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Journal articles on the topic 'Questions under discussion'
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Ippolito, Michela. "Counterfactuals and Conditional Questions under Discussion." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2659.
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In this paper I investigate the issue of the context-dependence of counterfactual conditionals and how the context constrains similarity in selecting the right set of worlds necessary in order to arrive at their correct truth-conditions. I will review previous proposals and conclude that the puzzle of how we measure similarity and thus resolve the context-dependence of counterfactuals remains unsolved. I will then consider an alternative based on the idea of discourse structure and the concept of a question under discussion.
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Benz, Anton, and Katja Jasinskaja. "Questions Under Discussion: From Sentence to Discourse." Discourse Processes 54, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163853x.2017.1316038.
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Ronai, Eszter, and Ming Xiang. "Exploring the connection between Question Under Discussion and scalar diversity." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5001.
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Previous research has revealed that different scalar expressions give rise to scalar inferences (SIs) at different rates. This variation has been termed scalar diversity. In this study, we investigate the role of Questions Under Discussion (QUDs) in explaining this variation in SI rates. Investigating 43 different scalar expressions, we first show that explicit QUDs robustly affect calculation rates: questions based on the stronger of two scalar terms lead to higher SI rates than questions promoting the weaker one. Second, we explore whether the likelihood of asking the stronger question in general (Question Availability) can explain the scalar diversity effect. Our results suggest that Question Availability is indeed a predictor of scalar diversity, but only for scales where both terms denote intervals (unbounded scales), and not for scales where the stronger member has a fixed meaning (bounded scales).
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Grindrod, Jumbly, and Emma Borg. "Questions Under Discussion and the Semantics/Pragmatics Divide." Philosophical Quarterly 69, no. 275 (January 21, 2019): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqy058.
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Beaver, David I., Craige Roberts, Mandy Simons, and Judith Tonhauser. "Questions Under Discussion: Where Information Structure Meets Projective Content." Annual Review of Linguistics 3, no. 1 (January 14, 2017): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-033952.
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Coppock, Elizabeth, and David Beaver. "Sole Sisters." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2615.
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We propose a unified analysis of exclusives, taking into account NP- and VP-modifying 'only' and 'just' and the adjectival exclusives 'mere', 'sole', 'only', 'single', and 'exclusive'. We use paraphrases with 'at most' and 'at least' to argue that exclusives uniformly signify a presupposed lower bound and an ordinary content upper bound on the true alternative answers to the current question under discussion, thus extending Beaver and Clark (2008). According to our analysis, exclusives vary along two parameters: (i) the ontological type of their arguments; (ii) constraints on the question under discussion. Due to variation in the type parameter, exclusives exhibit different scopes, leading to different NPI licensing properties. To formalize our analysis, we introduce a dynamic semantics that treats questions under discussion as part of the context and allows for binding into these questions.
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Padmanabhan, Vijay. "The Idea of Effective International Law: Continuing the Discussion." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300001938.
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The joint 108th American Society of International Law (ASIL) Annual Meeting and 76th International Law Association (ILA) Biennial Conference was organized under the theme “The Effectiveness of International Law.” In conjunction with this theme, the ASIL Legal Theory Interest Group hosted a panel discussion exploring the theoretical dimensions of the concept of “effectiveness” as understood in international law. Panelists discussed three related questions: (1)Is the effectiveness of international law an empirical question measured through evaluating compliance with international legal norms?(2)What conceptions of effectiveness might exist beyond compliance? Could such conceptions be captured in theoretical or moral terms?(3)Why is international law concerned with effectiveness at all?
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Brown, Nick, Gareth Holsgrove, and Sadira Teeluckdharry. "Case-based discussion." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 17, no. 2 (March 2011): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.003939.
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SummaryCase-based discussion has been a key element of the assessment programme for psychiatrists in training under the guidance of the Royal College of Psychiatrists since 2007. Its incorporation within systems for recertification and thus revalidation for psychiatrists in established practice has now been piloted. This article discusses the origins of the instrument in Canada and the USA before describing its use in the UK. Case-based discussion is placed within the context of contemporary postgraduate medical education and the curricula of the College, offering practical guidance on how best to use this method for the assessment of reasoning and judgement. Finally, some questions are posed regarding the potential use of case-based discussion in the proposals for revalidation.
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Ye, Shumian. "From maximality to bias: Biased A-not-A questions in Mandarin Chinese." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (March 2, 2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4826.
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This study aims to derive the epistemic bias in shi-bu-shi questions, a type of A-not-A question in Mandarin Chinese. I propose: (i) the focus marker shi presupposes that its prejacent is a possible complete answer to the current Question Under Discussion (QUD); (ii) accordingly, shi-bu-shi questions are presupposed to be part of the Focus-strategy of inquiry; (iii) the Focus-strategy of inquiry indicates the questioner's intention to close the current QUD as soon as possible, and to achieve this goal, the questioner should check the answer that she considers most likely to be true. By assuming such completeness-to-likelihood reasoning, a novel link between focus in polar questions and question bias is established. The ramifications of this proposal for related phenomena (e.g., bias in embedded questions, evidential bias) are then discussed.
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Venkatesan, Madhavi, Fenner Dreyfuss-Wells, Anjali Nair, Astrid Pedersen, and Vishnu Prasad. "Evaluating Conscious Consumption: A Discussion of a Survey Development Process." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 3339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063339.
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This paper is the outcome of a course project for Economics of Sustainability (Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts). Facilitated and under the direction of the instructor, course participants designed a survey instrument where questions and responses were developed to be indicators of behavioral bias related to the environment. The consumer good targeted in the survey was convenience-based coffee consumption, and convenience was defined by the use of single-use disposable coffee cups. The discussion highlights the survey development process including literature review-based expectations specific to each question. The paper concludes with next steps, which involve the administration of the instrument and evaluation of the survey results.
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Rahma, Endah Anisa, and Rusma Setiyana. "Sosialisasi Trik Menjawab Soal Reading dalam Ujian Nasional Bahasa Inggris di SMKN 1 Samatiga Aceh Barat." Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat: Darma Bakti Teuku Umar 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/baktiku.v1i1.1436.
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Reading is one of the types of questions asked in National Examination. Senior High School/ MA/ SMK students face difficulties in answering reading questions because they require to analize and compare the passage. Based on the results of a study by the Research Center of the Ministry of Education and Culture (2019), only under 50% of students were able to answer the English National Examination questions. Based on these facts, it is necessary to hold a socialization about understanding English test questions and the types of questions asked in the National Examination. In this community service activity, students of SMKN 1 Samatiga who will face the National Examination are the target of the activity. This activity was carried out by lecturing, discussion and simulation test questions. After being given an understanding of the tricks in answering reading questions, the test results showed that students get scores above 50 for each aspect of the question discussed, namely: main ideas, direct and indirect questions, pronoun references, and vocabulary meaning.
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Zinati, Gladis M. "Transition from Conventional to Organic Farming Systems: II. Summary of Discussion Session and Recommendations for Future Research." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.611.
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A question/answer discussion session was conducted at the conclusion of the workshop “Pest Management During Transition to Organic Farming Systems”. The following categories were used to summarize the discussion: 1) questions and answers related to cultural and biological practices and their effects under various climatic conditions, 2) recommendations for pest management, and 3) future research needs. While many tactics are available, selecting and adopting the most suitable approach depends on soil conditions of the land, location, and the availability of the resources at affordable prices. Definitely, more research studies are needed on 1) weed seed banks under various cultural practices at different regions, 2) relationships between soil nutrients, and pest control, and 3) approaches to increase profitability of organic production during the transition period.
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Bale, Sherri J. "When Genetics Gets under Your Skin." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 1, no. 2 (October 1996): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347549600100208.
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Background: Only recently has the advent of the use of modern statistical and molecular genetic techniques begun to increase our understanding of the study of dermatology and skin biology. Objective: This paper will briefly outline several statistical techniques that are used in genetic studies of skin disease by reviewing these techniques, the types of questions that can be answered using them, and issues that should be considered in evaluating and interpreting papers that use them. Methods: A discussion of association studies, segregation analyses, and linkage analyses with respect to skin diseases is presented. Results: Association studies can be used to identify both genetic and environmental risk factors for disease. Segregation analyses are used to identify the underlying mechanism for disease aggregation in families. Linkage analysis is used to map disease genes to chromosomes. Conclusion: Dermatologists should be familiar with the types of genetic questions that can be answered with each technique, and should remain aware of the limitations in interpretation.
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Hubin, Donald C. "HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE INTERESTS: PUZZLES AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE PROPERTY PARADIGM." Social Philosophy and Policy 29, no. 1 (December 14, 2011): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052511000070.
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AbstractThe question of ownership—property rights—is important in addressing many issues of public policy. But the attempt to subsume all questions of rights under what I describe as “the property paradigm” exerts a distorting influence on debates about a variety of complex moral issues. More specifically, I argue that the application of the property paradigm deformed discussion of the nature and basis of parental rights. The claim that parental rights are not best understood as property rights is now widely acknowledged. However, while the property paradigm exerts only vestigial influence on contemporary discussions of parental rights, it still exerts a significant distorting effect on discussions of reproductive rights. I argue that focusing on the question of the ownership of gametes, in particular of sperm, tends to warp the moral dialog concerning reproductive rights. Those sensitive moral debates are better framed in terms of individuals' legitimate interests than in terms of property.
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Sargsyan, Grigor. "On the Prewellorderings Associated with the Directed Systems of Mice." Journal of Symbolic Logic 78, no. 3 (September 2013): 735–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl.7803030.
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AbstractWorking under AD, we investigate the length of prewellorderings given by the iterates of ℳ2k+1, which is the minimal proper class mouse with 2k + 1 many Woodin cardinals. In particular, we answer some questions from [4] (the discussion of the questions appears in the last section of [2]).
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Gibson, P. "Catalysis for fuels: Concluding Remarks." Faraday Discussions 197 (2017): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00096k.
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The 2017 Faraday Discussion on the topic of “Catalysis for Fuels” was unique in the sense that it was the first Faraday Discussion to be held on the continent of Africa. “Catalysis” and “Fuels” are both topics that could be widely interpreted and the session topics proved to be a relevant spread of old and new i.e. Fischer–Tropsch chemistry, biomass refining, zeolite conversions and photocatalysis. Most of the papers were underpinned by fundamental studies, catalyst design approaches, reports of in operando characterization and detailed speciation and micro kinetic analyses. Examples of commercial application were offered under the headings of biomass conversion, Fischer–Tropsch and to some extent photocatalysis. Cognisance was given to the increasingly important role of catalytic metals in terms of scarcity, cost and environmental impact. The potential role of novel alloys in addressing some of the catalytic mechanistic challenges turned out to be one of the central themes during the discussions. The following remarks are an attempt to draw parallels between the topics under discussion and the author’s subjective view of current universal questions that could/should be highlighted under the “Catalysis for Fuels” heading.
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Ye and Wei. "A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of El Niño on Twitter: Spatial, Social, Temporal, and Semantic Perspectives." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2019): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8100436.
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Social media platforms have become a critical virtual community where people share information and discuss issues. Their capabilities for fast dissemination and massive participation have placed under scrutiny the way in which they influence people’s perceptions over time and space. This paper investigates how El Niño, an extreme recurring weather phenomenon, was discussed on Twitter in the United States from December 2015 to January 2016. A multiple-dimensional analysis, including spatial, social, temporal, and semantic perspectives, is conducted to comprehensively understand Twitter users’ discussion of such weather phenomenon. We argue that such multi-dimensional analysis can reveal complicated patterns of Twitter users’ online discussion and answers questions that cannot be addressed with a single-dimension analysis. For example, a significant increase in tweets about El Niño was noted when a series of rainstorms inundated California in January 2016. Some discussions on natural disasters were influenced by their geographical distances to the disasters and the prevailing geopolitical environment. The popular tweets generally discussing El Niño were overall negative, while tweets talking about how to prepare for the California rainstorms were more positive.
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Westera, Matthijs, and Adrian Brasoveanu. "Ignorance in context: The interaction of modified numerals and QUDs." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 24 (April 5, 2015): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v24i0.2436.
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<p>We argue for a purely pragmatic account of the ignorance inferences associated with superlative but not comparative modifiers (at least vs. more than). Ignorance inferences for both modifiers are triggered when the question under discussion (QUD) requires an exact answer, but when these modifiers are used out of the blue the QUD is implicitly reconstructed based on the way these modifiers are typically used, and on the fact that "at least n", but not "more than n", mentions and does not exclude the lower bound "exactly n". The paper presents new experimental evidence for the context-sensitivity of ignorance inferences, and also for the hypothesis that the higher processing cost reported in the literature for superlative modifiers is context-dependent in the exact same way.</p><p>Keywords: superlative vs. comparative modifiers, ignorance inferences, questions under discussion, experimental semantics and pragmatics</p>
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PANKOVA, Elena Igorevna. "THEATRICAL DISCUSSION FORMS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF STUDENT SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 177 (2018): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-177-90-96.
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We analyze the potential of technologies of social and cultural activities used in the practice of student scientific societies, which are aimed at maximum activation of the audience, and ensuring the multilateral interaction of participants in discussion programs. The experience of implementing complex social and cultural events stimulating the all-round development of young researchers is considered, which include panel discussions and scientific battles (scientific stand-ups). The format of the scientific stand-up or scientific battle (Science Slam) is a special kind of scientific conference held in the format of a party, in which young people from different branches of science compete in a witty and fascinating presentation of information on the results achieved. The format of the panel discussion is supposed to be the statement of several experts who set forth different points of view on the subject under discussion, after which the moderator invites the others present to ask questions to the speakers. Panel discussion implies an exchange of views on a given topic, as well as receiving answers from experts for questions of interest to the audience. Panel activities can be accompanied by entertaining episodes and informal audience communication. The Science Slam format does not only have an entertaining mission, but within this intellectual show young scientists go to the microphone, try to make their performances not only informative and capacious, but also funny, provocative, memorable and emotional. Due to the peculiarities of different formats, there are wide opportunities for using theatrical forms of organization of scientific discussion, manifestations of individual initiative and creativity.
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Watterson, J. G. "A role for water in cell structure." Biochemical Journal 248, no. 2 (December 1, 1987): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2480615.
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The question of a role for water in biochemical and cellular events is ignored by most workers (apart from its obvious role in hydrolysis reactions, which is not under discussion here). But much recent research has pointed to the importance of physical, as well as biochemical, processes of the cell, which focus attention on such straightforward elementary questions as position and relationship in space of cell components. In this communication these questions are examined in terms of a new model of water structure. A radically new feature of this model is that water clusters have long-term rather than flickering existence and are as large as the macromolecular components of the cell. These properties allow the clusters and other components to pack together spatially so giving rise to integrated, large-scale, subcellular structures.
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Santomero, Anthony M. "Discussion: “Fair Value Accounting for Property-Liability Insurers and Classification Decisions under FAS 115”." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 13, no. 3 (July 1998): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x9801300304.
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Godwin, Petroni and Wahlen, henceforth, GPW, have presented us with the results of an interesting study of the impact of FAS 115 and the 1995 one-time option to alter the reporting of investment securities of property-liability insurers. But, like all good papers this one raises as many new questions as it answers old ones. The center of the study is how and why these insurers changed their investment asset reporting in light of the introduction of the three FAS 115 categories for investment securities of “trading securities,” “available-for-sale,” and “held-to-maturity.” The authors have meaningfully contributed to the literature in this area, as the reader learns much about the change in investment accounting over the period 1991–1995 in the earlier descriptive section of the paper, and the empirical portion sheds new light on the reasons for these changes.
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Strzępek, Łukasz. "ABOUT THE CERTIFYING DECISION – COMMENTS UNDER ART. 122F CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, no. XX (March 30, 2020): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1437.
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The study concerns one of the important, though not very intensively discussed in literature issues related to the tacit confirmation. Meanwhile, the unprecedented, dualistic character of the decision issued with the tacit confirmation, prompts to pose a number of questions regarding both its essence and the consequences of introducing this type of construction into the legal system. The observations made can be a good opportunity to open a discussion on the evolution of the administrative procedure and its adaptation to the social and political circumstances.
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Sato, Yosuke. "Wh-Questions in Colloquial Singapore English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28, no. 2 (August 16, 2013): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.28.2.02sat.
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This paper discusses supplementary roles played by Bazaar Malay and Baba Malay in the genesis of wh-questions in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE). CSE has three options for wh-questions: (a) full wh-movement, (b) partial wh-movement, and (c) wh-in-situ, just like Bazaar Malay and Baba Malay. Whereas options (a) and (c) arose under pressure from English and Chinese, option (b) apparently challenges the Sinitic substrate hypothesis on CSE for two reasons. Firstly, neither Cantonese nor Hokkien possesses partial wh-movement. Secondly, it is mysterious how the apparent Malayic pattern could have entered the pool of CSE features within the predominantly Sinitic contact environment. This paper proposes that partial wh-movement was added onto the CSE grammar as an evolutionary ‘adaptive’ trait from Malay which survived selective Sinitic pressures due to congruence between Malay and Chinese. Both Cantonese and Hokkien possess a wh-topicalization structure, which is sufficiently similar to the partial structure in Malay. As a result, the former served as the template for Chinese speakers to analyze the latter as a congruence structure in the emerging variety. This result supports the recent view that typological congruence between Sinitic and Malay must be taken into account in any discussion of the origin/development of CSE grammar.
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Graeff, Billy. "Football as a tool to understand the struggle for hegemony: Approximations between the historical-critical pedagogy and the critical surpassing conception in a Physical Education class experience." Ágora para la Educación Física y el Deporte 19, no. 2-3 (January 10, 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/aefd.2-3.2017.177-192.
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This paper describes a discussion about a pedagogical task regarding the content football to be carried out in Physical Education classes. Besides, this pedagogical experience questions the way the society has been organized and how such organization has been reproduced. The theoretical framework is based on the historical-critical pedagogy and on the critical-surpassing conception in Physical Education. An idea for a lesson plan is proposed for the task under investigation; reflections on practical experiences which were previously carried out are also presented. Conclusions lead to the understanding of tasks which question hegemonic ideas as being potentially liberating, individually and collectively.
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Maitra, Ishani. "Subordination and Objectification." Journal of Moral Philosophy 10, no. 1 (2013): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-01001001.
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This essay discusses Rae Langton’s recent collection of essays, Sexual Solipsism: Philosophical Essays on Pornography and Objectification. After introducing some of the major themes of the collection, I raise questions about two of the central concepts in the book. The first question has to do with Langton’s notion of subordination. I ask why she takes pornography to be a subordinating speech act, rather than a subordinating practice, and argue that the latter view has several advantages. The remaining questions have to do with Langton’s notion of objectification. Looking first at the moral dimension of objectification, I raise some concerns about Langton’s strategy for distinguishing instances of objectification from non-instances. Then, turning to Langton’s discussion of the epistemic dimension of objectification, I ask under what circumstances certain belief-forming mechanisms, such as desire-driven projection, are objectifying, on her view.
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Osiatyński, Jerzy. "Kazimierz Łaski's Lectures in Macroeconomics under financial capitalism." European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 16, no. 3 (December 2019): 302–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2019.0053.
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The paper summarizes the discussion among Łaski's inner circle regarding the relevance of Kaleckian treatment of money under financial capitalism. The context of that debate was the project of a joint textbook in macroeconomics, the building blocks of which would be Kalecki's theory, and which would take into account the present-day financialization. With Łaski's death the opportunity of doing the project was gone. Of the two closely interlinked questions under debate, the first dealt with permissible simplifications regarding determinants of money supply and interest rates, and the second with how to extend Kaleckian theory to link the real economy sector more tightly with its financial sector. The paper argues that for an introductory textbook in macroeconomics Kalecki's and Łaski's simplifications are legitimate. On the second issue the paper finds the introduction of two financial subsectors and the discussion of their interlinks with the real economy sector to be an important and possible way of investigating macroeconomic crises and instability within the Kaleckian macroeconomic framework. Another way would be the expansion and modification of Kalecki's investment decision function, which would continue to generate an automatic business cycle due to changes in fixed capital investment but also in combination with factors determining financial investment.
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Widiawati, Harfiyah, Lambok Hermanto Sihombing, and Aris Masruri Harahap. "The Act of Silencing in Robert Musil’s “Tonka”." Journal Polingua : Scientific Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Education 9, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/polingua.v9i2.144.
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Modernism’s overemphasize on universal objectivity as well as its optimistic humanism have generated critical questions. The critics on modernism, labeled under the name of postmodernists, question the neutrality assumed by humanist universalism and scientific objectivism. Seeing the ugly sides of enlightenments, the modernist critics begins to see modernism “as deeply implicated by forms of oppression: sexism, racism, class-ism, colonialism”. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a modernist work from the view point of postmodernism. The work that is under discussion here is “Tonka” by Robert Musil. Within the story, we can see that a form of oppression appears. We are to find how the form of oppression within the story works. It is interesting to find that the oppression works through the act of silencing. To see how silence is interwoven in the story, we have to firstly set some limitation to make possible the discussion on silence itself. The easiest way to do it is by putting the entity in a binary opposition since the text strongly shows binary organization.
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Sakhiyya, Zulfa. "NEGOTIATING SOCIAL IDENTITY THROUGH QUESTIONS IN CASUAL CONVERSATIONS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 6, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v6i2.4916.
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Questioning is a potential means to establish identity in social interaction, and thus it helps position oneself in relation to others. However, this relationship between question and social identity remains relatively under-explored in the theoretical territory (Kao & Weng, 2012; Tracy & Naughton, 1994). This paper contributes to this area of inquiry by employing critical discourse analysis in investigating the construction and negotiation of social identity through questions. Data are drawn from four sets of casual conversations I conducted with two native and two non-native speakers of English. Two stages of analysis are carried out. Firstly, I present and distribute the questioning patterns that emerge from the conversation. Secondly, I analyse the questioning process and its relation to the negotiation of social identity. Findings and discussion reveal that social identity is multiple: as a site of struggle and subject to change. The negotiation of identity through questions is evident from the emerging patterns of the length of interrogative form, repetitive questions, and the intensity of social control.
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Viesel, Yvonne, and Constantin Freitag. "Wer kann denn schon ja sagen?" Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 38, no. 2 (November 3, 2019): 243–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2019-2003.
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Abstract The article explores German discourse particles (DiPs) in rhetorical wh-questions (wh-RQs). While schon (roughly ‘unexpectedly’) only marks rhetorical wh-questions, denn (roughly ‘I wonder’) marks contextually arising information-seeking or rhetorical Questions under Discussion (QuDs), with or without schon. Since ja (roughly ‘unquestionably’) marks shared information, it is incompatible with questions by itself, but occasionally occurs in wh-RQs left of DiPs like schon instead of denn. The results of two acceptability judgment experiments confirm that ja is strongly dispreferred in RQs, the presence of schon improves RQs with and without ja, and denn has no effect on acceptability. A follow-up study further indicated the rhetorical reading of our target questions to prevail independently from DiPs. We conclude that ja in RQs operates on the information contributed by elements like schon, denoting roughly that the issue in question arises ‘unquestionably against expectations’. Our contexts were neutral regarding the discourse functions of ja and denn (side remarks vs. QuDs), unlike the contexts of the findings, from which we deduce that the marked ja schon-RQs, while grammatical, require specific felicity conditions. A first attempt to confirm this experimentally was globally unsuccessful and could only reveal potential hints in an exploratory analysis.
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Armstrong, Glen W., Steven G. Cumming, and Wiktor L. Adamowicz. "Timber supply implications of natural disturbance management." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75497-3.
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The timber supply implications of applying an interpretation of the natural disturbance model (NDM) of forest management were examined, using a computer model simulating forest growth and harvest. Under the natural disturbance model, much less timber was available for harvest than under maximum sustained timber yield management. Several questions relating to implementation of the natural disturbance model of management are raised with the intent of stimulating some discussion.
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Kort, Fred. "The Alfred Empirical Biopolitics Conference: Prospects for a Cohesive Frame of Reference for Inquiry." Politics and the Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400017317.
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As a result of the initiative, ingenuity, and dedicated efforts of Steven Peterson and James Schubert, and the generous support of Alfred University, the Conference on Empirical Biopolitics was held from July 18 to July 22, 1990, on the campus of Alfred University. Six empirical studies were presented and extensively discussed at this small and intimate conference, with two or more hours devoted to each. Discussion focused not only on the specific research questions under investigation, but also on the ramifications for inquiry in the entire field of biopolitics. Odelia Funke and Fred Kort were the designated discussants, but all presenters took part in the stimulating discussions of each paper.
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Bordin, Sonia Sellin. "Excesso de diagnóstico na leitura e escrita: vivências com a linguagem no CCazinho (Excess of diagnosis in the reading and writing: language experiences in CCazinho)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2008): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v6i2.1074.
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Este artigo põe em discussão o excesso de diagnóstico realizado na área de leitura e escrita, questiona essa situação e propõe a observação de um conjunto de fatores que concorrem para que seja marcada no corpo da criança a causa do seu insucesso escolar.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Neurolinguística. Linguagem. Leitura. Escrita. Diagnósticos.ABSTRACT This paper puts under discussion the excess of diagnosis carried through in the reading and writing area, as well raises questions about this situation and considers different aspects of a set of factors that concur so that the cause of his/her school failure is marked directly in the body of the child. KEYWORDS: Neurolinguistic, Language. Reading. Writing. Diagnostic.
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Coeckelbergh, Mark. "Why Care About Robots? Empathy, Moral Standing, and the Language of Suffering." Kairos. Journal of Philosophy & Science 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2018-0007.
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Abstract This paper tries to understand the phenomenon that humans are able to empathize with robots and the intuition that there might be something wrong with “abusing” robots by discussing the question regarding the moral standing of robots. After a review of some relevant work in empirical psychology and a discussion of the ethics of empathizing with robots, a philosophical argument concerning the moral standing of robots is made that questions distant and uncritical moral reasoning about entities’ properties and that recommends first trying to understand the issue by means of philosophical and artistic work that shows how ethics is always relational and historical, and that highlights the importance of language and appearance in moral reasoning and moral psychology. It is concluded that attention to relationality and to verbal and non-verbal languages of suffering is key to understand the phenomenon under investigation, and that in robot ethics we need less certainty and more caution and patience when it comes to thinking about moral standing.
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Khorana, Sukhmani. "Gender Mores on Indian Tv: The ‘Respectable’ Middle Class and Ndtv's The Big Fight." Media International Australia 147, no. 1 (May 2013): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1314700112.
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While India's booming entertainment channels are often examined for their lifestyle content, the nation's equally vibrant English-language news networks can also be read as offering lifestyle-oriented content and advice. Talk shows of both the controlled panel debate and the more interactive studio audience discussion variety often veer into social commentary, particularly on issues pertaining to the transitioning social values of the middle classes, including normative gender. In light of this, this article examines a recent love, sex and marriage-themed episode of leading news channel NDTV 24×7's debate-style talk show, The Big Fight. Such discussions are often cast among ‘respectable’ middle-class Indian households as being ‘too forward’ to watch with the family. Do the panelists on these shows simply articulate ‘respectable’ middle-class sentiments, or are they drawn from a wider social pool? What is the role of the host in re-mediating the material under discussion? How do studio audience questions impact on form and content? Most importantly, what role does such programming play in the ongoing transformation of gendered social norms among the middle classes in India today? These questions are considered within the broader framework of the transnational talk show genre and its appropriation in a specific instance in the contemporary Indian context.
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Potts, Christopher. "On the negativity of negation." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, no. 20 (April 3, 2015): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i20.2565.
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Natural language negation is persistently negative in the pragmatic sense, and emphatic and attenuating negative polarity items modulate this effect in systematic ways. I use large corpora of informal texts with meta-data approximating features of the context to characterize this pragmatic negativity, and I attempt to explain it in terms of the ways in which negative sentences engage the questions under discussion. The discussion highlights some of the ways in which quantitative corpus methods can be used to achieve novel results in linguistic pragmatics.
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Potts, Christopher. "On the negativity of negation." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 20 (August 14, 2010): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2565.
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Natural language negation is persistently negative in the pragmatic sense, and emphatic and attenuating negative polarity items modulate this effect in systematic ways. I use large corpora of informal texts with meta-data approximating features of the context to characterize this pragmatic negativity, and I attempt to explain it in terms of the ways in which negative sentences engage the questions under discussion. The discussion highlights some of the ways in which quantitative corpus methods can be used to achieve novel results in linguistic pragmatics.
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Mohr, Dc, Sl Hart, L. Julian, and Es Tasch. "Screening for depression among patients with multiple sclerosis: two questions may be enough." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 13, no. 2 (March 2007): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458506070926.
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Background Depression among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and has a significant impact on quality of life. As many as two-thirds of depressed MS patients receive no treatment for their depression. While guidelines for depression management suggest screening, the only validated screening tools are questionnaires, which have not been widely implemented in practice. This is the first study on the effectiveness of using two questions assessing mood and anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure) in screening for major depressive disorder (MDD) in MS. Methods MS patients under the care of neurologists were recruited from a large health maintenance organization (HMO). The MDD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV and screening questions was administered. Results Of the 260 participants, 26% met the criteria for MDD. Among patients with MDD, 67% received no anti-depressant medication. The MDD screen identified 99% (95% CI: 91–100%) of cases. Discussion A brief, two question screen is reliable in identifying MS patients with MDD. This suggests that asking these two brief questions could identify almost all MS patients meeting MDD criteria, with minimal numbers of false positives. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 215–219. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Tolochek, Vladimir A. "THE COMPETENCE PHENOMENON: OPEN QUESTIONS." Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, no. 4 (2020): 84–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2020.04.05.
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Relevance. Historically formed scientific traditions, approaches, concepts (including those called the “competency-based approach” — the K-approach) are formed in certain social conditions to solve certain social problems, beyond them they discover their limitations. Identification of the possibilities and limitations of the K-approach contributes to both its development and the refinement of the conditions under which its implementation will be more constructive and effective. Methods: historical and theoretical analysis. Results. “Open questions” of the problem are highlighted: inconsistencies in the judgments of specialists in listing the qualities that determine the success of the subject; the number of competencies “necessary and sufficient”; non-realization of holistic, integrated approach; the place of competencies in the structure of professionalism, their role in career success and professional longevity of people; the issue of “universal” / “specific competencies”; the question about the place of the phenomenon of “competence” and the K-approach in the system of psychological knowledge; the question about the validity of the methods and the measure of the predictive value of the estimates. Conclusions. The interpretation of competencies and the K-approach proposed by specialists are unsatisfactory and poorly coordinated with each other. The K-approach and the established earlier approach of professionally important qualities (PVC-approach) are historically transient scientific concepts (falling into the scale of “small theories”). Both approaches have their own limitations as well as opportunities for development and integration with others. The PVC approach is characterized by an initial extremely broad statement of tasks; the K-approach — by the pragmatism of the original goals and objectives, empiricism in assessing the qualities of the subject. It is possible and necessary to search and find areas of their mutual complementarity, taking into account their ultimate goals and conditions of formation. Ignoring the merits and limitations of any scientific approach is not the best solution. The transition to an open discussion of all complex issues is in demand.
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Afeltowicz, Łukasz, and Witold Wachowski. "How Far we Can Go Without Looking Under the Skin: The Bounds of Cognitive Science." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0005.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of distributed cognition (DCog) in the context of classic questions posed by mainstream cognitive science. We support our remarks by appealing to empirical evidence from the fields of cognitive science and ethnography. Particular attention is paid to the structure and functioning of a cognitive system, as well as its external representations. We analyze the problem of how far we can push the study of human cognition without taking into account what is underneath an individual’s skin. In light of our discussion, a distinction between DCog and the extended mind becomes important.
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Schapp, Jan. "Verstrickung und Erzählung." Phänomenologische Forschungen 2007, no. 1 (2007): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000107939.
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Concerning the modern discussion about the relation between event and narration and “Time and Narration” (Paul Ricoeur) the author asks about the relation between entanglement and narration in Wilhelm Schapps philosophy of stories. The philosophy of stories does not approve a systematisation of the topic but does allow its discussion under various aspects. Among those, the author chooses the existence of narrations in the stories of the entangled, the silent speaking, the entanglement in a positive world and the relation between the story of one’s life and poetry. The essay also is a contribution to basic questions of narrative ethics.
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Abdulbaki, Louay. "Democracy and the re-consolidation of authoritarian rule in Egypt." Contemporary Arab Affairs 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550910802164796.
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Despite the introduction of important liberalization measures, Egypt still suffers from serious democratic deficits. Mubarak's inconsistent political reforms, especially since the 2005 legislative elections, have raised many questions and revived the discussion on whether Egypt is heading in a democratic direction. This article contributes to this discussion by investigating the political process under Mubarak's regime and critically analysing the 2005 legislative elections and the 2007 constitutional amendments. It argues that the behaviour of the Egyptian regime since the 2005 elections, particularly with the introduction of the 2007 constitutional amendments, demonstrates its determination to re-consolidate its authoritarian practices.
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Nedavnya, Olga V. "Religious and Church Issues in Secular Secondary School Subjects under New Program." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 36 (October 25, 2005): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2005.36.1692.
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The problem of church-religious and spiritual subjects in school subjects, in the educational process of different educational units is not limited to the questions of the introduction or non-introduction of Christian ethics, ethics of faith, religious studies or theology. There is no relevant oral and printed discussion. However, scholars and educators have so far received the same meticulous attention to the fact that, in addition to these special subjects, other humanities have been taught and read in the schools, which deal with issues of faith, religion, spirituality - directly or indirectly, in connection with one or another. historical events or in the composition of various works of art, also not neutral in terms of formation of world outlook and confessional prejudices or preferences.
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BRANDTLER, JOHAN. "The question of form in the forming of questions: The meaning and use of clefted wh-interrogatives in Swedish." Journal of Linguistics 55, no. 4 (January 30, 2019): 755–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000634.
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This paper addresses the meaning and use of clefted wh-interrogatives (I-clefts) in Swedish. It is shown that I-clefts always relate immediately to the topic under discussion and serve to clarify a matter in relation to this topic. They are never used in out-of-the-blue contexts. I argue that I-clefts have the same information structure as typically assumed for declarative clefts: the clefted clause expresses an existential presupposition and the cleft phrase is the identificational focus of the utterance. I further argue that the implication of existence commonly associated with canonical argument questions is weaker (a conversational implicature) than the existential presupposition associated with clefts. The results from an extensive corpus survey show that argument I-clefts (who, what) constitute no less than 98% of the total number of I-clefts in my material. This frequency is linked to the presuppositional status of the cleft construction: in contexts where the denoted event is presupposed as part of the common ground, the clefted variety is the more effective choice, due to its clear partitioning of focus and ground. The ‘cost’ of using a more complex syntactic structure (the cleft) is thus counterbalanced by the benefit of being able to pose a question adjusted to the contextual requirements. As non-argument questions are typically presuppositional irrespective of syntactic form, the gain of using a cleft is less obvious – hence their infrequency in the material.
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Grant, Theresa J., and Mariana Levin. "Diverge Then Converge: A Strategy for Deepening Understanding Through Analyzing and Reconciling Contrasting Patterns of Reasoning." Mathematics Teacher Educator 8, no. 2 (March 2020): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mte-2019-0008.
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One of the challenges of teaching content courses for prospective elementary teachers (PTs) is engaging PTs in deepening their conceptual understanding of mathematics they feel they already know (Thanheiser, Philipp, Fasteen, Strand, & Mills, 2013). We introduce the Diverge then Converge strategy for orchestrating mathematical discussions that we claim (1) engenders sustained engagement with a central conceptual issue and (2) supports a deeper understanding of the issue by engaging PTs in considering both correct and incorrect reasoning. We describe a recent implementation of the strategy and present an analysis of students’ written responses that are coordinated with the phases of the discussion. We close by considering conditions under which the strategy appears particularly relevant, factors that appear to influence its effectiveness, and questions for future research.
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Behrend, Lukas, and Meike Levin-Keitel. "Planning as scientific discipline? Digging deep toward the bottom line of the debate." Planning Theory 19, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 306–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095219897283.
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One of the oldest questions of spatial planning is about the profession itself. Because of the direct fields of application on the urban or regional scale, or on sectorial fields like transport or environmental planning, scholars in planning sciences always quarreled with themselves whether their approaches can be seen as discipline itself. Regardless of the different answers and outcomes of this question, it becomes clear that the debate triggers more than just the acceptance as a discipline. One might think that the scientific nature of spatial planning and thus the raison d’être of planning sciences are under general suspicion. This requires a deeper discussion about the definition of sciences and the demarcation problem as discussed in classical (Popper, Kuhn) and more contemporary approaches (Hoyningen-Huene, Park) in the philosophy of science, and what this means for the discussion about spatial planning as a science as well as a discipline. Therefore, various conclusions to regard planning sciences not as one discipline but as multiple disciplines are possible. In this sense, let us dig deep toward the bottom line of the debate.
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Demers, Robert. "Les droits du mineur en vertu de la Partie VI de la Loi régissant les sociétés commerciales canadiennes." Les Cahiers de droit 21, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 399–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042390ar.
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Transfers of shares in the private law of the Province of Quebec raise numerous questions. The rights of the bona fide transferee for value are not clearly settled by the Civil Code and the provincial Companies Act is silent on the issue. In the first part of this article, the author deals with the state of the civil law on the question, illustrating the discussion with a study of the rights of a minor to proceed against bona fide transferees generally and more specifically, under articles 297 and 1487 C.C. In the second part of the article, the question is viewed from the point of view of the federal legislation. Part VI of the Canada Business Corporations Act is studied in detail in so far as the rights of the minor are modified by the statute. This useful exercise indicates clearly the preference given by the federal Act to bona fide purchasers of securities and the rather precarious position of the true owner in questions of conflicting claims. Viewed from a larger perspective, this study reveals an important trend in recent legislative enactments : where traditional rules tend to protect property rights (nemo dat...), contemporary legislations seem to favour unduly the security of commercial transactions.
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Zekiyan, Boghos Levon. "Culture, Policy, and Scholarship in the Subcaucasian Region: (Some Critical Remarks and a Methodological Survey)." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 2 (2008): 329–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406100.
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AbstractThe mutual interaction of culture and policy, and its influence on scholarship is attested in history. Even today this influence is often remarkable in the various fields of humanities, especially in extra-European contexts.The topics, which most frequently became the object of analogous polemics in Caucasian and Subcaucasian studies, can be summed up as follows: a) the question of identities, that is how to define the ethnic, cultural, political, and religious belonging of persons, regions, and objects; b) the question of cultural influences and interactions, that is the question, who and which side influenced the other in those cases in which similar historical phenomena or artistic expressions are discernible in different ethnic or religious groups, or state structures.Obviously, in all these questions strong predicaments of various natures, which can be combined under the common denominator of extra-scholarly factors, play a big role: namely they do not allow or make very difficult a passionless approach and a balanced discussion of the subject.Since the field of discussion is extremely large, the present inquiry takes into consideration only some specific cases in which the role of extra-scholarly factors seems to have major relevance. Moreover, these cases put in a clearer light the gaps of the conceptual frame and of the methodological procedures used in approaching the subject.
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Zigmond, Tony. "Invited Commentary on Training for approval under Section 12(2). Ethics and implications of assessments." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9, no. 1 (January 2003): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.1.43.
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Now that training under Section 12 (Section 20 in Scotland) of the Mental Health Act 1983 is mandatory under the NHS Executive Guidelines HSG (96) 3 (1996) both prior to and while maintaining approval, discussion of the educational objectives and how to achieve them is overdue. The article by Brown & Humphreys (2003, this issue) is a welcome introduction to the debate. Given that psychiatrists may move between different legal jurisdictions and that there is a constant stream of new and relevant case law (not to mention that we may soon have a new Mental Health Act), it is clearly important that training is about principles, issues and asking questions rather than a didactic teaching of facts. One must consider what are the relevant issues.
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Senn, Peter R. "Do Dühring’s tribulations have any lessons for us today?" Journal of Economic Studies 29, no. 4/5 (August 1, 2002): 306–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443580210442769.
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This is an article about the possible lessons for academic freedom that Dühring’s expulsion from the University of Berlin might have for us today. It begins with a brief discussion of his strange fate in the English language literature in contrast with his high position in the history of economic thought. It is no surprise that questions of the denial of academic freedom have long been discussed. The remainder of the article is devoted to a discussion of academic freedom since his time and the possible lessons these developments might have for us today. The most important of these is the ancient truism – academic freedom is always under attack from many sides and must be vigorously defended.
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Stamenov, Maxim I. "Biolinguistics between the language gene, the fossils of language, Merge, and beyond." Language and Dialogue 4, no. 3 (November 24, 2014): 465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.4.3.06sta.
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In this review article the subject under consideration is the status of the biolinguistics program as presented in The Cambridge Handbook of Biolinguistics (2013). The discussion revolves around the problem of what its thematic coverage is and what the prospects of its expansion are according to this publication. The main challenges for biolinguistics are envisaged along the lines of the following three questions: Is it possible (and if yes under what conditions) for biolinguistics to broaden the spectrum of its program in terms of integration of theory, methods, and results from psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and cognitive neuroscience? Is it capable of expanding in a sensible way beyond the set of questions included in its agenda within the generative grammar framework? Is it tenable for the biolinguistics program, as a result of this expansion, to undergo the metamorphosis of becoming the science of language out of life, or is this ‘mission impossible’?