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1
Brown, Judith. "Questions for R. K. Narayan." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 3 (May 2016): 622–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.3.622.
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R. K. Narayan's work has been faulted for its sidestepping of the brutal realities of colonial rule. Yet Narayan stages, in the dreaminess of his fictionalized township of Malgudi, the unwriting or undermining of the logics of language that subtend colonial rule. The author has fashioned a way to write about India that displays the vacuity of the colonial model of governance and, through his tales of failed authorship, points to something other. Emerging in his comic episodes and in his baffled protagonists is a recognition of the importance of keeping things unsettled, in suspension, or visible only in their negation. Narayan, this essay argues through a series of questions that underscore the uncertainty in his world, imagines passivity as an interruption of the progressive, purposive, and productive time that defines modernity.
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Sinha, Arti. "Writing Style of R. K. Narayan." Journal of Advanced Research in English and Education 05, no. 02 (February 19, 2021): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.4370.202009.
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R. K. Narayan was among the first Indian English writers to be taken note of the West. With a clever use of just the right amount of humour, Narayan was able to transform his seemingly ordinary characters into larger-than-lite individuals, who brought a change in the existing social and political structures of Malgudi, a microcosmic representation of our nation. And, with this, he inspired us to think, dream and write differently to delive into a magical reality for better than the one we know. His works are often considered synonymous with the innocence of childhood, and even today the social undertones of his writing echo the complexities of the Indian society.
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Kumar, Dr Raman. "R. K. Narayan’s Mr. Sampath: A Study in the Dialectic of Being and Becoming." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 12 (December 28, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i12.10216.
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Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami (1906-2001) popularly known as R. K. Narayan, an award winning novelist, essayist and storywriter is generally considered one of the greatest Indians writing in English. He shares this honour with Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao. D. S. Maini has observed in this regard: “Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao, and R. K. Narayan- brought the Indian novel to the point of ripeness”. But R. K. Narayan enjoys a place of rare distinction among these great writers too and it is partly because of the rare setting of his novels, his close association with the traditional Indian society, his simple language, his humour and irony, and his characterization, which is so varied and colourful. Many critics have praised R. K. Narayan for his literariness and for his aestheticism. V. Y. Kantak has observed, “…when we come to weigh Indian writing of fiction in English to date, Narayan with his penny whistle seems to have wrought more than most others with their highly pretentious and obstreperous brass” (21). R. K. Narayan has fourteen novels to his credit alongwith a large number of short stories. Narayan’s The Guide (1958) won him great fame and was widely acknowledged as a masterpiece by the world’s literary community. It also won him the much-coveted Sahitya Akademi Award in 1960.
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Fisher, Marlene, and A. L. McLeod. "R. K. Narayan: Critical Perspectives." World Literature Today 69, no. 2 (1995): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40151367.
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Trivedi, Harish. "R. K. Narayan at 100." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 42, no. 2 (June 2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989407078573.
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Narasimhaiah, C. D. "Homage to R. K. Narayan." South Asian Review 23, no. 1 (December 2002): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2002.11932231.
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Rao, R. "R. K. Narayan: An Indian Perspective." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 36, no. 2 (September 1, 2001): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989014231235.
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Mohanti, Prafulla. "R. K Narayan: The Master Storyteller." South Asian Review 23, no. 1 (December 2002): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2002.11932239.
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Sanga, Jaina C. "R. K. Narayan and Malgudi's Indian Universe." South Asian Review 23, no. 1 (December 2002): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2002.11932234.
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Kain, Geoffrey. "R. K. Narayan: Straddling Metropole and Malgudi." South Asian Review 25, no. 1 (November 2004): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2004.11932330.
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Akansha Kayshap Mech. "Journey of Emancipation in R. K. Narayan’s Heroines." Creative Launcher 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.2.08.
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R.K. Narayan conforms to his times and during the period he wrote, there was a radical change in the status of women. Moreover, he maintains an objective detachment from his themes and characters. However detached he is from his characters, it is possible to draw out a conception that the portrayal of women characters takes a definite shape through his novels. As we read his novels, we can trace a gradual transition of his women characters from silence to speech. His pre-independence novels like Swami and Friends, The English Teacher, Dark Room have women who are submissive and docile even though they nurture the desire for liberation. But, R. K. Narayan was a genius to picturise the ordinary middle-class milieu. Narayan takes a different attitude in portraying his post-independence heroines. The middle-class is considered the citadel of tradition but has shown its heroines courageously negotiating their way out from stereotyped notions about women and their roles. His women who are presented as votaries of emancipation educate themselves, long for economic independence and do not hesitate in leaving their parents or dumping their husbands and lovers in their search for individual identity and desired happiness.
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Justine, Abel. "Humor or Black Humor? The Use of Humor and Irony in The Financial Expert." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i4.10983.
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K. Narayan was one of the pioneers of Indo Anglian fiction along with Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao. Their heydays were marked by complicated social issues such as India’s struggle for Independence and the more stressful period afterwards. Among the three, many consider R. K. Narayan as the most realistic in fiction considering Indian settings. The Financial Expert is again considered as Narayan’s masterpiece by many. It’s a well-constructed novel in five parts. The story is focused on three main aspects relating to the central character of Margayya. They are; Margayya’s determination to acquire wealth, his love for his own son Balu and his relationship with his brother and sister in law. It is at times mesmerizing to analyze Narayan’s use of humor and irony in crafting the fate of a normal middle class individual.
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Adhikary, Ramesh Prasad. "Existential Maturity of Savitri in the Dark Room by R. K. Narayan." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i1.6.
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This article is mainly focused on the protagonist Savitri of the novel: The Dark Room by R.K. Narayan and how she is alienated from herself, from society and from the world and about her quest for marital identity. Savitri also goes through the crisis of discontent to the quest for happiness. Savitri of the ancient legend is a paragon of virtue and courage who confronts even Death to save her husband is finally victorious. Ironically, unlike the legendary Savitri, Narayan’s Savitri chooses to leave home, husband and children once she comes to know of her husband’s infidelity. Contrary to the legend, Savitri is just an ordinary, amiable, housewife. She abandons her gambler and drunkard husband and her family. But her independence proves detrimental to Savitri’s familial peace. Narayan skillfully portrays her every action and in his ironic subtle fashion puts across the artificiality behind it.
Keywords: Existence, anxiety, alienation, existential struggle, choice of freedom, frustration
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Priydarshi, Ashok Kumar. "R. K. Narayan, the Novelist of the Commoners and His Ironic Sense of Humour." Journal of Advanced Research in English and Education 05, no. 02 (February 19, 2021): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.4370.202007.
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Narayan’s humour is direct course of his intellectual analysis of the contradictions in human experience tragically or comically. Irony can be tragic also, but in Narayan our concern is only the irony, that works as a base for Narayan’s humour the instances of which are found at every step in his novels. The keynote of Narayan’s interest is his very minute observation and subtle ironic harmonious way of telling his story. There is, in his novels, scarcely audible laughter shot through all the novels. His comic vision is ironical. His all embracing irony, which includes the particular social context in his men and women, who have their various transactions and the existential reality based on their particular experiences. The clash between the tradition and modernity in which Narayan’s characters are sandwiched has ironical implications. Narayan’s comprehensive knowledge of the perception of inherent irony in human life makes him a master of comedy, who is nor unware of the tragedy of human situation and tragi-comedies of mischance and misdirection. The basic comic situation in Narayan’s novels is one of the derivation from the normal and in the plots of his novels, he follows the usual pattern of irony order, disorder, order. His irony is free from the satiric spirit of condemnation and censure. His ironic vision is closer in spirit to Chaucer, Shakespear and Dickens. His closeness to Chekhov is striking the same objectivity, the same freedom from comment, the same intricate alliance of humour with tragedy the comic irony with, as Greene puts it and the same seeming indirection even with which the characters, on the last page, appear to vanish into life.
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McLeod, A. L., and C. N. Srinath. "R. K. Narayan: An Anthology of Recent Criticism." World Literature Today 75, no. 2 (2001): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40156581.
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Larson, Charles R. "R. K. Narayan: A Critical Appreciation. William Walsh." Modern Philology 83, no. 1 (August 1985): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/391443.
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Alam, Fakrul. "Sexuality and the Fiction of R. K. Narayan." South Asian Review 27, no. 2 (June 2006): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2006.11932445.
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Aravindh Muthusamy and Dr. K. Sindhu. "A Critical Appreciation of R. K. Narayan’s A Tiger for Malgudi." Research Ambition an International Multidisciplinary e-Journal 7, no. II (August 30, 2022): 04–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/ambition/v7n2.03.
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R.K. Narayan’s novels are remarkable for their technical maturity. Narayan has completely stated his faith in the values popularised by Hindu mythology and its recognition of life and death. The monk describes to his disciple tiger that one is glad or unhappy in this society because of one’s karma in earlier life. The Sanyasi’s conversation with the disciple also has a reverberation of the karma as described in The Upanishad which articulates, “Those whose conduct here has been good will quickly attain a good birth of a Brahman, the birth of a Kshatriya or the birth of a Vaisya. But those, whose conduct here has been evil, will quickly attain an evil birth of a dog”.The styles in his novels are straightforward and simple. In a work of fiction, while studying its technique, importance is given to its narrative perspective. The aim of this study is to critically analyze R. K. Narayan’s A Tiger for Malgudi giving importance to narrative technique, plot construction, humor, the characteristics of the tiger, and how time plays an important role in arranging the events. R.K. Narayan’s novels are remarkable for their technical maturity. Narayan has completely stated his faith in the values popularised by Hindu mythology and its recognition of life and death. The monk describes to his disciple tiger that one is glad or unhappy in this society because of one’s karma in earlier life. The Sanyasi’s conversation with the disciple also has a reverberation of the karma as described in The Upanishad which articulates, “Those whose conduct here has been good will quickly attain a good birth of a Brahman, the birth of a Kshatriya or the birth of a Vaisya. But those, whose conduct here has been evil, will quickly attain an evil birth of a dog”. The styles in his novels are straightforward and simple. In a work of fiction, while studying its technique, importance is given to its narrative perspective. The aim of this study is to critically analyze R. K. Narayan’s A Tiger for Malgudi giving importance to narrative technique, plot construction, humor, the characteristics of the tiger, and how time plays an important role in arranging the events.
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Alam, Fakrul. "R. K. Narayan and the End of British India." South Asian Review 23, no. 1 (December 2002): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2002.11932229.
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Paranjape, Makarand. "“The Reluctant Guru”: R. K. Narayan and The Guide." South Asian Review 24, no. 2 (November 2003): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2003.11932307.
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Bonilla, Cruz. "Reasons for Violence: a Study of “Another Community” by R. K. Narayan." Indialogs 3, Violences (April 16, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/indialogs.40.
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Knippling, Alpana Sharma. "R. K. Narayan, Raja Rao and Modern English Discourse in Colonial India." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 39, no. 1 (1993): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.0.1101.
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Berry, Margaret. "Two Faces of Indo-Anglian Fiction: Mulk Raj Anand and R. K. Narayan." South Asian Review 15, no. 12 (July 1991): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.1991.11932135.
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Rangel-Ribeiro, Victor. "R. K. Narayan, Late Pre-Postcolonial Author, Grilled at New York Writers' Meeting." South Asian Review 23, no. 1 (December 2002): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2002.11932238.
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Gold, Ann Grodzins. "The Once and Future Yogi: Sentiments and Signs in the Tale of a Renouncer-King." Journal of Asian Studies 48, no. 4 (November 1989): 770–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058114.
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The Pervasive Presence in Asia of ascetic practitioners—whether sedate, shorn, and robed monks or fierce, ash-smeared, naked yogis—has long fascinated Western observers and certainly nourished stereotypes of a mysterious, otherworldly, and impenetrable East. In India especially, the ascetic's figure has fueled the speculations of scholars, artists, tourists, and religious seekers for centuries (Oman 1905; Narayan 1988). Most depictions of Indian culture, whether indigenous or foreign, evocative or analytic, include portraits or analyses of world-renouncers.1 And yet with the notable exception of numerous fictional explorations (e.g., Bhattacharya 1978; Markandaya 1963; R K. Narayan 1980), the renouncer remains a figure whose existence comments on the human predicament but whose human thoughts and feelings remain opaque.
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U., Robin C., and Dr G. Parvathy. "Gender Distinction And Women Empowerment In R. K. Narayan’s The Dark Room." Think India 22, no. 3 (September 21, 2019): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8349.
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As far as the life of human being is concerned there are many challenges and inner-struggles in the emerging world society namely: uncertainties of life, inequality, gender distinction, frustrations, distress, tensions, anxieties, anguish, fear, alienation, infidelity, misunderstanding and delusion. Among the struggles gender distinction has a lasting impact on the whole of human being, which prevents all types of human progress. For a woman, as for a man, the need for self-fulfilment - autonomy, self-realisation, independence, individuality, self-actualization is as important and inevitable. After the Second World War there are many women writers, social reformers and political figures and intellectual giants who could contribute outstanding performances in highlighting the competitive equality. The present article attempts to discuss the gender distinction and the empowerment of women through the writing of R K Narayan.
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Fitz, Brewster E. "“Gateman's Gift”: Self-reflexive Irony and Allegory in the Narrative of R. K. Narayan." South Asian Review 27, no. 2 (June 2006): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2006.11932450.
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Almond, I. "Darker Shades of malgudi: Solitayr Figures of Modernity in the Stories of R. k. Narayan." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 36, no. 2 (September 1, 2001): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989014231343.
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Kumar, Dr Pradeep. "Politeness strategies in R. K. Narayan’s ‘An Astrologer’s Day’: A discourse analysis perspective." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 6 (2022): 060–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.76.9.
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Politeness is a linguistic phenomenon in which the participants, who are involved in a dialogue, use different politeness strategies in order to get the desired result. Sometimes, they want to save the face, the public self image, of their counterparts, and sometimes they want to take advantages with the use of some specific politeness strategies. Most of time, the face gets threaten by some verbal or non-verbal acts and it can be done deliberately to achieve some goal or it is done by mistake for some or other reasons. If one wants to save the face and wish to build a healthy social relationship, he uses politeness strategies accordingly. The present paper will try to explore this feature of politeness in the short story “An Astrologer’s Day”. It is the first story from the collection An Astrologer’s Day and Other Stories by R. K. Narayan.
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Parekh, Pushpa N. "Becoming Spiritual in (Post)Colonial Contexts: R. K. Narayan and the Paradoxes of Myths, Mimicry and Moksha." South Asian Review 23, no. 1 (December 2002): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2002.11932235.
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Renu and Dr. R K. Sharma. "Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao and R. K. Narayan: The Polemics of Myth making and Influence of Gandhi." Creative Launcher 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.2.04.
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The present paper represents the three triumvirs of Indian English novel at the critical juncture of the early twentieth century when Gandhian thoughts and polemics were influential throughout India. The paper seeks to explore how under Gandhian presence–both physical as well as metaphorical, these three novelists attempted to explore the myths and mythical narratives of Indian civilization and culture to manifest the ‘collective unconscious’ of the Indian sensibilities. Furthermore, it also tries to understand the polemics of myth-making in the context of post-colonial politics and writing. The nationalist culture of the early twentieth century and the contribution of these writers are being explored to analyze how their narratives are national allegories.
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Spearey, Susan, and Fawzia Afzal-Khan. "Cultural Imperialism and the Indo-English Novel: Genre and Ideology in R. K. Narayan, Anita Desai, Kamala Markandaya, and Salman Rushdie." Yearbook of English Studies 26 (1996): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3508709.
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Sagar, Aparajita, and Fawzia Afzal-Khan. "Cultural Imperialism and the Indo-English Novel: Genre and Ideology in R. K. Narayan, Anita Desai, Kamala Markandaya, and Salman Rushdie." World Literature Today 69, no. 1 (1995): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40151116.
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Snell, Rupert. "Jayant K. Biswal: A critical study of the novels of R. K. Narayan: the Malgudi comedy, [vii], 136 pp. New Delhi: Nirmal Publishers, 1987. Rs. 150." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 52, no. 3 (October 1989): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00034984.
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Bubb, Alexander. "An Element of Risk: the Corrupt Contractor in Indian Fiction and Film, 1886–1983." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2016.33.
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AbstractFrom the 1960s to the 1990s, the corrupt building contractor was a stock-villain of Bombay cinema. He was, this article argues, emblematic of crony capitalism prior to the liberalization of the Indian economy. This filmic role was, however, foreshadowed by his depiction as cynical accomplice and profiteer of British rule in fiction of the early and mid-twentieth century. Furthermore, the figure’s ultimate origins lie in colonial literature, in which he is often identified as a threat to the British civilian community that nourished itself with the ideal of its disinterested civilizing mission. This article traces the genealogy of the contractor-as-villain in fiction and film, demonstrating a continuity of themes, and persistence of concerns, across the work of Rudyard Kipling, Flora Annie Steel, Premchand, R. K. Narayan, and Mahasweta Devi. Using historical sources to contextualize these texts, it will also suggest possible explanations for the ubiquity of contractors in the Indian economy.
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Cochrane, Thomas, and Todd Stretton. "Enhancing Health Care Education and Practice Post COVID." Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 4, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v4i1.121.
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Healthcare education and practice has significantly been impacted by COVID-19. This includes the challenge on pedagogical approaches that highlight the potential of technology to facilitate innovative new approaches in response to social distancing, lockdowns, remote learning and improving the patient experience and positive outcomes. Many of these innovative approaches are not fundamentally new but are now seeing relevance beyond early adopters to mainstream implementation. This presentation draws upon collaborations with educational researchers and technologists that have explored the integration of technology into healthcare education and practice.
COVID-19 Adversity to Opportunity
Many healthcare programmes required reenvisaging teaching and learning approaches in response to COVID-19 restrictions. This had a particular impact on the development of interpersonal and practical knowledge and skills essential for healthcare graduates.
The limited access to on-campus learning provided an opportunity for both institutional and individual evaluation of pedagogical practices. The affordances of traditional, didactic, and “hands-on” skills were compared with those that could be facilitated using online asynchronous/ synchronous strategies. A particular concern was the development of the interpersonal and practical skills required in safe and effective healthcare practice. Alongside easing of restrictions, these skills were adapted using online demonstrations within the limits of socially distanced “bubbles”, telehealth and limited clinical placements. Reconsideration of summative assessments was also required- with the introduction online synchronous and asynchronous verbal assessments, and asynchronous submissions of practical skills online (Cochrane et al., 2021; Narayan et al., 2021).
In the prospect of COVID-19 restrictions continuing to lift, it is envisioned that most of the reenvisaged pedagogical approaches to healthcare education will persist, without compromising student critical thinking or practical skills.
Interprofessional Collaboration
This presentation will highlight the importance of interprofessional collaboration in healthcare curriculum design using a Design-Based-Research methodology (Chen et al., 2020; Kartoğlu et al., 2020) to facilitate authentic learning and develop self-determined learning capabilities for healthcare professionals.
DBR- Design Principles in response to COVID
Transferable design principles will be introduced for enhancing healthcare education that will improve practice in a COVID19 world, particularly drawing from eight healthcare projects including: STUDIO602 – enhancing clinical practice with mobile technologies (Cochrane & Sinfield, 2021), developing a virtual reality handover experience for healthcare students (Cochrane et al., 2018), using immersive reality to develop critical thinking in clinical health education (Stretton et al., 2018), enhancing first responder clinical simulation education using immersive reality and biometrics (Cochrane et al., 2020), designing authentic learning for graduate entry nursing students (Macdiarmid et al., 2021), designing public and environmental health education (Kersey et al., 2018), Biomedical engineering (Lam et al., 2021), and physiology education (Fabris et al., 2019).
References
Chen, W., Sandars, J., & Reeves, T. C. (2020). Navigating complexity: The importance of design-based research for faculty development. Medical Teacher, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1774530
Cochrane, T., Aiello, S., Cook, S., Aguayo, C., & Wilkinson, N. (2020). MESH360: A framework for designing MMR enhanced Clinical Simulations [Journal]. Research in Learning Technology, 28(Mobile Mixed Reality - Themed Collection). https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v28.2357
Cochrane, T., Narayan, V., Aiello, S., Birt, J., Cowie, N., Cowling, M., Deneen, C., Goldacre, P., Alizadeh, M., Sinfield, D., Stretton, T., & Worthington, T. (2021, 29th November- 1st December 2021). Post Pandemic Socially Constructed Blended Synchronous Learning: Vignettes from the Mobile Learning SIG. ASCILITE 2021: 38th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, Australia.
Cochrane, T., & Sinfield, D. (2021). STUDIO602: A model for designing real world collaborations between Higher education and Industry. In K. MacCallum & D. Parsons (Eds.), Industry Practices, Processes and Techniques Adopted in Education - Supporting innovative teaching and learning practice (Vol. In preparation). Springer. http://davidparsons.ac.nz/industry-in-ed/
Cochrane, T., Stretton, T., Aiello, S., Britnell, S., Cook, S., & Narayan, V. (2018). Authentic Interprofessional Health Education Scenarios using Mobile VR [Journal]. Research in Learning Technology, 26, 2130. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2130
Fabris, C. P., Rathner, J. A., Fong, A. Y., & Sevigny, C. P. (2019). Virtual Reality in Higher Education. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education (formerly CAL-laborate International), 27(8).
Kartoğlu, Ü., Siagian, R. C., & Reeves, T. C. (2020). Creating a "Good Clinical Practices Inspection" Authentic Online Learning Environment through Educational Design Research. TechTrends : for leaders in education & training, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00509-0
Kersey, K., Lees, A., Conn, C., Cochrane, T., Narayan, V., & Williams, M. (2018). “Context matters”: The challenges and opportunities of designing tertiary public and environmental health education in South Auckland. Pacific Health, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24135/pacifichealth.v1i1.8
Lam, L., Cochrane, T., Rajagopal, V., Davey, K., & John, S. (2021). Enhancing student learning through trans-disciplinary project-based assessment in bioengineering. Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 3(1), 4-5. https://doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v3i1.80
Macdiarmid, R., Winnington, R., Cochrane, T., & Merrick, E. (2021). Using educational design research to develop authentic learning for Graduate Entry Nursing students in New Zealand. Nurse Education in Practice, 102965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.102965
Narayan, V., Cochrane, T., Aiello, S., Birt, J., Cowie, N., Cowling, M., Deneen, C., Goldacre, P., Alizadeh, M., Sinfield, D., Stretton, T., & Worthington, T. (2021, 29 November - 1 December). Mobile learning and socially constructed blended learning through the lens of Activity Theory. ASCILITE 2021: 38th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, Australia.
Stretton, T., Cochrane, T., & Narayan, V. (2018). Exploring Mobile Mixed Reality in Healthcare Higher Education: A Systematic Review [Journal]. Research in Learning Technology, 26, 2131. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2131
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Saini, Chaman, H. K. Prasad, Rajni Rani, A. Murtaza, Namita Misra, N. P. Shanker Narayan, and Indira Nath. "Lsr2 of Mycobacterium leprae and Its Synthetic Peptides Elicit Restitution of T Cell Responses in Erythema Nodosum Leprosum and Reversal Reactions in Patients with Lepromatous Leprosy." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 5 (February 27, 2013): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00762-12.
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ABSTRACTThe Lsr2 protein ofMycobacterium lepraeand its synthetic peptides have been shown to elicit lymphoproliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with lepromatous leprosy (M. Chaduvula, A. Murtaza, N. Misra, N. P. Narayan, V. Ramesh, H. K. Prasad, R. Rani, R. K. Chinnadurai, I. Nath, Infect. Immun. 80:742–752, 2012). PBMCs from 16 patients with lepromatous leprosy who were undergoing erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (type 2) and 5 patients with reversal reactions (RR) (type 1) were stimulated withM. leprae, recombinant Lsr2, and six end-to-end synthetic peptides (A through F) spanning the Lsr2 sequence. During the reaction all patients with ENL showed lymphoproliferation (stimulation index, >2) in response to peptides A and F, with other peptides eliciting responses in 75 to 88% of the subjects. In PBMC cultures, both lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ release for peptide E were significantly higher than for peptides B and C and recombinant Lsr2 (P< 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Five patients with RR also showed enhanced lymphoproliferative responses and IFN-γ release in response to Lsr2,M. leprae, and peptide E. Six months postreaction, 14 patients with ENL continued to exhibit responses to Lsr2 and its peptides, with the highest responses being elicited by peptide E. However, 5 subjects showed no lymphoproliferation and had reduced IFN-γ release in response to Lsr2 peptides (P< 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test) but responded to recombinant Lsr2. Six patients with ENL had HLA-A*68.01, which the STFPEITHI program showed to have high peptide-binding scores of 20 to 21 for peptides E, B, and C. Eleven patients had HLA-DRB1*1501 and HLA-DRB1*1502, which had high binding scores for peptides C and E. Thus, Lsr2 and its peptides are recognized in leprosy reactions during and well after the subsidence of clinical signs.
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Londoño, Diana, Yunhong Bai, Wolfram R. Zückert, Harald Gelderblom, and Diego Cadavid. "Cardiac Apoptosis in Severe Relapsing Fever Borreliosis." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 11 (November 2005): 7669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.11.7669-7676.2005.
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ABSTRACT Previous studies revealed that the heart suffers significant injury during experimental Lyme and relapsing fever borreliosis when the immune response is impaired (D. Cadavid, Y. Bai, E. Hodzic, K. Narayan, S. W. Barthold, and A. R. Pachner, Lab. Investig. 84:1439-1450, 2004; D. Cadavid, T. O'Neill, H. Schaefer, and A. R. Pachner, Lab. Investig. 80:1043-1054, 2000; and D. Cadavid, D. D. Thomas, R. Crawley, and A. G. Barbour, J. Exp. Med. 179:631-642, 1994). To investigate cardiac injury in borrelia carditis, we used antibody-deficient mice persistently infected with isogenic serotypes of the relapsing fever agent Borrelia turicatae. We studied infection in hearts 1 to 2 months after inoculation by TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and inflammation by hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome staining, IHC, and in situ hybridization (ISH). We studied apoptosis by terminal transferase-mediated DNA nick end labeling assay and measured expression of apoptotic molecules by RNase protection assay, immunofluorescence, and immunoblot. All antibody-deficient mice, but none of the immunocompetent controls, developed persistent infection of the heart. Antibody-deficient mice infected with serotype 2 had more severe cardiac infection and injury than serotype 1-infected mice. The injury was more severe around the base of the heart and pericardium, corresponding to sites of marked infiltration by activated macrophages and upregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Infected hearts showed evidence of apoptosis of macrophages and cardiomyocytes as well as significant upregulation of caspases, most notably caspase-1. We conclude that persistent infection with relapsing fever borrelias causes significant loss of cardiomyocytes associated with prominent infiltration by activated macrophages, upregulation of IL-6, induction of caspase-1, and apoptosis.
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Sheehan, Helen E. "What Makes Medical Systems Indian?: A Consideration of Doctor, Family, and Gender in India." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, no. 2 (February 1986): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300002051.
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In a short story entitled “Second Opinion,” R. K. Narayan, one of India's foremost writers in English, introduces us to Sambu, a young man who spends his days and nights at the “Boardless” coffee shop with friends, avoiding work, marriage, and his widowed mother. One day a local doctor, Dr. Kishen, informs Sambu that his mother is suffering from fainting spells, possibly a heart condition, and is in a “leave-taking” (dying) mood. Dr. Kishen, who knows the family, suggests to Sambu that he marry, thereby easing his mother's anxieties and ill health, and making her last days happy. However, he also gives his usual advice to get a “second opinion.” Sambu does, taking his mother to Dr. Natwar, a foreign-trained doctor, who has a spotless clinic with many rooms housing the latest medical equipment, a contrast to Dr. Kishen's ill-equipped, disorderly clinic. After his mother has undergone tests, Sambu meets with Dr. Natwar. The doctor gives him various documents and states that they show there is nothing wrong with his mother. Thus, armed with irrefutable proof provided by technology, Sambu avoids marriage and responsibility; his mother, afraid of losing her son altogether, acquiesces to his wishes, telling him to do whatever he wants (5).
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Hanumatha Reddy, K. "Short Story: A Vehicle for Reflection of Socio-Economic Concerns of the Nation." Shanlax International Journal of English 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/english.v9i3.3841.
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The history of the short story is as old as human civilization. The parable, fable and folk tale are its different forms and all of them, share their origin and pattern with poetry. After the maturity of the novel as a genuine genre, the descendent craft of the short story writing sprang up from a variety of soil late in the nintenth century, previously, the short story was assigned an inferior statues, mostly recognized as a little piece of literature that an author/writer tossed of between major productions. At present, the prolific writers in this field have considered the modern short story as a complex form, making in depth but lacks in length.With the advent of literary art, the yearning for tales has acquired new dimensions. The range and scope of the stories has become extensive, wide and universal. Now the writer of short stories endeavours to explore various manifestations of life which primarily include inter-personal relationship,man’s association with nature,the learning experiences of life and other social issues. The human relationship continues to be the nucleus of any literary work. In a country like India,anyone, who wishes to be a writer,has to shoulder moral responsibility. The author through his work provides an outlet to his innermost unexpressed feelings and frees his mind from these emotions. Sometimes he brings to the notice of his readers his observations of social and cultural setup,thus performing the role of a social reformer. As a genuine artist the author needs to shoulder the responsibility to interpret life in all its shades and colours for the common man. The prominent Indian practitioner’s off short story as a literary form included K S Venkataramani, K Nagarajan, Raja Rao, Rabindranath Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand, Ruskin Bond, R K Narayan, etc.
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Young, Derek. "Techniques for determining equality of the maximum nullity and the zero forcing number of a graph." Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra 37 (May 10, 2021): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/ela.2021.4967.
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It is known that the zero forcing number of a graph is an upper bound for the maximum nullity of the graph (see [AIM Minimum Rank - Special Graphs Work Group (F. Barioli, W. Barrett, S. Butler, S. Cioab$\breve{\text{a}}$, D. Cvetkovi$\acute{\text{c}}$, S. Fallat, C. Godsil, W. Haemers, L. Hogben, R. Mikkelson, S. Narayan, O. Pryporova, I. Sciriha, W. So, D. Stevanovi$\acute{\text{c}}$, H. van der Holst, K. Vander Meulen, and A. Wangsness). Linear Algebra Appl., 428(7):1628--1648, 2008]). In this paper, we search for characteristics of a graph that guarantee the maximum nullity of the graph and the zero forcing number of the graph are the same by studying a variety of graph parameters that give lower bounds on the maximum nullity of a graph. Inparticular, we introduce a new graph parameter which acts as a lower bound for the maximum nullity of the graph. As a result, we show that the Aztec Diamond graph's maximum nullity and zero forcing number are the same. Other graph parameters that are considered are a Colin de Verdiére type parameter and vertex connectivity. We also use matrices, such as a divisor matrix of a graph and an equitable partition of the adjacency matrix of a graph, to establish a lower bound for the nullity of the graph's adjacency matrix.
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Ajgaonkar, Mihir. "Student leadership programme: igniting the young minds." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-11-2020-0401.
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Learning outcomes This case will help students to understand the following: Develop a basic understanding of competency building processes. Learn about the mentoring process and its application in leadership development. Develop awareness about the methodology for assessment of the effectiveness of training. Case overview/synopsis Dr A. R. K. Pillai founded the Indian Leprosy Foundation in 1970 in response to the national call by late Mrs Indira Gandhi, prime minister of India, to the public-spirited people to take up leprosy eradication. It collaborated with international agencies to reduce leprosy drastically in India from four million, in 1982 to around a hundred thousand cases in 2006. In 2006, the Indian Leprosy Foundation was renamed as Indian Development Foundation (IDF) as the trustees decided to expand the work of IDF in the areas of health, children’s education and women’s empowerment. Dr Narayan Iyer, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IDF initiated a leadership development intervention called the Students’ leadership programme (SLP) for children in the age group of 12 to 14, from the urban poor households in 2014. It was a structured mentoring programme spanning over three months in collaboration with the schools. It aimed at incubating skills in the areas of leadership, teamwork, personality, behavioural traits and provided career guidance. It had a humble beginning in 2014 with a coverage of 50 students. Initially, IDF welcomed executives from the corporate sector as mentors. As there was a need to rapidly expand the scope of SLP to the other cities of India, IDF tied up with the graduate colleges and invited the students to be the mentors. The other objective behind this move was to create social awareness among the students from more affluent strata of society. IDF was able to dramatically increase the participation of the students through SLP by approximately up to 100,000 by 2020. However, rapid progress threw up multiple challenges. The teachers complained about the non-availability of the students for regular classes to teach the syllabus as the students were busy with SLP. The schools forced IDF to shorten the duration of SLP to two months. Also, many undergraduate mentors were unable to coach the participants due to lack of maturity and found wanting to strike a rapport with them. There was a shortage of corporate executives who volunteered for the mentoring, due to work pressures. Dr Narayan, CEO & National Coordinator and Ms Mallika Ramchandran, the project head of SLP at IDF, were worried about the desired impact of SLP on the participants and its sustainability due to these challenges. So, with the support of Dr Narayan, she initiated a detailed survey to assess the ground-level impact of SLP. The objective was to get clarity about what was working for SLP and what aspects needed to improve, to make the programme more effective. Overall feedback from the survey was very positive. The mothers had seen very positive changes in the participants’ behaviour post-SLP. The teachers had specific concerns about the effectiveness of undergraduate mentors. The need for a refresher course to inculcate ethical behaviour and the inadequacy of the two-month duration of the SLP to reinforce values were highlighted. Respondents also voiced the requirement to build responsible citizenship behaviours among the participants. Mallika was all for preparing a model to further enhance the effectiveness of SLP. Dr Narayan and Mallika embraced the challenge and they were raring to go to develop SLP as a cutting-edge leadership programme and to take it to new heights. Complexity academic level This case can be used in courses on human resource management in postgraduate and graduate management programmes. It can also be used in the general and development management courses and during executive education programmes to teach methodologies for evaluating the effectiveness of the training interventions, with emphasis on the voluntary sector. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 6: Human Resource Management.
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Mahto, Dipo, Amresh Kumar Singh, Kumari Vineeta, and Ashok Kumar. "Change in Entropy of the Spinning Black Holes." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 32 (April 2014): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.32.95.
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Aims: To derive an expression for change in entropy of spinning black holes on the basis of the model for the energy of spinning black holes ( Mahto et al. 2011a) & the model for entropy change ( Mahto et al. 2011b) and then calculate their values for different test spinning black holes. Study Design: Data for the mass of black holes have collected from the research paper entitled :Super massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past Present & Future Research(2005), Space Science Reviews by L. Ferrarese & H. Ford and Black holes in Astrophysics(2005), New Journal Physics by R. Narayan. The data for black hole constant for spinning black holes () is taken from the paper entitled: Study of Schwarzschild radius with reference to the spinning black holes. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences (2011a). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physics, Marwari College Bhagalpur and University Department of Physics, T.M.B.U. Bhagalpur, between December 2013 and March 2014. Methodology: A theoretical based work using Laptop to calculate the calculation for change in entropy of different test spinning black holes at Marwari College Bhagalpur and the residential research chamber of the first author. Results: The calculation shows that the change in entropy of spinning black holes of the rest masses for stellar – mass black holes (M ~ 5 20 Mʘ) in X-ray binaries is to J/K and for the super massive black holes (M ~ 106 – 109.5 Mʘ) in active galactic nuclei is to J/K. The nature of the graph for XRBs is the same to the Hawking entropy with the event horizon and straight line for AGN which confirms the validity of equations and . Conclusion: The change in energy and entropy of black holes are mainly dependent on the mass and independent of their event horizons.
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Mahto, Dipo, Amresh Kumar Singh, Kumari Vineeta, and Ashok Kumar. "Change in Entropy of the Spinning Black Holes." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 32 (April 22, 2014): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-60i6ib.
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Aims: To derive an expression for change in entropy of spinning black holes on the basis of the model for the energy of spinning black holes ( Mahto et al. 2011a) & the model for entropy change ( Mahto et al. 2011b) and then calculate their values for different test spinning black holes. Study Design: Data for the mass of black holes have collected from the research paper entitled :Super massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past Present & Future Research(2005), Space Science Reviews by L. Ferrarese & H. Ford and Black holes in Astrophysics(2005), New Journal Physics by R. Narayan. The data for black hole constant for spinning black holes () is taken from the paper entitled: Study of Schwarzschild radius with reference to the spinning black holes. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences (2011a). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physics, Marwari College Bhagalpur and University Department of Physics, T.M.B.U. Bhagalpur, between December 2013 and March 2014. Methodology: A theoretical based work using Laptop to calculate the calculation for change in entropy of different test spinning black holes at Marwari College Bhagalpur and the residential research chamber of the first author. Results: The calculation shows that the change in entropy of spinning black holes of the rest masses for stellar – mass black holes (M ~ 5 20 Mʘ) in X-ray binaries is to J/K and for the super massive black holes (M ~ 106 – 109.5 Mʘ) in active galactic nuclei is to J/K. The nature of the graph for XRBs is the same to the Hawking entropy with the event horizon and straight line for AGN which confirms the validity of equations and . Conclusion: The change in energy and entropy of black holes are mainly dependent on the mass and independent of their event horizons.
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Agarwal, Anupam, and Sonal Shukla. "Untouchable and Coolie: The Soul of Social Realism." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2014): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.211421.
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Mulk Raj Anand is very well- known as an Indian novelist, distinguished writer, reformer, art critic, editor, journalist, a short story writer and political activist. He opened a new section of writers of fiction along with Raja Rao and R. K. Narayan and produced a great deal of English literature and his mastery in the realistic and sympathetic portrayal of the exploited class of Indian society marks his genius as a socially committed novelist. That‟s why he is not only known as India‟s Charles dickens but also considered the messiah of the have-nots, unloved, down trodden and unwanted. The exploitation of the downtrodden in Indian society made him focus his attention on their miserable and pathetic condition and formed the major theme of his works. His writings reflect his urgent social concern, preoccupations and the social impulse and made the reader to be immediately aware of the exploitation faced by the downtrodden through the heart throbbing description of their wretched state. Painted with the colors of social realism Mulk Raj Anand‟s two novels Untouchable and Coolie reflect the hard core reality of the Indian society of early decades of twentieth century.. Written with a purpose both these novels condemn the modern capitalistic Indian society and feudal system for the shameless and tragic exploitation of the poor and underdog as there is nothing but a true, real and bitter reflection of the society in both the novels dealing with a similar central theme of social exploitation, the exploitation of the downtrodden and the under-privileged because of the curse of untouchability, poverty, hunger, child labour, social governance, social set up of society, customs, religious belief, prejudices and the suffering of the Indian masses by the forces of capitalism, industrialism and colonialism. The present paper shows the true colours of social realism in Untouchable and Coolie; the epic like novels of M. K. Anand to strike a cord in the hearts of the consciententious Indians through a beautiful and real to life portrayal of the exploited masses of Indian society.
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Seneviratne, Sinali, Mark Marriott, and Mastura Monif. "065 Presence of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in the serum of two patients following alemtuzumab therapy for suspected multiple sclerosis." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, e7 (July 2019): A21.2—A21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-anzan.57.
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IntroductionMyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody mediated disease is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder which can resemble multiple sclerosis (MS).1 2 Thus, this condition can be misdiagnosed and treated as MS.3 We present the clinical trajectory of two cases initially diagnosed as MS, treated with Alemtuzumab followed by clinical and radiological deterioration. Both were subsequently found to have anti MOG antibody in their serum.MethodsThis is a retrospective case study based on a medical record search of neuroimmunology clinics in two teaching hospitals in Victoria. We searched for patients treated with Alemtuzumab who subsequently tested positive for MOG antibody.ResultsWe found two young women who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. One patient presented with dizziness and vertigo, the other with unilateral optic neuritis. Both had supratentorial MRI lesions and were both diagnosed as having MS. Both patients experienced multiple relapses while on treatment for MS. Hence, they were commenced on Alemtuzumab therapy. Unexpectedly, both patients experienced a decline in their clinical status with worsening of expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and an increasing lesion load on MRI brain. Their serum anti MOG antibodies were then found to be positive. Subsequently, patients were treated with rituximab and plasma exchange with a favorable response.ConclusionsThese two cases demonstrate that Alemtuzumab is ineffective and in fact can worsen cases of anti-MOG antibody associated encephalomyelitis. This highlights the importance of anti MOG antibody testing when patients diagnosed with MS do not respond to Alemtuzumab and in those patients presenting with atypical features of MS.ReferencesWeber MS, Derfuss T, Metz I, Bruck W. Defining distinct features of anti-MOG antibody associated central nervous system demyelination. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018;11:1756286418762083.Narayan R, Simpson A, Fritsche K, Salama S, Pardo S, Mealy M, et al. MOG antibody disease: A review of MOG antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;25:66–72.Wildemann B, Jarius S, Schwarz A, Diem R, Viehover A, Hahnel S, et al. Failure of alemtuzumab therapy to control MOG encephalomyelitis. Neurology 2017;89(2):207–9.
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Bhowmick, Krishanu, Richard Amdur, Xiyan Xiang, Herbert Yu, Linda L. Wong, Shuyun Rao, Aiwu R. He, et al. "Abstract 3379: Multi-cohort study shows HCC is associated with a relative regional reduction in TGFBR2 in liver biopsies from patients with cirrhosis." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 3379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3379.
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Abstract Background: Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is challenging partly because most patients also have cirrhosis. Furthermore, patients with cirrhosis are at high risk of developing HCC. Loss of function of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway is associated with HCC. The goal of this study was to determine if a reduction in TGF-β receptors (TGFBR1, TGFBR2) was able to reliably and reproducibly predict HCC in cirrhotic tissue. Methods: We performed quantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of biopsy tissue from patients with cirrhosis with or without HCC using 3 separate sets of samples. We developed an automated image analysis pipeline to quantify IHC of TGFBR1 and TGFRB2 in liver biopsies. Using logistic regression modeling, we evaluated the predictive power of staining intensity of TGFBR1, TGFBR2, or the combination in differentiating HCC from cirrhosis. Results: We found a consistently significant reduction in TGFBR2 in HCC (p < 0.02) among independent patient cohorts from 3 separate institutions. With the data, we developed an artificial intelligence-based image analysis pipeline that confirmed the significant reduction in TGFBR2 staining intensity in HCC compared to cirrhotic tissue (p < 0.002). Unfortunately, logistic regression modeling of the quantitative data showed that there is not a simple threshold of TGFBR2 staining intensity that is diagnostic of HCC. Instead, in 84% of samples with HCC, HCC was associated with a relative regional reduction in TGFBR2 compared to tumor-adjacent cirrhotic tissue. Conclusions: The qualitative and quantitative analyses indicate that evaluating biopsy samples for a reduction in TGFBR2 abundance relative to the surrounding cirrhotic tissue could be an early indicator of the development of HCC in high-risk groups undergoing surveillance for HCC. Furthermore, an automated image analysis pipeline for quantitative IHC of TGFBR staining could improve the reliability of image analysis across institutions participating in clinical trials. Citation Format: Krishanu Bhowmick, Richard Amdur, Xiyan Xiang, Herbert Yu, Linda L. Wong, Shuyun Rao, Aiwu R. He, Karan Amin, Daewa Zaheer, Raj K. Narayan, Sanjaya K. Satapathy, Chandan Guha, Patricia S. Latham, Kirti Shetty, Nancy R. Gough, Lopa Mishra. Multi-cohort study shows HCC is associated with a relative regional reduction in TGFBR2 in liver biopsies from patients with cirrhosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3379.
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Hegde, Ramakrishna, ZhenQian Liu, Glenn Mackay, Marilyn Smith, Yahia Chebloune, Opendra Narayan, and Dinesh K. Singh. "Antigen Expression Kinetics and Immune Responses of Mice Immunized with Noninfectious Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA." Journal of Virology 79, no. 23 (December 15, 2005): 14688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.23.14688-14697.2005.
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ABSTRACT In a previous report we demonstrated that three injections of an rt-deleted noninfectious genome of the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVKU2 induced protection against AIDS in macaques (D. K. Singh, Z. Liu, D. Sheffer, G. A. Mackay, M. Smith, S. Dhillon, R. Hegde, F. Jia, I. Adany, and O. Narayan, J. Virol 79:3419-3428, 2005). To make this DNA safer, we deleted two more genes, the integrase gene and vif, along with the 3′ long terminal repeat. We also replaced the gag, pro, and nef genes (SIVmac239 origin) with those of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 strain SF2. The resultant construct, designated Δ4SHIVKU2 DNA, was used in this study to evaluate gene expression and immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. DNA-transfected human embryonic kidney epithelial cells (HEK 293) produced all of the major viral proteins and released p24 in the supernatant for 12 days. Inoculation of the vaccine DNA into the gastrocnemius muscles resulted in intense mononuclear cell infiltration at the inoculated sites and the production of viral p24 in myocytes, in infiltrating mononuclear cells, and in cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes between 3 and 10 days postinoculation. Expression of p24 in the muscle cells peaked at day 7 and became undetectable after day 12. The same 12-day period of expression of p24 was observed in mice that were given a second injection 4 weeks after the first. Evaluation of immune responses in BALB/c mice revealed that the DNA induced enzyme-linked immunospot and antigen-specific proliferative cell-mediated immunity responses. The responses were stronger in mice that were coinjected with a second plasmid expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Since new waves of viral antigen production could be induced with each boosting injection of the vaccine DNA, this DNA could be a safe and efficient agent to induce long-term protection against HIV.
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Rothfork, John. "The Hindu World of R. K. Narayan’s MR. Sampath." Comparative Literature: East & West 2, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2018.1482678.
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Mukherjee, Suchismita Tagore. "Modernism In Malgudi Days." International Journal of English Learning & Teaching Skills 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 2133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijelts.3217.
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Modernism celebrates the inner strength of an individual. In R. K. Narayan's fictional world in the imaginary town of Malgudi, the Indian microcosm is shown to have a bipolar existence where traditional age old beliefs and values are finely blended with modernism of the West. The old order changes leaving place for the new. The tussle between the "Tradition" and " Modernism " is what gives R. K. Narayan's writings gain a universal appeal.