Academic literature on the topic 'Questions under discussion'
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Journal articles on the topic "Questions under discussion"
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Ippolito, Michela. "Counterfactuals and Conditional Questions under Discussion." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2659.
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In this paper I investigate the issue of the context-dependence of counterfactual conditionals and how the context constrains similarity in selecting the right set of worlds necessary in order to arrive at their correct truth-conditions. I will review previous proposals and conclude that the puzzle of how we measure similarity and thus resolve the context-dependence of counterfactuals remains unsolved. I will then consider an alternative based on the idea of discourse structure and the concept of a question under discussion.
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Benz, Anton, and Katja Jasinskaja. "Questions Under Discussion: From Sentence to Discourse." Discourse Processes 54, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163853x.2017.1316038.
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Ronai, Eszter, and Ming Xiang. "Exploring the connection between Question Under Discussion and scalar diversity." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5001.
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Previous research has revealed that different scalar expressions give rise to scalar inferences (SIs) at different rates. This variation has been termed scalar diversity. In this study, we investigate the role of Questions Under Discussion (QUDs) in explaining this variation in SI rates. Investigating 43 different scalar expressions, we first show that explicit QUDs robustly affect calculation rates: questions based on the stronger of two scalar terms lead to higher SI rates than questions promoting the weaker one. Second, we explore whether the likelihood of asking the stronger question in general (Question Availability) can explain the scalar diversity effect. Our results suggest that Question Availability is indeed a predictor of scalar diversity, but only for scales where both terms denote intervals (unbounded scales), and not for scales where the stronger member has a fixed meaning (bounded scales).
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Grindrod, Jumbly, and Emma Borg. "Questions Under Discussion and the Semantics/Pragmatics Divide." Philosophical Quarterly 69, no. 275 (January 21, 2019): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqy058.
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Beaver, David I., Craige Roberts, Mandy Simons, and Judith Tonhauser. "Questions Under Discussion: Where Information Structure Meets Projective Content." Annual Review of Linguistics 3, no. 1 (January 14, 2017): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-033952.
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Coppock, Elizabeth, and David Beaver. "Sole Sisters." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2615.
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We propose a unified analysis of exclusives, taking into account NP- and VP-modifying 'only' and 'just' and the adjectival exclusives 'mere', 'sole', 'only', 'single', and 'exclusive'. We use paraphrases with 'at most' and 'at least' to argue that exclusives uniformly signify a presupposed lower bound and an ordinary content upper bound on the true alternative answers to the current question under discussion, thus extending Beaver and Clark (2008). According to our analysis, exclusives vary along two parameters: (i) the ontological type of their arguments; (ii) constraints on the question under discussion. Due to variation in the type parameter, exclusives exhibit different scopes, leading to different NPI licensing properties. To formalize our analysis, we introduce a dynamic semantics that treats questions under discussion as part of the context and allows for binding into these questions.
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Padmanabhan, Vijay. "The Idea of Effective International Law: Continuing the Discussion." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300001938.
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The joint 108th American Society of International Law (ASIL) Annual Meeting and 76th International Law Association (ILA) Biennial Conference was organized under the theme “The Effectiveness of International Law.” In conjunction with this theme, the ASIL Legal Theory Interest Group hosted a panel discussion exploring the theoretical dimensions of the concept of “effectiveness” as understood in international law. Panelists discussed three related questions: (1)Is the effectiveness of international law an empirical question measured through evaluating compliance with international legal norms?(2)What conceptions of effectiveness might exist beyond compliance? Could such conceptions be captured in theoretical or moral terms?(3)Why is international law concerned with effectiveness at all?
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Brown, Nick, Gareth Holsgrove, and Sadira Teeluckdharry. "Case-based discussion." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 17, no. 2 (March 2011): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.003939.
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SummaryCase-based discussion has been a key element of the assessment programme for psychiatrists in training under the guidance of the Royal College of Psychiatrists since 2007. Its incorporation within systems for recertification and thus revalidation for psychiatrists in established practice has now been piloted. This article discusses the origins of the instrument in Canada and the USA before describing its use in the UK. Case-based discussion is placed within the context of contemporary postgraduate medical education and the curricula of the College, offering practical guidance on how best to use this method for the assessment of reasoning and judgement. Finally, some questions are posed regarding the potential use of case-based discussion in the proposals for revalidation.
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Ye, Shumian. "From maximality to bias: Biased A-not-A questions in Mandarin Chinese." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (March 2, 2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4826.
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This study aims to derive the epistemic bias in shi-bu-shi questions, a type of A-not-A question in Mandarin Chinese. I propose: (i) the focus marker shi presupposes that its prejacent is a possible complete answer to the current Question Under Discussion (QUD); (ii) accordingly, shi-bu-shi questions are presupposed to be part of the Focus-strategy of inquiry; (iii) the Focus-strategy of inquiry indicates the questioner's intention to close the current QUD as soon as possible, and to achieve this goal, the questioner should check the answer that she considers most likely to be true. By assuming such completeness-to-likelihood reasoning, a novel link between focus in polar questions and question bias is established. The ramifications of this proposal for related phenomena (e.g., bias in embedded questions, evidential bias) are then discussed.
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Venkatesan, Madhavi, Fenner Dreyfuss-Wells, Anjali Nair, Astrid Pedersen, and Vishnu Prasad. "Evaluating Conscious Consumption: A Discussion of a Survey Development Process." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 3339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063339.
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This paper is the outcome of a course project for Economics of Sustainability (Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts). Facilitated and under the direction of the instructor, course participants designed a survey instrument where questions and responses were developed to be indicators of behavioral bias related to the environment. The consumer good targeted in the survey was convenience-based coffee consumption, and convenience was defined by the use of single-use disposable coffee cups. The discussion highlights the survey development process including literature review-based expectations specific to each question. The paper concludes with next steps, which involve the administration of the instrument and evaluation of the survey results.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Questions under discussion"
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Passos, Bruna Souza. "As questões tópicas do texto dissertativo-argumentativo : da pragmática formal à pragmática aplicada." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/169009.
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A Pragmática é reconhecidamente um campo de estudos que colabora para a prática do ensino e da aprendizagem de línguas. Todavia, essa aproximação não é tão recorrente no âmbito da Pragmática Formal, que, ainda que se dedique a aspectos formais da língua, continua tendo como preocupação o estudo contextualizado do discurso. Crê-se, contudo, que teorias linguísticas como as Questions Under Discussion (QUDs) (ROBERTS, 2012; VAN KUPPEVELT, 1993, 1995a, 1995b, 1996) podem colaborar diretamente para a solução de problemas de ordem prática. Na abordagem de QUDs, o discurso é um ato contextualizado, motivado por indeterminações contextuais e desenvolvido via questões (implícitas ou explícitas) orientadas por um interlocutor. Essas questões – consideradas como tópicos – ajudam a estabelecer a coerência discursiva e trazem maiores informações sobre o desenvolvimento e a organização do discurso. Por sua natureza, supõe-se que as QUDs podem ser úteis para o ensino e a aprendizagem de textos dissertativo-argumentativos, os quais foram escolhidos pela alta relevância social que apresentam, visto que são objetos de prova em concursos vestibulares e no Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM). Para verificar como as QUDs podem favorecer o estudo e o ensino da produção textual, analisaram-se materiais didáticos de cursos pré-vestibulares do Rio Grande do Sul, a fim de averiguar como tratam de questões pertinentes à teoria, como o bem escrever, a coerência discursiva e a famigerada fórmula da redação (introdução, desenvolvimento e conclusão); em seguida, analisou-se uma redação nota mil do ENEM de acordo com os parâmetros funcionais propostos por Van Kuppevelt (1993, 1995a, 1995b, 1996), para conferir a organização informacional de um texto considerado bem-sucedido e a forma como a estrutura informacional descoberta pode colaborar para o entendimento do gênero textual como um todo. Finalmente, propôs-se a reflexão sobre como a perspectiva teórica utilizada pode colaborar para a prática de professores, alunos, elaboradores de materiais didáticos e avaliadores, realizando, pois, uma ponte entre os estudos em Pragmática Formal e os problemas diagnosticados na prática docente.Pragmatics is known as an area of study which contributes to the practice of teaching and learning of languages. However, this closeness is not so frequent with Formal Pragmatics which, even though dedicates to formal aspects of language, is still preoccupied with the study of discourse in context. It is believed, though, that linguistic theories as that of Questions Under Discussion (QUDs) (ROBERTS, 2012; VAN KUPPEVELT, 1993, 1995a, 1995b, 1996) can directly collaborate to solving practical problems. In the QUDs approach, discourse is a contextualized act, motivated by contextual indeterminations, and is developed through questions (implicit or explicit) oriented by an interlocutor. These questions (considered topics) help establish discursive coherence. For their nature, QUDs are supposed to be useful in teaching and learning of dissertative-argumentative texts, which were chosen for their great social relevance, given they are object of test in universities’ entrance exams and in Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM). So as to verify how QUDs may favor the study and teaching of textual production, we analyze didactical material of preparation courses for university entrance exams from Rio Grande do Sul, in order to check how pertinent questions to the theory are treated, such as good writing, discursive coherence and the well-known essay formula (introduction, development and conclusion); after that, an essay of maximum grade (1000) of ENEM was investigated according to the functional parameters proposed by Van Kuppevelt (1993, 1995a, 1995b, 1996). Our goals were to check the information organization of a text considered successful and the way how the revealed information structure may contribute to the better understanding of the textual genre as a whole. Finally, we propose a reflection on how the theoretical perspective can enhance teachers’, students’, didactical material makers’ and evaluators’ practices, thus connecting Formal Pragmatic studies and practical problems.
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Lytvynova, Maryna. "Statut sémantico-discursif des relatives appositives en "qui" du français : approches linguistique et psycholinguistique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA088/document.
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La thèse porte sur le statut sémantico-pragmatique des propositions relatives appositives (PRA), étudié à travers l’examen du fonctionnement discursif des phrases complexes de la forme ‘Matrice, qui PRA’ du français. Dans beaucoup de langues, les PRA n’interagissent pas sémantiquement avec les opérateurs présents dans leurs propositions enchâssantes et tendent à s’interpréter pragmatiquement comme porteuses d’informations non-centrales ou secondaires pour la question en discussion (QUD) du discours en cours. Plusieurs analyses (Holler 2005, Arnold 2007, Koev 2012) dissocient ces deux propriétés en dérivant la projection des PRA de leur statut d’assertions indépendantes et en expliquant leur lecture pragmatique à l’aide de principes généraux de gestion du flot discursif. En effet, lorsque les PRA apparaissent en fin de phrase, elles sont susceptibles d’interagir avec la QUD tout en ayant une portée large vis-à-vis du reste de la phrase. Certains phénomènes discursifs semblent néanmoins contredire l’idée que les PRA constituent des assertions indépendantes. D’abord, les PRA peuvent interagir avec la QUD seulement si leurs matrices véhiculent également des informations pertinentes pour le sujet en discussion. Ensuite, contrairement à ce que l’on peut observer dans une séquence de deux propositions indépendantes, dans une séquence formée d’une proposition matrice et d’une PRA, quel que soit l’ordre de leur linéarisation, la matrice s’interprète toujours comme centrale pour le discours, alors que le statut pragmatique de la PRA dépend fortement du degré d’informativité du reste de la phrase vis-à-vis de la QUD. Enfin, les résultats de deux études comportementales conduites pour la thèse montrent que, suite au traitement de phrases complexes comme ‘Matrice, qui PRA’, les référents du type ‘individu’ mentionnés par la matrice restent hautement saillants pour le discours subséquent contrairement à ceux dont il est question dans la PRA, qui jouissent d’un degré d’accessibilité assez faible. Partant de ces données, nous concluons que la lecture pragmatique centrale des PRA n’est pas une conséquence de leur statut d’assertions indépendantes mais résulte de l’intégration de leur contenu dans le domaine focal de leurs matrices. Plus généralement, en nous appuyant sur les travaux d’Ander Bois & al. (2010) et Schlenker (2013, ms), nous défendons l’idée que le manque d’interaction entre les PRA et le reste de leurs phrases d’accueil ainsi que leur prédisposition à une interprétation non-centrale pour le discours proviennent du fait, qu’à la différence de leurs matrices, dont l’énonciation s’accompagne de l’introduction d’un référent propositionnel nouveau, les PRA sont des anaphores propositionnelles, dont la portée sémantique et l’interprétation pragmatique dépendent de la position discursive de l’expression important dans l’univers du discours le référent auquel s’applique le contenu qu’elles exprimentThe thesis focuses on the semantic-pragmatic status of appositive relative clauses (ARC). We address this question by examining discourse functioning of complex sentences of the form ‘Matrix, qui ARC’ in French. Crosslinguistically, ARC fail to interact semantically with scope taking operators contained in their embedding clauses and tend to be interpreted pragmatically as carrying non-central or secondary information for the question under discussion (QUD) in the ongoing discourse. Several analysis (Holler 2005, Arnold 2007, Koev 2012) dissociate these two properties, deriving the ARC projection from their status of independent assertions and explaining their pragmatic reading with independent principles of the discourse flow management. Indeed, when an ARC follows linearly its embedding clause, it can interact with the QUD while still receiving a wide scope relatively to the rest of the host sentence. Some discursive phenomena seem nevertheless contradict the idea that ARC constitute independent assertions. First, an ARC can interact with a QUD only if its matrix clause also conveys information relevant to the subject under discussion. Second, contrary to what we observe examining sequences of two independent clauses, in sequences formed of a matrix clause and an ARC, regardless of the order of their linearization, the matrix clause is always interpreted as being at-issue for the discourse, while the pragmatic status of the ARC depends to a great extent on the degree of informativeness of the rest of the sentence relatively to the QUD. And, third, the results of two psycholinguistic experiments conducted as part of this study show that after processing a sentence such as ‘Matrix, qui ARC’, the entity-type referents realized by the matrix clause are highly salient for the subsequent discourse unlike those realized by the ARC, which have a rather low accessibility degree. Based on these data, we conclude that at-issue pragmatic reading of ARC is not a consequence of their functioning as independent assertions but results from integration of their content into the focal domain of the embedding clause. More generally, building on the works of AnderBois & al. (2010) and Schlenker (2013, ms), we defend the idea that the lack of interaction between ARC and the host sentences as well as their tendency to receive a not at-issue reading in discourse arise from the fact that unlike their matrix clauses, whose utterance has the effect of introducing a new propositional referent, ARC are propositional anaphora, the semantic and pragmatic interpretation of which depends thus on the discourse position of their antecedent expression, importing into the discourse the propositional referent the ARC’s content applies to
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CHOU, SHIH-CHUNG, and 周是忠. "Under the structure of World Trade Organization (WTO ) Two sides' economic and trade question discussion." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82623778754390527414.
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碩士佛光人文社會學院
政治學研究所
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Abstract After China and Taiwan joined World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the cross-Strait economic relations have experienced some fundamental changes, including the migration of traditional industries in Taiwan to the Mainland and the differentiation of hi-tech industries across the Taiwan Strait. According to the norms of the institutional framework provided by World Trade Organization, economic exchanges between China and Taiwan henceforth will be guided by the principles of non-discriminating treatment and the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers. In order to survive and prosper under the WTO reign, Taiwan must uphold an active and open-minded industrial policy in the face of vigorous, and sometimes hostile, competitions from China. This thesis asserts that under the WTO framework, Taiwan’s government should chart its course towards the following directions: (1) to speed up the transition and upgrading of Taiwan’s industrial structure, to promote efficiency and specialization of its industrial production, and to increase its share of the Mainland market; (2) to utilize Taiwan’s advantages in the areas of R & D (research and development) and capital market, to gradually adopt an open-door policy to allow China’s corporations to invest in Taiwan’s market, and to play a leading role in the economic development of the Pacific-Asian region; (3) to quicken its pace to pursue the realization of the three-direct-links policy, and to fulfill the prospect of mutual economic prosperity for both sides across the Taiwan Strait. The trend of globalization and the working mechanism underlying the World Trade Organization have determined the evolution of the cross-Strait economic exchange. In light of the rise of regional economic cooperation in recent years, Taiwan should utilize the multilateral arrangements under the WTO regime to promote cross-Strait economic relations. Taiwan’s government should use its hi-tech electronics industry as a stepping stone and intensify its commitment to the protection of intellectual property rights to ascertain the continuity of economic growth. Through intensive cooperation China and Taiwan can create a win-win scenario that not only benefits each other a great deal, but also allows the cross-Strait economic relations to play an increasing by important role in the global economy.
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Antomo, Mailin Ines. "Abhängige Sätze in einem fragebasierten Diskursmodell." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5D89-5.
Full textBooks on the topic "Questions under discussion"
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Shishkina, Elena. Tactical and forensic support of investigative activities: a workshop. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1546031.
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The workshop is a set of educational and methodological materials intended for the development of the course "Tactical and forensic support of investigative activities". For each topic of the course, there is a list of studied and control questions, a list of recommended literature, as well as a set of control and measuring materials-test tasks, situational tasks. As elements of the methodological support of the course, the workshop contains samples of scenarios of business games and other interactive forms of conducting practical classes (discussions on problematic issues of the course), materials for performing creative tasks. Practical tasks are compiled on the basis of materials of investigative and judicial practice. Samples of tasks for correspondence students and methodological recommendations for their implementation, as well as sample topics of abstracts and other research papers of students are presented.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students and undergraduates of law schools and faculties studying under the programs of specialized training of investigative workers. It may also be of interest to the teaching staff of universities as a methodological support for training programs for specialists in various fields of law enforcement activity.
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Stokke, Andreas. What is Said. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0004.
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This chapter provides a new theory of the notion of what is said that is central to the book’s account of assertion, and hence of lying. It argues that what is said by utterances, in context, is relative to discourse structure, in particular, to socalled questions under discussion. The chapter shows that utterances of the same declarative sentence can be used to say, and hence assert, different things relative to which question is being addressed. In turn, the same declarative utterance may be a lie relative to one question under discussion and merely misleading relative to another question under discussion. Discourse-insensitive accounts of what is said fail to capture the lying-misleading distinction. A semantics for questions is provided and is employed in a detailed definition of what is said relative to questions under
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Stokke, Andreas. The Difference between Lying and Misleading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0005.
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The notions of what is said and assertion, as relative to questions under discussion, are used to provide an account of the lying-misleading distinction. The chapter argues that utterances are sometimes interpreted relative to the so-called Big Question, roughly paraphrased by “What is the world like?” This observation is shown to account for the fact that, when conveying standard conversational implicatures, what is asserted is likewise proposed for the common ground. The chapter applies the resulting account of the lying-misleading distinction to ways of lying and misleading with incomplete predicates, possessives, presuppositions, pronouns, and prosodic focus. A formal notion of contextual questionentailment is defined which shows when it is possible to mislead with respect to a question under discussion while avoiding outright lying.
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Gaffney-Rhys, Ruth. 8. The Law Relating to Children:. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198715757.003.0008.
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The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter considers children’s rights and private law relating to children. The first essay question focuses on the rights of the child to make his or her own decisions and to participate in private law proceedings, whilst the second examines how the law ensures that children have a relationship with both parents after separation. The third question is a problem scenario that requires discussion of orders under s.8 of the Children Act 1989, the welfare principle and the Welfare Checklist. The final problem question concerns inherent jurisdiction and the right of a child to refuse medical treatment.
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Velleman, Leah, and David Beaver. Question-based Models of Information Structure. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.29.
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We present approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of information structure which centre on Questions Under Discussion (QUDs). Questions, explicit or implicit, are seen as structuring discourse, and information structural marking is seen as reflecting that underlying discourse structure. Our presentation of the model is largely cast in terms of extensions of Roberts’s (2012b) analysis, which is itself related to Rooth’s (1985/1992) Alternative Semantics and Hamblin’s (1973) approach to the semantics of questions. We present the model in terms of a range of constraints that relate information structure to discourse structure, notably constraints on the ‘Relevance’ of utterances, on the ‘Congruence’ of answers to questions, and on the ‘Availability’ of discourse antecedents. We discuss the application of the approach to the interpretation of focus and some cases of contrastive topics, to discourse structure, to the interpretation of focus sensitive operators, and to certain cases of presupposition projection.
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Stokke, Andreas. Bullshitting and Indifference Toward Truth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the phenomenon of bullshitting, traditionally understood as utterances made by speakers who are indifferent toward the truth or falsity of what they say. It argues that indifference toward truth is a more differentiated phenomenon than originally proposed by such accounts. A way of understanding indifference toward truth in terms of indifference toward inquiry and questions under discussion is introduced. The chapter criticizes attempts to characterize bullshitting in terms of Gricean Quality maxims. It shows that speakers may be indifferent toward truth in the sense of being indifferent toward contributing true answers to questions under discussion while caring about the truth-value of their particular assertions. This view is applied to phenomena such as evasion and changing the topic, and argues that lying and bullshitting may sometimes be used to advance inquiry.
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Büring, Daniel. (Contrastive) Topic. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.002.
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This chapter discusses the semantics and pragmatics of contrastive topics vis-à-vis focus. A semi-formal characterization of its main properties is given, using the techniques of alternative semantics and questions under discussion. This treatment is compared to various analyses proposed in the literature for contrastive topics and arguably related constructions, such as the English rise–fall–rise contour. Finally a brief discussion of non-contrastive topics is provided.
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Bailey, Doug. Cutting Skin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611873.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a detailed description, discussion, and interpretation of the performance artist Ron Athey’s 1994 show 4 Scenes in a Harsh Life, and the controversy that it caused at local, national, and international levels. Discussion places that performance in the contexts of Athey’s other work, and the broader practice of performance art of the body, and then argues for the relevance of the Athey work for understanding the Neolithic pit-houses at Neolithic Măgura. Primary articulations of relevance are the previously under-represented role of the digger-as-performer, of the audience-as-witness and spectator, and of visibility and ephemera in performance. The chapter ends with a discussion about types of questions that we might now ask about pit-house sites such as Măgura.
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Ben-Shalom, Ram. Medieval Jewry In Christendom. Edited by Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0008.
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This article begins in the early Middle Ages, and specifically addresses questions concerning the economic and political situation of Jewry in Western Europe. The period of the high Middle Ages follows, with a focus on developments in community life and the character of Jewish society. The discussion considers the Jewish foundation myths that were born in the twelfth century in an attempt to explain and interpret the social and cultural changes of the time. It examines the nature of the interaction and the form of discourse that characterized the medieval relations between a Christian majority and a Jewish minority culture. It also describes the legal status of the Jews in Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire. The article also discusses Jewish life in Spain, since, for a significant segment of the period under study, Spain was under Muslim rule.
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Egorova, Yulia. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199856237.003.0001.
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The chapter outlines the research questions to be explored in the book and reflects on the main bodies of academic literature that the discussion subsequently draws on. It suggests that the book uses the South Asian context to pursue two separate but co-dependent strands of analysis, as it both focuses on the conceptual relationship between notions of Jewishness and meanings assigned to being Muslim on the subcontinent, and explores the diverse incarnations of interactions that could be broadly described under the rubric of Jewish-Muslim relations, putting the growing literature on this topic in dialogue with academic interventions interrogating anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, and their overlapping histories.
Book chapters on the topic "Questions under discussion"
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Riester, Arndt, Lisa Brunetti, and Kordula De Kuthy. "Chapter 14. Annotation guidelines for Questions under Discussion and information structure." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 403–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.199.14rie.
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Meran, Georg, Markus Siehlow, and Christian von Hirschhausen. "Integrated Water Resource Management: Principles and Applications." In The Economics of Water, 23–121. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48485-9_3.
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Abstract The concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) was established, back in the 1930s, to address “optimal” water management, mainly from a technical perspective, but also taking into account social goals, such as the fulfillment of basic needs and the total welfare of the population. The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of issues related to IWRM. After a discussion of the various economic dimensions of water, we establish a basic model to analyze the value of water under different social welfare objective functions, including the human right to water. The technical-economic model also addresses questions of eco-hydrology, water recycling, groundwater management, and water quality management. The chapter also addresses water allocation along rivers and water transfers between watersheds. The chapter includes exercises and suggestions for further reading.
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Bader, Michael. "Toward a Strategic Engagement with the Question of the Corporation." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 313–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_16.
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AbstractCorporations, in their quest for the highest profit margin, have violated human rights, labour rights and environmental standards for decades, with little to no accountability. In recent years, the fight for corporate accountability under the banner of “Business and Human Rights” has come to dominate civil society’s engagement with the “question of the corporation.” This chapter aims to critically examine the political objectives underpinning the broad-church project of Business and Human Rights in its world-making aspirations, taking the Legally Binding Instrument currently under discussion at the UN Human Rights Council as a case study. Using a historical narrative approach, this article first situates the evolution of Business and Human Rights within neoliberal globalisation and, against this backdrop, attempts to think through the “dark side” of this particular strand of human rights activism. By bringing critical legal scholarship on the corporation and human rights into closer conversation with Business and Human Rights, the article aims to excavate the latter’s structural flaws, namely that it leaves the asymmetries in the global economy and the imperial corporate form unchallenged. By problematising Business and Human Rights’ presupposition of business as fact and its uncritical embrace of rights as positive change-makers, the article presents an invitation to rethink strategic political objectives vis-à-vis corporate rights abuses.
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Pannia, Paola. "Tightening Asylum and Migration Law and Narrowing the Access to European Countries: A Comparative Discussion." In IMISCOE Research Series, 49–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67284-3_3.
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AbstractThis chapter aims to explore and analyse the tangled interplay of political discourses, policies and legislations in the field of asylum and migration that runs across the countries under scrutiny (the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Switzerland and the UK, hereinafter SIRIUS countries). Building on empirical evidence, we highlight some main trends registered across SIRIUS countries: the narrowing and slowing down of access to international protection that results from the recourse to push-back operations and the construction of fences, but also procedures provided by the EU asylum acquis, such as the accelerated procedure. This restraining tendency is even more acute in the field of economic-related migration, where in most of the SIRIUS countries legal entry channels are mostly reserved for those who are considered eligible due to their economic resources or talent, such as high-skilled workers, investors or rich entrepreneurs. These restrictive measures often rely on narratives that question the sincerity of the asylum claim, and criminalise migration and humanitarian assistance. Meanwhile, legislative landscapes on migration and asylum are increasingly populated by symbolic laws, which downgrade foreigners’ rights and weaken standards. Their explicit aim is to dissuade migrants from coming to the country, while catering for natives’ fears and responding to domestic electoral consensus-building.
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Dupré, Catherine. "The Rule of Law, Fair Trial and Human Dignity: The Protection of EU Values After LM." In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States, 431–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_17.
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AbstractThe 2018 CJEU ruling in LM highlighted the importance of judicial independence for the rule of law and protection of the right to fair trial. In so doing, the judgment raised problematic questions about the relationship between Article 2 values and the EU Charter rights, and their connection with mutual trust. This chapter considers these issues through the lens of human dignity, which is both the first foundational value under Article 2 and the first right in the EU Charter. By discussing how the LM judgment raises the constitutional status of the right to a fair trial, this chapter argues that a focus on human dignity could effectively link Article 2 values with EU Charter rights and facilitate assessment of their respective breach.
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"13 Textstruktur: Questions under Discussion." In Sprache und Kontext, 210–26. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110491067-013.
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Stockdale, Katie. "Conclusion." In Hope Under Oppression, 182–88. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197563564.003.0007.
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The concluding chapter offers a summary of the key arguments in the book, situating them within the context of ongoing injustice and suggesting new questions that emerge for scholars working on hope and related topics. Drawing upon the emotional economy of hope, anger, bitterness, and faith under oppression defended in the book, it suggests the need for an ethics and politics of hope more generally, attention to human difference in theorizing the virtue of hope, further inquiry into the nature of despair, and further discussion of collective hope and other emotions in the pursuit of a more just world.
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Oleson, James C. "Discussion and Conclusion." In Criminal Genius. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520282414.003.0008.
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This chapter reviews the core findings of the study, describes some of its key limitations, and identifies some of its strengths. The chapter also discusses the wider implications of the work. The link between IQ and crime is contentious, because it has fundamental implications for criminal justice and public policy. If IQ is unrelated to crime and everyone has the same propensity to follow or defy the law, crime is a choice and punishment operates as a price for antisocial behavior. But if IQ differences mean that it is harder for some people to follow the law than others, then claims of “equal justice under law” are harder to sustain. And if social interventions cannot change IQ, difficult questions of when and how to absolve defendants of criminal culpability must be confronted.
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Gaffney-Rhys, Ruth. "9. The Law Relating to Children: Children’s Rights and Private Law." In Concentrate Questions and Answers Family Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198817482.003.0009.
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The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter considers children’s rights and private law relating to children. The first essay question focuses on the rights of the child to make his or her own decisions and to participate in private law proceedings, whilst the second examines how the law ensures that children have a relationship with both parents after separation. The third question is a problem scenario that requires discussion of orders under s. 8 of the Children Act 1989, the welfare principle, and the welfare checklist. The final problem question concerns inherent jurisdiction and the right of a child to refuse medical treatment.
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Clarke-Doane, Justin. "Realism, Objectivity, and Evaluation." In Morality and Mathematics, 156–75. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823667.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses “realist pluralism” in mathematics and morality. It argues that, under the assumption of pluralism, factual questions get deflated while practical -- i.e., what-to-do -- questions do not. It then uses this contrast to formulate a radicalization of Moore’s Open Question Argument. Practical questions remain open even when the facts, including the evaluative facts, come cheaply. The chapter concludes that practical realism must be false, but practical questions are objective in a paradigmatic respect. Conversely, mathematical realism is true, but mathematical questions fail to be objective. An important upshot of the discussion is that the concepts of realism and objectivity, which are widely identified, are actually in tension.
Conference papers on the topic "Questions under discussion"
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De Kuthy, Kordula, Madeeswaran Kannan, Haemanth Santhi Ponnusamy, and Detmar Meurers. "Towards automatically generating Questions under Discussion to link information and discourse structure." In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: International Committee on Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.509.
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De Kuthy, Kordula, Madeeswaran Kannan, Haemanth Santhi Ponnusamy, and Detmar Meurers. "Towards automatically generating Questions under Discussion to link information and discourse structure." In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: International Committee on Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.509.
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Eliášová, Silvia. "Jurisdiction and Enforcement after Brexit under Withdrawal Agreement." In COFOLA INTERNATIONAL 2020. Brexit and its Consequences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9801-2020-1.
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This paper focuses on the issue of international jurisdiction and enforcement of foreign judgements after Brexit basically until the end of transition period (to 31 December 2020) according to the Withdrawal Agreement, with possible next legal regime. The withdrawal of United Kingdom from the European Union is undoubtedly a significant interference with existing European law. What dimension it takes depends, in particular, on the question of whether or not to complete a comprehensive agreement between the EU and the UK that would establish and direct the future partnership and cooperation in all relevant areas. With the aim of contributing to the discussion concerning EU and UK fundamental rules on jurisdiction and enforcement, this paper provides a view of possible questions and solutions immediately after Brexit until end of transition period. The legal regime of judicial proceedings with an international element initiated before Brexit or during transition period is still relevant under these pre-Brexit rules or Withdrawal Agreement rules. The same situation is with regard to judgements delivered before 31 December 2021. This contribution shall review the state of play immediately after Brexit under Withdrawal Agreement concerning “separation” of EU fundamental rules on jurisdiction and enforcement.
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Bajwa, Christopher S. "An Analysis of a Spent Fuel Transportation Cask Under Severe Fire Accident Conditions." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1606.
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Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 71 section 73(c)(4), (10 CFR 71.73(c)(4)) requires that transportation packages used to ship radioactive material must be designed to resist an engulfing fire of a 30 minute duration and prevent release of radioactive material to the environment. In July, 2001, a derailed train carrying hazardous materials caught fire in a railroad tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland, and burned for several days. Although the occurrence of a fire of such duration during the shipment of spent nuclear fuel is unlikely, questions were raised about the performance of spent nuclear fuel casks under conditions similar to those experienced in the Baltimore tunnel fire incident. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission evaluates the performance of spent fuel transportation casks under accident conditions. The National Transportation Safety Board is responsible for investigating railroad accidents and identifying the probable cause(s) and offers recommendations for safety improvements. They are currently investigating the Baltimore tunnel fire accident. This paper assesses the performance of a spent fuel transportation cask with a welded canister under severe fire conditions. The paper describes the analytic model used for the assessment and presents a discussion of the preliminary results.
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Tyagi, Pawan. "Student Presentation Based Effective Teaching (SPET) Approach for Advanced Courses." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66029.
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A student activity based effective teaching approach can significantly improve student learning. However, implementing student activity based teaching for the advanced level courses can be very challenging. Incomplete course coverage and the amount of time required by an instructor for designing active teaching strategies are cited as the common inhibiting factors in the adoption of active student teaching. This paper discusses a student presentation based effective teaching (SPET) approach that covers more course material than that covered in the conventional or other student-active teaching methods. Moreover, SPET approach requires less preparation time on instructor behalf. This paper is based on the effective teaching experiments conducted on senior level science and technology courses at University of the District of Columbia. Under the SPET approach, students are given reading assignment to prepare ∼ 10–20 minutes long power point presentation on well-defined conceptual topics, questions, or chapter modules. In every class typically three presentations take place on the same questions or topics. However, non-presenter students are required to generate conceptual questions. These questions were asked during or after the presentation by the designated students. Students’ presentations were graded according to the rubric focusing on coverage of suggested topics, quality of presentation, and questions and answers. Hence, the whole class is engaged in understanding the topic either for making the presentation or for creating conceptual questions. These grades were posted right after the class in the Blackboard’s online grade center to provide quick feedback. The following are key advantages of this approach. (1) Students understand 50–100% about the intended topic during self-reading and while making a presentation or participating in class discussion. (2) Repeating same concepts thrice during a class period and occasionally with instructor’s insights enable deep learning. (3) Students get quick quantitative feedback after each class and qualitative feedback during the class from instructor and peers. (4) This approach allowed coverage of very complex topics. (5) Students improved their communication skills by making coherent presentations and doing class discussion. In the survey, students reflected a higher degree of satisfaction with their learning as compared to instructor’s lecture-based classroom education system. This approach is highly suitable for advanced-level elective courses with small enrollment.
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Nedelko, Zlatko, and Vojko Potočan. "Progress Towards Industry 4.0 – a Management Tools Perspective." In 5th International Scientific Conference 2021. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-464-4.15.
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The main aim of this draft paper is to discuss the progress towards Industry 4.0 in organizations, through the lenses of management tools utilization. Our discussion is based on the cognitions that management tools support organizational working under Industry 4.0 circumstances. According to the management tools utilization we argue about the level of Industry 4.0 implementation in organizations. Based on the current level of management tools utilization, it is evident that in the forefront are management tools, which are not tightly associated with supporting organizational working under Industry 4.0 circumstances, like outsourcing, benchmarking, knowledge management, etc, while commonly emphasized management tools for supporting organizational working under Industry 4.0 circumstances, are not in the forefront of use, like lean production, RFID, six-sigma, etc. Results allow us to argue that organizations are at the early stages of Industry 4.0 implementation in organizations. The paper offers some possible reasons for such state. This paper should also trigger questions, how to increase the level of Industry 4.0 implementation in organizations.
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Bajwa, Christopher S. "Analysis of the Impact of a Tunnel Fire Environment on a Spent Nuclear Fuel Transportation Cask." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2147.
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On July 18, 2001, a train carrying hazardous materials derailed and caught fire in the Howard Street railroad tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland. Due to this accident, questions were raised about the performance of spent nuclear fuel transportation casks under severe fire conditions, similar to those experienced in the Baltimore tunnel fire. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) evaluates the performance of spent fuel transportation casks under accident conditions. Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 71 section 73(c)(4), (10 CFR 71.73(c)(4)) requires that transportation packages used to ship radioactive material must be designed to resist an engulfing fire of a 30 minute duration and prevent release of radioactive material to the environment. The staff of the NRC, in cooperation with the National Transportation Safety Board, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Pacific Northwest National Labs and the Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analysis, have undertaken an analysis to determine the thermal conditions present in the Howard Street tunnel fire, as well as analyze the effects that such a fire would have on a spent fuel transportation cask. This paper describes the analytic models used in the assessment and presents a discussion of the results.
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Elizabeth Bezanson, Mary, Kenneth J. Levine, and Susan B. Kretchmer. "Panel on: The Creation and Distortion of Communication through Information Technology." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2733.
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Information and communication technology has opened up both challenges and opportunities for the process of communication. This is particularly true for communicating effectively and efficiently in the digital age, where unique problems of creation and distortion, especially misinformation and bias, can arise. In addition, the broad diffusion of a communication medium eventually prompts both the public and private sectors to establish mechanisms to regulate that medium under the rubric of the public interest. Sometimes this can happen through self-censorship on the part of the industry, while other times it requires the institution of governmental law and regulation. The emergence of the Internet as a mass communication system has raised questions about how this medium can function to benefit society, as well as concerns about its potential harm. Focusing on the nexus of the process of communication and the limitations and prospects of information technology, this panel explores some of the major concerns of the digital age from a legal and policy perspective. The topics to be covered through interactive discussion include: anonymous speech and cybersmearing; the nature of publication and misinformation; and Internet content filtering, freedom of speech, and intellectual property
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Xu, Jiajun. "Implementation of Student Presentation-Based Active Learning (SPAL) Approach in Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70478.
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Active learning approaches require a lot of time investment in student activities and engagement during the class period, which often leads to incomplete coverage of the course syllabus. Furthermore, it requires significant amount of time for the instructor to design and implement active learning strategies. All these shortcomings are often cited as the common hindrance in adopting student active learning. To address these widely recognized inhibiting factors, we recently implemented a new student active learning approach. This approach is based on the students’ presentation and hence termed as student presentation-based active learning (SPAL). Under this approach, students are given a reading assignment to prepare a PowerPoint presentation on well-defined conceptual topics, questions, or chapter modules. Reading assignments on a topic are administered 1–2 weeks before covering them in the class. This allows reasonable time for the self-comprehension of the suggested material for presentation preparation. Students were expected to rehearse the presentation and be prepared to complete it in the suggested time duration. During each lecture, one group of student would present the assigned topic to the class, and their presentations were graded according to the rubric focusing on the coverage of suggested topics, quality of presentation, and after presentation discussions. Peers and instructor provided feedback about the students’ presentation and unclear concepts. To understand the efficacy of this approach, this approach was implemented in Mechanical Engineering Senior Capstone Project I course in Fall 2016. Here the responses and insights garnered from this practice were presented, and discussion on the advantages and challenges associated with the adaptation of this approach in teaching engineering courses as compared to lecture based classroom education system. This paper can provide useful insights for instructors considering this approach or similar student active teaching approach in their courses.
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Tyagi, Pawan, Wondwosen Demisse, Marzieh Savadkoohi, and Takele Gemeda. "Positive Intelligence Training to Develop Self-Awareness for Enhancing Student Learning Potential During Higher Education." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23845.
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Abstract Positive intelligence (PI) training can produce a transformative impact on college students. PI, a branch of human psychology, provides a tool to identify significant compulsive habits that can inhibit students’ learning potential and ability to understand others. This paper discusses the two training methods adopted for teaching graduate and undergraduate students. It is considered that including such training is fundamentally crucial for developing 21st century STEM workforce with a well-rounded personality. However, PI training may consume a significant class time allocated for covering course contents under the degree-specific curriculums. Starting a new course may increase the credit overload beyond the approved BS and graduate credits. This paper discusses introducing different modules in the existing classes to foster PI training. The PI training method for undergraduate students focuses on self-education via online videos and freely available content and self-assessment tests. Undergraduate students were given a set of questions to guide them about the important PI topics and to pay attention while self-learning the PI elements. The PI assignment starts with the familiarization of the Maslow hierarchy of needs governing the motivation behind human actions. This assignment mainly focuses on understanding the “sage” mode in which a human tends to utilize his/her latent and earned skills towards the attainment of goals and living life purposefully. The PI assignment had several questions on self-sabotaging “saboteurs” and judging traits that almost everyone develops as a survival mechanism while facing emotional and physical survival challenges for an extended period. During class discussion, students were exposed to their hidden/invisible saboteurs which could be easily triggered by unrealistic mental threats and thus compromise their learning function and performance. Students were asked to take free online self-assessment saboteur test to find the numerical values of their traits and do self-evaluation and plan to counteract the effect of self-sabotaging habits. PI training fulfills ABET student learning outcomes focusing on developing their life-long learning skills. This paper mainly discusses the PI training for graduate students under the mechanical engineering department. PI training is one of the first and essential modules in the mandatory MECH 500 Research Methods and Technical Communication course. Graduate students enrolled in this course are first introduced to the importance of PI and its potential impact in developing self-efficacy. After the initial introduction, graduate students are asked to do the following (a) Complete the abovementioned assignment given to the undergraduate student, (b) prepare a presentation on PI by including their insights for class discussion. After the PI training, students were asked to reflect on their competence in PI and the ability to apply it. In the survey and direct feedback, students expressed the value and appreciation for the PI training. Students also expressed the need to provide this training to large masses for developing an emotionally mature society of parents, teachers, and students, producing creative, innovative, and emphatic civilization.
Reports on the topic "Questions under discussion"
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Havrlant, David, and Abdulelah Darandary. Economic Diversification under Saudi Vision 2030. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp06.
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The last decade has brought a row of substantial changes that have profound implications for the traditional hydrocarbon resource-rich economies. Economic conditions may change radically either throughout a decade or within months. The question is whether there is no other option for a hydrocarbon resource-rich economy than to be held hostage to the fluctuations in global oil prices. The general answer to a changing environment is: Adapt! From the macroeconomic perspective, this means diversifying the economy to broaden the income base and significantly reduce the dependence on oil revenues. The Saudi Vision 2030 represents a complex plan for substantial socioeconomic adjustments that are about to move the economy toward a more diversified and sustainable one. This discussion paper examines the preferred diversification paths for the Saudi economy in more detail, with a focus on the foreseen adjustments in the sectoral composition of the economy along with broader macroeconomic shifts. The evaluation of the foreseen diversification impacts is based on the updated Vision 2030 Input-Output Table that maps the changing structure of the Saudi economy over the coming decade. We discuss the assumed expansion of the diversification frontrunners, their changing contribution to the overall economic activity and identify the preferred diversification paths for the Saudi economy. The advances in economic diversification are measured by applying the Shannon-Weaver index to sectoral GDP and household income. The expected sectoral changes are wide-reaching, so the basic macroeconomic relations are also subject to adjustments. We also conduct a sensitivity analysis to examine the effects of the foreseen diversification on the resilience of the Saudi economy to external shocks.
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Miller, James, John Vavrin, and Samuel Stidwell IV. Study of maintenance of High Performance Sustainable Buildings (HPSB). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40080.
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A study was performed by the Energy Branch of the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, on behalf of the US Army Installation Management Command under the Installation Technology Transition Program. The focus of the study was related to maintainability and operability issues associated with High Performance Sustainable Buildings (HPSBs). This study was conducted primarily based on information gleaned from telephone and web conference discussions with installation Directorate of Public Works personnel including Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Chiefs, energy managers, maintenance supervisors, and maintenance technicians. Experiences with HPSBs varied from installation to installation. For example, some installations had very positive experiences with photovoltaic (PV) arrays while other sites questioned their practicality due to maintainability problems. One site noted that PV technologies are changing so rapidly that procuring spare/repair parts becomes difficult or impossible when vendors discontinue supporting their older technologies or manufacturers go out of business. Based on discussions with the installation O&M personnel, a table of pro and con recommendations for 25 technologies, which are commonly implemented on HPSBs, was prepared and is included in this report.