruce E., and Paul M. Bertsch. "A 19F and 2H NMR Spectroscopic Investigation of the Interaction Between Nonionic Organic Contaminants and Dissolved Humic Material." In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environment Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097511.003.0009.

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Interaction between nonionic organic contaminants (NOC) and natural organic matter strongly influences the fate and transport of NOC in the environment. Microscopic descriptions of NOC-organic matter interaction have been developed based on macroscopic observations of NOC sorption to organic matter and organic solute transport under varying conditions. These models include the partitioning concept describing NOC sorption to organic matter and the concept of intra-organic matter diffusion used to account for nonequilibrium organic solute transport; however, little microscopic information exists to validate them. NMR may be a powerful method to gain information and insight concerning NOC-organic matter interaction. Chemical shifts, linewidths, and the magnitude of spin-spin couplings exhibited in the NMR spectra of a given nucleus are dependent on the characteristics of the surrounding media and therefore can be used to study the NOC-organic matter interaction. NMR characterization of the chemical interaction between NOC and organic matter can potentially provide information on important aspects of the sorption mechanism. This information may be useful to explain the influence of organic matter characteristics on NOC sorption and the mechanisms controlling nonequilibrium sorption of NOC to organic matter and mineral phases, and to evaluate different conceptual models of natural humic material, including the polymer concept, where humics are considered to be flexible linear polyelectrolytes, and the micelle concept, which considers humics to be aggregates of simple organic compounds, oligomers, and humic molecules ultimately forming micellar-type structures. NMR has been used to study the interactions of small organic solutes with macromolecules and organized organic assemblies. Fluorine-19 NMR has been particularly useful to study these interactions because this magnetically active nucleus is 100% abundant, has a high sensitivity (83% of 1H) and large chemical shift range, and exhibits no background signal. Several NMR studies have followed the interactions between fluorinated anesthetics and phospholipids, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles, and intact rabbit brain tissue. Generally, these studies have indicated both that sorption sites are less polar than aqueous solutions and that there is decreased mobility of the sorbed solute. Fluorine-19 NMR has also been used to characterize the interactions between fluorine-containing ligands, such as fluorotryptophan, and human serum albumin (HSA).
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Mark, James E., Harry R. Allcock, and Robert West. "Introduction." In Inorganic Polymers. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131192.003.0005.

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A polymer is a very-long-chain macromolecule in which hundreds or thousands of atoms are linked together to form a one-dimensional array. The skeletal atoms usually bear side groups, often two in number, which can be as small as hydrogen, chlorine, or fluorine atoms or as large as aryl or long-chain alkyl units. Polymers are different from other molecules because the long-chain character allows the chains to become entangled in solution or in the solid state or, for specific macromolecular structures, to become lined up in regular arrays in the solid state. These molecular characteristics give rise to solid-state materials properties, such as strength, elasticity, fiber-forming qualities, or film-forming properties, that are not found for small molecule systems. The molecular weights of polymers are normally so high that, for all practical purposes, they are nonvolatile. These characteristics underlie the widespread use of polymers in all aspects of modern technology. Attempts to understand the relationship between the macromolecular structure and the unusual properties characterize much of the fundamental science in this field. Polymers are among the most complicated molecules known. They may contain thousands of atoms in the main chain, plus complex clusters of atoms that form the side groups attached to the skeletal units. How, then, can we depict such molecules in a manner that is easy to comprehend? First, an enormous simplification can be achieved if we remember that most synthetic polymers contain a fairly simple structure that repeats over and over down the chain. This simplest repetitive structure is known as the repeating unit, and it provides the basis for an uncomplicated representation of the structure of the whole polymer. For example, suppose that a polymer consists of a long chain of atoms of type A, to which are attached side groups, R. The polymer chain can be represented by the formula shown in 1.1. The two horizontal lines represent the bonds of the main chain. The brackets (or parentheses) indicate that the structure repeats many times. The actual number of repeating units present is normally not specified, but is represented by the subscript, n.
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Jolivet, Jean-Pierre. "Titanium, Manganese, and Zirconium Dioxides." In Metal Oxide Nanostructures Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190928117.003.0011.

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The dioxides of titanium (TiO2), manganese (MnO2), and zirconium (ZrO2) are important materials because of their technological uses. TiO2 is used mainly as white pigment. Because of its semiconducting properties, TiO2, in its nanomaterial form, is also used as an active component of photocells and photocatalysis for self-cleaning glasses and cements . MnO2 is used primarily in electrode materials. ZrO2 is used in refractory ceramics, abrasive materials, and stabilized zirconia as ionic conductive materials stable at high temperature. Many of these properties are, of course, dependent on particle size and shape (§ Chap. 1). Dioxides of other tetravalent elements with interesting properties have been studied elsewhere in this book, especially VO2, which exhibits a metal–isolator transition at 68°C, used, for instance, in optoelectronics (§ 4.1.5), and silica, SiO2 (§ 4.1.4), which is likely the most ubiquitous solid for many applications and uses. Aqueous chemistry is of major interest in synthesizing these oxides in the form of nanoparticles from inorganic salts and under simple, cheap, and envi­ronmental friendly conditions. However, as the tetravalent elements have re­stricted solubility in water (§ 2.2), metal–organic compounds such as titanium and zirconium alkoxides are frequently used in alcoholic solution as precursors for the synthesis of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles. An overview of the conversion of alkoxides into oxides is indicated about silica formation (§ 4.1.4), and since well-documented works have already been published, these compounds are not considered here. The crystal structures of most MO2 dioxides are of TiO2 rutile type for hexacoordinated cations (e.g., Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, Sn, Pb) and CaF2 fluorite type for octacoordinated, larger cations (e.g., Zr, Ce), but polymorphism is common. Some dioxides of elements such as chromium and tin form only one crystal­line phase. So, hydrolysis of SnCl4 or acidification of stannate [Sn(OH)6]2− leads both to the same rutile-type phase, cassiterite, SnO2. Many other dioxides are polymorphic, especially TiO2, which exists in three main crystal phases: anatase, brookite, and rutile; and MnO2, which gives rise to a largely diversified crystal chemistry.
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Conference papers on the topic "Quenched-in fluorite type structure"

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Kaneko, H., Y. Naganuma, S. Taku, K. Ouchi, N. Hasegawa, and Y. Tamaura. "Solar H2 Production From a Two-Step Water Splitting Process With Metal (Fe, Ni) Doped Ceria." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54281.

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Solar H2 production by the two-step water splitting process with thermochemical reaction has been proposed to convert solar energy into chemical energy. We succeeded in repeating the cyclic two-step water splitting process composed of the O2-releasing and H2-generation reactions with metal (Fe, Ni) doped ceria. The metal doped ceria with low content of metal ion (Fe3+, Ni2+) formed a solid solution with fluorite-type structure between ceria (CeO2) and metal oxide (Fe2O3, NiO). The empirical formula of the solid solution was Ce1-αMαO2−δ (M = Fe, Ni), and it was assumed that the high reactivity
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Xu, Jian, Marcelo J. Dapino, Daniel Gallego Perez, and Derek Hansford. "Acoustic Sensor With PVDF Micro-Pillars and Patterned Electrodes." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-475.

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This paper addresses the design and theoretical analysis of a new type of millimeter-size acoustic sensor that uses Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) micro-pillars and patterned electrodes. The sensor has the potential to achieve 100x the sensitivity of existing commercial sensors in combination with a dynamic range of 181dB and a frequency bandwidth of at least 100 kHz. A constrained optimization algorithm has been developed as a function of geometric parameters (sensor footprint, diameter and height of the micro-pillars, gap between pillar edges, number of pillars) and electrical parameters of
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Khodaparast, Payam, and Zoubeida Ounaies. "On the Dielectric and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Oxide-Modified PVDF-Based Nanocomposites." In ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2013-3302.

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Nanoparticle modified polymers have promise as hybrid materials that exhibit properties beyond those predicted by mixing law theories. In the case of metal-oxide nanoparticles in a polymer, it is expected that multifunctional properties of the obtained nanocomposite, including dielectric and mechanical, will be dominated by presence of interface rather than predicted by the inherent properties of individual components. This paper will focus on understanding the role of different types of nanoparticles, namely, titania, silica and alumina and a polymer matrix, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in
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Tang, Haixiong, Henry A. Sodano, and Yirong Lin. "Enhanced Energy Storage in Nanocomposites Through Aligned PZT Nanowires." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5141.

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Nanocomposites consisting of a piezoceramic inclusion and polymer matrix offer a combination of electromechanical coupling with high toughness and ductility inherent to polymers. There is a wide range of applications for these types of materials due to their intrinsic piezoelectric and dielectric properties, such as vibration sensing, actuation, energy harvesting and capacitive energy storage. However, the relatively low piezoelectric strain coefficient and dielectric permittivity of these nanocomposites significantly limit their application in energy conversion and energy storage applications
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Li, D. S., L. Cheng, and C. M. Gosselin. "Active Control of Sound Radiation Into Enclosures Using Structural Error Sensors." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33614.

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Active control of vibration and sound inside a structure-surrounded enclosure leads to many applications such as noise control inside vehicle cabins. Despite the extensive research carried out in the last two decades, ANVC technology is still in its infancy and has not yet been introduced massively in practical engineering applications. One of the problems to be resolved is that most of presently used techniques require the use of microphones inside the cavity, which is not practical in many situations. In addition, due to the coupling between the vibrating structure and the confined enclosure
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Faria, Hugo, Clara Frias, Orlando Fraza˜o, Pedro Vieira, and Anto´nio Torres Marques. "Development and Validation of Online Monitoring Techniques for Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25812.

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In this research programme, methodologies for structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) were addressed. This works fit in the development of a COPV laboratorial prototype incorporating non-destructive sensing technologies, in order to detect and identify critical aspects that can occur during operation, aiming to reduce possible unwanted and unpredicted failures. Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) optical sensors and polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) polymeric piezoelectric were the selected sensing technologies. These sensors were embedded in the liner-composite
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Tada, Masaru, Toshihiko Ishihara, Hiroshi Kaneko, and Yutaka Tamaura. "O2 Releasing Reactivity of Ceria-Based Reactive Ceramics on Irradiation of Concentrated Solar Beam for Solar Hydrogen Production." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90460.

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In the present paper, different types of metal doped ceria CeO2-MOx (M = Sc, Y, Dy, Zr and Hf) with fluorite structures have been prepared with a complex polymerization method. The O2-releasing potential of prepared samples was evaluated at 1773 K for two-step water splitting process. The partially oxygen defected CeO2-MO1.5 mixed oxides (M = Sc3+, Y3+ and Dy3+) exhibited an enhancement of the O2 evolution due to the crystal-chemical effect that cation with smaller ionic radius (Sc3+, Y3+ and Dy3+) mitigate the volume expansion of crystal lattice resulted in the reduction of Ce4+ with smaller
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Zhang, Sheng, Shanbin Shi, Xiao Wu, Xiaodong Sun, and Richard Christensen. "Double-Wall Natural Draft Heat Exchanger Design for Tritium Control in FHRs." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67844.

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Tritium control is potentially a critical issue for Fluoride salt-cooled High-temperature Reactors (FHRs) and Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs). Tritium production rate in these reactors can be significantly higher compared to that in Light Water Reactors (LWRs). Tritium is highly permeable at high temperatures through reactor structures, especially. Therefore, heat exchangers with large heat transfer areas in FHRs and MSRs provide practical paths for the tritium generated in the primary salt migrating into the surroundings, such as Natural Draft Heat Exchangers (NDHXs) in the direct reactor auxilia
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Andersson, Mats, Akichika Yamaguchi, and Hua Wang. "Imaging of gasoline-like sprays with planar laser-induced exciplex fluorescence using a stereoscopic imaging system." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.5023.

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The role of the fuel injection systems in direct injected gasoline engines is to achieve a suitable fuel vapordistribution, homogeneous or with some degree of stratification, while avoiding unwanted effects such as wall wetting. Planar laser-induced exciplex fluorescence (PLIEF) is a method suitable for the characterization of such sprays since it enables separate imaging of both vapor and liquid phase of fuel simultaneously. In this study a hollow-cone spray generated with an outwards-opening piezo-actuated injector is investigated, with the injector mounted in a constant volume, constant pre
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