Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Química analítica'
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Meseguer, Lloret Susana. "Métodos quimioluminiscentes en química analítica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10245.
Full textChemiluminescence, given its characterístics of high sensitivity, low cost and easily to automation, can considerably benefit to the organic and inorganic compounds analysis in environmental samples. This thesis contributes to:- Improve the aliphatic amines screening analysis in water simples of different nature and to decrease their detection limits: To do that, it is proposed the preconcentration and derivatization of aliphatic amines in solid support, followed by HPLC, procedure that has been completely automated. Employing chemiluminescence detection, detection limits improved regarding to that established with UV-vis or fluorescente detection or with other reagents employed in the bibliography. - Decrease the detection limits of ammonium in waters and increase the accuracy of its determination: Previously, it is proposed a selective fluorimetric method based on ammonium reaction with OPA-NAC reagent, comparing the results with Nessler referente method and with ammonium electrode selective method; to finish with the chemiluminescence ammonium detection derivatized in solution with dansyl chloride and HPLC. - Knowledge of the sample screening methods: It is proponed a chemiluminescence authomatic method which was able to distinguish between samples that contain Cu(II) over or under the level established by legislation (50 ppb).- Improve the accuracy of the determination of some metallic ions by controlling the systematic errors and the speciation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III): By using luminol reaction, it was deepen in the accuracy of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) determination, studying the influence of the simple storage protocols in the chemiluminescence signal and, applying the multivariate calibration to the simultaneous determination of Chromium and Cobalt. - Study the dissolved organic nitrogen: By using the OPA/NAC method, the simultaneous determination of ammonium and prymary amine groups has been carried out. The chemiluminescence method allowed the determination of amine organic nitrogen (-CH2-NH-) and ammonium.
Ródenas, Torralba Eva. "Aplicaciones de la multiconmutación en química analítica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10248.
Full textA high-priority line in Analytical Chemistry is the development of devices thatincrease the automatization degree and, therefore, reduce the humanparticipation in the analysis procedures. The demand of information makesnecessary the development of simple, cheap, fast and clean methodologies.The main contribution of this Thesis has been the study, development andcomparison of analytical procedures that use the multicommutation in threedifferent areas: (1) Mechanization in AFS, (2) Mechanization in molecularspectrophotometry, (3) Application to portable and economic instruments.In the first block multicommutation allows the mechanization of AFSmeasurements: Hg, Bi and Te. These are the first works in the literature aboutmulticommutation in AFS.In the second block multicommutation is used as the analytical tool for themechanization of the spectrophotometric measurements: (i) Liquid-liquidextraction for the determination of anionic surfactants in waters, with a highsampling frequency. (ii) Use of the minipumps as fluid propulsive units tosubstitute the solenoid valves and the peristaltic pump, and to reduce the priceof the system. This strategy has been developed for the phenol and cyclamatedeterminations in waters and table sweeteners, respectively.The third section is dedicated to the benefits of multicommutation in itsapplication to portable and economic instruments: (i) Luminometer for H2O2 andNH4+ determinations. (ii) LED photometer for the determination of Fe3+, NO2-,phenol and carbaryl.The aforementioned methods have been validated in terms of accuracy,precision, limit of detection by means of recovery studies and comparison withreference methods.In general, it is possible to affirm that:1. Multicommutation provides a considerable increase in the productivity of thelaboratory, decreasing the time of the analyses.2. Multicommutation reduces the consumption of reactive and samples and thewaste volume, increasing the safety and minimizing the costs.3. Multicommutation provides versatility, flexibility, economy, robustness andminiaturization of the systems. In addition, multicommutation allows itsautomatization to design portable equipments for analysis in situ.In conclusion, this Thesis has contributed to different and simple applications ofthe multicommutation in Analytical Chemistry.
SOUZA, Gustavo Campelo Silva de. "Aplicações de Quantum dots em química analítica." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/24845.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T22:29:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Gustavo Campelo Silva de Souza.pdf: 1850566 bytes, checksum: 27539f8eb82bf3a7a9b85edbdcce6448 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-12
FACEPE
A presente tese de doutorado dividiu-se em três seções. A seção primeira consiste em uma breve revisão sobre quantum dots: conceitos e aplicações. A segunda seção descreve o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia analítica para determinação de Cr(III). Neste trabalho o Cr(III) foi quantificado em suplementos alimentares empregando quantum dots CdSe-TGA, como probe. Na presença do íon Cr(III), o CdSe-TGA sofre supressão da emissão de sua fluorescência. Em condições experimentais otimizadas, a metodologia apresentou uma resposta linear para Cr(lll) entre 25-325 ng L-1 (R = 0,9996, n = 6), um limite de detecção de 5,67 ng L-1 e um desvio padrão relativo de 4,43% (n = 10). Para verificar a precisão da metodologia desenvolvida, testes de adição e recuperação para Cr(III), foram empregados em cinco amostras de suplementos vitamínicos e resultados entre 82 e 98% foram obtidos. A metodologia aqui desenvolvida foi comparada com a técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica por chama, onde não se verificou uma diferença significativa em nível de confiança de 95%. No terceiro seção, descreve-se a imobilização de quantum dots. Na terceira seção, quantum dots, tipo CdTe- AMP, com diâmetro 3,5 nm foram imobilizados em filmes de sílica via processo sol-gel. Para tanto, o agente sililante tetrametilortosilicato, o tensoativo Triton™ X-100, juntamente com o ácido nítrico foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento de um procedimento de imobilização do QDs CdTe-AMP via processo sol-gel. O filme produzido foi caracterizado por meio das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, podendo-se observar a formação de clusters de QDs ao longo do filme formado. Características físico-químicas, como rendimento quântico de 21,5 % e tamanho das nanopartículas foram preservadas. Quanto ao tempo de vida de emissão de fluorescência observou-se um aumento de cerca de 185 %, quando comparados com quantum dots em solução. Além disso, os filmes fabricados apresentaram uma boa fotoestabilidade. Logo, foi possível demonstrar a aplicabilidade do material proposto onde espécies reativas de oxigênio foram geradas por meio de um sistema de análise em fluxo multicomutado. Portanto, foi possível apresentar uma nova perspectiva para sua aplicação desse material em química analítica.
This doctoral dissertation was divided into three sections. The first section is a brief review about quantum dots: concepts and applications. The second section describes the development of an analytical methodology for Cr(III) determination. In this work, the Cr(lII) ion was quantification in vitamin supplements by used TGA-CdSe quantum dots (QDs), as a probe. In the presence of the Cr(III) the TGA-CdSe QDs undergoes a quenching of the fluorescence emission. Under optimum experimental conditions, linear quenching was observed for Cr(III) in the range of 25-325 ng L-1 (R= 0.9996, n= 6), a limit of detection of 5.67 ng L-1, and relative standard deviation of 4.43% (n= 10). To check the accuracy of the methodology developed, the recovery test for Cr(III), it was used in five samples of vitamin supplements presented results from 82 to 98%. The methodology here developed, was compared to the same vitamin supplement sample using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) method, and no significant differences were observed at 95% confidence level. In third section, quantum dots, type CdTe-MPA, 3.5 nm in size, were entrapped under silica films via sol-gel process. Therefore, the silylating agent tetramethyl orthosilicate, Triton™ X-100 surfactant together with the nitric acid were used for the development of an immobilization procedure of the QDs CdTe-AMP by sol-gel process. The produced film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy techniques, wherein can be observed the formation of agglomerates quantum dots over of the formed film. Physico-chemical characteristics such as, quantum yield of 21.5% and size of nanoparticles were preserved. Regarding the excited state lifetimes can be observed an increase about of 185%, when compared to quantum dots in solution. In addition, manufactured films exhibit good photostability. Consequently, it was possible to demonstrate the applicability of the material proposed, where reactive oxygen species were generated through an analysis system multicommuted. Hence, it was possible to report a new perspective for their application this material in analytical chemistry.
Gomes, Juliana do Nascimento. "Da química geral à química analítica: reflexões sobre o ensino e aprendizagem de conceitos relacionados ao tema equilíbrio químico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81132/tde-03122014-153925/.
Full textThe main interest of this research was describe and analyze the results of the learning concepts about chemical equilibrium, seeking the general students concepts related to, chemical equilibrium and acid-base reactions in a stage of equilibrium. To do this we followed an recorded the classes which approach the equilibrium chemical systems at disciplines General Chemistry II and Analytical Chemistry I for IQUSP chemistry students. Initial e final tests were applied throughout disciplines. The results was showed in a three sets, we present first the analysis of initial evaluation (AI) and final evaluations, applied to General Chemistry discipline, discussing concepts about general aspects in chemical equilibrium systems. Then we showed discussing initial and final evaluations applied at analytical chemistry discipline, we search in this evaluations the concepts about an acid-base reactions in chemical equilibrium. In a third step we present the answers analysis of one single student that participated of all tests throughout General II and Analytical I disciplines, seeking a reflection about the learning process on the following topics, chemical equilibrium and acid-base models, the constants, the acid-base strengths and buffer solutions, and the possible changes promoted in a chemical equilibrium system that are important concepts related to the theme. The analysis of this dates suggesting, after the General Chemistry classes, that approach the theme, that students are able to correctly characterize the chemical equilibrium at macroscopic and microscopic levels and compare the coefficient and the constant of equilibrium chemical reactions to make previsions in this systems. However some students didn´t showed a fine concept about possible the applications of theses constants, and only defining through the mathematic relation. They also couldn´t not relationed the alteration in a equilibrium constant with the temperature, appling only the Le Chatelier Principle to make previsions about the alterations in a chemical equilibrium system. We also observe the difficult to analyze and explain the acid-base models starting from electronic level, using a Lewis model. We also identified some conceptual difficulties and misconceptions, which remained even after instructions, like: confusing model which explain acid-base models, confusing at applications of dissociation and ionization concepts and alternative conceptions about acid base equilibrium systems. In relation of promoted alterations that offered to a chemical equilibrium system, we observed the students, generally, justify the displacement of equilibrium particularly focusing on Le Chatelier Principle. This work favors discussions in teaching and learning aspects concepts about the chemical equilibrium.
Kovachev, Nikolay. "Desarrollo y evaluación de nuevas estrategias y técnicas para mejorar la eficacia en la preparación de muestra para el análisis químico." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/38444.
Full textCuartero, Botía María. "Nuevos avances en el desarrollo y aplicación de electrodos selectivos de iones con ionóforos, plataformas conductoras y potenciometría dinámica diferencial." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132806.
Full textThe general aim of the present PhD thesis is the development of several advances with ion-selective electrodes, based on plasticized polymeric membranes, within the field of the called Modern Potentiometry, and to increase their use in analytical applications regarding to toxicological analysis and bioremediation, enzymatic analysis and the analysis of pharmaceuticals and beverages. The methodology used is based on a series of strategies with ion-selective electrodes containing plasticized polymeric membranes regarding the optimization of the membrane components, the study of potentiometric responses including potential dynamic responses, the design of new conductive platforms for their miniaturization and their application to fieldS of actual interest. Thus, an electrode that responds to alkylmethylimidazolium cations, components of ionic liquids, has been constructed. Besides, partition coefficients of these cations for the water/membrane interface have been calculated and they have been used as a toxicity predictor for the corresponding ionic liquid in different microorganisms. The electrode was satisfactorily used for the determination of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation in contaminated waters as well as to study its biosorption process by dry biomass from Posidonia oceanica and orange rind, which may be useful for water bioremediation purposes. Three hydrogen-bonding compounds are presented as new ionophores for anion-selective electrodes. Two of them are benzodipyrrol derivatives and they are good ionophores for the divalent anions sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate and oxalate. The third compound is a carbazolocarbazole derivative and it is a good ionophore for the dicarboxylate anions: oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate and adipate. A new acetylcholine-selective electrode has been developed. The electrode is suitable for monitoring the acetylcholine concentration during its hydrolysis catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase. A kinetic-potentiometric method allows the enzymatic parameters of the hydrolysis to be determined in the presence and in the absence of the inhibitor galantamine. An advantage of the method is that it is used under the physiological conditions of the enzyme. A new mathematical approach, based on the basic equations of a competitive inhibitor, has been developed. It leads to an equation that has been applied to the determination of galantamine in pharmaceuticals and human urine with excellent results, and also to obtain the inhibition constant of the process. A new technique called Differential Dynamic Potentiometry based on the difference between the dynamic responses of two ion-selective electrodes, one with an ionophore and other without, is introduced. In our case the ionophore is a ?-cyclodextrin. The differential dynamic responses obtained can be used as fingerprints for the cationic drugs and the anions tested. The technique has been applied to the analytical determination of lidocaine in pharmaceuticals with good results. In addition, the technique was used with a principal component analysis and a lipophilicity descriptor for the anions was found. Finally, the technique has been extended to anion binary mixtures. A new solid-contact ion-selective electrode based on a Zn-porphyrin for the determination of sulfur dioxide in white and red wines has been developed. The excellent characteristics showed by the electrode place it as a good alternative to be used in routine analysis in the wine industry. A miniaturized ion-selective electrode and also a reference electrode have been prepared using new conductive rubbers based on a carbon nanotubes-ink. An innovative bracelet containing these two electrodes has been prepared for the determination of potassium in human sweat. This fact transforms a traditional rubber into a smart object. From a practical point of view, the ability to incorporate electrical circuits onto commercial, commodity rubbers is interesting to use them in O-rings and seals to have these electrical circuits inside hold vacuum for gas controlled atmpspheres. Another application born by taking advantage of elastic properties of the rubbers to create physical movement sensors.
Kuligowski, Julia. "New Instrumental and Chemometric Developments form the on-line hyphenation of Liquid Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81538.
Full textThe coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) to infrared (IR) spectrometry is an interesting analytical tool, because high resolution provided by LC is combined with the non-destructive and molecular specific information of IR spectrometry. However, the potential of on-line LC-IR employing a flow cell interface, characterized by its technical simplicity, cannot yet be fully exploited due to the limited sensitivity of IR detection and difficulties in on-line measurements arising from the dominating absorption of most of the commonly used mobile phase components. Accordingly, the objective of this Thesis was to promote the use of the on-line hyphenation of LC and IR spectroscopy through the development of instrumental and chemometric tools to overcome existing limitations, thus increasing the applicability of this technique. Chapter 2 describes innovations in the field of isocratic separation. A method for the determination of lecithin and soybean oil in dietary supplements using on-line Gel Permeation Chromatography – Attenuated Total Reflectance – Infrared (GPC-ATR-IR) was developed including a simple procedure to select the optimum wavenumber used for the extraction of characteristic elution profiles. For the monitoring of polymerized triglycerides in deep-frying oil, an approach employing on-line GPC-IR spectrometry and the Science Based Calibration (SBC) multivariate approach for chromatogram-extraction were reported. An on-line LC-IR procedure for the determination of glycolic acid in cosmetics employing the rapid scan data acquisition mode was proposed. Chapter 3 deals with different methods for background correction in on-line LC-IR using reference spectra matrices (RSM). The determination of the critical eluent composition for polyethylene glycols using methanol as organic modifier was discussed employing the absorbance ratio as identification parameter for background correction. For the determination of fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose in beverages employing acetonitrile as organic modifier, again the absorbance ratio was used as identification parameter. A Partial Least Squares (PLS) procedure as well as the application of point-to-point matching algorithms for automated background correction were discussed for background correction in acetonitrile:water gradients using different examples of applications. Chapter 4 deals with the compensation of the background contribution employing column-wise techniques. Polynomial regressions modelling the background absorbance at each wavenumber throughout the gradient run were applied for acetonitrile:water mobile phase J. Kuligowski | NEW INSTRUMENTAL AND CHEMOMETRIC DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE ON-LINE HYPHENATION OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY II gradients. The use of cubic smoothing splines could be demonstrated for background correction under reversed phase gradient conditions employing different alcohols as organic modifiers. In Chapter 5, background correction based on factor analysis and reference spectra matrices was discussed. The contribution of the background absorption to overall LC-IR signals could be compensated using two approaches based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and simple-to-use interactive self modeling analysis (SIMPLISMA), obtaining good results in acetonitrile:water systems. Subsequently, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied improving peak and spectral resolution and eliminating remaining signal variation due to background absorption and detector drift. The chemometric extraction of ‘analyte-specific’ chromatograms in on-line LC-IR was discussed in Chapter 6. Obtained results confirm that the SBC method is particularly well suited for recovering ‘analyte-specific’ signals from on-line LC-IR chromatograms. The last chapter describes instrumental developments in on-line LC-IR. On-line IR detection in gradient capillary LC using micromachined nanoliter-flow cells was discussed. Four model compounds were separated and identified using an acetonitrile:H2O gradient with limits of detection in the concentration range of 35-94 ng μL-1, representing an increase in mass sensitivity by a factor of approximately 30 as compared to standard LC systems. The last chapter also focuses on the development of LC with on-line dual Quantum Cascade Laser (QC-laser) detection. Compared to state-of-the-art FTIR spectrometers, the use of the developed QC-laser based system provided a significant improvement in both, sensitivity and data acquisition frequency.
Fabregat, Cabello Neus. "Desarrollo de metodología analítica para la determinación de contaminantes basada en el cálculo por deconvolución de perfiles isotópicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/298722.
Full textEl análisis por dilución isotópica y espectrometría de masas (IDMS) es reconocido como una de las técnicas más potentes para obtener resultados altamente fiables y de gran calidad metrológica en el campo de la química analítica. IDMS destaca como la forma de cuantificación más adecuada ante determinaciones realizadas en matrices de alta complejidad, siendo por ello ampliamente utilizado durante el acoplamiento de las técnicas de cromatografía a la espectrometría de masas. Además IDMS también permite corregir variaciones de la señal en el detector así como las interconversiones o pérdidas de analito durante todo el tratamiento de muestra. IDMS permite, por tanto, corregir problemas que pueden aparecer a lo largo de todo el proceso analítico.
La presente tesis versa sobre el desarrollo de metodología analítica basada en IDMS haciendo uso de la herramienta matemática de Deconvolución de Perfiles Isotópicos (IPD) para la cuantificación de los analitos. A pesar de que este tipo de cuantificación evita el uso de curvas de calibrado metodológico y permite el solapamiento espectral entre compuestos de composición natural y enriquecidos, su aplicación en métodos de rutina todavía se encuentra en pleno desarrollo. La técnica IPD permite la cuantificación mediante una sola inyección, reduciendo de forma considerable el tiempo total de análisis.
En todas las metodologías desarrolladas a lo largo de esta tesis se ha hecho uso del acoplamiento de la cromatografía líquida a la espectrometría de masas, ya sea simple o en tándem. Para ello se han seleccionado distintas combinaciones matriz-analito en determinaciones con conocida dificultad analítica, tanto de naturaleza inorgánica como orgánica.
El trabajo realizado se ha estructurado en tres bloques. En el primero, se ha desarrollado un método para la cuantificación de cromo hexavalente (Cr(VI)) en suelos y otras muestras sólidas de índole medioambiental, mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas con plasma de acoplamiento inductivo (LC-ICP-MS). El segundo bloque se centra en la determinación de alquilfenoles (nonilfenol y octilfenol) y del bisfenol A en distintas muestras de agua. Para asegurar la ausencia de efectos isotópicos, o distinto comportamiento entre compuestos naturales y sus análogos marcados isotópicamente, se han sintetizado sus correspondientes patrones internos con un solo carbono-13: el 13C1-nonilfenol y el 13C1-octilfenol. Para finalizar, en el último bloque se ha evaluado el efecto matriz en las cuantificaciones mediante LC-MS. Se ha utilizado como caso de estudio la determinación de micotoxinas en piensos y especias, matrices con conocido efecto matriz y se han ensayado diversas formas de calibrado que lo corrigen, entre ellas IPD.
Tal y como se ha comentado anteriormente, el primer bloque incluye el desarrollo de un método para la correcta determinación de Cr(VI) en muestras sólidas medioambientales, principalmente suelos. Para ello se utilizaron dos trazadores isotópicos, el 50Cr(VI) y el 53Cr(III), con el propósito de poder estudiar y corregir las interconversiones entre ambas especies. El grueso de la investigación fue la optimización de la etapa de extracción. Se alcanzaron resultados cuantitativos para el Cr(VI) en sólo 10 minutos mediante microondas focalizadas, utilizando como extractante una solución 50 mmol/L de ácido etiliendiaminotetraacétido (EDTA) a pH 10. El tratamiento de muestra fue simplificado respecto a trabajos anteriores ya que una dilución 1:10 de la solución anterior fue empleada como fase móvil y el Cr(III) fue estabilizado. Además, la formación de Cr(III)-EDTA- permitió separar el Cr(III) cromatográficamente del Cr(VI) (presente como CrO42-) mediante cromatografía de intercambio aniónico. Para garantizar los resultados obtenidos el estudio fue realizado sobre los materiales de referencia certificados NIST 2700 y NIST 2701 (suelos contaminados por Cr(VI) a dos niveles de concentración). La metodología propuesta evita la oxidación del Cr(III) en los dos materiales de referencia estudiados, no siendo por tanto necesario el uso de dos trazadores y pudiéndose emplear sólo el de Cr(VI) en futuras aplicaciones del método optimizado.
Tras aplicar la metodología de IPD en su contexto habitual, el análisis elemental, a partir del segundo bloque se inicia su aplicación al campo de análisis de compuestos orgánicos.
Así, el segundo bloque se enmarca en el campo de los compuestos disruptores endocrinos a través de su cuantification en aguas mediante IDMS e IPD. Para ello, en un primer momento se llevó a cabo la síntesis, caracterización y aplicación de trazadores enriquecidos isotópicamente con un solo 13C, con el objetivo de asegurar la ausencia de efectos isotópicos. A tal efecto, el 13C1-nonilfenol fue sintetizado en un primer trabajo y el 13C1-octilfenol en el segundo trabajo, en el que fueron utilizados conjuntamente. En un tercer trabajo se utilizaron los dos compuestos anteriores junto al 13C12-bisfenol A, para cuantificar a sus análogos de composición isotópica natural. Estos tres trabajos tienen en común el uso de la cromatografía líquida de ultra alta resolución, acoplada a la espectrometría de masas en tándem (UHPLC-MS/MS (QqQ)) para llevar a cabo la cuantificación de los compuestos. Los analitos seleccionados, los alquilfenoles y el bisfenol A, fueron determinados en aguas embotelladas, residuales y superficiales. Cabe destacar las estrictas medidas necesarias para evitar la contaminación durante el tratamiento de muestra y análisis, sobre todo en el caso del nonilfenol.
En el primer trabajo de este bloque, el isómero sintetizado, el 13C1-4-(3,6-dimetil-3-heptil)fenol (13C1-NP), se utilizó para cuantificar la mezcla técnica de nonilfenol en aguas, tras una extracción previa y preconcentración mediante cartuchos de extracción en fase sólida (SPE). La cuantificación basada en IPD y marcaje isotópico mínimo fue comparada con el uso de un patrón interno habitual en este tipo de análisis, la forma lineal de nonilfenol (n-nonilfenol). Las cuantificaciones realizadas con el patrón interno n-nonilfenol aportaron resultados significativamente superiores a los reales. Sin embargo, los valores para los ensayos de recuperación por IPD con 13C1-NP estuvieron entre el 83 y el 108% con coeficientes de variación entre el 1.5 y el 9%.
En el segundo trabajo de este bloque se utilizaron ambos trazadores isotópicos sintetizados, el 13C1-NP y el 13C1-4-tertoctilfenol (13C1-OP). A diferencia del trabajo anterior, se apostó por una técnica de extracción más novedosa, la microextracción en fase líquida utilizando fibras huecas como soporte de la fase aceptora (HF-LPME). Tras la optimización, la extracción se realizó durante 30 minutos, utilizando octanol como fase aceptora de los analitos. En comparación con otras técnicas como la SPE, la HF-LPME reduce los costes por extracción a unos pocos céntimos por fibra y el volumen de disolventes orgánicos necesario a unos pocos microlítros. Durante su validación, se alcanzaron límites de cuantificación de 0,1 µg/L y recuperaciones entre el 97 y el 109% para ambos compuestos.
En el último trabajo incluido en este bloque se desarrollaron dos métodos de extracción para la determinación conjunta de bisfenol A (BPA), octilfenol y nonilfenol en aguas de consumo y medioambientales. En este caso, el análogo marcado utilizado fue el 13C12-BPA, adquirido de forma comercial. Por una parte, se optimizó la extracción por SPE utilizando cartuchos de tipo C18. Por otra, se optimizó la extracción mediante el uso de HF-LPME. Ambas metodologías fueron comparadas en términos de precisión, coste, facilidad de uso, tiempo y uso de disolventes. Como en trabajos anteriores, los límites de cuantificación para los alquilfenoles alcanzados fueron 0,1 µg/L mientras que el caso del bisphenol tuvo que ser elevado a 0,5 µg/L por cuestiones de sensibilidad y precisión durante las medidas.
El tercer y último bloque aborda el problema del efecto matriz en el análisis de micotoxinas mediante fuente de ionización electrospray en determinaciones por LC-MS/MS. Para ello, se extiende la cuantificación por IPD hasta 9 micotoxinas, ya que sus análogos marcados isotópicamente con todos los 12C sustituidos por 13C se encontraban disponibles de forma comercial. El estudio fue llevado a cabo en matrices con alta complejidad, incluyendo especias y piensos. En una primera aproximación se estudió la corrección del efecto matriz mediante la monitorización continua de un compuesto introducido de forma constante junto a la fase móvil, aunque sin obtener resultados satisfactorios. También se estudió el efecto matriz mediante la fortificación de los extractos tras la etapa de extracción. En una segunda parte del estudio se realizó de forma simultánea la cuantificación mediante 5 aproximaciones distintas: adiciones estándar con un punto y con calibrado, calibrado utilizando patrones internos marcados isotópicamente, así como dos formas de calcular con un solo punto las concentraciones: IPD y el calibrado interno isotópico (OPIC). En general, los valores de recuperaciones fueron adecuados en todas las aproximaciones excepto en los casos de IPD y OPIC para las fumonisinas y de adiciones estándar con un solo punto si la adición era demasiado próxima a la concentración de la muestra. Se observó que en el caso de que los patrones internos marcados isotópicamente no estuvieran disponibles, el uso de adiciones estándar a un solo nivel, suficientemente elevado dentro de un rango, ofrecía los mejores resultados.
Raro, Macián Montserrat. "Evaluación de nuevas herramientas analíticas para mejorar la capacidad de detección en el control del dopaje." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/379308.
Full textEn la presente Tesis Doctoral se han evaluado nuevas herramientas analíticas; instrumentales, metodológicas y de tratamiento de datos, para mejorar la detección del consumo de sustancias dopantes en el deporte. Se trata, con todo esto, de reducir los límites de cuantificación, aumentar el tiempo de detección posible o del descubrimiento de nuevos metabolitos o marcadores del abuso de una sustancia en concreto.
SILVA, Ronaldo Dionísio da. "Aplicações metabonômicas usando ressonância magnética nuclear de 1H: diagnóstico não-invasivo de câncer de próstata e urológico & classificação de oliva extra virgem de produção orgânica." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2017. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/24852.
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CNPQ
No presente estudo, foram construídos modelos metabonômicos baseados nos espectros de RMN para (1) o diagnóstico não-invasivo de câncer de próstata (CP), e câncer urológico (bexiga ou rim) [CB/CR]; e (2) para estudo em química dos alimentos – para discriminar amostras de azeite de oliva extra virgem frente ao seu modo de produção (Produção orgânica ou convencional). Para os estudos clínicos, foram utilizadas amostras de soro e urina. Dois modelos utilizando o formalismo LDA foram construídos para diagnosticar CP: primeiro, utilizando vinte e três amostras de soro – onze voluntários saudáveis (S) e doze de pacientes diagnosticados com CP, e o segundo modelo foram usadas dezoito amostras de urina – oito voluntários saudáveis (S) e dez diagnosticados com CP. Para diagnostico de câncer urológico, foram utilizadas dezoito amostras de urina – oito voluntários saudáveis (S) e dez diagnosticados com câncer de bexiga ou rim (CB/CR). O modelo metabonômico CP versus S, usando amostras de soro, foi construído usando quatro variáveis (bins) discriminantes, foi estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,001), com valores preditivos, positivo e e negativo (VPP e VPN) iguais a 91,7% e 100%, sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 91,7%, respectivamente. As variáveis discriminantes foram atribuídas às estruturas lipídicas (VLDL e LDL), ao grupo citrato e a L-histidina. O modelo CP versus S, utilizando amostras de urina e usando três variáveis discriminantes foi construído, obtendo valores de VPP e o VPN iguais a 92,3% e 100%, respectivamente. Enquanto os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram iguais a 100% e 87,5%, respectivamente. As variáveis discriminantes foram atribuídas a sacarídeos e a trigonelina. O modelo para diagnóstico de câncer urológico (CB/CR) foi construído usando três variáveis, resultando em 100% de classificações corretas. As variáveis discriminantes foram atribuídas a sacarídeos, trigonelina e ao grupo hipurato. Para o estudo com amostras de azeite extra virgem, foram utilizadas quarenta amostras, sendo dezesseis amostras de azeite de produção orgânica (O) e vinte e quatro amostras de produção convencional. Os modelos metabonômicos foram construídos usando o formalismo LDA, utilizando cinco variáveis discriminantes, obtendo 100% de classificação correta para as amostras orgânicas e 91,7% para amostras de azeite convencional. O poder de predição total do modelo foi de 95,0%. As variáveis discriminantes foram atribuídas aos ácidos linoleído/linolênico e ao glicerol. A estratégia metabonômica mostrou-se promissora ferramenta analítica para classificação de amostras de azeite de oliva extra virgem frente ao seu modo de produção. Todos os modelos construídos foram validados usando validação cruzada
Herein, metabonomics models were built from NMR spectral data for (1) noninvasive clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer (CP) and urological cancer (bladder or kidney); and (2) for food chemistry study – to distinguish samples of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) from its production mode (organic agriculture or conventional one). For the clinical studies, we used serum and urine samples. Two models using LDA formalism were constructed to CP diagnosis: first, using twenty-three serum samples, eleven from healthy volunteers (S) and twelve from patients; the second model used eighteen urine samples – eight healthy volunteers (S) and ten from patients. For urological cancer diagnosis (CB/CR), eighteen urine samples were used – eight healthy volunteers (S) and ten diagnosed with bladder or kidney cancer. CP versus S metabonomics model, using serum samples and four discriminant variables (bins), was statistical significance (p <0.001), with positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) equals to 91,7% and 100%, sensitivity equal to 100% and specificity equal to 91.7%, respectively. The discriminant variables were attributed to lipidic structures (VLDL and LDL), citrate and L-histidine. CP versus S model, using urine samples and three discriminant variables, returned PPV and NPV equal to 92.3% and 100%, respectively. While the sensitivity and specificity values were equal to 100% and 87.5%, respectively. The discriminant variables were attributed to saccharides and trigonelline. Urological cancer (CB/CR) diagnosis model, using three variables, correctly classified 100% of samples. In this study, discriminant variables were attributed to trigonelline, hippurate and saccharides. In EVOO study, we used forty samples – sixteen produced by organic agriculture system (O) and twenty-four produced by conventional one (C). Metabonomics model was built using LDA formalism and five bins, correctly classifying 100% and 91.7% of organic EVOO and conventional EVOO, respectively. Therefore, metabonomics model presented 95.0% accuracy. The most important variables for classification were assigned to linoleice/linolenic acids and glycerol. This model showed to be promising as analytical tool for classification of samples from your production mode. All metabonomics models were evaluated by Leave-One-Out-Cross-Validation (LOOCV).
Carvalho, Pedro Neves de. "Research on ex-situ remediation by Halimione portulacoides of contaminated estuarine sediments with butyltin compounds." Master's thesis, Porto : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/64147.
Full textMartins, Susana Daniela da Silva. "Caracterização de fumo inalável de cigarro quanto a alguns compostos orgânicos voláteis e muito voláteis." Master's thesis, Porto : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/64146.
Full textSilva, Tiago José Quinteiros Lopes Henriques da. "Filmes de polielectrólitos nanoestruturados : transporte iónico e aplicações." Doctoral thesis, Porto : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/64291.
Full textSilva, Janaína da Conceição Braga. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um microssistema fluídico com unidade de difusão gasosa integrada." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2012. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/12678.
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Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um Micro-Analisador de fluxo com unidade de difusão gasosa integrada. A fotolitografia profunda no ultravioleta foi empregada para gravar os canais (largura de 500 µm e profundidade de 440 µm) sobre duas placas de fotoresiste de Uretana-Acrilato (UA) e uma membrana de politetrafluoretileno (PTFE) foi adaptada entre as estruturas desenhadas para a manipulação das soluções doadora e aceptora. Para a realização de medidas de condutividade, três pares de eletrodos (seis fios de cobre com 0,5 mm de diâmetro) foram acoplados ao sistema, através de canais-guia, ortogonais ao canal de detecção. O dispositivo microfluídico proposto apresentou um volume interno total de 48 µL e suportou vazões de até 1,0 mL min-1 sem vazamentos ou rompimento da membrana. Os sinais analíticos obtidos para a determinação de bicarbonato em águas minerais demonstraram uma relação linear (R2 = 0,999) para a faixa de concentração estudada (20 a 80 mg L-1 ) proporcionando um limite de detecção (L.O.D.) de 2,3 mg L-1 com um desvio padrão relativo (RSD) de 2,5 % (n = 5) para injeções sucessivas de uma solução de referência com concentração de 80 mg L-1. Um desempenho similar foi observado para a determinação de amônio em pastilhas medicinais (R2 = 0,998, L.O.D. = 2,9 mg L-1 e RSD = 3,0 % (n=5)). Para ambas as aplicações, os resultados foram concordantes com aqueles obtidos por titulações potenciométricas (HCO3-) e espectrofotometria UV- Vis em batelada (NH4+). Adicionalmente, utilizando-se vazões de 40 µL min-1 para as soluções aceptora e doadora, uma redução de aproximadamente 75% na geração de resíduos foi calculada ao se comparar o micro-analisador com um sistema de análise em fluxo convencional. Estes resultados demonstraram a viabilidade de se desenvolver micro- analisadores de fluxo com unidade de difusão gasosa e detecção condutométrica. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This work describes the development of a Flow Micro-analyzer with Integrated Gas Diffusion Unit. Deep ultraviolet photolithography was employed to engrave the channels (width of 500 µm and depth of 440 µm) on two plates of Urethane- Acrylate (UA) photoresist and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane was attached between the structures designed for manipulation of donor and acceptor solutions, providing the on-line gas diffusion separations. In order to perform the conductivity measurements, three pairs of electrodes (six copper wires with 0.5 mm diameter) were coupled into guiding channels, orthogonal to detection channel. The proposed microfluidic device presented a total internal volume of 48 µL and supported flow rates up to 1.0 mL min-1 without leakages or membrane damages. Analytical signals obtained for the determination of bicarbonate in mineral waters demonstrated a linear relationship (R2 =0.999) for the concentration range studied (20 to 80 mg L-1 ) providing a limit of detection (L.O.D.) of 2.3 mg L-1 with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.5 % (n=5) for successive injections of the 80 mg L-1 reference solution. Similar performance was observed for determination of ammonium in medicinal tablets (R2 = 0.998, L.O.D = 2.9 mg L-1 and RSD = 3,0 % (n=5)). For both applications, results agreed with those obtained by potentiometric titrations (HCO3 -) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry (NH4 +). In addition, by using a flow rate of only 40 µL min-1 for donor and acceptor solutions, a reduction of approximately 75 % in residues generation was calculated by comparing the microanalyzer with a conventional flow analysis system. These results demonstrate the viability of developing micro flow analyzers with integrated gas diffusion unit and conductometric detection.
Carvalho, Pedro Neves de. "Research on ex-situ remediation by Halimione portulacoides of contaminated estuarine sediments with butyltin compounds." Dissertação, Porto : [s.n.], 2008. http://catalogo.up.pt/F?func=find-b&local_base=FCB01&find_code=SYS&request=000098095.
Full textMartins, Susana Daniela da Silva. "Caracterização de fumo inalável de cigarro quanto a alguns compostos orgânicos voláteis e muito voláteis." Dissertação, Porto : [s.n.], 2008. http://catalogo.up.pt/F?func=find-b&local_base=FCB01&find_code=SYS&request=000098093.
Full textSilva, Tiago José Quinteiros Lopes Henriques da. "Filmes de polielectrólitos nanoestruturados : transporte iónico e aplicações." Tese, Porto : [s.n.], 2006. http://catalogo.up.pt/F?func=find-b&local_base=FCB01&find_code=SYS&request=000094355.
Full textSegarra, Guerrero Ramón Onofre. "Nuevos procedimientos en flujo contínuo para la determinación de diazepam, amarillo de acridina y nitritos-nitratos." Universitat de València, 2002. http://www.tesisenxarxa.net.
Full textBravo, Bravo María de los Ángeles. "Hifenaciones instrumentales entre la cromatografía líquida, diferentes sistemas detectores y nuevos métodos de pretratamiento de muestra para la determinación de vitaminas en alimentos." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128865.
Full textThe main objective of this Thesis, is the development of new analytical methods for the determination of vitamins, essential constituents in the human diet. Liquid chromatography (LC) combined on-line with mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the more sensitive and selective analytical methodologies, and this technique is widely applied in food analysis. Depending on the chemical structures and analytical characteristics of the groups of vitamins analyzed, the analytical methods used are hyphenations of LC with diode array detector (LC–DAD), fluorescence (LC–Fl) and LC–MS. The methodology applied is based on the application of new methods for sample preparation. Classical methods have inconveniences, as being tedious and large, requiring great volumes of sample and toxic organic solvents. With the objective of green chemistry, modern sample preparation techniques appeared, which offer the possibility of automatization, are clean and selective, have higher speed and efficiency, are cheap, simple and without toxic solvents. Thus, Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) has been used, being an emergent green technology, based on the extraction using liquid solvents at high temperature and pressure, which increase the solubility and the properties of mass transfer. Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) was also used and is based on the extraction of the analytes in a liquid phase using very small amounts of organic solvents. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) uses a ternary solvent system. The low time and organic solvents consume are the two main advantages of this technique. Finally, Solid phase extraction (SPE) implies a liquid-solid partition, where the extractant phase is a solid sorbent, as multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Thus, the objectives of this Thesis were to study the instrumental coupling of LC with DAD, Fl and MS detection and green sample treatment procedures for the determination of several hydrosoluble and liposoluble vitamins in different type of foods. The study is divided in two parts, depending on the group of vitamins analyzed and the type of detector used. The following conclusions have been obtained: 1. Analytical methods are developed for the determination of hydrosoluble vitamins in different type of foods, nutraceuticals and baby foods. The vitamins are cobalamins, thiamine and its esters and benfothiamine. They are polar compounds and are analyzed by LC in reversed phase with a stationary phase RP–Amide C16 and an endcapping of trimethylsilyl. The mobile phases are mixtures of acetonitrile and potassium phosphate (pH 7). DAD detection is used for cobalamins or fluorescence for thiamine and its esters and benfothiamine using derivatization by oxidation to thiochrome. 2. Two miniaturized procedures have been developed for the sample treatment. For cobalamins, SPE was used with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and a flow system for the adsorption of the analytes and its elution with dimethylsulphoxide. DLLME was used for thiamine and benfothiamine. 3. The extraction of the vitamins was carried out using ultrasounds for cobalamins or acid digestion and enzymatic extraction for destroying the phosphorilated forms of the vitamins B. 4. In the second part of the Thesis, new methods are developed for the determination of the four liposoluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) in functional foods as fruit juices, vegetables, milk foods and baby foods. They are analyzed by LC in reversed phase or normal phase and different couplings of LC with DAD or fluorescence and MS with interfaces of electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to DLLME. The extraction was carried out using organic solvents, by PLE or alkaline saponification.
Almeida, Cristiane Aparecida. "Desenvolvimento de método espectrofotométrico inverso para determinação de citrato e aplicação em sistema de liberação controlada." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7615.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O Citrato é um ligante polidentado muito importante na complexação de metais. No solo pode também ser usado como agente quelante em fitoextração. Desse modo, sua determinação em solução e em solo é muito importante para a otimização de sistemas de liberação controlada. Assim, foi desenvolvido um método espectrofotométrico inverso baseado na relação entre a concentração analítica de citrato no meio e a diminuição da absorbância do complexo. Foi estudado incialmente o complexo de Fe(II)-ortofenantrolina. Entretanto, mesmo otimizando as condições, a sensibilidade não foi adequada. Foi necessário trabalhar em uma faixa analítica formada por concentrações mais elevadas do analito. Desse modo, julgou- se adequado a seleção de outro complexo colorido para a obtenção de um método adequado para a determinação de citrato. Para isso estudou-se o complexo cromo(III)-EDTA. As curvas analíticas apresentaram comportamento quadrático de maneira que, na otimização, foi utilizada a sensibilidade analítica mínima como resposta. Para seleção dos termos significativamente diferente de zero foram utilizadas regressões lineares múltiplas tipo stepwise. Um planejamento fatorial 23 com ponto central foi realizado para avaliar a influência do pH, concentração de cromo(III) e EDTA no meio. Apenas as duas últimas variáveis foram significativas considerando os intervalos das variáveis. Um planejamento baseado na matriz de Doehlert, para essas duas variáveis com 3 pontos centrais foi realizado. Após aplicar uma expansão da matriz o ponto ótimo foi: concentração de Cr(III) 4,2 mmol L -1 e de EDTA, 5,1 mmol L-1 em pH 4,0. O método otimizado apresentou um bom ajuste R2=0,998 e desvio padrão dos resíduos igual 0,0085, na faixa analítica de 0,29 mmol L-1 a 5,0 mmol L-1. O desvio padrão relativo (N=7) foi inferior a 1,71%. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram 0,087 e 0,29 mmol L-1, respectivamente. Ensaios de adição e recuperação de citrato em amostras de solo apresentaram recuperações entre 98,0% e 122,0%. Foi proposto um sistema de liberação modulada por equilíbrio de precipitação. Foi avaliada a influência do pH e da concentração de cálcio na solução receptora do sistema de liberação modulada. A concentração de citrato na solução desse sistema foi determinada pelo método espectrofotométrico baseado na competição do ligante com o complexo Cr(III)- EDTA. Para caracterizar o mecanismo de liberação, foram aplicados modelos cinéticos de pseudo 2a ordem, Noyes-Whitney e difusão intrapartícula, sendo que o modelo de Noyes foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste, constatando que a liberação ocorre por processos de difusão. Em todas as condições testadas, as concentrações de citrato atingiram o equilíbrio após 25 horas de liberação, observando-se diferentes taxas de liberação do citrato de acordo com as condições experimentais. A influência das variáveis foi avaliada por ANOVA, com nível de confiança de 95% usando a concentração de citrato no equilíbrio como resposta. O pH e a concentração de cálcio não influenciaram significativamente a taxa de liberação, assim como a interação entre os dois fatores.
Citrate is an important polydentate ligand for complexation of metals. It can also be used as chelating agent in phytoextraction in soil. Thus, determination in solution and soil is very important for the optimization of controlled release systems. Therefore, it was developed a inverse spectrophotometric method based on the relationship between citrate concentration and decreasing absorbance of the complex. It was initially studied Fe(II)-1,10-phenantroline complex. However, even with optimization, the analytical sensitivities obtained were not high enough, it was necessary to work in an analytical range with higher concentrations of analyte. Thus, it was considered appropriate to select another colored complex to obtain an adequate method for determination of citrate. Thereby, it was studied Cr(III)-EDTA complex. In the optimization, analytical curves presented quadratic behavior, it was used the minimum analytical sensitivity. For selection of terms significantly different from zero were used linear regressions multiple stepwise. A 23 factorial design was made with a central point to evaluate the influence of pH, chromium(III) concentration and EDTA. Considering the ranges of the variables, only the last two variables were significant. A planning based on Doehlert matrix for these two variables with 3 central points was performed. After to apply a matrix expanding the optimum concentration was: concentration of Cr(III) 4.2 mmol L -1 and EDTA, 5.1 mmol L -1 at pH 4.0. The optimized method display a good adjustment R2 = 0.998 and standard deviation of residues equal to 0.0085, analitycal range between 0.29 mmol L 1. -1 to 5.0 mmol L - The relative standard deviation (N = 7) was less than 1.71%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.087 and 0.29 mmol L -1, respectively. Recovery citrate test in soil samples presented recoveries between 98,0% and 122,0%. One modulated delivery system by precipitation equilibrium has been proposed. The influence of pH and calcium concentration in the receptor solution modulated delivery system was evaluated. The concentration of citrate in the solution of the system was determined by the spectrophotometric method based on the competition between the ligand and Cr(III)-EDTA complex. To characterize the releasing mechanism were applied kinetic models of pseudo 2nd order, Noyes-Whitney and intraparticle diffusion, and the Noyes model showed the best fitting, noting that the release occurs by diffusion processes. In all conditions tested, the citrate concentrations reached equilibrium after 25 hours of release, observing different release rates of citrate according to the experimental conditions. The influence of the variables was evaluated by ANOVA with 95% confidence level using the citrate concentration at equilibrium as a response. The pH and the calcium concentration did not influence the rate of release as well as the interaction between the two factors.
Prado, Thiago Martimiano do. "Desenvolvimento de um biossensor para a detecção de antibióticos β-lactâmicos no leite crú /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97839.
Full textBanca: Marcos Roberto de Vasconcelos Lanza
Banca: André Luiz dos Santos
Resumo: O presente trabalho mostra o desenvolvimento do primeiro biossensor descrito na literatura para determinação de antibióticos β-lactâmicos, usando pasta de carbono modificada com a enzima β-lactamase, e sua aplicação em amostras de leite de vaca in natura. A partir de estudos prévios de otimização da preparação do biossensor, o grafite em pó foi ativado com carbodiimida para permitir a ligação covalente da enzima β-lactamase que, junto com o mediador de elétrons ftalocianina de cobalto ofereceram variações na corrente catódica na presença da penicilina G, sendo esta escolhida para representar os antibióticos β-lactâmicos. Utilizando este procedimento para a construção dos biossensores, foi possível registrar voltamogramas cíclicos e amperogramas que permitiram quantificar a benzilpenicilina (penicilina G) em condições de análise também otimizadas, que incluíram estudo da quantidade de mediador na pasta; o pH, tipo e concentração do eletrólito usado para realização das medidas e o potencial aplicado na amperometria. Com o método otimizado foi possível detectar penicilina G em amostras de leite in natura, fortificadas com o antibiótico, com alta exatidão (erro relativo de 1%) e boa precisão (desvio padrão relativo de 8,3%, n = 3), mostrando que o biossensor desenvolvido é uma ferramenta promissora para detecção de penicilinas, e que ao serem realizados mais estudos para diminuir seu limite de quantificação, poderá se tornar uma um método de análise alternativo aos kits comerciais existentes
Abstract: This work describes the development of the first biosensor described in the literature for the determination of β-lactam antibiotics using a carbon paste electrode modified with the enzyme β-lactamase, and its application in samples of fresh cow's milk. After optimizing the biosensor preparation procedure, the graphite powder was activated with carbodiimide to allow covalent binding of the enzyme β-lactamase, which together with the electron mediator, cobalt phthalocyanine, offered variations in cathodic currents in the presence of penicillin G, which was chosen as representative of the β-lactam antibiotics. Using this procedure for the construction of biosensors, it was possible to record cyclic voltammograms and amperograms that enabled quantification of benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) under analytical conditions that had been optimized in terms of the amount of mediator in the paste, the pH, the type and concentration of the electrolyte used in the measurements, and the applied amperometric potential. With the optimized method, it was possible to detect penicillin G in samples of fresh milk fortified with the antibiotic, with high accuracy (error of 1%) and adequate precision (RSD of 8.3%, n=3), demonstrating that the proposed biosensor is a promising tool for the detection of penicillins. Once quantitation limits have been further improved, the analytical method could become an alternative to existing commercial kits
Mestre
Sousa, Wellyngton Rosado de. "Emprego de análise térmica na avaliação do comportamento térmico de níquel em presença de modificadores químicos /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97869.
Full textBanca: Marisa Veiga Capela
Banca: Eder Tadeu Gomes Cavalheiro
Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação dos parâmetros cinéticos (E, A, f(a)) relativo à decomposição térmica do nitrato de níquel hexahidratado isolado e em presença de carbeto de tungstênio, de grafite, e de carbeto de tungstênio mais grafite, a partir da utilização de métodos não isotérmicos na avaliação de dados obtidos por análise termogravimétrica (TG). Identificação dos resíduos de decomposição térmica de nitrato de níquel e de suas misturas com ligantes orgânicos (ácido oxálico, ácido cítrico, ácido etileno diaminotetraacético (EDTA), ácido ascórbico e sacarose) em suporte de alumina e em presença de carbeto de tungstênio, de grafite, e de carbeto de tungstênio mais grafite, através de cálculos com dados e comportamento térmico obtidos das curvas TG sob atmosfera inerte e por análise de difração de raios - X (método do pó). Os resultados mostram que para a decomposição do nitrato de níquel puro e em presença de WC (carbeto de tungstênio), grafite, WC e grafite o modelo cinético que melhor se aplica em toda extensão é o modelo ESTÁK - BERGGREN ou autocalitico (SB), porém até aproximadamente 50% o processo pode ser governado por nucleação/crescimento, modelo Johnson - Mehl - Avrami - Erofeev - Kolgomorov (JMAEK). A presença de ligantes orgânicos influência de forma diferente na decomposição térmica no nitrato de níquel com formação de resíduos favorecendo ou não a formação de Ni0, NiO ou NiWO4; em complemento podem proteger ou favorecer a oxidação de WC por oxigênio residual.
Abstract: Not available.
Mestre
Rodrigues, Pedro Nuno Ribeiro. "Quantificação de poluentes orgânicos persistentes organoclorados em sedimentos e investigação ex-situ do papel da planta Halimione portulacoides na respectiva bioremediação." Master's thesis, Porto : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/64149.
Full textNóbrega, Lorrana Nara Naves. "Integração de uma coluna redutora à um microdispositivo fluídico e avaliação de sistemas miniaturizados na determinação de nitrito, nitrato e fosfato em águas naturais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/16709.
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Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de microssistemas de análise por injeção em fluxo (µFIA) para as determinações de nitrito (NO2-), nitrato (NO3-), e fosfato (PO4-3) em águas doces. Para todos os µFIA, a fotolitografia profunda no ultravioleta foi empregada para fabricação dos dispositivos a partir de um fotorresiste a base de uretana-acrilato (UA). Todos os dispositivos apresentaram dimensões tão pequenas quanto à de um cartão de crédito (7,0 cm x 4,0 cm x 0,5 cm) e canais de formato em “U” com até 390 μm de profundidade. Um procedimento simples e de baixo custo foi utilizado para a integração de uma coluna redutora de cádmio ao FIA de NO3-, por meio da inserção manual de grânulos de cádmio selecionados (0,5 a 1,0 mm) à um reservatório dedicado (1,00 mm x 0,65 mm x 20 mm). A coluna demonstrou bom desempenho com 97,5% de eficiência de redução (NO3- para NO2-) e ausência de vazamentos para vazões superiores a 2,0 mL min-1. Os sinais analíticos transientes obtidos com os microssistemas propostos apresentaram razões sinal/ruído satisfatórias e permitiram ajustes lineares (R > 0,99) para as faixas de concentração estudadas (0,06 a 0,37 mg N L-1 (NO2-); 0,23 a 2,26 mg N L-1 (NO3-) e 1,0 a 8,0 mg P L-1 (PO4-3)) sendo estimados os limites de detecção de 0,15 mg N L-1 (NO3-), 0,03 mg N L-1 (NO2-) e 0,54 mg P L-1 (PO4-3). Para as determinações de NO3- e NO2- as figuras de mérito estimadas demonstraram adequação a regulamentação brasileira para águas doces. Empregando-se amostras de águas doces superficiais e/ou amostras de águas comerciais, recuperações de 90,4 % a 114,7 % foram obtidas e não foram observadas diferenças significativas (95% de confiança) entre os valores determinados com os microssistemas e aqueles determinados a partir de métodos de referência, demonstrando uma boa exatidão dos procedimentos. Para todas as determinações, reduções significativas no consumo de reagentes e na geração de resíduos foram observadas em relação aos sistemas de análise por injeção em fluxo usuais, demonstrando que os dispositivos propostos atendem aos preceitos da química verde. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This work describes the development and evaluation of flow injection analysis (µFIA) microsystems for nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), and phosphate (PO4-3) determinations in fresh waters. For all µFIA, deep ultraviolet photolithography was used for fabrication of the devices using a photoresist based on urethane acrylate (UA) photoresist. All devices present dimensions as small as a credit card (7.0 cm x 4.0 cm x 0.5 cm) and "U" shape channels with up to 390 μm deep. A simple and inexpensive procedure was used for the integration of a cadmium reduction column to the µFIA applied for NO3- determination by using manual insertion of selected cadmium particles (0.5 to 1.0 mm) into a dedicated reservoir (1.00 mm x 0.65 mm x 20 mm). The column presented a good performance with an efficiency of reduction of 97,5% (NO3- to NO2-) and no leaks for flow rates higher than 2.0 mL min-1. The proposed microsystem showed adequate signal to noise ratios and provided linear relationships (R> 0,99) for the concentration range studied (0.06 to 0.37 mg L-1 N (NO2-), 0.23 to 2.26 mg L-1 N (NO3-) and 1.0 to 8.0 mg L-1 P (PO4-3)) with estimated detection limits of 0.15 mg L-1 N (NO3 -), 0.03 mg L-1 N (NO2-) and 0.54 mg L-1 P PO4-3). For the determination of NO3- and NO2-, the estimated figures of merit were adequate to Brazilian regulations for freshwater. By employing the proposed devices to fresh superficial water samples and/or commercial water samples, recoveries of 90.4% to 114.7% were obtained and no significant differences were observed (95% confidence) between the values determined with microsystems and those determined from reference methods, demonstrating good accuracy of the procedures. For all determinations, significant reductions in reagent consumption and waste generation were observed when compared to usual flow injection analysis systems demonstrating that the proposed devices are appropriate to the principles of green chemistry.
Rodrigues, Pedro Nuno Ribeiro. "Quantificação de poluentes orgânicos persistentes organoclorados em sedimentos e investigação ex-situ do papel da planta Halimione portulacoides na respectiva bioremediação." Dissertação, Porto : [s.n.], 2008. http://catalogo.up.pt/F?func=find-b&local_base=FCB01&find_code=SYS&request=000098125.
Full textHerrero, Martínez Jose Manuel. "Desarrollo de métodos de electrofóresis capilar para el control de calidad en problemas ambientales e industriales." Universitat de València, 2000. http://www.tesisenxarxa.net.
Full textCosta, Maria de Fátima Carvalho. "Derivatização pos-coluna de especies hidroliticas de Cr (III)." [s.n.], 1990. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250682.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado
Ferro, José Manuel Alves. "Contributo para o estabelecimento de um método para análise do TBT em urina de rato wistar." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15032.
Full textJunior, Assesio Fachini. "A formação do pensamento reversível no ensino de Química Analítica Qualitativa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-15092009-151905/.
Full textIn the present research it was investigated the formation of the thought throughout the students argumentations in a chemistry course, its cognitive structures and articulations in solving problems in a practical activity of qualitative analytical chemistry, more specifically, the study of cations and anions in an analytic march. After the video talk transcription, it was analyzed the argumentation and the sort of the speech and it was verified the importance of the reversible thought structuring (also called retroactive mobility) for a Chemist formation, as well as a formal logical reasoning. Consequently, we looked forward to evaluate the rezones why students can not link the theory and the experimentation, more over the deficiency in argumentation about the theoretical concepts and the phenomenal shown in the laboratory practice, what shows few or no comprehension of those concepts. The results reveal that it is fundamental the use of practical activities in Qualitative Analytical Chemistry. With this experience the students can appreciate the logic involved in the discovery of the knowledge through the interaction with the phenomenon and not only for a mechanical repetition of experimental procedures, as the daily routine shows. The adopted posture for the teacher will deeply contribute for the success or not of this goal, therefore, it must have in class a dialectic interaction and dialogic in all didactic practice and experimental of the subject.
Albert, García Jose Ramón. "Desarrollo de la estrategia analítica multiconmutación-fotodegradación-luminiscencia para la automatización en el control de pesticidas. Aplicación de la conectividad molecular para la predicción de los procesos estructurales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10259.
Full textRuiz, Ángel Maria Jose. "La cromatografía líquida micelar: una técnica competitiva frente a la cromatografía líquida en fase inversa clásica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10239.
Full textIn this work, micellar and classical aqueous-organic chromatographic systems are compared in order to analyse several groups of interest in the pharmaceutical industry (tricyclic antidepressants, ?-blockers, diuretics, steroids and sulfonamides), which give rise to serious problems when eluting with aqueous-organic mobile phases and using conventional alkyl-bonded stationary phases. Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is also applied to the control of therapeutic active principles contained in pharmaceuticals and urine samples.The research work is divided as follows:(i) comparison of the chromatographic separation obtained with micellar and aqueous-organic systems and(ii) developing of new procedures to the control of pharmaceutical products. Fundamental studies consider aspects related to efficiencies and assymetries of the chromatographic peaks, elution strength, resolution, screening capability using MLC and optimisation of the separation conditions considering mobile phase composition and pH. Some basic principles to select the organic solvent in micellar mobile phases are established. These are based on the correlation existing between retention and polarity of the compounds to separate.The same chemometric tools are used to perform the comparison between the two reversed-phase systems, micellar and aqueous-organic modes. In the literature, it is not possible to find similar studies. A detailed examination of the chromatographic behaviour of the test compounds, showing a great diversity of structures, polarities and acid-base behaviour, revealed that MLC is a very competitive technique versus classical reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Some relevant aspects of micellar systems are: their low toxicity, due to the low amount of organic solvent used, the characteristics of retention, which avoid the use of a gradient mode, their particular selectivity, versatility, the possibility of eluting very low polar compounds, and a great improvement of the shape of the chromatographic peaks showed by basic compounds. This permits the use of low price conventional columns and the possibility of direct injection of samples with a high content of proteins. Finally, the applied studies show three procedures to determine tricyclic antidepressants in pharmaceuticals using micellar and hydro-organic mobile phases, including the comparison of several stationary phases, and the control of the ?-blocker propranolol through its metabolites and the diuretic furosemide joint to its degradation products, in urine samples using MLC.
Leygue-Alba, Nicolas Miguel Rodrigo. "Interações em sistemas binarios e ternarios (fase unica), benzeno, ciclohexano, metilisobutilcetona, metanol, etanol, acetona e agua." [s.n.], 1992. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250661.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado
Luiz, Vitor Hugo Marques. "Desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos limpos para determinações forenses : chumbo em resíduos de disparo e furosemida em doping /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97844.
Full textCoorientador: Leonardo Pezza
Banca: Fernando César Crnkovic
Banca: Matthieu Tubino
Resumo: Este projeto descreve o desenvolvimento de um método analítico para a determinação quantitativa de furosemida em amostras de urina, o desenvolvimento de um novo método de coleta e de análise de resíduos de armas de fogo para a posterior determinação quantitativa de chumbo coletado nas mãos dos atiradores, nos lugares de impacto e nos cartuchos de munição. O método para determinação de chumbo também foi aplicado para amostras de cachaças. Atualmente sabe-se que a realidade dos laboratórios forenses é muito diferente daquelas mostradas nas séries e filmes. São muito poucos aqueles que disponibilizam de equipamentos mais sensíveis que são, consequentemente, mais caros. Visto este problema, o presente trabalho visa desenvolver métodos simples, rápidos, de baixo custo, repetitíveis e mais limpos utilizando a técnica da espectroscopia de reflectância difusa. Os métodos desenvolvidos consistem na reação da furosemida com o regente cromogênico cloreto de ferro(III) (FeCl3) em meio micelar de brometo de dodeciltrimetilamônio (DTAB) e na reação do íon chumbo(II) (Pb2+) com rodizonato de sódio (ROD) em meio micelar de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS), cujas concentrações foram otimizadas por planejamentos quimiométricos. As reações foram realizadas na forma de spot test, utilizando papel de filtro qualitativo da marca Whatman como suporte sólido, envolvendo a formação de um produto colorido em 477 nm para a furosemida e 545 nm para o chumbo. As curvas analíticas foram construídas a partir de soluções padrão de furosemida (FUR) e de Pb2+. O Limite de Detecção (LD) e o Limite de Quantificação (LQ) foram, respectivamente, 0,49 e 1,62 mmol L-1 para a furosemida e 1,12 e 3,75 ppm para o chumbo, de acordo com o recomendado pela IUPAC. Os métodos propostos foram aplicados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This project describes the development of an analytical method for the quantitative determination of furosemide in urine samples, the development of a new collection and analysis method of gunshot residues and the subsequent quantitative determination of the lead collected from the shooter's hand, in the impact sites and in the rounds of ammunition. The method for lead detection was also applied for cachaça. Nowadays it is known that the reality in forensic laboratories is very different of that seen in series and movies. There are few laboratories which have more sensible equipments, being more expensive. Having in mind this problem, the present work aims the development of methods that are simple, fast, cheap, repeatable and cleaner using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The developed methods consists in the reaction of furosemide with the chromogenic reagent iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) in a micellar medium of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and in the reaction of lead ion (Pb2+) with sodium rhodizonate (ROD) in a micellar medium of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which concentrations were optimized by chemometrics. The reactions were realized as spot test using Whatman qualitative filter paper as a solid support, involving the formation of a colored product in 477 nm for furosemide and 545 nm for lead ion. The analytical curves were constructed from standard solutions of furosemide and lead. The Limit of Detection (LoD) and the Limit of Quantification (LoQ) were, respectively, 0,49 and 1,62 mmol L-1 for furosemide and 1,12 and 3,75 ppm for lead, accordingly to the recommendations of IUPAC. The proposed methods were applied for the determination of furosemide in synthetic and human urine and for the determination of lead in gunshot residues (GSRs) and in commercial sugar cane brandy, with the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Soares, Carlos Eduardo dos Santos. "Desenvolvimento de métodos hifenados com microextração em gota única para determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em água e solo por cromatografia gasosa." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7619.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O monitoramento das possíveis contaminações oriundas dos agrotóxicos em amostras ambientais tornou-se um assunto de relevância, devido ao risco que estes compostos causam à saúde humana e ao ambiente. No presente trabalho foram otimizados, validados 3 métodos de extração de resíduos de agrotóxicos em água e solo. Os compostos avaliados foram alaclor, parationa metílica, trifluralina, endossulfam, endrin, lindano, dieldrin e 4,4’-DDT. A microextração em gota única (SDME) para a determinação de agrotóxicos em amostras de água e a hifenação da técnica de microextração em gota única com a extração sólido- líquido com partição em baixa temperatura (SLE/LTP-SDME), e a hifenação QuEChERS-SDME para a determinação em solo Os extratos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa com detector por captura de elétrons (GC-ECD). O método SDME para amostras de água apresentou porcentagens de recuperação relativas entre 89,5 e 122,5 %, repetitividade com coeficientes de variação menores que 22,9 %, limites de detecção entre 5,9 e 58,9 ng L-1, fator de enriquecimento entre 17 e 448 e o modelo cinético que melhor explica a transferência dos analito da fase aquosa para a fase orgânica é o de Noyes- Whitney. O método hifenado SLE/LTP-SDME para amostras de solo apresentou porcentagens de recuperação relativa entre 83,8 e 122,5 %, coeficientes de variação menores que 22,4%, limites de detecção entre 0,09 e 0,59 μg kg1 e fator de enriquecimento entre 1 e 66. Enquanto o método hifenado QuEChERS-SDME para determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em solo apresentou recuperação entre 90 e 111,7 %, coeficientes de variação menores que 18,9%, limites de detecção entre 0,41 e 0,99 μg kg-1 e fatores de enriquecimento entre 13,6 e 49. As figuras de mérito obtidas na validação dos métodos atendem as exigências dos órgãos normativos para baixos níveis de concentração sendo assim possível a aplicação do método SDME em amostras de água e as hifenações em amostras de solo.
The monitoring of possible contamination coming from the pesticides in environmental samples has become a relevant issue because of the risk that these compounds cause to human health and the environment. In the present work were optimized, validated three methods of extraction of pesticide residues in water and soil. The compounds evaluated were alachlor, methyl parathion, trifluralin, endosulfan, endrin, lindane, dieldrin and 4,4'-DDT. A single drop microextraction (SDME) for the determination of pesticides in water samples and the hyphenation of microextraction technique in single drop with the solid-liquid extraction with partition at low temperature (ESL / PBT-SDME), and the hyphenation QuEChERS -SDME for determining on the ground The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The SDME method for water samples showed recovery relative percentages between 89.5 and 122.5%, repeatability with lower coefficients of variation 22.9%, detection limits between 5.9 and 58.9 ng L -1, enrichment factor between 17 and 448 and the kinetic model that best explains the transfer of analytes from the aqueous phase to the organic phase is the Noyes-Whitney test. The hyphenated method ESL / PBT-SDME for soil samples showed recovery percentages between 83.8 and 122.5 % lower coefficients of variation that 22.4% detection limits between 0.09 and 0.59 μg kg -1 and enrichment factor between 1 and 66. While the hyphenated method QuEChERS-SDME for determination of pesticide residues in soil, recovered between 90 and 111.7%, lower coefficients of variation that 18.9% detection limits between 0, 41 and 0.99 μg kg -1 and enrichment factors between 13.6 and 49. The figures of merit obtained in the validation of methods meet the requirements of regulators for low concentration levels so it is possible the application of SDME method in water samples and hyphenades method in soil samples.
Cava, Montesinos Patricia. "Empleo de las técnicas atómicas para el análisis multielemental y la especiación en alimentos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10246.
Full textThe main contribution of this thesis has been the study, development and comparison of analytical procedures, for the determination of the total content of metals and metalloids by ICP-MS in commercial milk and the extraction of As, Sb, Se, Te, Bi and Hg chemical species in two groups of food: milk and fishing products, using HG-AFS and CV-AFS.Different analyses protocols have been developed in order to guarantee the quality and food safety in basic food, such as milk and the content of toxic species of As and Hg in fish.In the design of protocols we have always searched to minimize the previous treatment of the sample, the use of the least dangerous reagents and the minimal generation of residues. For the analysis of milk there was designed a microwave-assisted digestion using mixtures of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, procedure that was adapted for the later analysis by HG-AFS.As an alternative to the total digestion of samples, a procedure based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction at room temperature by using different acids was developed.The previous procedures were applied to the determination of 45 elements in milk by ICP-MS successfully.Likewise, the acid leaching allowed the speciation of As, Sb, Se and Te into their oxidation states in milk by means of the use of non-chromatographic procedures, and the speciation of As and Hg in fish.Finally, all these protocols have been validated through recovery studies, comparison with reference methods and / or analysis of certified samples, and they have been determined their analytical characteristics: limits of detection, sensibility, precision and accuracy, which are suitable for the quality control in milk and fishing products.
Calefi, Roberta Maura. "Ensino de química analítica qualitativa na graduação: sua importância e metodologias adotadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-26072010-101443/.
Full textA study of some aspects considered relevant, concerning the teaching of Qualitative Chemical Analysis in Brazil is presented, looking for subsidy discussions on the importance and approaches of teaching this discipline. Initially historical aspects of the Qualitative Analysis as well as its introduction in our country is presented emphasizing its introducer Prof. Heinrich Rheinboldt and Brazilian authors that concerned on the subject as Prof. Paschoal Senise (and his students) and the research developed here by Fritz Feigl in the last century. A questionary with 11 questions about several aspects of the discipline was sent out to 134 teachers responsible by teaching Qualitative Chemical Analysis in 75 universities and colleges (state and private) all around the country. The questions had the goal of evaluating the importance attributed to the contents and didactical approach used in the discipline. Only 20 answers were received back and their contents were compiled and analyzed under several aspects. As the last part of the work a summary of the main experimental teaching approaches of Qualitative Chemical Analysis based on the text-books mostly cited in the answers to the questionary is presented together with some propositions from the literature that avoid the use of the controversial hydrogen sulphide. The main conclusion is that there is a deep divergence about how to present the contents of the discipline concerning the teaching approach and the time dedicated to the subject with certain agreement in relation to the contents. However, the majority of the teachers that attempt the questionary agreed with the importance of Qualitative Chemical Analysis in the formation of the chemistry student.
Moliner, Martínez Yolanda. "Aportaciones de la química analítica a la resolución de diversos poblemas medioambientales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10247.
Full textThis Thesis intends to be a contribution to solve some problems of environmental interest in the analysis of water and of air using the tools that the Analytic Chemistry arranges for it. The objectives of this thesis were planned studying the legal and scientific context of the contamination in water and air. Choosing some analytes of interest for the ones that new methods of analysis are required. Parameters of water quality have kept in mind themselves as the ammonium and metals, and air quality, like aliphatic amines. The analytes have also been chosen by reverting importance in the eutrophication of water. The main contributions of this Thesis have been: Improvement of some parameters related to the quality of the water. Evaluation of the influence of the water samples conditioning protocols for elements outline analyzed by chemiluminiscence. Improved detection limits for ammonium and ammonia obtained with the reaction of Berthelot using diffuse reflectance. Effect of humic acids and surfactants. Guide for the election of the more appropriate method for ammonium determination in function of the needs of the type of water analyzed. To study the impact of a disused mine in uranium transport in river Fal (U.K.). Development of screening methods for samples and amines with HPLC and Capillary LC. Finally, development of detector supports to study the air quality for primary and secondary amines. Application to in-situ determinations in indoor and outdoor air samples.
Araújo, Renata Bernardo. "Instrumentos de avaliação na atividade experimental da disciplina de Química Analítica Qualitativa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59138/tde-16102014-192505/.
Full textThe summative assessment is prevailing in higher education institutions, the traditional evaluation tools used (tests and reports) provide information on conceptual learning does not include assessments of experimental procedures and attitudinal content. Besides, examinations and reports are performed in a final stage of activities without proper feedback, there is no time to help in the learning. Emerges in this context the need to study and reflect on the assessment processes used in the discipline of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry (QAC). This rises to the following question: are there more specific and more comprehensive instruments, which allow an improvement of the evaluation process in the Qualitative Analytical Chemistry (QAC)? In order to answer this question, we applied and analyzed two types of assessment tools: pre-lab work (PLW) and observation grids (GO). This research qualitative in nature was based on theoretical contributions of the authors that are in favor of the assessment during the teaching process. Fernandes (2006) was as one of the main references, he proposed the term Alternative Formative Assessment (AFA), the alternative assessment traditions in which the result is obtained after the process of teaching and learning. While using AFA, the teacher obtains information about students\' learning, allowing the feedback of the proposed activities, student-teacher interactions and considering the marks, as they serve as a record. The research was developed during the discipline of QAC, with the class of the third semester of the degree chemistry at night in the Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP/USP). It was concluded that the assessment instruments PLW and GO were effective in accompaniment students\' learning during the discipline. These instruments provided the AFA, for the evaluation supplement traditionally held in the discipline QAC, and thus reinforce the monitoring of students contributing to the improvement in learning and evaluation process of the discipline.
Soares, Felipe. "Abordagens de seleção de variáveis para classificação e regressão em química analítica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163421.
Full textThe use of analytical techniques in product classification or chemical properties estimation has been of great interest in both industry and academy. The employment of spectroscopy techniques, or through elemental analysis, provides a great amount of information about the samples being analyzed. However, the large number of features (e.g.: wavelengths or chemical elements) included in the models may jeopardize the accuracy, urging the employment of feature selection techniques to identify the most relevant features, producing more robust models. This dissertation presents feature selection methods focused on analytical chemistry, aiming at product classification and chemical property estimation (regression). For that matter, the first proposed method aims at identifying the most relevant wavelength intervals for fuel classification based on the distance between the average spectra of the two classes being analyzed. The identified intervals are then used as input for classifiers. When applied to two spectroscopy datasets, the proposed framework reduced the number of features to just 23.19% and 4.95% of the original ones, also reducing the misclassification error to 4.71% and 1.21%. Next, a method for identifying the most important elements for wine classification is presented, which is based on the parameters from linear discriminant analysis and aims at classifying wine samples produced in four south American countries. The method achieved average accuracy of 99.9% retaining average 8.82 chemical elements; the best accuracy using all 45 available chemical elements was 91.2%. Finally, the use of the support vector regression – recursive feature elimination (SVR-RFE) algorithm is proposed to identify the most relevant wavelengths for support vector regression. The proposed framework was applied to 12 datasets with other feature selection approaches and regression algorithms. SVR and SVR-RFE achieved the best results in 8 out of 12 datasets; SVR-RFE when compared to other feature selection algorithms proved have significantly better performance. The employment of the proposed feature selection methodsin this dissertation yield more robust classifiers and regression models, also reducing the number of features needed to produce accurate results.
Capri, Neto Angelo. "Mecanização e automação de metodologias de analise quimica : instrumentação para destilação seguida de detecção por (ICP OES) e para extração liquido-solido e detecção por espectrometria no visivel." [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249969.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado
Flores, Mariños Betty Mercedes. "Diseño y validación de un método de análisis por espectrofotometría UV-VIS para Cinc (11) y mercurio en muestras acuosas." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2011. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/1120.
Full textTesis
Fraga, William Goelzer. "Identificação e determinação dos principais ingredientes ativos em agrotóxicos ilegais apreendidos pela Polícia Federal do Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2012. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/11569.
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Os objetivos do estudo foram identificar os principais agrotóxicos envolvidos em apreensões da Polícia Federal no Brasil, por meio de uma compilação dos laudos periciais sobre produtos ilegais, sendo contrabandeados e/ou falsificados, elaborados pela Polícia Federal e realizar análises químicas quantitativas em amostras apreendidas contendo os ingredientes ativos tebuconazol, metsulfurom-metílico e glifosato. Os resultados da compilação indicaram os seguintes ingredientes ativos (IA) predominantes, em 2008 e 2009, respectivamente: metsulfurom-metílico (18% e 19%), imidacloprido (20% e 18%), fipronil (5% e 10%), tebuconazol (8% e 9%), clorimurom-etílico (12% e 9%) e glifosato (3% e 3%). O estudo revelou altos índices de importação ilegal para algumas formulações com IA que não estão entre os mais comercializados no país, devido, provavelmente, ao preço elevado do produto legalizado. Foi realizada também a identificação dos estados onde houve maior número de laudos no período em questão, provendo informações que podem auxiliar políticas públicas de controle da importação ilegal e falsificação de agrotóxicos no Brasil. Esses valores para 2008 e 2009, respectivamente, são: Rio Grande do Sul (17% e 51%), Paraná (31% e 24%), Mato Grosso (12% e 9%) e Mato Grosso do Sul (17% e 5%). Com relação às análises químicas, cenários distintos para o tebuconazol e o metsulfurom-metílico foram observados: agrotóxicos contrabandeados à base de tebuconazol (17 amostras, sendo 9 sólidas e 8 líquidas) chegam ao país com concentração variável, enquanto a maioria dos agrotóxicos à base de metsulfurom-metílico (18 amostras sólidas) apresentava rótulo com concentração de 600 g/kg do IA, sendo que os resultados analíticos indicaram menores concentrações do IA (média obtida de 337,0 g/kg). O estudo envolvendo o glifosato objetivou desenvolver um método simples para quantificar sua impureza toxicologicamente relevante, o n-nitrosoglifosato (NNG). O método desenvolvido em CLAE-UV/Vis para análise de NNG não necessita de etapa para derivatização do analito, observada nos métodos oficiais, e é capaz de determinar se uma amostra de glifosato contém NNG em concentração igual ou superior ao limite estipulado pela legislação (1 mg/kg). Em nenhuma das amostras de glifosato analisadas foi detectada concentração de NNG acima deste limite. ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to identify the main pesticides involved in seizures of the Federal Police in Brazil through a compilation of forensic reports on illegal products smuggled in the years of 2008 and 2009, and to analyze seized pesticide samples containing the active ingredients tebuconazol, metsulfuron-methyl and glyphosate. The following active ingredients (AI) prevailed in 2008 and 2009 results respectively: metsulfuron-methyl (18% and 19%), imidacloprid (20% and 18%), fipronil (5% and 10%), tebuconazole (8% and 9%), clorimurom-ethyl (12% and 9%) and glyphosate (3% and 3%). The study revealed high rates of illegal importation of some AI formulations that are not among the most commercialized in the country, probably due to the high price of the legalized ones. It was also performed the identification of the states where there were more reports in the presented period, providing information that can help public policies of control of illegal importation and falsification of pesticides in Brazil. The values for 2008 and 2009 are, respectively: Rio Grande do Sul (17% and 51%), Paraná (31% and 24%), Mato Grosso (12% and 9%) and Mato Grosso do Sul (17% and 5%). The study cases have shown different scenarios: smuggled pesticides based on tebuconazole (17 samples, 9 solid and 8 liquid) arrive in the country with variable concentration, while most of metsulfuron-methyl pesticides (18 solid samples) arrive with their label indicating a concentration of 600 g/kg, although chemical results showed lower AI concentrations (average of 337.0 g/kg). The study involving glyphosate aimed to develop a simple method to quantify its toxicologically relevant impurity, the n-nitrosoglyphosate. The method developed for HPLC-UV/Vis analysis of NNG do not requires a derivatization step, observed in the official method for this quantification and proved to be simple and capable of determining whether a glyphosate sample has a concentration of n-nitrosoglyphosate equal or superior to the limit established by law (1 mg/kg). None of the GLY samples presented NNG concentration above law limits.
Rossi, Maura Vincenza. "Aspectos teóricos e experimentais do uso do EDTA tetraneutralizado como titulante em determinações complexométricas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1992. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-05072018-100829/.
Full textThis thesis has the purpose to give continuity to a former study from the master dissertation, about the use of the complexon EDTA, totally \"neutralized\", as the species Y4-. During the titration of metallic cations the marked hydrolysis of the y4- anion causes a marked pH increase after the stoichiometric point. This change of pH can be followed potentiometrically with the glass electrode or by visual end point indication by on acid/base indicator as phenolphtalein instead of metalochromic indicators. A serie of parameters were considered in the preparation of the titrant, its storage and standardization as well as problems related with the percent neutraIization\". Equilibria were considered and used in a computer program in BASIC language in order to interpret the theoretical titration curve. The species MgHY- was found in significant contribution before the end point. A fast and precise complexometric method was developed with this titrant for Mg2+ and SO42- simultaneously (this last by titration of excess of standard Ba2+ solution). The method has been found adequate to determine mixture of Ca2+ and Mg2+ instead of the classic method which uses a buffer and eriochrome T as indicator.
Vicente, Martínez Yesica. "Sistemas de microextracción para la determinación de trazas de especies inorgánicas mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277219.
Full textIn this work, different microextraction methodologies coupled to Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS) for the determination and speciation of some metals in food and beverages are addressed. Firstly, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) is studied. To obtain maximum and rapid extraction of the analyte, an ion-exchange reaction between the ions of the IL, which is generated in situ, is proposed. For the extraction of metal species, several organic ligands forming neutral complexes are used. Following this methodology, a procedure for the non chromatographic speciation and determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water and in the lixiviates obtained from some painted toys is developed. The same approach is used for the development of new, sensitive procedures for the determination of lead and cadmium at ultratrace levels. A chapter is devoted to the non- chromatographic speciation of As(III), As(V) , monomethyl arsenic acid, dimethyl arsenic acid and arsenobetaine following a similar actuation way. The usefulness of the analytical procedures is proven by the determination of these species in tea samples. On the other hand, the use of liquid-liquid microextraction methodology is proven suitable for the separation and preconcentration of some metallic species which are present in edible oils and can be extracted into an aqueous phase. Thus, a quick and simple reverse dispersive microextraction (DLLME) approach that achieves high enrichment factors, and consequently, low detection limits, is developed. In this way, and sometimes using conventional solid phase extraction cartridges, a non-chromatographic procedure for the speciation of the above mentioned arsenic-containing species in edible oils, canned fish supernatant and dietary pearls is optimized. This methodology has also been extended to the determination of Se(IV), Se(VI), selenocistine, selenomethionine and selenocystamine, as well as to the measurement of toxic metals (lead and cadmium) in edible oil samples. Finally, cloud point microextraction (CPE) is studied for the preconcentration and determination of Ag (I) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in water and lixiviates obtained from materials to which AgNPs are incorporated for bactericidal purposes. Taking advantage of the interaction between Cr (III) and AgNPs, a procedure that uses AgNPs as a reagent and CPE for preconcentration and allows the non-chromatographic speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) is optimized. On the other hand, it was found that the neutral complex formed between Cd(II) and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) is partially extracted by CPE but extraction is practically total when AgNPs are present. This fact is used to develop a sensitive procedure for cadmium determination in water, wine and beer samples. The applications of AgNPs are extended when these nanoparticles are functionalized with 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNa). This simple treatment allows sensitive analytical procedures to be developed for the determination of copper and nickel in water, wine and beer samples. Preconcentration is carried out using CPE with Triton X -114 and the final measurement, as in the rest of the procedures, is carried out by ETAAS . Provided ferrite magnetic nanoparticles are coated with AgNPs, separation of the phases can be accomplished by applying a magnetic field. To take benefit of it, once the magnetic particles are coated, the resulting nanoparticles are functionalized with MESNa and cysteine. This nanomaterial interacts with several forms of mercury (Hg(II), methylmercury, dimethyl ethyl mercury, phenyl mercury and diphenylmercury). The differential behavior of these chemical forms of mercury in respect of Fe3O4@Ag@MESNa and Fe3O4@Ag@Cys allows extremely low concentrations to be determined in edible oil samples.
Dias, Junior Lauro Camargo. "Implementação de tecnicas de luminescencia em quimica analitica." [s.n.], 1991. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250343.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado
Araujo, Mario Cesar Ugulino de. "Desenvolvimento de sistemas automatizados de adições padrão e eliminação de interferencias em analise espectrofotometricas de rochas, minerais e ligas pela aplicação do metodo generalizado de adições padrão." [s.n.], 1987. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249375.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado
Faria, Lourival Cardoso de. "Determinação condutimetrica de nitrato, nitrito, amonio e ureia em analise por injeção em fluxo e construção de um analisador automatico." [s.n.], 1992. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249759.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado
Cadore, Solange 1956. "Estudo da determinação espectrofotometrica de zinco e cobre em sistemas de analise por injeção em fluxo." [s.n.], 1986. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248957.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado
Guchardi, Renato. "Construção e avaliação de um espectrofotometro infravermelho proximo com monocromador baseado em filtro optico-acustico sintonizavel (AOTF)." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249946.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado
Meurer, Eduardo Cesar. "Tecnicas modernas em espectrometria de massas : aplicações analiticas e no estudo de reações ion/molecula na fase gasosa." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248705.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado