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Journal articles on the topic 'Queue Count'
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1
Gelenbe, Erol. "Product-form queueing networks with negative and positive customers." Journal of Applied Probability 28, no. 3 (September 1991): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214499.
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We introduce a new class of queueing networks in which customers are either ‘negative' or ‘positive'. A negative customer arriving to a queue reduces the total customer count in that queue by 1 if the queue length is positive; it has no effect at all if the queue length is empty. Negative customers do not receive service. Customers leaving a queue for another one can either become negative or remain positive. Positive customers behave as ordinary queueing network customers and receive service. We show that this model with exponential service times, Poisson external arrivals, with the usual independence assumptions for service times, and Markovian customer movements between queues, has product form. It is quasi-reversible in the usual sense, but not in a broader sense which includes all destructions of customers in the set of departures. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions to the (nonlinear) customer flow equations, and hence of the product form solution, is discussed.
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Gelenbe, Erol. "Product-form queueing networks with negative and positive customers." Journal of Applied Probability 28, no. 03 (September 1991): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200042492.
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We introduce a new class of queueing networks in which customers are either ‘negative' or ‘positive'. A negative customer arriving to a queue reduces the total customer count in that queue by 1 if the queue length is positive; it has no effect at all if the queue length is empty. Negative customers do not receive service. Customers leaving a queue for another one can either become negative or remain positive. Positive customers behave as ordinary queueing network customers and receive service. We show that this model with exponential service times, Poisson external arrivals, with the usual independence assumptions for service times, and Markovian customer movements between queues, has product form. It is quasi-reversible in the usual sense, but not in a broader sense which includes all destructions of customers in the set of departures. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions to the (nonlinear) customer flow equations, and hence of the product form solution, is discussed.
3
Bertini, Robert L., and Aaron M. Myton. "Use of Performance Measurement System Data to Diagnose Freeway Bottleneck Locations Empirically in Orange County, California." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1925, no. 1 (January 2005): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192500106.
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To improve freeway modeling and operations, it is important to understand how traffic conditions evolve in both time and space. The widespread availability of freeway sensor data makes detailed operational analysis possible in ways that were not available in the past. This study, inspired by several other studies of a 6-mi segment of Interstate 405 in Orange County, California, describes the evolution of traffic conditions over one morning peak period by using inductive loop detector data, including vehicle count and lane occupancy measured at 30-s intervals. With cumulative curves of vehicle count and occupancy, transformed in ways that enhanced their resolution, 10 bottleneck activations were identified in time and space over one morning peak period. At bottleneck activation, queue propagation was observed in generally predictable ways. Bottleneck outflows were carefully measured only while the bottlenecks were active, that is, while queued conditions persisted upstream and unqueued (freely flowing) conditions prevailed downstream. When bottlenecks were activated immediately following freely flowing conditions, outflow reductions were observed at queue formation. These reductions were consistent with those in previous studies. The study was limited in that only one day's data were analyzed and ramp data were not available on the day analyzed. Future research will include further analysis of the same site by using more recent data now that ramp counts are available in the California Performance Measurement System database. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to bottleneck activation is a critical step toward improving the understanding of how freeways function and is necessary for addressing operational issues. This clear understanding provides a foundation for determining ramp metering rates and addressing the freeway characteristics that cause bottlenecks to form.
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Moore, Lindsey. "‘What happens after saying no?’ Egyptian Uprisings and Afterwords in Basma Abdel Aziz'sThe Queueand Omar Robert Hamilton'sThe City Always Wins." CounterText 4, no. 2 (August 2018): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2018.0127.
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This article compares two creative continuations to the 2011–13 Egyptian uprisings: Basma Abdel Aziz's dystopian novel The Queue (Melville House, 2016; al-Tābour, 2013) and Omar Robert Hamilton's semi-autobiographical fiction The City Always Wins (Faber & Faber, 2017). These two novels, written in the bitter aftermath of Egypt's spectacular twenty-first century revolts, share a morbid tonality and concomitantly sceptical outlook toward representation, despite their different generic affiliations. They nevertheless both gamble on the performative potential of creative fiction. In the context of an ostensibly failed revolution, we need to ask what kinds of reader response are evoked by literary diagnoses of the present that flirt with alexithymia (the inability to describe feeling); in other words, how a counterfuturistic afterwardly aspires to be productive. I argue that these two novels, as afterwords on a revolution, animate a tensile present that sediments a century of thwarted popular aspirations, enfolds critical temporalities, and resists closure. The article uses the concepts of achrony and ‘robbed time’ to define the afterwardly as creative, counter-textual provocation – skirmishes that continually reterritorialise the political and material ground.
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Su, Na, Zhe Hui Wu, Ji Min Liu, Tai An Liu, Xin Jun An, and Chang Qing Yan. "Mining Approximate Frequent Itemsets over Data Streams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 685 (October 2014): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.685.536.
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This paper proposes a method based on Lossy Counting to mine frequent itemsets. Logarithmic tilted time window is adopted to emphasize the importance of recent data. Multilayer count queue framework is used to avoid the counter overflowing and query top-Kitemsets quickly using a index table.
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Nawaz Jadoon, Rab, Mohsin Fayyaz, WuYang Zhou, Muhammad Amir Khan, and Ghulam Mujtaba. "PCOI: Packet Classification‐Based Optical Interconnect for Data Centre Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (July 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2903157.
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To support cloud services, Data Centre Networks (DCNs) are constructed to have many servers and network devices, thus increasing the routing complexity and energy consumption of the DCN. The introduction of optical technology in DCNs gives several benefits related to routing control and energy efficiency. This paper presents a novel Packet Classification based Optical interconnect (PCOI) architecture for DCN which simplifies the routing process by classifying the packet at the sender rack and reduces energy consumption by utilizing the passive optical components. This architecture brings some key benefits to optical interconnects in DCNs which include (i) routing simplicity, (ii) reduced energy consumption, (iii) scalability to large port count, (iv) packet loss avoidance, and (v) all-to-one communication support. The packets are classified based on destination rack and are arranged in the input queues. This paper presents the input and output queuing analysis of the PCOI architecture in terms of mathematical analysis, the TCP simulation in NS2, and the physical layer analysis by conducting simulation in OptiSystem. The packet loss in the PCOI has been avoided by adopting the input and output queuing model. The output queue of PCOI architecture represents an M/D/32 queue. The simulation results show that PCOI achieved a significant improvement in terms of throughput and low end-to-end delay. The eye-diagram results show that a good quality optical signal is received at the output, showing a very low Bit Error Rate (BER).
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Hu, Ran, Jing Shuang Hu, and Ying Wu. "A New Queuing Algorithm of Ophthalmic Hospital Beds Arrangement." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1971–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1971.
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In this paper, we build a new queuing algorithm based on Multi-objective linear programming about the ophthalmic hospital sickbeds arrangement. In the new algorithm we divide the traditional queue into four subqueues depending on the different treatment of diseases and following the law of FCFS. We find a random day for reference and count the data of this day, and then we focus on the arrangement of the next day, which means to choose how many patients from each of the four subqueues to be settled into hospital in the next day. Considering the fair principle, the utilization of sickbeds, and the waiting time of the patients, we found an objective function with several constraint conditions to calculate the arrangement of the next day. In order to simplify the constraint conditions, we transfer the length of the queues into the waiting time of patients and finally get the result through programming by Lingo software.
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Keerthana, S., S. Ainul Inaya, and S. Abarna. "Design of Smart Shopping Enabler For Visually Challenged People." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 2143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1594.
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India has changed the four decade old definition of blindness as “A person who is unable to count the fingers at a distance of 3 meters rather than the earlier count of 6 meters”. This is to reduce the count of blind people in India and to bring in line with the criteria of world health organization (WHO). By this the population count of blind people will be reduced from 1.20 crore to 80 lakh. This great population not only in India but also many countries faces a major challenge i.e shopping independently. They aspire for an independent life. They have to depend on others for buying the products they are in need of. Our project aims at facilitating the visually impaired customers to identify the products in the supermarket, guiding the customers to navigate through all the sections and to automate billing. The user need not stand in long queue for billing the items bought. This eliminates assistance and provides a friendly shopping environment to the customers.
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Salsabela, Aurum Anisa, Sugito Sugito, and Budi Warsito. "ANALISIS METODE BAYESIAN PADA SISTEM ANTREAN PELAYANAN LOKET TIKET STASIUN TAWANG SEMARANG." Jurnal Gaussian 10, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.v10i2.29410.
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Jamming is one of the serious problem in Indonesia caused by the increase of vehicle. The government has made solution for this situation for example was public transportation. Train is one of the suitable public transportation because of the ticket price was cheap. Tawang Railway Stasion Semarang was the biggest railway station in Semarang. In the specific day such long holiday or celebrating day, many people have chosen train to bring them. This make a queuing situation on the counter of station. Queue theory models provide the random of arrival and service time. The Bayesian theory suits to handle the problem of queuing that has been working for several times. Based on the analysis of the queue models for customer service, self-print tickets, cancellation and ordering are (G/G/c):(GD/∞/∞) from the posterior distribution with combination from prior distribution and likelihood sample. The combination of prior distribution and likelihood sample used in this research is Poisson distribution for all ticket counter except the arrival for cancellation counter which Normal distribution. The likelihood sample used Poissonn distribution for all ticket counter, except for self-print tickets which Diskrit Uniform Distribution. Queue models can be used to count the size of the system performance. Based on the calculations and analysis, it can be concluded that the queueing system to the customer service, self-print tickets, cancellation and ordering have been good because its steady state and busy probability is higher than jobless probability. Keywords: Tawang Railway Station, Queue, Bayesian, size of the system performance
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Pan, Jing Shan, and Li Dong Zhang. "Traffic Overflow Modeling and Numerical Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 2072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2072.
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Traffic overflow has great negative impact on normal traffic flow. Improper time setting and offset, even more right turn input traffic flow can cause this extreme phenomenon. In order to discover the intrinsic factor and relationship between overflow and signal setting, traffic flow incoming, we build the traffic flow model. This model takes two adjacent crosses as example, and to count the remained traffic flow queue length in given time interval. The simulation results prove our model’s feasibility. Our model well helps us to understand the overflow characteristics and to find the effective solution to conquer it in the future.
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Wang, Li, Wei Jie Xiu, Zhi Jun Li, and Li Bing Zhao. "Freeway Off-Ramp and Downstream Intersection Coordination Based on MLD Model and MPC Approach." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.690.
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Urban traffic system is typical hybrid system. It is very difficult to coordinate the freeway off-ramp metering and downstream intersection signals which mean a special continuous-discrete-mixing traffic control model need to be considered. In this paper, taking queue length as continuous state variable, traffic signal as discrete variable and traffic count as continuous variable, Model Logic Dynamic approach is built for modeling. Then MILP optimization approach is applied to verify the rationality of the hybrid model. MATLAB simulation results show the MLD model and MILP based MPC method could be used for the coordination between off-ramp metering and downstream intersection signal very well.
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Ningsih, Desrini, Fany Rahma Sari, and Heryenzus Heryenzus. "PENGARUH FASILITAS E-FILING DAN E-SPT TERHADAP KEPUASAN WAJIB PAJAK ORANG PRIBADI DALAM MELAPORKAN SPT (Studi Kasus Pada KPP Pratama Kota Batam)." JURNAL AKUNTANSI BARELANG 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/jab.v4i1.1488.
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The Directorate General of Taxes has provided facilities to taxpayers to report taxes with SPT using e-Filing facilities and e-SPT. E-Filing is an application made by the directorate general of taxes so that taxpayers do not have to bother to queue at the tax service office. While e-SPT is also an application of services made by the directorate general of taxes for taxpayers to be able to report their taxes more easily and not consume a lot of paper. The study was conducted aimed to determine the effect of e-Filing and e-SPT facilities on the satisfaction of individual taxpayers in reporting SPT. The sample used was 400 using the purposive sampling method. The results of this study indicate that e-Filing and e-SPT facilities have a positive and significant influence on taxpayer satisfaction. Evident from the value of t count is greater than t table. The value of t table is 1.966 while the value of t count is obtained for the variable e-Filing facility (X1) 8.624 with a significance of 0,000 and the facility variable e-SPT (X2) 10,899 with a significance of 0,000. Result F shows F count 384,649 with a significant probability of 0,000.
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Agarwal, Madan Mohan, Hemraj Saini, and Mahesh Chandra Govil. "Probabilistic and Fuzzy based Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13, no. 3 (August 12, 2020): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666190101115318.
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Background: The performance of the network protocol depends on number of parameters like re-broadcast probability, mobility, the distance between source and destination, hop count, queue length and residual energy, etc. Objective: In this paper, a new energy efficient routing protocol IAOMDV-PF is developed based on the fixed threshold re-broadcast probability determination and best route selection using fuzzy logic from multiple routes. Methods: In the first phase, the proposed protocol determines fixed threshold rebroadcast probability. It is used for discovering multiple paths between the source and the destination. The threshold probability at each node decides the rebroadcasting of received control packets to its neighbors thereby reducing routing overheads and energy consumption. The multiple paths list received from the first phase and supply to the second phase that is the fuzzy controller selects the best path. This fuzzy controller has been named as Fuzzy Best Route Selector (FBRS). FBRS determines the best path based on function of queue length, the distance between nodes and mobility of nodes. Results: Comparative analysis of the proposed protocol named as "Improved Ad-Hoc On-demand Multiple Path Distance Vector based on Probabilistic and Fuzzy logic" (IAOMDV-PF) shows that it is more efficient in terms of overheads and energy consumption. Conclusion: The proposed protocol reduced energy consumption by about 61%, 58% and 30% with respect to FF-AOMDV, IAOMDV-F and FPAOMDV routing protocols, respectively. The proposed protocol has been simulated and analyzed by using NS-2.
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Zhang, Heying, Kefei Wang, Zhengbin Pang, Liquan Xiao, Qiang Dou, and Yuan Yuan. "An Area-Efficient DAMQ Buffer with Congestion Control Support." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 10 (July 22, 2016): 1650125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616501255.
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As the port count of routers in an interconnection network increases rapidly, the amount of buffers within the router chip also increases greatly. To improve the buffer utilization and to reduce the buffer size, the dynamically allocated multi-queue (DAMQ) algorithm is commonly used. However, traditional DAMQ buffer management suffers from high write latency and read latency, and one virtual channel (VC) monopolizes the entire buffer. To address these issues, we propose a fast and area-efficient DAMQ buffer-management algorithm and a novel flow-control mechanism based on credit with congestion-control support. The simulation results show that the new DAMQ algorithm can achieve low latency and prevent one VC from occupying the entire buffer during periods of congestion. Additionally, it can achieve high throughput with a shallow buffer, which leads to a reduced chip area.
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Gochoo, Munkhjargal, Syeda Amna Rizwan, Yazeed Yasin Ghadi, Ahmad Jalal, and Kibum Kim. "A Systematic Deep Learning Based Overhead Tracking and Counting System Using RGB-D Remote Cameras." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 5503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125503.
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Automatic head tracking and counting using depth imagery has various practical applications in security, logistics, queue management, space utilization and visitor counting. However, no currently available system can clearly distinguish between a human head and other objects in order to track and count people accurately. For this reason, we propose a novel system that can track people by monitoring their heads and shoulders in complex environments and also count the number of people entering and exiting the scene. Our system is split into six phases; at first, preprocessing is done by converting videos of a scene into frames and removing the background from the video frames. Second, heads are detected using Hough Circular Gradient Transform, and shoulders are detected by HOG based symmetry methods. Third, three robust features, namely, fused joint HOG-LBP, Energy based Point clouds and Fused intra-inter trajectories are extracted. Fourth, the Apriori-Association is implemented to select the best features. Fifth, deep learning is used for accurate people tracking. Finally, heads are counted using Cross-line judgment. The system was tested on three benchmark datasets: the PCDS dataset, the MICC people counting dataset and the GOTPD dataset and counting accuracy of 98.40%, 98%, and 99% respectively was achieved. Our system obtained remarkable results.
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Ab. Rahim, Rosminazuin, Abdallah Awad, Aisha Hassan Abdalla Hashim, and ALIZA AINI MD RALIB. "EVALUATION OF THE ROUTING METIRC W-METRIC USED WITH RPL PRTOCOL IN LLNS." IIUM Engineering Journal 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i2.840.
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ABSTRACT: The current de-facto routing protocol over Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN) developed by the IETF Working Group (6LOWPAN), is named as Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy networks (RPL). RPL in the network layer faces throughput challenges due to the potential large networks, number of nodes, and that multiple coexisting applications will be running in the same physical layer. In this study, a node metric for RPL protocol based on the node’s Queue Backlogs is introduced, which leads to a better throughput performance while maintaining the delay and the ability to use with different network applications. This metric depends on the length of Packet Queue of the nodes with the consideration of other link and node metrics, like ETX or energy usage, leading to better load balancing in the network. To implement and evaluate the proposed metric compared to other RPL metrics, ContikiOS and COOJA simulator are used. Extensive simulations have been carried out in a systematic way resulting in a detailed analysis of the introduced metric namely W-metric, expected transmission count (ETX) and objective function zero (OF0) that uses hop-count as a routing metric. The analysis and comparison are based on five performance parameters, which are throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), latency, average queue length, and power consumption. Simulation results show that the introduced W-metric has a good performance compared to other RPL metrics with regards to performance parameters mentioned above. At the same time, the results show that its latency performance is comparable with other RPL routing metrics. In a sample simulation of 500 seconds with 25 nodes and with nodes sending packets periodically to the network root at a rate of 1 packet per 4 seconds, W-metric showed a very efficient throughput of 5.16 kbps, an increase of 8.2% compared to ETX. Results showed that it has a packet delivery ratio of 93.3%, which is higher compared to 83.3% for ETX and 74.2% for OF0. Average queue length of 0.48 packet shows improvement of 15.8% better than ETX. In addition, it exhibits an energy consumption of 5.16 mW which is 2.1% less than ETX. Overall, W-metric appears to be a promising alternative to ETX and OF0 as it selects routes that are more efficient by working on load balancing of the network and by considering the link characteristics.
ABSTRAK: Protokol penghalaan de-facto semasa ke atas Rangkaian Kekuatan Rendah dan Lossy yang dibangunkan oleh Kumpulan Kerja IETF (6LOWPAN), dinamakan Protokol Penghalaan untuk Kekuatan Rendah dan Rugi (RPL). RPL dalam lapisan rangkaian menghadapi cabaran throughput berikutan jangkaan rangkaian besar, bilangan nod dan aplikasi berganda bersama akan diproses dalam lapisan fizikal yang sama. Dalam kajian ini, satu metrik nod untuk protokol RPL berdasarkan pada Backend Queue node diperkenalkan, yang membawa kepada prestasi yang lebih baik sambil mengekalkan kelewatan dan keupayaan untuk digunakan dengan aplikasi rangkaian yang berbeza. Metrik ini bergantung pada panjang Packet Queue dari node dengan pertimbangan metrik lain dan nodus lain, seperti ETX atau penggunaan tenaga, yang mengarah kepada keseimbangan beban yang lebih baik dalam rangkaian. Untuk melaksanakan dan menilai metrik yang dicadangkan berbanding metrik RPL lain, ContikiOS dan COOJA simulator telah digunakan. Simulasi meluas telah dijalankan dengan cara yang sistematik yang menghasilkan analisis terperinci mengenai metrik yang diperkenalkan iaitu W-metrik, kiraan penghantaran dijangkakan (ETX) dan fungsi objektif sifar (OF0) yang menggunakan kiraan hop sebagai metrik penghalaan. Analisis dan perbandingan adalah berdasarkan lima parameter prestasi, iaitu throughput, nisbah penghantaran paket (PDR), latency, panjang panjang antrian, dan penggunaan kuasa. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahawa W-metrik yang diperkenalkan mempunyai prestasi yang lebih baik berbanding dengan metrik RPL lain berkaitan dengan parameter prestasi yang dinyatakan di atas. Pada masa yang sama, hasil menunjukkan bahawa prestasi latency W-metrik adalah setanding dengan metrik penghalaan RPL yang lain. Dalam simulasi sampel 500 saat dengan 25 nod dan dengan nod yang menghantar paket secara berkala ke akar rangkaian pada kadar 1 paket setiap 4 saat, W-metrik menunjukkan keluaran yang sangat efisien iaitu 5.16 kbps, peningkatan sebanyak 8.2% berbanding ETX. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa ia mempunyai nisbah penghantaran paket 93.3%, yang lebih tinggi berbanding 83.3% untuk ETX dan 74.2% untuk OF0. Purata panjang giliran 0.48 packet menunjukkan peningkatan 15.8% lebih baik daripada ETX. Di samping itu, ia mempamerkan penggunaan tenaga sebanyak 5.16 mW iaitu 2.1% kurang daripada ETX. Secara keseluruhan, W-metrik nampaknya menjadi alternatif yang berpotensi menggantikan ETX dan OF0 kerana ia memilih laluan yang lebih cekap dengan bekerja pada keseimbangan beban rangkaian dan dengan mempertimbangkan ciri-ciri pautan.
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HANSSON, SVEN OVE. "Medical Ethics and New Public Management in Sweden." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23, no. 3 (June 2, 2014): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180113000868.
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Abstract:In order to shorten queues to healthcare, the Swedish government has introduced a yearly “queue billion” that is paid out to the county councils in proportion to how successful they are in reducing queues. However, only the queues for first visits are covered. Evidence has accumulated that queues for return visits have become longer. This affects the chronically and severely ill. Swedish physicians, and the Swedish Medical Association, have strongly criticized the queue billion and have claimed that it conflicts with medical ethics. Instead they demand that their professional judgments on priority setting and medical urgency be respected. This discussion provides an interesting illustration of some of the limitations of new public management and also more generally of the complicated relationships between medical ethics and public policy.
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Sahin, Ismail, and Güzin Akyıldız. "Bosporus Bridge Toll Plaza in Istanbul, Turkey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1910, no. 1 (January 2005): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191000112.
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The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, is the first of the two highway crossings connecting Asia and Europe over the Bosporus Strait. Drivers must pay their toll in the Europe-to-Asia direction at a toll plaza comprising 15 lanes. Manual and electronic payment methods are available in the plaza. The analysis of data showed that several factors affect both the throughput of the plaza and the traffic flows approaching it. Among the factors were whether a particular toll lane was in service, the contraflow lane operation toward the plaza, the lane operators’ performance, and the queue lengths in the plaza area. Rescaled cumulative vehicle count curves were used as the analysis tool. This allowed observation of (a) flow changes at particular points along the section of the highway studied and (b) propagation of the kinematic waves upstream of the plaza. The observations could be used for improving the performance of the plaza and for traffic management decisions associated with the afternoon peak period.
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Chindanonda, Peeranut, Vladimir Podolskiy, and Michael Gerndt. "Self-Adaptive Data Processing to Improve SLOs for Dynamic IoT Workloads." Computers 9, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers9010012.
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Internet of Things (IoT) covers scenarios of cyber–physical interaction of smart devices with humans and the environment and, such as applications in smart city, smart manufacturing, predictive maintenance, and smart home. Traditional scenarios are quite static in the sense that the amount of supported end nodes, as well as the frequency and volume of observations transmitted, does not change much over time. The paper addresses the challenge of adapting the capacity of the data processing part of IoT pipeline in response to dynamic workloads for centralized IoT scenarios where the quality of user experience matters, e.g., interactivity and media streaming as well as the predictive maintenance for multiple moving vehicles, centralized analytics for wearable devices and smartphones. The self-adaptation mechanism for data processing IoT infrastructure deployed in the cloud is horizontal autoscaling. In this paper we propose augmentations to the computation schemes of data processing component’s desired replicas count from the previous work; these augmentations aim to repurpose original sets of metrics to tackle the task of SLO violations minimization for dynamic workloads instead of minimizing the cost of deployment in terms of instance seconds. The cornerstone proposed augmentation that underpins all the other ones is the adaptation of the desired replicas computation scheme to each scaling direction (scale-in and scale-out) separately. All the proposed augmentations were implemented in the standalone self-adaptive agent acting alongside Kubernetes’ HPA such that limitations of timely acquisition of the monitoring data for scaling are mitigated. Evaluation and comparison with the previous work show improvement in service level achieved, e.g., latency SLO violations were reduced from 2.87% to 1.70% in case of the forecasted message queue length-based replicas count computation used both for scale-in and scale-out, but at the same time higher cost of the scaled data processor deployment is observed.
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Cao, Yanan, and Muqing Wu. "A Novel RPL Algorithm Based on Chaotic Genetic Algorithm." Sensors 18, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113647.
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RPL (routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks) is an important candidate routing algorithm for low-power and lossy network (LLN) scenarios. To solve the problems of using a single routing metric or no clearly weighting distribution theory of additive composition routing metric in existing RPL algorithms, this paper creates a novel RPL algorithm according to a chaotic genetic algorithm (RPL-CGA). First of all, we propose a composition metric which simultaneously evaluates packet queue length in a buffer, end-to-end delay, residual energy ratio of node, number of hops, and expected transmission count (ETX). Meanwhile, we propose using a chaotic genetic algorithm to determine the weighting distribution of every routing metric in the composition metric to fully evaluate candidate parents (neighbors). Then, according to the evaluation results of candidate parents, we put forward a new holistic objective function and a new method for calculating the rank values of nodes which are used to select the optimized node as the preferred parent (the next hop). Finally, theoretical analysis and a series of experimental consequences indicate that RPL-CGA is significantly superior to the typical existing relevant routing algorithms in the aspect of average end-to-end delay, average success rate, etc.
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Akinsulire, Esther O., and Samson O. Fadare. "An Assessment on the Locational Pattern of Petrol Filling Stations along Lasu-Isheri Road Corridor." American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6, no. 2 (August 13, 2020): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijmsr.v6i2.705.
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This study aimed at assessing the location and spatial distribution of petrol filling stations along LASU/Isheri Road, Ojo, Lagos state. The objectives are to map out all the petrol filling stations in along Lasu/Isheri road; to examine the volume of traffic along the road corridor; to determine the contribution of petrol filling stations to the traffic volume on the road, and to ascertain the road traffic challenges that are caused by the petrol filling stations (PFS). Geographical Positioning System (GPS) was employed to collect primary data; also, questionnaires and traffic count sheets were employed. The study found that the PFS along the road corridor is clustered with a Z-score of -7.34 and NNI of 0.440285. Also, the maximum peak hour volume was estimated to be 4198.6 pcu/hr. The PFS along the corridor are seen to contribute significantly to the traffic volume on the corridor. Finally, the dominant traffic challenges along the corridor include traffic gridlock which sometimes results into road traffic crashes which are triggered by the concentration of PFS in the study area, the proximity of PFS to a road intersection, overflow of the queue into the roadway, and to a minimal extent parking of tankers along the roadway and lack of setback. This study suggests strategies that can be adopted for locating PFS to ensure the free flow of traffic along the road corridor where they are located.
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Bashar, T. M. Junaid, Md Sabbir Hossain, and Shah Istiaque. "Finding the Reasons for the Delay Time in a Highway by Analyzing the Travel Time, Delay Time and Traffic Flow Data." Journal of Engineering Advancements 01, no. 03 (October 2020): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.38032/jea.2020.03.002.
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The objectives of this study are to show a comparison among travel time, running time, delay in peak and off-peak hours on different days of a week, and reasons behind the delay time. Moving car observer method has been carried out to count the traffic flow, journey time, running time, and delay time. Total vehicle flow, and comparative vehicle flow during the peak hour and off-peak hour for workdays and weekend days were surveyed to show a relationship between delay time and traffic flow. As the traffic flow increases the delay time also will increase. To measure the reasons behind the delay time of Fulbarigate-Daulatpur road, spot speed study was done in two intersections of the road. The 15th percentile speed for Religate intersection road is 10 K.P.H. That means 85% of vehicles tends to go faster than 10 K.P.H. in this section. And hence vehicles with less than or equal 10 K.P.H. are responsible for increasing the delay time in this area. This speed limit should be prohibited in this section to reduce delay time and congestion. For the Mohosin More road intersection, the prohibited speed is also 10 K.P.H. Easy bike and Mahindra account for the congestion of these intersections and tend to stop in these intersections to collect passengers which creates unwanted queue in this study area. Controlling traffic flow at intersections can be a possible way to reduce the congestion rate of Fulbarigate-Daulatpur road.
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Sankar, Sennan, Somula Ramasubbareddy, Ashish Kr Luhach, Anand Nayyar, and Basit Qureshi. "CT-RPL: Cluster Tree Based Routing Protocol to Maximize the Lifetime of Internet of Things." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 5858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205858.
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Energy conservation is one of the most critical challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT devices are incredibly resource-constrained and possess miniature power sources, small memory, and limited processing ability. Clustering is a popular method to avoid duplicate data transfer from the participant node to the destination. The selection of the cluster head (CH) plays a crucial role in gathering and aggregating the data from the cluster members and forwarding the data to the sink node. The inefficient CH selection causes packet failures during the data transfer and early battery depletion nearer to the sink. This paper proposes a cluster tree-based routing protocol (CT-RPL) to increase the life span of the network and avoid the data traffic among the network nodes. The CT-RPL involves three processes, namely cluster formation, cluster head selection, and route establishment. The cluster is formed based on the Euclidean distance. The CH selection is accomplished using a game theoretic approach. Finally, the route is established using the metrics residual energy ratio (RER), queue utilization (QU), and expected transmission count (ETX). The simulation is carried out by using a COOJA simulator. The efficiency of a CT-RPL is compared with the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) and energy-efficient heterogeneous ring clustering routing (E2HRC-RPL), which reduces the traffic load and decreases the packet loss ratio. Thus, the CT-RPL enhances the lifetime of the network by 30–40% and the packet delivery ratio by 5–10%.
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Kim, Amy, S. A. Rokib, and Yi Liu. "Refinements to a Procedure for Estimating Airfield Capacity." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2501, no. 1 (January 2015): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2501-03.
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This paper presents a method for obtaining airfield capacity estimates using historical data from FAA's Aviation System Performance Metrics (ASPM) database. The process first involves merging individual flights and quarter-hour airport runway operations data sets from ASPM to create a new data set. Data for Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) in New Jersey and San Diego International Airport in California from 2006 to 2011 were used. Then, filters for meteorological condition, runway configuration, called rates, and fleet mix were applied to the two airport data sets. The filtered data sets were then used in a censored regression model of capacity that included queue length (number of aircraft waiting to arrive or depart) and arrival–departure throughput count splits as independent variables. These attributes were found to affect airfield capacity at statistically significant levels, and parameters had expected signs and magnitudes. Additionally, capacities under ideal conditions were found to be reasonably close to other sources. The model also confirmed that average capacities at EWR during hours when a ground delay program (GDP) was running were lower than when there was no GDP in effect. The method described in this paper could be used to more precisely quantify airfield capacities in specific conditions of particular interest to air traffic controllers and airport operators to better facilitate decisions that rely heavily on a good understanding of capacity in these conditions. The data exploration and preparation undertaken as part of the study reveal some of the finer points of the ASPM data and how they can be used in a more meaningful way for airfield capacity estimation.
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Suyadi, Dadang, and Rakha Imaulanda. "ANALISIS TINGKAT PELAYANAN JALAN MENGGUNAKAN PERANGKAT LUNAK VISSIM PADA SIMPANG BERSINYAL CISALAK, KOTA DEPOK." LOGISTIK 12, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/logistik.v12i2.17604.
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The intersection of the Cisalak I toll gate in Depok City is the intersection that connects the road. Ir. H. Juanda, Jalan Raya Bogor, Jalan Gas Alam, and of course the Cisalak I highway exit & exit. By having 6 intersection arms, of course there are many traffic conflicts that occur at the Cisalak I toll gate intersection, one of which is a delay in the intersection arm long so that congestion in each intersection during rush hour always occurs and coupled with the cycle time of the traffic light which takes quite a long time so the long queue occurs. The purpose of this study is to know more about the performance of the traffic. The method used is to observe directly to the research location by observing the volume of vehicles with various types, the phase current of the vehicle passing at the intersection, and the cycle time of the traffic light, and by using Vissim software as modeling and getting the results of the count. The results of the study found capacity on the Bogor Highway (Jakarta direction) with a total of 771.69 , Jalan Ir. H. Juanda is 542.92, Bogor Highway (Bogor direction) is 612.21, and Cijago / Cisalak & Natural Gas Toll Road is 538. and the value of degree of saturation in each intersection is Highway Bogor (direction Jakarta) amounting to 2.96, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda is 3.52, Bogor Highway (Bogor direction) is 2.77, and Cijago / Cisalak & Gas Alam Toll Road is 2.95, so the level of service results in all F crossing arms which means the congestion condition takes up the duration long enough.
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Liu, Yunan, and Ward Whitt. "STABILIZING PERFORMANCE IN NETWORKS OF QUEUES WITH TIME-VARYING ARRIVAL RATES." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 28, no. 4 (July 9, 2014): 419–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964814000084.
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This paper investigates extensions to feed-forward queueing networks of an algorithm to set staffing levels (the number of servers) to stabilize performance % at Quality of Service (QoS) targets in anMt/GI/st+GImulti-server queue with a time-varying arrival rate. The model has a non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP), customer abandonment, and non-exponential service and patience distributions. For a single queue, simulation experiments showed that the algorithm successfully stabilizes abandonment probabilities and expected delays over a wide range of Quality-of-Service (QoS) targets. A limit theorem showed that stable performance at fixed QoS targets is achieved asymptotically as the scale increases (by letting the arrival rate grow while holding the service and patience distributions fixed). Here we extend that limit theorem to a feed-forward queueing network. However, these fixed QoS targets provide low QoS as the scale increases. Hence, these limits primarily support the algorithm with a low QoS target. For a high QoS target, effectiveness depends on the NHPP property, but the departure process never is exactly an NHPP. Thus, we investigate when a departure process can be regarded as approximately an NHPP. We show that index of dispersion for counts is effective for determining when a departure process is approximately an NHPP in this setting. In the important common case when all queues have high QoS targets, we show that both: (i) the departure process is approximately an NHPP from this perspective and (ii) the algorithm is effective.
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Husain, Sri Wahyuni. "Mediation Optimization in Gorontalo Religion Court." Al-Mizan 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 204–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/am.v13i2.854.
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This study aims to determine the optimization of the implementation of mediation in the Gorontalo Religious Court. This research is a field research with data collection methods in the form of observations, interviews and documentation. Data’s were analyzed using qualitative descriptive. The results of the study found that the implementation of mediation in the Gorontalo Religious Court was not yet fully optimal. Based on the cases decided by the Gorontalo Religious Court in 2016 totaling 1524 and entering the mediation process as many as 87 cases and only 1 case that was successfully mediated (0.1%). Factor failure of the mediation process because the mediation room facilities are still not efficient enough, because the parties to queue, even some mediator judges carry out mediation in the judge's room itself, there is no certified mediator as explained in the Minister of Religion Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2016 about Procedure for Mediation at Court.
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Burris, Mark W., Margie W. Byers, and Chris R. Swenson. "Results of Driver Survey Investigating Intersection Queue Jumps." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1839, no. 1 (January 2003): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1839-02.
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An intersection queue jump (IQJ) can be defined as an elevated ramp or side lane that can be used by motorists normally stopped in traffic at an intersection to bypass the intersection and traffic congestion. The feasibility and ultimately the success of an IQJ depend on several factors, including the traveling public's willingness to use the queue jump. Road pricing theory and the results of a recent stated preference survey to gauge the willingness of drivers in Lee County, Florida, to pay for the use of an IQJ are examined. It was found that approximately 54% of surveyed drivers indicated a willingness to pay at least a small amount to use the IQJ. The appropriate toll level is likely between $0.25 and $0.40 per trip. Using the survey data, it was also found that the respondents' stated value of travel-time savings was approximately $5.21 per hour. The toll-price elasticity of IQJ was approximately −0.2 when the toll increased from $0.10 to $0.25, and approximately −0.4 when the toll increased from $0.25 to $0.50. Using logit modeling, it was found that certain driver characteristics, including being married with children and having a household income of less than $16,000 or more than $75,000, increased the likelihood that a driver would use the IQJ. Other characteristics, including being on a shopping trip, being more than 65 years old, and being male, decreased the likelihood that the driver would use the IQJ.
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Spitzer, James D., Nathaniel Hupert, Jonathan Duckart, and Wei Xiong. "Operational Evaluation of High-Throughput Community-Based Mass Prophylaxis Using Just-in-Time Training." Public Health Reports 122, no. 5 (September 2007): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200505.
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Community-based mass prophylaxis is a core public health operational competency, but staffing needs may overwhelm the local trained health workforce. Just-in-time (JIT) training of emergency staff and computer modeling of workforce requirements represent two complementary approaches to address this logistical problem. Multnomah County, Oregon, conducted a high-throughput point of dispensing (POD) exercise to test JIT training and computer modeling to validate POD staffing estimates. The POD had 84% non-health-care worker staff and processed 500 patients per hour. Post-exercise modeling replicated observed staff utilization levels and queue formation, including development and amelioration of a large medical evaluation queue caused by lengthy processing times and understaffing in the first half-hour of the exercise. The exercise confirmed the feasibility of using JIT training for high-throughput antibiotic dispensing clinics staffed largely by nonmedical professionals. Patient processing times varied over the course of the exercise, with important implications for both staff reallocation and future POD modeling efforts. Overall underutilization of staff revealed the opportunity for greater efficiencies and even higher future throughputs.
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Böhm, Walter, J. L. Jain, and S. G. Mohanty. "On zero-avoiding transition probabilities of an r-node tandem queue: a combinatorial approach." Journal of Applied Probability 30, no. 3 (September 1993): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214780.
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In this paper we present a simple combinatorial approach for the derivation of zero-avoiding transition probabilities in a Markovian r-node series Jackson network. The method we propose offers two advantages: first, it is conceptually simple because it is based on transition counts between the nodes and does not require a tensor representation of the network. Second, the method provides us with a very efficient technique for numerical computation of zero-avoiding transition probabilities.
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Böhm, Walter, J. L. Jain, and S. G. Mohanty. "On zero-avoiding transition probabilities of an r-node tandem queue: a combinatorial approach." Journal of Applied Probability 30, no. 03 (September 1993): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200044454.
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In this paper we present a simple combinatorial approach for the derivation of zero-avoiding transition probabilities in a Markovian r-node series Jackson network. The method we propose offers two advantages: first, it is conceptually simple because it is based on transition counts between the nodes and does not require a tensor representation of the network. Second, the method provides us with a very efficient technique for numerical computation of zero-avoiding transition probabilities.
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Chandramohan, Jagadeesh, Robert D. Foley, and Ralph L. Disney. "Thinning of point processes—covariance analyses." Advances in Applied Probability 17, no. 01 (March 1985): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800014695.
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Cross-covariances between the Bernoulli thinned processes of an arbitrary point process are determined. When the point process is renewal it is shown that zero correlation implies independence. An example is given to show that zero covariance between intervals does not imply zero covariance between counts. Mark-dependent thinning of Markov renewal processes is discussed and the results are applied to the overflow queue. Here we give an example of two uncorrelated but dependent renewal processes, neither of which is Poisson, which yield a Poisson process when superposed. Finally, we study Markov-chain thinning of renewal processes.
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Chandramohan, Jagadeesh, Robert D. Foley, and Ralph L. Disney. "Thinning of point processes—covariance analyses." Advances in Applied Probability 17, no. 1 (March 1985): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427056.
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Cross-covariances between the Bernoulli thinned processes of an arbitrary point process are determined. When the point process is renewal it is shown that zero correlation implies independence. An example is given to show that zero covariance between intervals does not imply zero covariance between counts. Mark-dependent thinning of Markov renewal processes is discussed and the results are applied to the overflow queue. Here we give an example of two uncorrelated but dependent renewal processes, neither of which is Poisson, which yield a Poisson process when superposed. Finally, we study Markov-chain thinning of renewal processes.
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Stein, Robert M., Christopher Mann, Charles Stewart, Zachary Birenbaum, Anson Fung, Jed Greenberg, Farhan Kawsar, et al. "Waiting to Vote in the 2016 Presidential Election: Evidence from a Multi-county Study." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 2 (March 28, 2019): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919832374.
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This paper is the result of a nationwide study of polling place dynamics in the 2016 presidential election. Research teams, recruited from local colleges and universities and located in twenty-eight election jurisdictions across the United States, observed and timed voters as they entered the queue at their respective polling places and then voted. We report results about four specific polling place operations and practices: the length of the check-in line, the number of voters leaving the check-in line once they have joined it, the time for a voter to check in to vote (i.e., verify voter’s identification and obtain a ballot), and the time to complete a ballot. Long lines, waiting times, and times to vote are closely related to time of day (mornings are busiest for polling places). We found the recent adoption of photographic voter identification (ID) requirements to have a disparate effect on the time to check in among white and nonwhite polling places. In majority-white polling places, scanning a voter’s driver’s license speeds up the check-in process. In majority nonwhite polling locations, the effect of strict voter ID requirements increases time to check in, albeit modestly.
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Liu, Ting E. "Microsoft Word Application in Sports Drawing." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 1619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.1619.
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In some sports teaching materials or teaching, often there will be some pictures, its performance can be all kinds of sports action, may be the arrangement of the queue formation, it is possible that a variety of stadium (e.g., football field, basketball court, volleyball court, etc.), the information displayed in the graphic way, can give a person the sense with image, concrete, compared with the language description, pictures can let students or teachers to understand more, and better learning all kinds of sports knowledge. In sports drawing, past is hand draw, but the way to form a single, and the low efficiency of drawing; Along with the rapid development of computer technology, software, tools, begins to be applied to teaching, such as Microsoft Word is used in the drawing, it to a certain extent, improve the efficiency and quality of sports drawing. In view of this, the article will be the concept of sports drawing is discussed and the requirements and characteristics, and points out that the use of Microsoft Word in the athletic drawing software.
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Mandal, Vishal, Abdul Rashid Mussah, Peng Jin, and Yaw Adu-Gyamfi. "Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Traffic Monitoring System." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 9177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219177.
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Manual traffic surveillance can be a daunting task as Traffic Management Centers operate a myriad of cameras installed over a network. Injecting some level of automation could help lighten the workload of human operators performing manual surveillance and facilitate making proactive decisions which would reduce the impact of incidents and recurring congestion on roadways. This article presents a novel approach to automatically monitor real time traffic footage using deep convolutional neural networks and a stand-alone graphical user interface. The authors describe the results of research received in the process of developing models that serve as an integrated framework for an artificial intelligence enabled traffic monitoring system. The proposed system deploys several state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms to automate different traffic monitoring needs. Taking advantage of a large database of annotated video surveillance data, deep learning-based models are trained to detect queues, track stationary vehicles, and tabulate vehicle counts. A pixel-level segmentation approach is applied to detect traffic queues and predict severity. Real-time object detection algorithms coupled with different tracking systems are deployed to automatically detect stranded vehicles as well as perform vehicular counts. At each stage of development, interesting experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proposed framework performs satisfactorily under varied conditions without being immensely impacted by environmental hazards such as blurry camera views, low illumination, rain, or snow.
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Ho, Chen Shie, Min Li Yeh, and Yu Sheng Liao. "Study of Patient Waiting Time in the Emergence Department: An Example of a Medical Center in New Taipei County, Taiwan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 1581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.1581.
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Patients who receive care in an emergency department (ED) are usually unattended while waiting in queues. This study attempted to determine whether the application of queuing theory analysis might shorten the waiting times of patients admitted to emergency wards. After the literature survey phase, the flow model to evaluate the patient waiting time in the emergence department corresponding to the target hospital is presented, then the waiting time under some circumstance are simulated. By allocating the human and space resource dynamically, the waiting time can be reduced then patient satisfaction is improved.
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Kirillov, A. K. "Chain of lawsuits in the Russian volost court of the early 20th century: the case of a Siberian peasant woman Alexandra Borozdina, who obtained property from her husband, but not money." Northern Archives and Expeditions 4, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2020-4-4-37-51.
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For the first time in the history of the study of volost courts in pre-revolutionary Russia, a rare phenomenon is taken for study – a chain of interconnected claims considered by one court during the year. The use of a chain of claims makes it possible to solve the problem of excessive conciseness of the protocols of the volost courts, which arises during the transition from their mass processing to the study by the method of case study. Six investigated lawsuits, filed in 1914 in the Tulinsky volost court of the Tomsk province, were related to the departure of the peasant woman A. E. Borozdina, who complained about her husband’s abuse. The judges supported one part of her claims and ruled that the husband should give her the woman’s property and return the money for the cow he sold after his wife left. Another part of the claims related to the payment of money “for food” was rejected. As a result of studying these materials, it has been proved that Aleksandra Borozdina perceived the lawsuit as a tool in a multi-step game; each time adjusting the content of the claim to the needs of this struggle, taking into account rapidly changing circumstances. For their part, the volost court judges were pragmatic about the claims being filed, building the queue of their consideration not according to the chronology of filing, but according to the degree of their importance for the restoration of violated justice. In general, the above facts and the conclusions drawn work to reject the perception of the volost court of the early XX century as a relic of the past, which tried to put modern life in the mainstream of patriarchal customs. The peasants who came into contact with the volost court treated it in a businesslike manner, creatively using the opportunities given to them by law to fight for their interests (as long as we are talking about the plaintiffs) or (if we mean volost court judges) for adopting the correct (from their point of view) solutions.
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Igun, Stella E. "Strategic Impact of ICT on Modern Day Banking in Nigeria." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsita.2014100105.
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This paper examined impact of ICT on modern day banking relating to Ecobank Plc, Abraka Nigeria. The scope of the study covered staff of Ecobank Plc Abraka. The descriptive survey research design was used for the study. The population of the study was 72 respondents. Questionnaire were used to collect data from 72 respondents. Simple percentage and frequency count were used to analyse the data. It was found out that computers, internet scanners photocopiers, printers, e-mails, telecommunication, ATM and www are the ICT facilities available for use in Ecobank Plc Abraka. It was also found out that ICT has impacted the activities of the bank in the areas of speed delivery, on-line financial transaction, mobile banking services, reduction of long queues and congestion in the banking hall, easy communication between staff and customers, etc. The paper recommended that more adequate ICT facilities should be provided in the bank for utilization and staff should be adequately trained on the use of ICT facilities for greater efficiency.
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Kumar, Shivangee. "Digital/Cashless Economy: The Changing Landscape of India." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 9 (September 24, 2020): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.306.
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Digital/ Cashless banking has become talk of the town recently. People are opting for digital payments using mobile applications/wallets instead of cash and GOI/RBI is also promoting it through various schemes and incentivisation. This mode of payments has actually changed the dynamics of consumer and corporate relationships with their banks. Now, instead of taking out cash from our wallets, we open our mobile wallets to make payments or transfer money to someone. We do not wait for the bank branch to open and stand in long queues for getting our cash deposited in account neither we wait to withdraw cash. Likewise, we do not count cash at shopping counters and make the payment in a flash using our debit/ credit card. All this is possible because of the innovation in IT and its optimum utilization by our banks. The present paper will give an idea about what is this buzz word “Digital/ Cashless Banking” and how has it changed the banking relationships these days.
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Mwenda, Annarita Kajuju, Consolata Kirigia, Kamweru P. K., and Lucy K. Gitonga. "Factors affecting health seeking behaviour in hypertensive patients of Imenti North sub county, Kenya." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205675.
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Background: Prevalence of non-communicable diseases like hypertension is raising hence a burden to low resource countries like Kenya. Purpose of the study was to determine factors affecting health seeking behaviour in hypertensive patients in Imenti North sub county, Kenya.Methods: A cross-sectional study design and cluster random sampling method was used to select five health facilities for study. Purposive sampling was used to select total of 212 patients from selected health facility proportionally. Spearman’s Rho correlation and bivariate logistic regression was used to check for strength of associations.Results: Patients interviewed had an average of 51 years and higher proportions were above 40 years of age. Married and female patients were (66.5%), and 60% respectively. An average of (42%) had a secondary level of education. Knowledge on lifestyle modification strategies was above average (68%).Conclusions: Health education given during hypertensive clinics had positive influence. Slow service delivery, long queues and the long waiting times for laboratory investigation results influenced patients’ health seeking behavior negatively. The study recommends the government of Kenya to develop policies on implementation of support groups among hypertensive patients in all hospitals and intensify campaigns on importance of seeking medical attention early. This will empower the patients on knowledge of hypertension management. The study also recommends health care providers to ensure reduced waiting time for the patients.
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Saleh, Mansoor N., James B. Bussel, Raymond SM Wong, Balkis Meddeb, Abdulgabar Salama, Ali El-Ali, Erhard Quebe-Fehling, and Abderrahim Khelif. "Hepatobiliary and Thromboembolic Events during Long-Term E.X.T.E.N.Ded Treatment with Eltrombopag in Adult Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1368.1368.
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Abstract Introduction: ITP, characterized by a reduction in platelets leading to thrombocytopenia, which persists for >12 months is considered chronic (cITP). Eltrombopag is an oral thrombopoietin receptor agonist approved for treatment of patients with cITP aged ≥1 year refractory to other treatments (eg corticosteroids, immunoglobulins). The recently completed Phase III EXTEND (Eltrombopag eXTENded Dosing) study was a global, open-label, extension study of patients with cITP, who received eltrombopag or placebo in prior eltrombopag clinical studies. The primary objective of EXTEND was to describe the long-term safety and tolerability of eltrombopag treatment in these patients. Here, we examine the occurrence of hepatobiliary and thromboembolic events (TEEs) as adverse events (AEs) of special interest in this study. Methods :Adult patients (≥18 years old) diagnosed with cITP according to ASH/BCSH guidelines were enrolled and received eltrombopag starting at 50 mg/day. Dose was titrated to 25-75 mg per day or less often as required, based on individual platelet count responses (targeted range ≥50-200x109/L). Patients who received 2 years of treatment and transitioned off eltrombopag due to commercial availability of eltrombopag were considered to have completed the study, whether or not they continued treatment with eltrombopag. The primary endpoint included detection and documentation of investigator-reported AEs, which included hepatobiliary AEs and TEEs. Analyses were conducted using the safety population, defined as all subjects who entered the study and had taken at least one dose of the study medication. Results:302 patients were enrolled and received at least one dose of eltrombopag: 67% were female; 38% splenectomized; 49% aged 18-49 years. Median duration of exposure was 2.4 years (range, 2 days to 8.8 years) and mean average daily dose was 50.2 (range, 1-75) mg/day. Overall, 259/302 (86%) achieved platelet counts of ≥50×109/L at least once during the study and 126/248 (51%) patients maintained continuous platelet counts ≥50×109/L for at least 31 weeks. Incidence of bleeding symptoms (WHO grades 1-4) generally decreased over time in patients with available data, from 57% (n=171/302) at baseline to 16% at 1 year (n=13/80), and 21% (12/58) at 2 years. 45 (15%) patients experienced at least one hepatobiliary AE, with the highest incidence within the first year of treatment (Figure A). AEs of increased ALT or AST led to the discontinuation of five and three patients, respectively and four patients discontinued due to an AE of increased blood bilirubin. Nine patients experienced ALT and/or AST >3 x upper limit of normal (ULN) and total bilirubin >1.5xULN. 19 (6.3%) patients experienced a total of 23 TEEs. Most events occurred in the first year (Figure B), and none after year 4. TEEs included deep vein thrombosis (n=6), cerebral infarction (stroke) [n=3], myocardial infarction (n=4), transient ischemic attack (n=2), others (n=8, 1 occurrence of each). A clear association with elevated platelet counts was not observed. Platelets >200x109/L at the time of the TEE were recorded in 8/19 patients; 6/19 experienced the TEE at or shortly after achieving their maximum platelet count. In total, 10 patients discontinued because of TEEs. Conclusions: Long-term treatment with eltrombopag in patients with cITP led to sustained platelet increases and reduced bleeding symptoms. The highest incidences of hepatobiliary AEs and TEEs occurred during the first year of treatment, though several events were recorded after 3 years of therapy. Long-term eltrombopag therapy was well-tolerated with a positive benefit-risk relationship in adults with cITP, with decreasing events after the first year of treatment. Disclosures Saleh: GSK: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Bussel:Amgen, Novartis & GSK: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Boehringer Ingleheim, Prophylix Pharma, Protalex, Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Prophylix Pharma, Protalex, Rigel Pharmaceutical: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; UptoDate: Patents & Royalties; Physicians Education Resource: Speakers Bureau. Wong:Bayer, Biogen-Idec and Novartis: Consultancy; Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche: Research Funding; Biogen-Idec and Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. El-Ali:Novartis: Employment. Quebe-Fehling:Novartis: Employment.
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Mas, Marwan. "THE OPAQUE PORTRAIT OF CORRUPTION ERADICATION." Indonesia Prime 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29209/id.v1i1.6.
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The war against corruption should not only by exposing the various cases of corruption, but the most important thing is to punish the corrupt in an extraordinary way to have a deterrent effect and not replicable by potential criminals that have been queued. Corruption is more structured and systematic, from the center to the regions. In fact, gave birth to a new generation of fat accounts with the discovery of a number of civil servants who are still young. Stop the robbery of money the state cannot just with rhetoric, let alone just a call that seemed hot chicken droppings. Blurred portrait of corruption is characterized by a large number of cases the defendant is acquitted of corruption Anticorruption Court. Similarly, many major cases involving alleged power elite and the ruling political party that is not completed, such as the Bank Century case, the case Hambalang project, as well as allegations of corruption Pensions SEA Games athletes
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Yang, Xianfeng, and Gang-Len Chang. "Estimation of Time-Varying Origin–Destination Patterns for Design of Multipath Progression on a Signalized Arterial." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2667, no. 1 (January 2017): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2667-04.
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Most state-of-the-art control strategies for coping with arterial congestion provide progression for heavy through-traffic flows. However, such strategies cannot tackle arterial congestion caused by both heavy turning and through-traffic flows, where turning-traffic volumes often spill over their designated bay length and cause link blockage. An effective approach is to offer a progression band to each of those critical path flows that can be identified from the arterial origin–destination (O-D) flow patterns. This study proposes three models for estimating such information from available traffic measurements. The estimated time-varying O-D distributions yield both the number of critical path flows and their respective volume ranks for design of their progression bands. Based on the principle of flow conservations, the first model captures the relationships between link counts and dynamic O-D flows, whereas the second model directly takes turning flows at each intersection as the primary model input. To consider further the impact of traffic signal plans on O-D flow patterns, the third model incorporates a set of additional measurements—the time-varying queue length information—to improve the estimation accuracy. Comparisons of the actual O-D flows and the estimated results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models for identifying the heavy flow paths and their respective volumes.
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Luo, Xia, Bo Liu, Peter J. Jin, Yang Cao, and Wansgu Hu. "Arterial Traffic Flow Estimation Based on Vehicle-to-Cloud Vehicle Trajectory Data Considering Multi-Intersection Interaction and Coordination." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 6 (April 29, 2019): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119842826.
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Conventional detection methods for intersection traffic flow heavily rely on fixed-location inductive loop, video image processing, infared, and microwave radar detectors. The emerging connected vehicles (CV) technologies can potentially reduce such dependencies on conventional vehicle detectors with the vehicle-to-cloud (V2C) CV data. This paper proposes an analytical method for traffic flow estimation in urban arterial corridors based on CV trajectories collected through V2C communication. Different from the existing single-intersection models, the proposed model considers traffic states and the traffic signal coordination among adjacent intersections, therefore, can capture the delay and queuing dynamics in arterial corridors. The queue spillback phenomenon is explicitly considered by applying the shockwave theory. The proposed model is evaluated based on real-world vehicle trajectory data from the DiDi platform collected on an arterial network in Chengdu, China with a penetration rate of less than 10% of the overall traffic. The flow estimation results are compared with traffic counts collected from video detectors. The model parameters are calibrated with more than 300,000 GPS points during a typical workday and tested on a different workday. The evaluation results show a mean absolute percentage error within the range of 4–7% among all intersections, outperforming the results generated by the existing single-intersection model. The results indicate the promising potential of using the proposed methods to evaluate intersection performance without heavy investment in on-site detectors.
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Wang, Chen, and Chengcheng Xu. "On the Effects of Various Measures of Performance Selections on Simulation Model Calibration Performance." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (December 20, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3839814.
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Objective. This paper examines the effects of various measures of performance (MOP) selections on simulation model calibration performance, in terms of reflecting actual traffic conditions and vehicle interactions. Method. Two intersections in Shanghai were selected for simulation model calibration, one for testing and another for validation. Three effective MOPs were utilized, including average travel time (i.e., time passing the intersection), average queue length, and vehicle headway distribution. The counts of three types of traffic conflicts (i.e., crossing, rear-end, and lane change) were used as safety MOPs. Those MOPs, as calibration objectives, were examined and compared. Results. The results of the testing site showed that different effective MOPs had their own advantages: average travel time appeared to be the best in reflecting lane change and rear-end conflicts while headway distribution performed the best consistency between simulated and actual crossing conflicts. Compared to the safety MOPs, average travel time and headway distribution still performed better, in terms of resulting in more similar simulated conflict metrics (e.g., TTC, PET) to actual ones. A multicriteria calibration strategy based on average travel time and headway distribution generally had better performances in reflecting actual traffic conditions and vehicle interactions than using any single effective or safety MOP. Similar results were found for the validation site. Conclusion. To simulate actual traffic conditions and vehicle interactions, multiple effective MOPs could be simultaneously considered for model calibration, instead of using safety MOPs.
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Klimenok, Valentina, Alexander Dudin, Olga Dudina, and Irina Kochetkova. "Queuing System with Two Types of Customers and Dynamic Change of a Priority." Mathematics 8, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8050824.
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The use of priorities allows us to improve the quality of service of inhomogeneous customers in telecommunication networks, inventory and health-care systems. An important modern direction of research is to analyze systems in which priority of a customer can be changed during his/her stay in the system. We considered a single-server queuing system with a finite buffer, where two types of customers arrive according to a batch marked Markov arrival process. Type 1 customers have non-preemptive priority over type 2 customers. Low priority customers are able to receive high priority after the random amount of time. For each non-priority customer accepted into the buffer, a timer, which counts a random time having a phase type distribution, is switched-on. When the timer expires, the customer with some probability leaves the system unserved and with the complimentary probability gains the high priority. Such a type of queues is typical in many health-care systems, contact centers, perishable inventory, etc. We describe the behavior of the system by a multi-dimensional continuous-time Markov chain and calculate a number of the stationary performance measures of the system including the various loss probabilities as well as the distribution function of the waiting time of priority customers. The illustrative numerical examples giving insights into the system behavior are presented.
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Wong, Raymond SM, James B. Bussel, Mansoor N. Saleh, Abderrahim Khelif, Balkis Meddeb, Ali El-Ali, Erhard Quebe-Fehling, and Abdulgabar Salama. "Efficacy of Eltrombopag in Adult East Asian and Non-East Asian Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (cITP): Results from the Extend Study." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4930.4930.
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Abstract Introduction: Eltrombopag is an oral thrombopoietin receptor agonist, approved for the treatment of patients with cITP (persisting >12 months) aged ≥1 year, who are refractory to other treatments (eg corticosteroids, immunoglobulins). Pharmacokinetic studies of eltrombopag have demonstrated that patients of East Asian origin (eg Japanese, Chinese, Taiwanese and Korean) experience increased plasma exposure to eltrombopag compared to non-East Asian patients (predominantly Caucasian). As such, the recommended starting dose is 25 mg/day for East Asian patients, compared with 50 mg/day in non-East Asians. In the EXTEND (Eltrombopag eXTENded Dosing) study, all patients, irrespective of ancestry, received 50 mg/day starting dose that was subsequently adjusted to the platelet response. Unpublished anecdotal reports of platelet responses in East Asian patients from EXTEND describe lower doses of eltrombopag. Here, we examine the responses to eltrombopag in East Asian and non-East Asian patients who completed the EXTEND study. Methods : Adult patients (≥18 years old) diagnosed with cITP who had completed a previous ITP study of eltrombopag were enrolled in EXTEND. All patients received eltrombopag starting at 50 mg/day, titrated to 25-75 mg/day or less often as required, based on individual platelet count responses (range ≥50-200x109/L). Maintenance dosing continued after minimization of concomitant ITP medication and optimization of eltrombopag dosing. Patients who received 2 years of treatment and transitioned off due to commercial availability of eltrombopag were considered to have completed the study. Patients could remain on study beyond 2 years until eltrombopag became commercially available. Here we describe the efficacy and durability of response in East Asian and non-East Asian patients. Analyses were conducted using the safety population, defined as all patients who had taken at least one dose of the study medication. Results: Of 302 patients enrolled and exposed to treatment (median duration 2.4 years [range, 2 days to 8.8 years]), 41 (14%) were of East Asian origin. Mean average eltrombopag dose in East Asian and non-East Asian patients was 48.9 (range 4.2-74.9) mg/day and 50.4 (range 1.0-74.6) mg/day, respectively. Maintenance of platelet counts ≥30×109/L for at least 25 weeks was seen in 25/35 (71%) East Asian and 158/222 (71%) non-East Asian patients. In total, 13/35 (37%) East Asian patients and 120/222 (54%) non-East Asian patients maintained continuous platelet counts ≥50×109/L for at least 25 weeks, without rescue therapy (Figure). At the start of response, mean daily dose in East Asian and non-East Asian patients was 45.2 and 45.4 mg/day, respectively. The number of patients receiving dose adjustments according to platelet response was similar in East Asian and non-East Asian patients (Table). Conclusions: Treatment with eltrombopag in East Asian and non-East Asian patients resulted in sustained platelet responses ≥30×109/L for at least 25 weeks in a similar proportion of patients. However, a higher proportion of non-East Asian patients achieved continuous platelet counts ≥50×109/L. Direct comparisons should be interpreted with caution because: a) of limited patient numbers in the East Asian group; b) the possible selection bias of patients entering the EXTEND study following completion of earlier eltrombopag studies, eg, primarily responders; and c) the absence of PK data from these patient groups. All patients received similar doses of eltrombopag irrespective of racial background, and dose modifications according to platelet responses were similar. Further investigations are ongoing to determine whether there were any differences in terms of safety and tolerability outcomes in East Asian and non-East Asian patients. Disclosures Wong: Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche: Research Funding; Biogen-Idec and Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer, Biogen-Idec and Novartis: Consultancy. Bussel:Amgen, Novartis & GSK: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Boehringer Ingleheim, Prophylix Pharma, Protalex, Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Prophylix Pharma, Protalex, Rigel Pharmaceutical: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; UptoDate: Patents & Royalties; Physicians Education Resource: Speakers Bureau. Saleh:GSK: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. El-Ali:Novartis: Employment. Quebe-Fehling:Novartis: Employment.
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Ubwarin, Erwin, and Wilshen Leatemia. "Penjatuhan Sanksi Pidana Dalam Kasus Penambangan Batu Cinnabar di Maluku." Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.32507/mizan.v4i2.841.
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AbstractAll natural resource wealth in the land, sea, and in the bowels of the land of Indonesia are controlled by the State and used as much as possible for the welfare of the people. However, the processing of cinnabar stone natural resources that does not queue up the permit in Luhu Village, West Seram Regency, Maluku Province has resulted in environmental pollution and has an impact on humans. Overcoming this criminal violation, law enforcement has been carried out which resulted in 8 (eight) decisions at the Ambon District Court. This research was conducted with a juridical normative approach, with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach to the imposition of crimes and criminal acts that place statutory regulations as objects of research sourced from primary, secondary and tertiary law. The results of the research conclude that criminal charges against miners without a permit are still low, less than half of the maximum threat of 10 (ten) years in the mineral and coal mining law, this is very unfortunate because the damage to the environment due to processing of cinnabar stone without permission will have a long impact.Keywords: Criminal, Cinnabar, Mining AbstrakSemua kekayaan sumber daya alam yang ada di darat, laut, dan di dalam perut bumi Indonesia dikuasai oleh Negara dan digunakan sebesarnya untuk kesejahteraan rakyat. Namun pengelolaan sumber daya alam batu cinnabar yang tidak mengantongi izin pada Desa Luhu Kabupaten Seram Barat, Provinsi Maluku berakibat pada pencemaran lingkungan dan berdampak pada manusia. Menanggulangi pelanggaran pidana ini telah dilakukan penegakan hukum yang menghasilkan 8 (delapan) putusan pada Pengadilan Negeri Ambon. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif, dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep tentang penjatuhan pidana dan tindak pidana yang menempatkan peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai objek penelitian yang bersumber dari hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan penjatuhan pidana kepada pelaku penambang tanpa izin masih rendah tidak sampai setengah dari ancaman maksimum 10 (sepuluh) tahun dalam undang-undang pertambangan mineral dan batu bara, hal ini sangat disayangkan karena rusaknya lingkungan akibat pengelolaan batu cinnabar tanpa izin akan berdampak panjang.Kata Kunci: Pidana, Cinnabar, Pertambangan
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McCormack, Bridget. "Economic Incarceration." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 25, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v25i2.4613.
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The adjudication of minor crimes has long proven onerous fordefendants. Recently, however, many American jurisdictions havesupplemented the “process” burdens associated with minor crimes.They have done so by requiring misdemeanor defendants to pay muchof the signifi cant economic costs associated with the adjudicationprocess, in addition to signifi cant fi nes. These include, for example, thecosts associated with electronic tethers, “reimbursement” fees to policeand prosecutors, and participation in court-ordered programs, amongothers. Assessed in so many different forms, such costs are not fullyappreciated by misdemeanor defendants until they face the burden oftrying to pay them. Unfortunately, courts have not made any attemptto accommodate defendants’ ability to pay, instead often requiring adefendant immediately to pay a sum that is simply impossible giventhe defendant’s income. These burdens are being borne by a segmentof the population least likely to be able to bear them, as a majority ofthe misdemeanants are indigent.There are signifi cant social costs associated with this new trendin minor crime adjudication. First, there are social-welfare lossesresulting from lost wages and income tax revenues, the increased costsof new prosecutions and jail sentences imposed when costs, fees, andother economic sanctions are not paid, and indirectly the increasedcosts of public assistance for low-income defendants who lose their jobsas a result of contempt orders for their failure to pay on time. Thesecosts have to be measured against any increase in county revenuesfrom economic sanctions. But there is a larger problem as well:Courts’ recent willingness to impose greater process-oriented economicsanctions for minor crimes cannot be easily justifi ed by any of thetraditional theories of criminal punishment. That diffi culty, coupledwith the questionable social balance sheet resulting from the increasedsanctions, casts serious doubt on this emergent trend.Le jugement de crimes mineurs s’avère onéreux pour les défendeursdepuis longtemps. Récemment, cependant, dans plusieurs territoiresaméricains, on a ajouté aux fardeaux «liés au processus» associés auxcrimes mineurs. On a fait cela en exigeant que les défendeurs accusésde méfaits mineurs paient une bonne part des coûts économiquesimportants associés aux processus de jugement, en plus d’amendesconsidérables, y compris, par exemple, les coûts associés aux laissesélectroniques, des frais de «remboursement» à la police et aux procureurs et la participation à des programmes mandatés par la cour,entre autres. Puisqu’ils sont établis de tant de façons différentes, lesdéfendeurs en question ne se rendent pas compte tout à fait de ces coûtsjusqu’à ce qu’ils se trouvent devant le fardeau d’essayer de les payer.Malheureusement, les cours n’ont fait aucun effort pour tenir comptede la capacité des défendeurs de payer; plutôt, ils exigent souvent quele défendeur paie immédiatement une somme qu’il lui est impossiblede payer compte tenu de son revenu. Ces fardeaux tombent sur lesépaules d’une partie de la population qui est la moins apte à pouvoir lessupporter, puisqu’une majorité des malfaiteurs sont indigents.Il y a des coûts sociaux importants associés à cette nouvelle tendancepour le jugement de crimes mineurs. D’abord, il y a les pertes en bienêtresocial causées par la perte de salaires et de revenus d’impôts, lescoûts additionnels de nouvelles poursuites et de peines d’emprisonnementimposées lorsque les coûts, les frais et les autres sanctions économiques nesont pas payés, et, indirectement, l’augmentation des coûts d’assistancepublique pour les défendeurs à faible revenu qui perdent leur emploi suiteà une ordonnance d’outrage au tribunal parce qu’ils n’ont pas payé àtemps. Il faut mesurer ces coûts en comparaison avec les augmentationsde revenus gouvernementaux provenant de sanctions économiques. Maisil y a aussi un plus grand problème : L’empressement récent des cours àimposer des sanctions économiques plus considérables liés au processuspour des crimes mineurs ne peut pas être facilement justifi é par n’importequelle des théories traditionnelles de punition criminelle. Cette diffi culté,associée au bilan social contestable dû aux sanctions augmentées, faitplaner un doute sérieux sur cette nouvelle tendance.