Relevant bibliographies by topics / Quinine alkaloids

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Quinine alkaloids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Quinine alkaloids"

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Griffin, Carol E., Jonathan M. Hoke, Upeka Samarakoon, Junhui Duan, Jianbing Mu, Michael T. Ferdig, David C. Warhurst, and Roland A. Cooper. "Mutation in the Plasmodium falciparum CRT Protein Determines the Stereospecific Activity of Antimalarial Cinchona Alkaloids." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 10 (August 6, 2012): 5356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.05667-11.

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ABSTRACTTheCinchonaalkaloids are quinoline aminoalcohols that occur as diastereomer pairs, typified by (−)-quinine and (+)-quinidine. The potency of (+)-isomers is greater than the (−)-isomersin vitroandin vivoagainstPlasmodium falciparummalaria parasites. They may act by the inhibition of heme crystallization within the parasite digestive vacuole in a manner similar to chloroquine. Earlier studies showed that a K76I mutation in the digestive vacuole-associated protein, PfCRT (P. falciparumchloroquine resistance transporter), reversed the normal potency order of quinine and quinidine towardP. falciparum. To further explore PfCRT-alkaloid interactions in the malaria parasite, we measured thein vitrosusceptibility of eight clonal lines ofP. falciparumderived from the 106/1 strain, each containing a uniquepfcrtallele, to fourCinchonastereoisomer pairs: quinine and quinidine; cinchonidine and cinchonine; hydroquinine and hydroquinidine; 9-epiquinine and 9-epiquinidine. Stereospecific potency of theCinchonaalkaloids was associated with changes in charge and hydrophobicity of mutable PfCRT amino acids. In isogenic chloroquine-resistant lines, the IC50ratio of (−)/(+) CA pairs correlated with side chain hydrophobicity of the position 76 residue. Second-site PfCRT mutations negated the K76I stereospecific effects: charge-change mutations C72R or Q352K/R restored potency patterns similar to the parent K76 line, while V369F increased susceptibility to the alkaloids and nullified stereospecific differences between alkaloid pairs. Interactions between key residues of the PfCRT channel/transporter with (−) and (+) alkaloids are stereospecifically determined, suggesting that PfCRT binding plays an important role in the antimalarial activity of quinine and otherCinchonaalkaloids.
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Horie, Masao, Mitsuo Oishi, Fusako Ishikawa, Tetsuya Shindo, Akiko Yasui, Shuzo Ogino, and Koichi Ito. "Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Cinchona Alkaloids in Beverages." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 1042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.4.1042.

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Abstract A method for the determination of Cinchona extract (whose main components are the alkaloids cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinidine, and quinine) in beverages by liquid chromatography was developed. A beverage with an alcohol content of more than 10% was loaded onto an OASIS HLB solid-phase extraction cartridge, after it was adjusted to pH 10 with 28% ammonium hydroxide. Other beverages were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant was loaded onto the cartridge. The cartridge was washed with water followed by 15% methanol, and the Cinchona alkaloids were eluted with methanol. The Cinchona alkaloids in the eluate were chromatographed on an L-column ODS (4.6 mm id × 150 mm) with methanol and 20 mmol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate (3 + 7) as the mobile phase. Cinchona alkaloids were monitored with an ultraviolet (UV) detector at 230 nm, and with a fluorescence detector at 405 nm for cinchonine and cinchonidine and 450 nm for quinidine and quinine (excitation at 235 nm). The calibration curves for Cinchona alkaloids with the UV detector showed good linearity in the range of 2400 μg/mL. The detection limit of each Cinchona alkaloid, taken to be the concentration at which the absorption spectrum could be identified, was 2 μg/mL. The recovery of Cinchona alkaloids added at a level of 100 μg/g to various kinds of beverages was 87.6-96.5%, and the coefficients of variation were less than 3.3%. A number of beverage samples, some labeled to contain bitter substances, were analyzed by the proposed method. Quinine was detected in 2 samples of carbonated beverage.
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Eyal, Sara. "The Fever Tree: from Malaria to Neurological Diseases." Toxins 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120491.

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This article describes the discovery and use of the South American cinchona bark and its main therapeutic (and toxic) alkaloids, quinine and quinidine. Since the introduction of cinchona to Europe in the 17th century, it played a role in treating emperors and peasants and was central to colonialism and wars. Over those 400 years, the medical use of cinchona alkaloids has evolved from bark extracts to chemical synthesis and controlled clinical trials. At the present time, the use of quinine and quinidine has declined, to a large extent due to their toxicity. However, quinine is still being prescribed in resource-limited settings, in severe malaria, and in pregnant women, and quinidine made a limited comeback in the treatment of several cardiac and neurological syndromes. In addition, the article presents more recent studies which improved our understanding of cinchona alkaloids’ pharmacology. The knowledge gained through these studies will hopefully lead to a wider use of these drugs in precision medicine and to design of new generation, safer quinine and quinidine derivatives.
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Dubey, Anubhav, and Yatendra Singh. "Medicinal Properties of Cinchona Alkaloids - A Brief Review." Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (August 14, 2021): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2231-5659.2021.00036.

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Cinchona which belongs to family Rubiaceae, got its importance from the centuries because of its anti- malarial activity. Alkaloids present in this herb, Quinine, Chichonine, Quinidine and Cinchonidine are the main, but percentage may vary in species to species. Since the early 17th century, these alkaloid are frequently used in Indian ayurvedic, sidha and traditional folk medicine to treating fever and Still now in modern medicine cinchona alkaloids are used for the treatment of malaria as well as for other diseases and became the well-known drug after the treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium Sp. Literature study revealed that along with the antimalarial activity the cinchona alkaloids has other potentiality like anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activity. These article reviews the biological activities of cinchona alkaloids along with its toxic effect.
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Montagnac, A., M. Litaudon, and M. País. "Quinine- and quinicine-derived alkaloids from Guettarda noumeana." Phytochemistry 46, no. 5 (November 1997): 973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00358-0.

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Malchow, R. P., H. Qian, and H. Ripps. "A novel action of quinine and quinidine on the membrane conductance of neurons from the vertebrate retina." Journal of General Physiology 104, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 1039–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.104.6.1039.

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The cinchona alkaloids quinine and quinidine have been shown to block a broad range of voltage-gated membrane conductances in a variety of excitable tissues. Using the whole-cell version of the patch clamp technique, we examined the effects of these compounds on voltage-dependent currents from horizontal cells dissociated enzymatically from the all-rod retina of the skate. We report here a novel and unexpected action of quinine and quinidine on isolated horizontal cells. In addition to blocking several of the voltage-activated currents of these cells, the introduction of the alkaloids evoked a large outward current when the cells were held at depolarized potentials. Using tail current analysis, the reversal potential of the outward current was close to O mV, and the current was markedly suppressed by extracellularly applied cobalt, acetate, and halothane. Depolarization in the presence of quinine also permitted entry into the cells of extracellularly applied Lucifer yellow (MW = 443 D), whereas a 3-kD fluorescein-dextran complex was excluded. These findings suggest that the large, apparently nonselective conductance induced by quinine and quinidine results from the opening of hemi-gap junctional channels.
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Ratnadewi, Diah. "Strictosidine Synthase Coding Gene Expression towards Quinine Biosynthesis and Accumulation: Inconsistency in Cultured Cells and Fresh Tissues of Cinchona ledgeriana." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 26, no. 01 (July 1, 2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1817.

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Strictosidine synthase, encoded by the gene STR, facilitates the regeneration of strictosidine, a critical intermediate for the synthesis of many plant alkaloids. The gene has, however, never been studied in Cinchona spp. The plants produce quinine alkaloid used for malaria medication, SARS-CoV-2 treatment and other industrial purposes. Cultured cells can produce the alkaloid but only at a much lower yield than the natural tree. This study describes STR expression and quinine content in various plant materials. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted on nine species of Rubiaceae to obtain reference sequences to design conservative primers for Cinchona ledgeriana STR (ClSTR). ClSTR expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and quinine content was determined using HPLC. A complete coding sequence (CDS) of ClSTR was deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number MK422544.1. ClSTR was expressed in cultured cells, young and mature leaves, and stem bark. The elicited cells have higher expression than the control and they performed since the fourth week. However, the quinine content was greater in older cells. The gene expression in young leaves was superior, but quinine was most abundant in the stem bark. Every cell of C. ledgeriana, in culture or in the plant, expressed ClSTR and was capable of synthesizing the alkaloid quinine. The alkaloid from the leaves of the plant might be translocated and accumulated in the bark. No efflux of alkaloids from the confined cultured cells might contribute in triggering feedback inhibition in the biosynthetic pathway. This study revealed a critical obstacle in cell culture as a means of secondary metabolites production that needs further development of metabolic engineering. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Brittain, Harry G. "Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of the Cocrystal Products Formed by Cinchona Alkaloids with 5-Nitrobarbituric Acid." Journal of Spectroscopy 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/340460.

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X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy have been used to study the phenomenon of cocrystal formation in the molecular complexes formed by 5-nitrobarbituric acid with four cinchona alkaloids. The cocrystal products were found to contain varying degrees of hydration, ranging from no hydration in the nitrobarbiturate-quinidine cocrystal up to a 4.5-hydrate species in the nitrobarbiturate-cinchonine cocrystal. For the nitrobarbiturate cocrystals with cinchonine, cinchonidine, and quinidine, the predominant interaction was with the quinoline ring system of the alkaloid. However, for quinine, the predominant interaction was with the quinuclidine group of the alkaloid. These properties serve to demonstrate the utility of 5-nitrobarbituric acid as a preferred reagent for chemical microscopy, since the differing range of hydrate and structural types would serve to easily differentiate the cinchona alkaloids from each other, even when different compounds contained the same absolute configurations at their dissymmetric centers.
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Sanders, Natalie G., David J. Meyers, and David J. Sullivan. "Antimalarial Efficacy of Hydroxyethylapoquinine (SN-119) and Its Derivatives." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 2 (November 18, 2013): 820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01704-13.

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ABSTRACTQuinine and other cinchona-derived alkaloids, although recently supplanted by the artemisinins (ARTs), continue to be important for treatment of severe malaria. Quinine and quinidine have narrow therapeutic indices, and a safer quinine analog is desirable, particularly with the continued threat of antimalarial drug resistance. Hydroxyethylapoquinine (HEAQ), used at 8 g a day for dosing in humans in the 1930s and halving mortality from bacterial pneumonias, was shown to cure bird malaria in the 1940s and was also reported as treatment for human malaria cases. Here we describe synthesis of HEAQ and its novel stereoisomer hydroxyethylapoquinidine (HEAQD) along with two intermediates, hydroxyethylquinine (HEQ) and hydroxyethylquinidine (HEQD), and demonstrate comparable but elevated antimalarial 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 100 to 200 nM againstPlasmodium falciparumquinine-sensitive strain 3D7 (IC50, 56 nM). Only HEAQD demonstrated activity against quinine-tolerantP. falciparumstrains Dd2 and INDO with IC50s of 300 to 700 nM. HEQD had activity only against Dd2 with an IC50of 313 nM. In the lethal mouse malaria modelPlasmodium bergheiANKA, only HEQD had activity at 20 mg/kg of body weight comparable to that of the parent quinine or quinidine drugs measured by parasite inhibition and 30-day survival. In addition, HEQ, HEQD, and HEAQ (IC50≥ 90 μM) have little to no human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel inhibition expressed in CHO cells compared to HEAQD, quinine, and quinidine (hERG IC50s of 27, 42, and 4 μM, respectively). HEQD more closely resembled quininein vitroandin vivoforPlasmodiuminhibition and demonstrated little hERG channel inhibition, suggesting that further optimization and preclinical studies are warranted for this molecule.
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Pratiwi, Dian Rahma, Yohana Caecilia Sulistyaningsih, and Diah Ratnadewi. "Localization of Alkaloid and Other Secondary Metabolites in Cinchona ledgeriana Moens: Anatomical and Histochemical Studies on Fresh Tissues and Cultured Cells." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.27.1.1.

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Cinchona ledgeriana produces several secondary metabolites. The main quinoline alkaloid, quinine that is widely used as an antimalarial drug, is most commonly extracted from the bark of Cinchona, and its leaves contain several other metabolites. Many studies have revealed that cell culture of Cinchona also produces quinine. Nevertheless, the sites of secondary metabolites accumulation are still elusive. This study is aimed at describing specific anatomical structures where alkaloids and some other secondary metabolites are accumulated as well as their localization in leaves and barks of C. ledgeriana, compared to those found in cultured cells. Fresh leaves and barks, and cells of C. ledgeriana were used for anatomical observation and histochemical tests. It was found that these plant parts have specialized structures, idioblast cells with elliptical- and spherical-shapes, scattered in leaf hypodermis, stem cortex, and secondary phloem. Unspecialized structures such as epidermis and palisade mesophyll tissues were also found accumulating some metabolites. Histochemical tests showed that bark and leaves contained alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic, and lipophilic compounds. Cultured cells presented positive results for alkaloids and terpenoids.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Quinine alkaloids"

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Ji, An. "Mn-mediated radical coupling toward synthesis of alpha, alpha-disubstituted alpha-amino esters and formal synthesis of quinine." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1150.

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Chiral alpha-branched amines are common substructures of bioactive synthetic targets such as alkaloids and amino acids. Direct asymmetric amine synthesis by addition to the C=N bond of carbonyl imino derivatives is promising and efficient to introduce the stereogenic center and carbon-carbon bond in one step. Furthermore, disconnection of either C-C bond at the amine stereogenic center would be the most versatile method to achieve this objective; we could make the choice depending on the different synthetic strategies, such as the availability of precursors and the presence of complicating structural features. In our group, we disclosed that manganese carbonyl mediates stereoselective photolytic radical addition of alkyl iodides to chiral imino acceptors, which is a powerful tool to form a new C-C bond and generate a chiral center. Qualitative mechanistic studies confirm the importance of free radicals, imply that this is a nonchain (or short chain length) free-radical process, and reveal that organomanganese compounds are not a viable source of alkyl radical for the addition reactions under the conditions in our lab. In my thesis, we have extended the application of our methodology. At the beginning of my research, our Mn-mediated addition methodology was first applied to accomplish the couplings of iodides and ketone N-acylhydrazones, generating quaternary carbon stereocenters and offering access to a variety of alpha-alkylated alanine analogs. These radical additions complement enolate alkylation methodologies, as they occur under nonbasic conditions and permit introduction of both primary and secondary alkyl groups with relative ease. The versatility with respect to the iodide is a distinguishing feature of the Mn-mediated coupling that foreshadows application to more complex targets. Secondly, a Mn-mediated radical-ionic annulation strategy was validated as a synthetic route to quinine. Intermolecular radical addition to C=N bonds has rarely been applied as a strategic bond construction in natural product synthesis; this synthesis of quinine offers the strongest demonstration yet of the utility of such reactions in application toward complex multifunctional targets.
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Leroux, Sébastien. "Synthèse d'alcaloïdes de Vinca et nouvelle approche de la synthèse de la (D)-méquitazine." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00605094.

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Les travaux réalisés pendant cette thèse ont porté sur deux thématiques indépendantes.Les deux premières parties concernent la thématique " alcaloïdes de Vinca ", molécules d'origine naturelle aux propriétés anticancéreuses. Les travaux ont tout d'abord porté sur la synthèse d'analogues oxygénés de la 20,20-difluorocatharanthine, comme précurseurs d'alcaloïdes dimères originaux de Vinca. Bien que les voies de synthèses explorées n'aient pas conduit aux dérivés oxygénés souhaités, les différents résultats obtenus ont cependant permis de montrer que la présence du groupement gem-difluoré sur le squelette de la catharanthine changeait dramatiquement la réactivité du substrat de manière imprévisible. La deuxième partie de ce travail a été dédiée à l'élucidation du mécanisme de fluoration d'alcaloïdes dimères de Vinca en milieu superacide. Le marquage isotopique au deutérium a permis de discriminer deux hypothèses mécanistiques et de valider le mécanisme de fluoration passant par une migration 1,2 d'hydrure dont la contribution minimale est de 20 %. Enfin, la troisième partie de ce travail a été consacrée à la synthèse asymétrique de la (R)-méquitazine. La synthèse de cette dernière s'est basée sur la chiralité déjà " imprimée " dans le squelette d'alcaloïdes de cinchona. La synthèse de la (R)-méquitazine dont les excès énantiomériques finaux sont supérieurs à 99% a été conclue en 8 étapes à partir de la quinine, confirmant le contrôle total du centre asymétrique tout au long de la synthèse.
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Barr, Stephen Alexander. "Quinoline alkaloids : synthesis and stereochemistry." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333796.

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Curless, D. "Conversion of secologanin into monoterpenoid quinoline alkaloids." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370409.

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Neville, Charles Frederick. "The synthesis and biosynthesis of quinoline alkaloids." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481119.

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Watters, William Henry. "Studies towards the synthesis of hemiterpenoid quinoline alkaloids." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241684.

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Evans, Timothy Arthur. "Crystallographic studies of relative and absolute stereochemistry in substituted arenes and arene metababolites." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241391.

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Jonisová, Lenka. "Rozklad alkaloidů pomocí elektrických výbojů v kapalinách." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217089.

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Plasmachemical processes are one of the methods used for wastewater treatment. Sewage and household wastewaters include a variety of organic substances that must be removed to reuse water in industry or households. The aim of this diploma thesisisthe observation of alkaloids decomposition by plasma chemical process. The theoretical part is focused on plasma generation in liquids and characterization of selected alkaloids. The decomposition of caffeine and quinine in direct current electrical discharge in liquid with diaphragm configuration is investigated in this work. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor divided into two parts by a diaphragm made from ceramic material ShapalTM-M (thickness 3.0 mm, pin-hole diameter 1.0 mm). The stainless steel electrodes of 5×12 cm size were used. The mean electric power was set to 135 W for an operation time of 60 minutes in each experiment. Caffeine solutions (total volume of 4 L) were prepared in concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 ppm, quinine solutions in concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 ppm. The initial conductivity was adjusted by sodium chloride at three different values – 400, 750 or 1000 µS•cm-1. The experimental part consisted also of using analytical methods necessary for compound quantification. Hydrogen peroxide formation during the electrical discharge was determined by colorimetric method based on generation of yellow complex with titanium(IV) sulfate reagent. The caffeine concentration was measured by UV spectrometric method at wavelength 273 nmand thenHPLC/MS analysis was performed. Quinine degradation was monitored by UV-VIS spectrometry and fluorescent measurements. The plasma generation in water solutions induces formation of hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, hydrogen and other reactive species. Hydrogen peroxide is produced and then utilized in degradation of organic compounds and thus lower concentration of H2O2was measured in solution with caffeine and quinine than in solution without alkaloids. However, the situation is different between cathode chamber and anode chamber. There is only negligible amount of H2O2used on degradation in cathode chamber. In contrary, the considerable degradation of caffeine and quinine and diminished concentration of H2O2 was observed in anode chamber.
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Loke, P. L. "Chemoenzymatic and chemical synthesis of enantiopure quinoline derivatives and alkaloids." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273295.

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Lambropoulos, John. "Synthesis of potent antitumor congeners and prodrugs of quinonoid compounds and alkaloids." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30771.

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Books on the topic "Quinine alkaloids"

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Rutherford, Mary Jean. Dimeric indole and quinoline alkaloids. [s.l: The author], 1985.

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Greer, Robert James. Studies in the synthesis of quinoline alkaloids. (s.l: The Author), 1987.

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Neville, Charles Frederick. The synthesis and biosynthesis of quinoline alkaloids. [s.l: The Author], 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Quinine alkaloids"

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Talapatra, Sunil Kumar, and Bani Talapatra. "Quinine. Cinchona Alkaloids (Tryptophan Derived Quinoline Alkaloids)." In Chemistry of Plant Natural Products, 855–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45410-3_25.

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Sullivan, David J. "Cinchona Alkaloids: Quinine and Quinidine." In Treatment and Prevention of Malaria, 45–68. Basel: Springer Basel, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0480-2_3.

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Petit-Paly, G., M. Montagu, J. Trémouillaux-Guiller, J. C. Chénieux, and M. Rideau. "Ptelea trifoliata (Quinine Tree, Hop Tree): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Alkaloids and Medicinal Compounds." In Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV, 280–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77004-3_19.

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da Silva, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes, João Batista Fernandes, Moacir Rossi Forim, Paulo Cezar Vieira, and Israel Cívico Gil de Sá. "Alkaloids Derived from Anthranilic Acid: Quinoline, Acridone, and Quinazoline." In Natural Products, 715–859. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_25.

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Talapatra, Sunil Kumar, and Bani Talapatra. "Camptothecin, A Novel Pyrrolo[3,4-b]quinoline Alkaloid: Derived by Modification of an Indole System." In Chemistry of Plant Natural Products, 909–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45410-3_29.

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Li, Jie Jack. "Merck’s Triumph." In Triumph of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323573.003.0009.

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Merck was not the first to discover a statin (Akira Endo at Sankyo was), but it was the first company to bring one successfully to market. In September 1987, the FDA approved Merck’s Mevacor (lovastatin) for marketing in the United States while Sankyo’s mevastatin was resting in peace in the big graveyard of drugs that failed to reach the market. In 2007, Merck & Co. was ranked the third largest pharmaceutical company in the world, both by capital and by revenue, behind only Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. The drug juggernaut traces its origin to a humble apothecary shop in Darmstadt, a central German city 20 miles south of Frankfurt. In 1668, 47-year-old apothecary Friedrich Jacob Merck purchased the Engelapotheke (Angel Pharmacy) in the Hessian town and began trading fine chemicals. Most popular was laudanum, an alcoholic solution of opium, which was in every physician’s medicine chest and used as a “panacea” for many illnesses. In 1827, Heinrich E. Merck inherited the family business and established a chemical laboratory named “E. Merck & Co.” beside the Angel Pharmacy. There, he pioneered the commercial large-scale production of various medicinal alkaloids, including veratrine, codeine, atropine, quinine, coniine, and morphine. In 1860, Albert Niemann, working in Friedrich Wöhler’s laboratory in Göttingen, Germany, isolated the active principle of coca leaves as a white crystalline alkaloid and christened it “cocaine.” Since new compounds were routinely tasted, Wöhler recorded that “cocaine was a substance which had a somewhat bitter taste and exerted a numbing influence upon the gustatory nerve, so that they became almost completely insensitive.” Capitalizing on its financial success with alkaloids, E. Merck began to isolate cocaine from coca leaves in the early 1880s and aggressively marketed it as a pain killer. Interestingly, Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, enthusiastically took part in exploring cocaine’s medical utilities. After procuring some cocaine from E. Merck, the young neurologist swallowed a small quantity of the drug, which calmed his stomach and boosted his libido. Freud also applied some cocaine locally to himself and found that it temporarily paralyzed the sensitivity of a certain area without any marked effect on the central nervous system.
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Fotsing Yannick Stéphane, Fongang, Bankeu Kezetas Jean Jules, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Iftikhar Ali, and Lenta Ndjakou Bruno. "Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants and Herbs." In Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98602.

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Human beings have relied on herbs and medicinal plants as sources of food and remedy from time immemorial. Bioactive compounds from plants are currently the subject of much research interest, but their extraction as part of phytochemical and/or biological investigations present specific challenges. Herbalists or scientists have developed many protocols of extraction of bioactive ingredients to ensure the effectiveness and the efficacy of crude drugs that were used to get relief from sickness. With the advent of new leads from plants such as morphine, quinine, taxol, artemisinin, and alkaloids from Voacanga species, a lot of attention is paid to the mode of extraction of active phytochemicals to limit the cost linked to the synthesis and isolation. Thus, the extraction of active compounds from plants needs appropriate extraction methods and techniques that provide bioactive ingredients-rich extracts and fractions. The extraction procedures, therefore, play a critical role in the yield, the nature of phytochemical content, etc. This chapter aims to present, describe, and compare extraction procedures of bioactive compounds from herbs and medicinal plants.
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Michael, Joseph P. "The quinoline alkaloids." In Second Supplements to the 2nd Edition of Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 423–82. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044453347-0.50195-6.

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9

Payal, R. "Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Coatings." In Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors, 147–74. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901496-7.

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Abstract:
Corrosion is emerging as a potential hazard which abolishes metals and their structures and hence become an imperative menace. It is an omnipotent and omnipresent process which is present in every environment, i.e., air, soil, water. Green chemistry is one of the notable branches of chemistry that focuses on the protection of environment and human well–being in an economically viable approach allowing dodging of toxins and reducing hazards due to corrosion. Green chemistry exploited well–known strategy namely green inhibitors to prevent, control or impede the growth of corrosion. Green inhibitors are eco–friendly, cost–effective, renewable natural products which are favourable over toxic synthetic corrosion inhibitors. Extracts of natural products contain natural products containing alkaloids, carboxylic acids, nicotine, polyphenols, quinine, terpenes, and other functional groups possessing elements like C, N, O, S, etc., prompting adsorption via forming a thin layer (coating) on the metallic surface to shield the surface and encumber corrosion. In the field of economical loop, this approach develops various potential applications in manufacturing areas other than ‘Trash to treasure’. Even though a bunch of experiments have been performed and several research articles have been in print, however, the area of green inhibitors is still demanding more investigation on this open issue. More and more interest in the area extended the research, consequentially to a large variety of tried molecules. Nevertheless, the most accepted protocols are classical and, therefore, are incompetent to completely portray the probable worth of inhibitors. Hence all above stated features should be the objective of the contemporary research so that productive analysis to emphasize the weak areas of the green inhibitors field and tackle the prospect research in the field that still requires validation.
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Wijnsma, R., and R. Verpoorte. "Quinoline Alkaloids of Cinchona." In Phytochemicals in Plant Cell Cultures, 335–55. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-715005-5.50026-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Quinine alkaloids"

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Anugrah, Fauzi Akhbar, Satrio Anggoro Putra, Sulisetijono Sulisetijono, Sitoresmi Prabaningtyas, and Hanumi Oktyani Rusdi. "Screening of secondary metabolites quinine alkaloid by endophytic bacteria from cinchona plants (Cinchona ledgeriana moens.) root." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (ICoLiST 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0052924.

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