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1

Kharchenko, Volodymyr, Yuri Barabanov, and Andrii Grekhov. "MODELING OF ADS-B DATA TRANSMISSION VIA SATELLITE." Aviation 17, no. 3 (October 7, 2013): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2013.840057.

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For modelling transmission of ADS-B messages via low-orbit satellite constellation Iridium, the original model of a communication channel “Aircraft-to-Satellite-to-Ground Station” was built using MATLAB Simulink. The model comprises “Aircraft Uplink Transmitter” (Bernoulli Random Binary Generator, Convolutional Encoder, BPSK Baseband Modulator, High Power Amplifier with a memoryless nonlinearity, Transmitter Dish Antenna Gain), “Uplink Path” (Free Space Path Loss, Phase/Frequency Offset), “Satellite Transponder” (Receiver Dish Antenna Gain, Satellite Receiver System Temperature, Complex Baseband Amplifier, Phase Noise, Transmitter Dish Antenna Gain), “Downlink Path” (Free Space Path Loss, Phase/Frequency Offset), “Ground Station Downlink Receiver” (Receiver Dish Antenna Gain, Ground Receiver System Temperature, Viterbi Decoder), “Error Rate Calculation” block and “Display”. The modelling was realized without and with convolutional coding (r = 3/4, K = 7) at different noise temperatures and free space losses. Dependencies of a Bit Error Rate on free space path losses, antenna's diameter, phase/frequency off-sets, satellite transponder linear gain, aircraft and satellite transponder high power amplifier back-off level, and phase noise were received and analysed.
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2

Boren, Stephen D. "Inside Baseball." JAMA 296, no. 14 (October 11, 2006): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.14.1729-b.

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3

Marshall, S. W. "Injuries in Youth Baseball--Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 290, no. 2 (July 9, 2003): 194—a—195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.2.194-b.

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4

Mangine, Gerald T., Jay R. Hoffman, Jose Vazquez, Napoleon Pichardo, Maren S. Fragala, and Jeffrey R. Stout. "Predictors of Fielding Performance in Professional Baseball Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 5 (September 2013): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.5.510.

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The ultimate zone-rating extrapolation (UZR/150) rates fielding performance by runs saved or cost within a zone of responsibility in comparison with the league average (150 games) for a position. Spring-training anthropometric and performance measures have been previously related to hitting performance; however, their relationships with fielding performance measures are unknown.Purpose:To examine the relationship between anthropometric and performance measurements on fielding performance in professional baseball players.Methods:Body mass, lean body mass (LBM), grip strength, 10-yd sprint, proagility, and vertical-jump mean (VJMP) and peak power (VJPP) were collected during spring training over the course of 5 seasons (2007–2011) for professional corner infielders (CI; n = 17, fielding opportunities = 420.7 ± 307.1), middle infielders (MI; n = 14, fielding opportunities = 497.3 ± 259.1), and outfielders (OF; n = 16, fielding opportunities = 227.9 ± 70.9). The relationships between these data and regular-season (100-opportunity minimum) fielding statistics were examined using Pearson correlation coefficients, while stepwise regression identified the single best predictor of UZR/150.Results:Significant correlations (P < .05) were observed between UZR/150 and body mass (r = .364), LBM (r = .396), VJPP (r = .397), and VJMP (r = .405). Of these variables, stepwise regression indicated VJMP (R = .405, SEE = 14.441, P = .005) as the single best predictor for all players, although the addition of proagility performance strengthened (R = .496, SEE = 13.865, P = .002) predictive ability by 8.3%. The best predictor for UZR/150 was body mass for CI (R = .519, SEE = 15.364, P = .033) and MI (R = .672, SEE = 12.331, P = .009), while proagility time was the best predictor for OF (R = .514, SEE = 8.850, P = .042).Conclusions:Spring-training measurements of VJMP and proagility time may predict the defensive run value of a player over the course of a professional baseball season.
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Wedekind, Silke. "r/r B-NHL." InFo Hämatologie + Onkologie 24, no. 6 (June 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15004-021-8723-6.

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6

Yanagisawa, Osamu, Kenta Wakamatsu, and Hidenori Taniguchi. "Functional Hip Characteristics and Their Relationship With Ball Velocity in College Baseball Pitchers." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 8 (November 1, 2019): 854–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0122.

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Context: Compared to shoulder and elbow functions, the hip functional characteristics of baseball pitchers have not been fully investigated. Therefore, little is known about the relationship between hip function and pitching performance. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of hip flexibility and strength, focusing on their influences on the ball velocity in baseball pitchers. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory and university baseball facility. Participants: Twenty-three college baseball pitchers. Interventions: Passive hip range of motion (ROM) and isometric hip muscle strength were bilaterally measured. The pitchers threw 20 fastballs at an official pitching distance. Main Outcome Measures: Bilateral hip ROM and strength in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation; the maximal ball velocity. Results: The pivot side showed smaller hip external rotation ROM (P < .01), larger hip internal rotation ROM (P = .03), and greater hip adduction strength (P = .03) than the stride side. The hip extension ROM on the stride side had a negative correlation with the maximal ball velocity (r = −.58, P < .01). The maximal ball velocity (135.3 [4.1] km/h) positively correlated with the hip extension (r = .59, P < .01), flexion (r = .57, P < .01), abduction (r = .55, P < .01), and adduction (r = .55, P < .01) strength on the pivot leg, and the hip flexion (r = .53, P = .01), abduction (r = .67, P < .01), and adduction (r = .46, P = .03) strength on the stride leg. Conclusions: These findings suggest that baseball pitchers do not have marked side-to-side differences in hip flexibility and strength, and that an important fitness factor for increasing ball velocity is not the hip flexibility but the hip muscle strength of both legs.
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Wilkin, Linda D., and Bryan L. Haddock. "Isokinetic Strength of Collegiate Baseball Pitchers During a Season." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20, no. 4 (2006): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-18045.1.

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8

Baumer, Ben S. "Analyzing Baseball Data with R by Max Marchi, Jim Albert." International Statistical Review 82, no. 2 (August 2014): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/insr.12068_5.

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9

KODAIRA, Shinnnosuke, and Toshimasa YANAI. "B-38 Kinematical analysis of mistimed batting in baseball." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2014 (2014): _B—38–1_—_B—38–9_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2014._b-38-1_.

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10

Morris-Binelli, Khaya, Sean Müller, and Peter Fadde. "Use of Pitcher Game Footage to Measure Visual Anticipation and Its Relationship to Baseball Batting Statistics." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2017-0015.

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Professional baseball batters’ (N = 105) visual anticipation of pitch type and location were measured using a video-based temporal occlusion test and correlated with their baseball batting statistics. Participants watched in-game footage of skilled baseball pitchers that was temporally occluded at the point of ball release, and at 80 ms and 200 ms after ball release. Participants made written predictions of pitch type and location. Results indicated there was a significant positive correlation between anticipation of combined pitch type and location 80 ms after ball release with slugging percentage (r = .21). There was a significant negative correlation between anticipation of pitch type alone 200 ms after ball release and strikeouts (r = −.28), indicating higher prediction is associated with fewer incorrect swing choices. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between anticipation of pitch type alone 200 ms after ball release and on-base percentage (r = .23) as well as walk-to-strikeout ratio (r = .25). These small relationships are consistent to the batting statistics we predicted and can be due to the range of competitive levels in the leagues the participants had played. The findings further theoretical and applied knowledge of the role visual anticipation contributes to baseball batting game performance. The findings also suggest that game footage can be used to assess and potentially to train visual anticipation skill, which is highly valuable for athletes and high performance support staff in sporting organizations.
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Marsh, Darrin W., Leon A. Richard, L. Alexis Williams, and Kelly J. Lynch. "The Relationship Between Balance and Pitching Error in College Baseball Pitchers." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18, no. 3 (2004): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-13433.1.

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12

Kim, Byung Gon, Seung Kil Lim, and Sunga Kong. "The Relationship between Scapular Upward Rotation and Shoulder Internal and External Rotation Isokinetic Strength in Professional Baseball Pitchers." Healthcare 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060759.

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This study aims to assess the relationship between scapular upward rotation (SUR) across varying humeral-elevation angles (HEAs) and shoulder isokinetic strength and ratio in professional baseball pitchers. The subjects were professional baseball pitchers (n = 16) without a history of shoulder injury in the last six months. The subject’s SUR angles were measured with the humerus elevated at HEAs of 0° (at rest), 60°, 90°, and 120° to the scapular plane. Shoulder isokinetic strength was evaluated for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength (PT%BW and TW%BW), and the ER/IR strength ratios were determined at 60, 120 and 180°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer. The SUR angle at an HEA of 0° was positively correlated with IR strength at 120°/s (r = 0.535) and 180°/s (r = 0.522). The SUR angle at an HEA of 60° was negatively correlated with the ER/IR strength ratios at 60°/s (r = −0.505) and 120°/s (r = −0.500). The SUR angle at an HEA of 90° was negatively correlated with the ER/IR strength ratios at 60°/s (r = −0.574; r = −0.554) and 120°/s (r = −0.521; r = −0.589) as well as with ER strength at 180°/s (r = −0.591, r = −0.556). The SUR angle at an HEA of 120° was negatively correlated with ER strength at 60°/s (r = −0.558), 120°/s (r = −0.504; r = −0.524), and 180°/s (r = −0.543) and the ER/IR strength ratio at 60°/s (r = −0.517). In this study, we found that the ratio of isokinetic strength between ER and IR became closer to the normal range on increasing the SUR angle. In particular, an HEA of 90°, which resembles the pitching motion, showed a clear relationship between SUR, shoulder ER, and the ratio of ER/IR isokinetic strength in professional baseball pitchers.
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Harding, Josie L., Kelsey J. Picha, and Kellie C. Huxel Bliven. "Pitch Volume and Glenohumeral and Hip Motion and Strength in Youth Baseball Pitchers." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-323-16.

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Context: Increased pitch volume and altered glenohumeral (GH) and hip range of motion (ROM) and strength contribute to injury risk in baseball pitchers. Although these factors affect one another, whether they are related is unknown. Objective: To examine relationships among cumulative and seasonal pitch volume, ROM, and strength of the GH and hip joints in youth baseball pitchers. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Baseball practice facilities. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 28 healthy baseball pitchers (age = 13.9 ± 2.9 years). Main Outcome Measure(s): A demographic and pitching questionnaire was used to quantify pitch volume. Glenohumeral internal-rotation (IR) and external-rotation (ER) ROM and strength of the throwing arm; total arc of motion (IR + ER ROM); and bilateral hip IR, ER, and total arc of motion ROM and strength in IR, ER, and abduction were measured. A goniometer was used to assess ROM; a handheld dynamometer, to assess strength. Frequency analyses and bivariate correlations (age covariate) described data and identified relationships. Results: Correlations between years of competitive play and increased strength in lead-leg hip IR (r = 0.52, P = .02) and abduction (r = 0.48, P = .04) and stance-leg hip IR (r = 0.45, P = .05) were fair to good. The number of months played in the last year had a fair correlation with decreased GH IR strength (r = −0.39, P = .04) and increased stance-leg hip IR strength (r = 0.44, P = .05). Limited pitch time had a fair correlation with increased GH ER ROM (r = 0.40, P = .04) and an excellent correlation with increased lead-leg hip IR ROM (r = 0.79, P &lt; .001). Increased innings pitched per game had a fair to good correlation with decreased GH IR strength (r = −0.41, P = .04) and stance-leg hip ER ROM (r = −0.53, P = .03). More pitches per game had a fair to good correlation with increased GH ER ROM (r = 0.44, P = .05) and decreased stance-leg hip ER ROM (r = −0.62, P = .008). Conclusions: The significant relationships identified in this study suggest the need to further examine youth and adolescent cumulative and seasonal pitch guidelines.
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14

Websdale, Neil. "R & B." Violence Against Women 11, no. 9 (September 2005): 1186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801205278858.

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15

KOIKE, Sekiya, and Hiroki UZAWA. "Dynamic contribution analysis on baseball pitching motion." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2016 (2016): B—10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2016.b-10.

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16

Ebben, William P., Marilyn J. Hintz, and Christopher J. Simenz. "Strength and Conditioning Practices of Major League Baseball Strength and Conditioning Coaches." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, no. 3 (2005): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-15464.1.

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17

Robinson, Lawrence W. "Baseball playoff eliminations: An application of linear programming." Operations Research Letters 10, no. 7 (October 1991): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6377(91)90046-r.

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18

Nicholls, Rochelle Llewelyn, Karol Miller, and Bruce C. Elliott. "Modeling Deformation Behavior of the Baseball." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 21, no. 1 (February 2005): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.21.1.18.

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Regulating ball response to impact is one way to control ball exit velocity in baseball. This is necessary to reduce injuries to defensive players and maintain the balance between offense and defense in the game. This paper presents a model for baseball velocity-dependent behavior. Force-displacement data were obtained using quasi-static compression tests to 50% of ball diameter (n = 70 baseballs). The force-displacement curves for a very stiff baseball (Model B) and a softer type (Model C) were characterized by a Mooney-Rivlin model using implicit finite element analysis (ANSYS software, version 6.1). Agreement between experimental and numerical results was excellent for both Model B (C10 = 0, C01 = 3.7e6 Pa) and Model C (C10 = 0, C01 = 2.6e6 Pa). However, this material model was not available in the ANSYS/LSDYNA explicit dynamic software (version 6.1) used to quantify the transient behavior of the ball. Therefore the modeling process was begun again using a linear viscoelastic material. G∞, the long-term shear modulus of the material, was determined by the same implicit FEA procedure. Explicit FEA was used to quantify the time-dependent response of each ball in terms of instantaneous shear modulus (G0) and a decay term (β). The results were evaluated with respect to published experimental data for the ball coefficient of restitution at five velocities (13.4–40.2 ms–1) and were in agreement with the experimental values. The model forms the basis for future research on baseball response to impact with the bat.
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Hofacre, Susan, and Scott Branvold. "Baseball Front Office Careers: Expectations and Realities." Journal of Sport Management 9, no. 2 (May 1995): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.9.2.173.

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Two hundred sixty-one participants in a baseball career seminar and 90 minor league front office personnel were surveyed to examine (a) what characteristics are viewed as important for a front office career in baseball and (b) how job seekers' expectations correspond to what people working in baseball say is reality. Experience and contacts were seen by both groups as important for entering the field, and both groups viewed speaking, time management, and organizational skills as necessary abilities. Enjoyable work was ranked highest as part of a baseball career by both job seekers and baseball personnel, while free time was ranked lowest as an outcome from such a career. Spearman Rho analysis reflected that expectations of job seekers correspond to baseball personnel rankings in terms of relative importance of various skills and job characteristics. However, Z-test comparisons showed job seekers score several skills higher in absolute importance than front office personnel do, including knowledge of baseball and general sports, and several job characteristics as more likely to exist, including job stability and good salary.
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Szymanski, David J., Jessica M. Szymanski, T. Jason Bradford, Ryan L. Schade, and David D. Pascoe. "Effect of Twelve Weeks of Medicine Ball Training on High School Baseball Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, no. 3 (2007): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-18415.1.

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Dodd, Daniel J., and Brent A. Alvar. "Analysis of Acute Explosive Training Modalities to Improve Lower-Body Powerin Baseball Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, no. 4 (2007): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-21306.1.

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22

Kukin, Marrick L. "B ook R eview." Congestive Heart Failure 11, no. 4 (July 2005): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-5299.2005.04431.x.

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23

Shotter, E. F. "Professor R B Welbourn." Journal of Medical Ethics 32, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.015792.

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Applequist, Wendy L. "B ook R eviews." Economic Botany 72, no. 3 (September 2018): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-018-9430-6.

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25

Tay, C. Y. "StatisticalH cl/B r distributions consistent with empiricalH cl/B r —H cB/B r relations for rare earth ferromagnets." Journal of Materials Science Letters 8, no. 6 (June 1989): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01730460.

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26

Raabe, Johannes, Andrew D. Bass, Lauren K. McHenry, and Rebecca A. Zakrajsek. "Facilitating the Transition out of Professional Baseball Following Release: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective." Sport Psychologist 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0119.

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Approximately 90% of players in Minor League Baseball will be released at some point in their career. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the role of individuals’ basic psychological needs during the release from professional baseball and throughout their subsequent transition to a new career. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 former Minor League Baseball players. Thematic analysis generated four themes: (a) The release resulted in immediate but temporary basic psychological need thwarting, (b) the “liberating experience” of the release allowed individuals to perceive autonomy in the transition out of affiliated baseball, (c) perceptions of competence served as the foundation for a positive transition to a new career, and (d) meaningful connections fostered individuals’ perception of relatedness in the transition out of affiliated baseball. The findings suggest that need fulfillment might act as a buffer between potential stressors in the transition process and athletes’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral response.
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SHIMADA, Tokimasa, Makoto TSUBOKURA, and Jun IKEDA. "Aerodynamics simulation of a baseball for predicting pitch trajectory." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2017 (2017): B—25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2017.b-25.

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SHIBATA, Shohei, Takeshi NARUO, Yuto KASE, Michiharu YAMAMOTO, Masaki MORI, Kazuo URAKAWA, Kiyoshi HIROSE, and Tsutomu JINJI. "Development of pitching analysis system using baseball-type sensor." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2017 (2017): B—3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2017.b-3.

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Ito, Masatoshi, and Takeaki Yamazaki. "Relations between two inequalities $$(B^{\tfrac{r}{2}} A^p B^{\tfrac{r}{2}} )^{\tfrac{r}{{p + r}}} \geqslant B^r andA^p \geqslant (A^{\tfrac{p}{2}} B^r A^{\tfrac{p}{2}} )^{\tfrac{p}{{p + r}}}$$ and their applications." Integral Equations and Operator Theory 44, no. 4 (December 2002): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01193670.

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Kojima, A., F. Ogiwara, A. Makino, A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto. "Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Fe-Nb-R-B and Fe-Zr-R-B (R=Pr,Nd) Alloys." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 20, no. 2 (1996): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.20.233.

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Jiang, S. Y., H. Y. Chen, S. F. Cheng, E. B. Boltich, S. G. Sankar, D. E. Laughlin, and W. E. Wallace. "Magnetic properties of R‐Fe‐B and R‐Fe‐Co‐Al‐B magnets (R=Pr and Nd)." Journal of Applied Physics 64, no. 10 (November 15, 1988): 5510–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342319.

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Albrecht, Richard R., and Deborah L. Feltz. "Generality and Specificity of Attention Belated to Competitive Anxiety and Sport Performance." Journal of Sport Psychology 9, no. 3 (September 1987): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.9.3.231.

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The Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) was developed as an objective measure by which an individual's attentional predisposition could be identified and used to predict performance on a variety of tasks. The present study had three purposes: (a) to construct a baseball/softball batting (B-TAIS) version of each TAIS attentional subscale, (b) to compare TAIS and B-TAIS reliability, and (c) to compare TAIS and B-TAIS validity. Both instruments were administered to 29 intercollegiate baseball and softball players. The B-TAIS demonstrated slightly higher test-restest reliability on five of the six attentional subscales and was higher than the TAIS in internal consistency on all subscales. Batting performance was positively related to all B-TAIS subscales assessing effective attentional deployment and negatively related to all subscales assessing ineffective attention. Significant positive correlations also existed between B-TAIS ineffective subscale scores and competitive trait anxiety. However, these relationships were not found with the general TAIS.
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Borsa, Paul A., Kevin E. Wilk, Jon A. Jacobson, Jason S. Scibek, Geoffrey C. Dover, Michael M. Reinold, and James R. Andrews. "Correlation of Range of Motion and Glenohumeral Translation in Professional Baseball Pitchers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2005): 1392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504273490.

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Background Altered mobility patterns in the throwing shoulders of professional baseball pitchers have been reported. Most published reports examining glenohumeral laxity have not used an objective testing device. Objective Quantify and compare glenohumeral translation and rotational range of motion between the throwing and non-throwing shoulders in professional baseball pitchers. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Force-displacement and range of motion measures were performed bilaterally on 43 asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers. Ultrasound imaging was used to measure glenohumeral translations under stressed and unstressed conditions. Results No significant difference in translation was found between the throwing and nonthrowing shoulders. For both shoulders, posterior translation (5.38 ± 2.7 mm) was significantly greater (P < .001) than was anterior translation (2.81 ± 1.6 mm). External rotation in the throwing shoulder was significantly greater than that in the nonthrowing shoulder (P < .001), whereas internal rotation in the throwing shoulder was significantly less than that in the nonthrowing shoulder (P < .001). The total arc of rotation for the throwing shoulder was not significantly different than that for the nonthrowing shoulder, and correlation coefficients were poor between rotational and translational range of motion in the throwing shoulder, ranging from r = 0.232 to 0.209 between variables. Conclusion No significant difference in glenohumeral translation exists between the throwing and nonthrowing shoulders in asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers, posterior translation is significantly greater than anterior translation in the throwing shoulders of professional baseball pitchers, and glenohumeral translation is not related to rotational range of motion in the throwing shoulders of professional baseball pitchers. Clinical Relevance Altered mobility patterns in asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers may be due to factors other than capsular adaptive changes.
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Higuchi, Takatoshi, Jun Morohoshi, Tomoyuki Nagami, Hiroki Nakata, and Kazuyuki Kanosue. "The Effect of Fastball Backspin Rate on Baseball Hitting Accuracy." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 3 (June 2013): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.3.279.

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The effectiveness of fastballs of equivalent speed can differ; for example, one element of this difference could be due to the effect of rate and orientation of ball spin on launched ball trajectory. In the present experiment, baseball batters’ accuracy in hitting fastballs with different backspin rates at a constant ball velocity of 36 m/s was examined. Thirteen skilled baseball players (professionals, semiprofessionals, and college varsity players) participated in the study. The movements of bat and ball were recorded using two synchronized high-speed video cameras. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) was calculated and used to analyze the relationship between ball backspin rate and the vertical distance between ball center and sweet spot at the moment of ball-bat impact. Ball backspin rate was positively correlated with increases in the distance from the optimal contact point of the swung bat (sweet spot) to the actual point of contact (r= .38,P< .001). Batters were most effective at the usual backspin rate for the ball velocity used. The decrease in accuracy of the batter’s swing that was observed when the fastball’s backspin deviated from the usual rate likely occurred because experienced batters predict ball trajectory from perceived ball speed.
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IWANAGA, Toshihiko, and Ayuko KISHIMOTO. "Cellular distributions of monocarboxylate transporters: a review ." Biomedical Research 36, no. 5 (2015): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.36.279.

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TAKASHIMA, Yu, Fumiya OMI, Kenichi TOKIEDA, Seishi FUJIHARA, and Kazuyoshi ARAI. "B-5 Effect of Impact Point on Coefficient of Restitution of Baseball." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2015 (2015): _B—5–1_—_B—5–6_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2015._b-5-1_.

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37

Hughes, Shawn S., Brian C. Lyons, and Jerry J. Mayo. "Effect of Grip Strength and Grip Strengthening Exercises on Instantaneous Bat Velocity of Collegiate Baseball Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18, no. 2 (2004): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-12712.1.

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38

Taneri, Niyazi, and Pascale Crama. "Turning the Tables in Research and Development Licensing Contracts." Management Science 67, no. 9 (September 2021): 5838–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3784.

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Research and development (R&D) collaborations between an innovator and her partner are often undertaken when neither party can bring the product to market individually, which precludes value creation without a joint effort. Yet, the uncertain nature of R&D complicates the monitoring of effort, and the resulting moral hazard reduces a collaboration’s value. Either party can avoid this outcome by acquiring the capability that is missing and then taking sole ownership of the project. That approach involves two types of risks: one related to whether the other party’s capability will be acquired and one related to how well it will be implemented (if acquired). We find that the extent of these two risks determines the optimality of delaying contracting or of signing contracts with buyout and buyback options, a baseball arbitration clause, or a novel reciprocal option. Baseball arbitration and reciprocal option clauses are unique in two ways. First, unlike typical options with predetermined strike prices, they allow either party to determine the buyout price at the time of their offer. Second, they allow the offer’s recipient to “turn the tables” on the other party. Although baseball arbitration and reciprocal option contracts both address inefficient joint development and product allocation, they exhibit their own inefficiencies that stem from the two parties’ strategic behavior. The best choice of contract is determined by trade-offs between these inefficiencies. Our model explores the similarities between the baseball arbitration and reciprocal option clauses, and we propose a modification to the reciprocal option contract that would increase its profitability. This paper was accepted by Terry Taylor, operations management.
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39

Ransome, Olliver. "R B K (Ron) Tucker." South African Medical Journal 104, no. 7 (June 17, 2014): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.8524.

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40

Macro, Eric. "Professor R. B. Serjeant, FBA." Asian Affairs 24, no. 3 (November 1993): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714041227.

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41

Zelliot, Eleanor. "Understanding Dr. B. R. Ambedkar." Religion Compass 2, no. 5 (July 21, 2008): 804–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2008.00094.x.

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42

MELLOR, D. H. "R. B. Braithwaite (1900–1990)." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 41, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/41.4.579.

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43

Simoneit, B. R. T. "Professor B. R. T. Simoneit." Organic Geochemistry 12, no. 6 (January 1988): XIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90142-8.

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44

Castañ, Lupe, and Claudine Sherrill. "Family Participation in Challenger Baseball: Critical Theory Perspectives." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 16, no. 4 (October 1999): 372–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.16.4.372.

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The purpose was to analyze the social construction of Challenger baseball opportunities in a selected community. Participants were 10 boys and 6 girls with mental and/or physical disabilities (ages 7 to 16 years, M = 11.31), their families, and the head coach. Data were collected through interviews in the homes with all family members, participant observation at practices and games, and field notes. The research design was qualitative, and critical theory guided interpretation. Analytical induction revealed five outcomes that were particularly meaningful as families and coach socially constructed Challenger baseball: (a) fun and enjoyment, (b) positive affect related to equal opportunity and feelings of “normalcy,” (c) social networking/emotional support for families, (d) baseball knowledge and skills, and (e) social interactions with peers.
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45

Kawabata, Koichi, Tatsuya Urata, Koji Fukuda, and Satoru Tanabe. "Time analysis of throwing motions to second base by baseball catchers: Comparison of three throwing motions." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 5-6 (June 19, 2020): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120930370.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate a baseball catcher’s throwing time to second base using three throwing motion types. The subjects were professional ( n = 4) and college ( n = 12) baseball catchers. Two high-speed cameras were set to capture the throwing motion, while one was set to capture the net on second base. The throwing time of quick throw (throwing motion to release the ball immediately after catching the ball rather than usual throwing motion) was significantly shorter than those of usual throw (throwing motion used during games and practice) and fast ball throw (throwing motion to increase the ball velocity than usual throwing motion). From this result, it became clear that quick throw is the optimal throwing motion when judged by time. Thus, with respect to correlations between variables, there were significant positive correlations between throwing and motion times (usual throw: r = 0.760; fast ball throw: r = 0.719; quick throw: r = 0.767), and between throwing and airborne times (usual throw: r = 0.784; fast ball throw: r = 0.744; quick throw: r = 0.806), for all three throwing motions. However, negative correlations were shown between throwing and release times in usual throw and fast ball throw. The results suggest that, to shorten the throwing time, it is necessary to shorten the hold and stride times and to improve the ability to throw the ball as fast as possible with a shorter motion time.
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46

Kretzschmar, Alexander. "B-R schlägt CHOP-R um Längen bei Lymphomen." Onkologische Welt 01, no. 01 (2010): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1631622.

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Bei unvorbehandelten follikulären, indolenten und Mantelzell-Lymphomen ist die Kombination Bendamustin-Rituximab (B-R) als First-Line-Therapie signifikant effektiver und dabei besser verträglich als das konventionelle CHOP-R-Schema. Die von Priv.-Doz. Dr. Mathias Rummel, Gießen, vorgestellten finalen Ergebnisse zeigen ein um 20,1 Monate längeres medianes progressionsfreies Überleben unter B-R (54,9 Monate; R-CHOP: 34,8 Monate; p = 0,00012) und eine signifikant höhere Komplettremissionsrate (B-R: 39,6 %; R-CHOP: 30,0 %, p = 0,0262).
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SAITOU, Kenji, and Nahoko SATO. "Influence of the Step Direction of Lead Leg on Baseball Pitching." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2016 (2016): B—9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2016.b-9.

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48

MIMURA, Kohei, and Sekiya KOIKE. "Generating mechanism of bat-head velocity in baseball thrown-ball batting." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2017 (2017): B—8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2017.b-8.

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49

SAITOU, Kenji, and Nahoko SATOH. "Movement of bat during swing according to course in baseball batting." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2017 (2017): B—9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2017.b-9.

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50

Aguinaldo, Arnel, and Rafael Escamilla. "Segmental Power Analysis of Sequential Body Motion and Elbow Valgus Loading During Baseball Pitching: Comparison Between Professional and High School Baseball Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 232596711982792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119827924.

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Background: Pitching-related elbow injuries remain prevalent across all levels of baseball. Elbow valgus torque has been identified as a modifiable risk factor of injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament in skeletally mature pitchers. Purpose: To examine how segmental energy flow (power) influences elbow valgus torque and ball speed in professional versus high school baseball pitchers. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 16 professional pitchers (mean age, 21.9 ± 3.6 years) and 15 high school pitchers (mean age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years) participated in marker-based motion analysis of baseball pitching. Ball speed, maximum elbow valgus torque (MEV), temporal parameters, and mechanical power of the trunk, upper arm, and forearm were collected and compared using parametric statistical methods. Results: Professional pitchers threw with a higher ball speed (36.3 ± 2.9 m/s) compared with high school pitchers (30.4 ± 3.5 m/s) ( P = .001), and MEV was greater in professional pitchers (71.3 ± 20.0 N·m) than in high school pitchers (50.7 ± 14.6 N·m) ( P = .003). No significant difference in normalized MEV was found between groups ( P = .497). Trunk rotation time, trunk power, and upper arm power combined to predict MEV ( r = 0.823, P < .001), while trunk rotation time and trunk power were the only predictors of ball speed ( r = 0.731, P < .001). There were significant differences between the professional and high school groups in the timing of maximum pelvis rotation velocity (42.9 ± 9.7% of the pitching cycle [%PC] vs 27.9 ± 23.4 %PC, respectively; P < .025), maximum trunk rotation (33 ± 16 %PC vs 2 ± 23 %PC, respectively; P = .001), and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (102.4 ± 8.9 %PC vs 93.0 ± 11.7 %PC, respectively; P = .017). Conclusion: The power of trunk motion plays a critical role in the development of elbow valgus torque and ball speed. Professional and high school pitchers do not differ in elbow torque relative to their respective size but appear to adopt different patterns of segmental motion. Clinical Relevance: Because trunk rotation supplies the power associated with MEV and ball speed, training methods aimed at core stabilization and flexibility may benefit professional and high school pitchers in reducing the injury risk and improving pitching performance.
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