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1
Lackay, Sarah N., Yi Kuang, and Zhen F. Fu. "Rabies in Small Animals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 38, no. 4 (July 2008): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.03.003.
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Intan, Putri Reno, Zainal Khoirudin, and Khariri Khariri. "DISTRIBUTION OF RABIES THAT INFECT HUMAN IN INDONESIA DURING ONE LAST DECADE." International Conference on Agromedicine and Tropical Diseases 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/icatd.v3i1.24082.
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Rabies is a zoonosis that attacks the central nervous system with the ultimate goal of the central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord of warm-blooded animals and humans. The rabies virus is secreted with the saliva of infected animals and is transmitted through bites or licks on the skin injured by Animal Transmission Rabies (HPR), especially dogs, cats, and monkeys. This article is a literature review of the threat of distribution of rabies that infects humans in Indonesia in one last decade. Data collection is carried out through library research from reports of rabies cases during one last decade. Around the world, every year an estimated 24,000 people are bitten by dogs and other animals suffering from rabies. The first rabies case in Indonesia occurred in 1884. Reports of rabies cases in the last decade are still fluctuating. The average number of bite cases of rabies-carrying animals (GHPR) every year in humans in the past decade has been reported as many as 66,939 cases, and 50,065 cases (74.79%) of which get Anti-Rabies Vaccine (VAR). In the last report in 2019, the number of HPR bite cases was 100,826 cases and 67,625 cases (67%) received VAR. Until 2019, rabies is spread in 26 provinces in Indonesia. Mass vaccination as a method for controlling rabies has been known since 1920. Rabies vaccination is the most effective approach in controlling rabies in both animals and humans.
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Mazur, M., N. Mazur, and I. Polupan. "Видова характеристика епізоотії сказу в Україні за 2011–2016 рр." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 73 (January 7, 2017): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7333.
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The article presents analysis of dynamics of the animal rabies incidence and characteristics of rabies epizootic situation for the animal species in Ukraine from 2011–2016. We analyzed the laboratory research expertise, reports of regional departments of Veterinary Medicine and the State Veterinary and Phytosanitary Service of Ukraine (now State Service of Ukraine on issues of food safety and consumer protection) for the period from 2011 to 2016, and the information that is presented in the Rabies Bulletin Europe. During this period in Ukraine registered 8807 cases of rabies among 17 animal species. Analysis of rabies cases indicates that the main reservoir of rabies virus among wild animals is foxes. Fox incidence rate ranged from 38.8% in 2014 to 31.2% in 2016 from total cases of rabies. Among domestic animals, the first place in the structure of the incidence of rabies is occupied cats, part of which is 25.9% in 2014 to 32.5% in 2016. In the second place are dogs, which account for 18% in 2012 to 23.5% in 2016 of the total number of animal rabies cases. Increased incidence of domestic animals, especially in cats and dogs, are the result of an incomplete rabies vaccination coverage and direct evidence of improper performance of the current "Instructions for measures to combat and prevent of rabies."
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Latfullin, D. N., R. M. Akhmadeev, N. R. Miftahov, and Kh N. Makaev. "STUDY RESULTS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE INTENSITY IN CATTLE VACCINATED AGAINST RABIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN AND BORDER AREAS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 51, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2019-51-3-48-52.
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Rabies control programs include preventive immunization of farm and domestic animals, catching stray dogs and cats, oral vaccination of wild animals, and measures to control the number of the wildlife. Rabies in ruminants is a deadlock in the rabies epizootic situation. Rabies in ruminant animals is the result of the epizootic process in wild animals of the area, even if the process is not recorded. The more than doubled decrease in the number of cattle the European part of Russia saw in recent years resulted in a decrease in cases of rabies in these animals. Vaccination forms the animal group that prevents the further spread of infection, and further reduces morbidity. The paper presents the data on the rabies epizootic situation on the territory of Tatarstan in 2018, preventive measures against the epizootic situation among domestic, wild and farm animals. Also, it presents laboratory results of blood 51 DOI: 10.31563/1684-7628-2019-51-3-48-52 Вестник БГАУ / Vestnik BSAU, 2019, № 3 serum samples in the cattle vaccinated against rabies in some areas of Tatarstan and border areas of Bashkortostan. The study results indicate that both regions take effective measures against rabies. The incidence of rabies in farm animals is minimized due to a large number of vaccinated animals, and preventive measures taken against rabies among wild animals. Revaccination of cattle is needed in a number of areas to ensure better protection of animals.
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Aziza, Wahyuni, Frenky Aipassa, and Ramdhani M. Natsir. "SWAMEDIKASI PEMBERIAN ANTISEPTIK DAN PENYULUHAN PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT RABIES DENGAN MEDIA BOOKLET." SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan 4, no. 1 (November 5, 2020): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpmb.v4i1.3255.
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ABSTRAKRabies (penyakit anjing gila) merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus, bersifat akut dan menyerang susunan saraf pusat. Bentuk pencegahan penyakit rabies adalah melakukan swamedikasi pemberian antiseptik sebagai penanganan awal jika digigit hewan penular rabies. Swamedikasi atau pengobatan mandiri adalah kegiatan atau tindakan mengobati diri sendiri dengan obat seperti antiseptik atau tanpa resep secara tepat dan bertanggung jawab (rasional). Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah meningkatkan pemahaman tentang bahaya rabies dan cara penularannya serta meningkatkan pengetahuan dalam melakukan penanganan awal luka gigitan hewan penular rabies melalui swamedikasi pemberian antieptik. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan dalam bentuk penyuluhan melalui media booklet. Pada kegiatan ini dilakukan tahapan pre dan post test sebelum dan setelah dilakukan penyuluhan. Secara statistik hasil dari pelaksanaan pre test dan post test diuji analisis dengan menggunakan analisis paired sample t-test dengan hasil perolehan adalah p = 0.006 (r = 0,589). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan pengetahuan antara sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan kegiatan penyuluhan. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pemberian swamedikasi pemberian antiseptik dan penyuluhan pencegahan penyakit rabiet sangat mempengaruhi tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat. Kata kunci: swamedikasi; antiseptik; rabies. ABSTRACTRabies (mad dog disease) is a disease caused by a virus, is acute and attacks the central nervous system. The form of prevention of rabies is to self-medicate the administration of antiseptics as an initial treatment if bitten by an animal that transmits rabies. Self-medication or self-medication is the activity or act of treating yourself with drugs such as antiseptics or without a prescription appropriately and responsibly (rationally). The purpose of this activity is to increase understanding of the dangers of rabies and how it is transmitted and to increase knowledge in early handling of bite wounds of rabies-infected animals through self-medicated administration of antieptics. This activity is carried out in the form of counseling through booklet media. In this activity, the pre and post test stages were carried out before and after counseling. Statistically, the results of the pre-test and post-test implementation were analyzed using paired sample t-test analysis with the results of p = 0.006 (r = 0.589). This shows that there is a knowledge relationship between before and after extension activities are carried out. This indicates that the provision of self-medicated giving of antiseptics and counseling on the prevention of rabbits greatly affects the level of public knowledge. Keywords: self-medication; antiseptic; rabies.
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Gavrilova, Yu K., S. V. Generalov, M. N. Kireev, N. A. Sharapova, E. G. Abramova, L. V. Savitskaya, M. V. Ovchinnikova, T. Yu Kirillova, and A. P. Semakova. "Development of the scheme of obtaining antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein of attenuated rabies virus." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, no. 5 (November 21, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2019-5-3-8.
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Aim. Isolation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of an attenuated rabies virus, develop schemes for immunizing animals with RNP-based preparations and determine the most effective scheme that allows obtaining serum with a high antibody titer to the RNP.Materials and methods. We used the transplantable cell line Vero, the strain rabies virus «Moscow 3253 Vero», adapted for reproduction on Vero, rabbits of the chinchilla breed. In order to obtain serums containing antibodies to the RNP of the rabies virus, experimental schemes have been proposed for immunizing animals with RNP, including with adjuvants: polyoxidonium and colloidal gold. The dynamics of the accumulation of antibodies to the RNP of the rabies virus in the blood serum of experimental animals was studied by dot-immunoassay.Results. The target component (RNP of the rabies virus) was isolated directly from the cytoplasm of the Vero cell culture infected with the rabies virus according to the modified M. Dastkhosh (2014) method, lyophilized and used in the development of preparations for immunizing experimental animals. In the study of the dynamics of the formation of antibodies to RNP of the rabies virus by the method of dot-immunoassay, the effectiveness of an adjuvant is established — colloidal gold nanoparticles ranging in size from 15 to 17 nm, the use of which makes it possible to increase the antibody titer by 2 times.Conclusion. The results obtained are of interest for further research related to the design of diagnostic products and the development of methodological techniques using such preparations.
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Brunt, Scott, Heather Solomon, Kathleen Brown, and April Davis. "Feline and Canine Rabies in New York State, USA." Viruses 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030450.
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In New York State, domestic animals are no longer considered rabies vector species, but given their ubiquity with humans, rabies cases in dogs and cats often result in multiple individuals requiring post-exposure prophylaxis. For over a decade, the New York State rabies laboratory has variant-typed these domestic animals to aid in epidemiological investigations, determine exposures, and generate demographic data. We produced a data set that outlined vaccination status, ownership, and rabies results. Our data demonstrate that a large percentage of felines submitted for rabies testing were not vaccinated or did not have a current rabies vaccination, while canines were largely vaccinated. Despite massive vaccination campaigns, free clinics, and education, these companion animals still occasionally contract rabies. Barring translocation events, we note that rabies-positive cats and dogs in New York State have exclusively contracted a raccoon variant. While the United States has made tremendous strides in reducing its rabies burden, we hope these data will encourage responsible pet ownership including rabies vaccinations to reduce unnecessary animal mortality, long quarantines, and post-exposure prophylaxis in humans.
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Wu, Xianfu, Richard Franka, Heather Henderson, and Charles E. Rupprecht. "Live attenuated rabies virus co-infected with street rabies virus protects animals against rabies." Vaccine 29, no. 25 (June 2011): 4195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.104.
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Bourhy, H., L. Dacheux, C. Strady, and A. Mailles. "Rabies in Europe in 2005." Eurosurveillance 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.11.00575-en.
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Rabies is still present in Europe in 2005. Its incidence in humans remains limited (fewer than 5 human cases per year) through the application of strict prophylactic measures (anti-rabies treatment) and by means of veterinary rabies control measures in the domesticated and wild animal populations. The main indigenous animal reservoirs are: the dog in eastern European countries and on the borders with the Middle East; the fox in central and eastern Europe; the racoon dog in northeastern Europe; and the insectivorous bat throughout the entire territory. Finally, each year, cases of animals with rabies imported from enzootic areas are reported, showing the permeability of borders and traveller’s lack of consideration of the rabies risk. These importations constantly threaten the rabies-free status of terrestrial animals in western European countries and complicate the therapeutic decisions taken by physicians in the absence of information regarding the biting animal.
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Korniienko, L. "Mоnitoring the features of the episothology of the talk in scada district of Kherson region." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2 (144) (December 24, 2018): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2018-144-2-28-36.
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Every year, more than 55,000 people in the world die of rabies, which is confirmed by the data of the WHO expert committee. Up to 40% of victims, from bites sick or suspected of rabies animals are children under the age of 15 years. The source of the rabies agent in 99% of human deaths was dogs. More than 15 million people around the world receive anti-rabies vaccinations after contact with sick or rabies-pets. According to experts, this prevents 327 thousand deaths from rabies a year. The susceptibility to skeletal infection of various species of animals, involvement in the epizootic chain, in addition to wildlife, also in domestic and farm animals, has become an extremely high risk for humans, and the lack of means for treating rabies - determine its special place among all contagious diseases. In the current situation, a rabie must be viewed as an international rather than a local or national problem, so it describes the disease as a global scale noseau [17]. After all, according to the statistics of the International Office of Epizootics (MEB) of the governing body of the World Organization for Animal Health (WHO) cases of rabies recorded in more than 150 countries of the world. Rabies free are only the countries of Oceania and the United Kingdom, and in other countries the sporadic cases of this deadly disease are recorded. In Europe, this infection in the 50s has become epizootic. The "eradication" of the rabies virus in different countries of Europe during 2008-2015 was conducted in accordance with the developed and implemented Program, where the best results were received in Germany and Switzerland, in these countries the oral immunization of wild carnivores is used (without restrictions on funding). At the end of the last century, the epicenter of the rabies began to move from Eastern Europe to the territory of Poland (2001-2002), Croatia (2003) and then to the east - to the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, Latvia and Ukraine. The conducted monitoring of the rabies epizootology have shown that the entire territory of Ukraine is a zone of stable disadvantage of this disease. The peak of epizootics in Ukraine, over the past 65 years, has fallen to 2007 (2393 cases). Since 2008 there were registered from one to two thousand cases of rabies. In 2017 there were registered 1356 cases of animals that were sick on rabies, despite the fact those more than 4.2 million anti-rabies vaccinations of domestic animals. The analysis of the situation shows that from year to year in Ukraine new natural fires of rabies are formed and new types of reservoir animals appear, which leads to an increase in the number of outbreaks of this disease. The main pledge of successful prevention of rabies around the world is the use of effective anti-rabies vaccines. Despite the regular implementation of planned antiepizootic measures in the southern region of Ukraine (including in the Skadovsk district), there is a tendency to spread the rabies. From year to year, a significant number of rabies in wildlife, domestic and farm animals are recorded on this territory, which is a real threat to the occurrence of the disease among humans. Investigations of the territory of the Skadovsky district of the Kherson region during the period from 2013 to 2017 showed that 25 cases of rabies were recorded in 15 settlements. To the zone with high tenseness of the epizootic situation, five settlements can be attributed, in which 15 cases of rabies were registered, namely in the villages: Krasnoye and Mykolaivka for four outbreaks, Tarasivtsi three, Ptakovtsi and Blagodatnyi for two. To the zone with low tensity epizootic situation still belongs to 10 settlements, where one case of rabies is registered. If in 2013 and 2016 there were three rabies outbreaks in four settlements, in 2014 - five cases in 5 villages, and in 2015 - 4 cases in 4 settlements, then in 2017 - 10 outbreaks communicable infection in eight villages of the district. The peak of this epizootic occurred in 2017. The conducted monitoring showed that the skeletal infection was registered in 38.5% of the Skadovsky district (in 15 out of 39 available settlements). The cases of rabies in different years are interrelated, since repeated outbreaks of this disease are recorded in previously unsuccessful places (Nikolaevka, Tarasivka, Red and Ptahovka), indicating the presence of a constant source and reservoir of communicable infection in this area. It is alarming that in 2017 cases of rabies were first recorded in 6 settlements (Blagodatnoy, Grushivtsi, Oleksandrivka, Petropavlivtsi, Zeleny and Mikhailovna), which testifies to the uncontrolled epizootic situation and the further spread of this infection in the Skadovsky district. Thus, during the last 5 years, the activity of manifestation of the epizootic process on the territory of Skadovsky area was not marked by stability, there were observed two periods of lifting epizootics of rabies - in 2014 and 2017. The permanent disadvantages of certain areas of Skadovsky district can be explained, first of all, by the presence of natural cells of the common infection, especially in the steppe part where there are bushes, empty garbage and garbage. Such conditions ensure the existence of a wide variety of wild populations (wolves, red foxes), homeless dogs and stray cats, which promotes the spread of rabies epizootics in this area. Not the timely destruction of wild animals, the catching of homeless animals that are dangerous to humans, their sterilization, the creation of shelters and proper conditions for maintenance, and in the last three years, not even the holding of oral inoculations of wild animals, has led to the emergence of new anthropological cells feline infections in this region. Monitoring surveys of all reported cases of rabies in Skadovsk district for 2013-2017 showed that in this area, the source of the rabies was different species of animals - wild, domestic and agricultural. According to the observations of many scholars, rabies does not belong to seasonal diseases, but in Skadovsk district 20 were recorded in the winter and spring months, namely: 4 outbreaks of this infection were registered in November, December, February and March, 1 in January and 2 in October. From April to August - 5 outbreaks of rabies. Seasonal cases of rabies coincide with the period of racing of foxes. In the summer, the number of diseases is minimal, because the foxes are busy raising babies, and therefore their mobility is limited. In the autumn, due to young individuals, the population density increases, and accordingly there is a proliferation and new growth of this epizootic. By increasing the population of wolves and foxes, the number of rabies cases among stray dogs and stray cats increases as a result of their contacts. In the disadvantaged areas of the district, over the past 5 years, 27 cases were diagnosed with rabies animals. Monitoring studies have shown that in 2013 the rabies virus is allocated from 4 diseased animals, in 2014 from 5, in 2015 - 4, in 2016 - 3 and in 2017 - 11 diseased rabies animals. Significant increase in the morbidity rate of animals was noted in 2017. It is known that different species of animals are susceptible to the rabies virus [1, 2, 6–9, 16, 34]. The conducted studies showed that in the Skadovsky area, the circulation of the virus of cutaneous infection is possible among different animals, because the source of the pathogen was six of their species: foxes, wolves, dogs, cats, large and small cattle. In the structure of the morbidity of animals in rabies, foxes and cats occupy the leading place with 33.3%, dogs - 14.8%, wolves and cattle - by 7.5% and DRH - 3.7%. Of the total number of ill in 41% of cases, the source of the rabies virus were wild animals, and 48% were domesticated. The analysis showed that rabies in Skadovsk district was more often registered among domestic animals - 48% (9 cats and 4 dogs). Among wild animals, patients with rabies were - 41% (11 heads, of which 9 foxes and 2 wolves), and agricultural - 11% (cow, calf and goat). Thus, the statistical data of this region confirm that the source and reservoir of the rabies agent are wild (foxes) and domestic predatory animals (dogs and cats) belonging to the class of mammals. The epizootic situation in the Skadovsk district from rabies is not catastrophic, but in recent years requires more attention and strengthening measures to combat this problem, because in 2016, the density of fox in the district was 3 heads for 1000 hectares of land; in the norm for example - 0,5 - 1 a goal for 1000 hectares of land. Rating of wolves has not been conducted here, although cases of rabies among this species of animals, for the last 5 years, were recorded twice. The increased morbidity of dogs, cats and farm animals for scarcity is a sign of epizootic malaise among wildlife. Contributes to the complication of the situation of growth in settlements of the number of homeless dogs and cats, incomplete coverage of preventive vaccinations of domestic animals, violation of the rules for keeping domestic animals by their owners. All this is a prerequisite for the formation of city-type rabies cells, which we observe in Sadovsky district of the Kherson region. In connection with the deterioration of the epizootic situation from rabies, the threat of the onset and spread of this infection among the population increases. Given that the Skadovsk district of the Kherson region is in the resort zone, and a significant number of Ukrainian and foreign citizens may come to rest on the sea, they must be aware of the epizootic rabies situation in the area in order to protect themselves from the deadly infection. Key words: contagious infection, dogs, cats, red foxes, wolves, epizootic well-being, morbidity, seasonal manifestations.
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Balashov, A. N., M. I. Doronin, A. V. Borisov, D. A. Lozovoy, D. V. Mikhalishin, and V. A. Starikov. "Studies on humoral immunity in dogs after use of rabies inactivated vaccines formulated with Montanide ISA 70 VG and GEL 01 adjuvants." Veterinary Science Today, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2020-1-32-25-30.
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Despite all the efforts made, the issue of rabies in the world does not lose its relevance. As an acute endemic infection, it poses a considerable danger to both animals and humans. The leading role in the transmission of rabies to humans belongs to diseased dogs; stray animals can be potential sources of rabies agent, which increases the risk of transmitting a deadly virus to humans. Rabies prevention in dogs around the world is carried out by counting the number of these animals, their mandatory routine immunization and evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination against the accumulation of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies. Inactivated vaccines based on different viral strains formulated with a wide range of adjuvants are used to induce a protective level of humoral immunity against rabies in dogs (≥ 0.5 IU/cm3), which allows vaccines with high safety and effectiveness for the target animal species to be obtained. The article presents the results of the study of humoral immunity in 20 non-pedigree dogs 21 days after the administration of rabies inactivated vaccines based on culture rabies virus from ARRIAH strain formulated with various adjuvants. The presented rabies vaccines formulated with oil adjuvant Montanide ISA 70 VG and gel adjuvant Montanide GEL 01 were innocuous and safe and induced strong immunity in all vaccinated animals. The vaccine formulated with Montanide ISA 70 VG adjuvant in case of a single administration in the dose of 1.0 cm3 induces formation of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies in the level of 2.4 times higher than the vaccine formulated with Montanide GEL 01 adjuvant. The highest levels of rabies antibodies in dogs were 48.1 ± 3.7 and 28.3 ± 1.5 IU/cm3 and were observed with the use of rabies inactivated emulsion vaccine in the doses of 3.0 and 1.0 cm3 respectively.
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Rumi, Md Aftabuddin, Md Saiful Bari, Md Harisul Abid, Golam Rabbani, and Mohammad Belayet Hossain. "Comparative study on dog bite and rabies in livestock and pet animal with their management in Faridpur sadar upazilla Veterinary hospital." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 5, no. 2 (September 9, 2018): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v5i2.38111.
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A cross-sectional study was carried out from 13th January to 15thMarch 2015 in the Upazilla Veterinary Hospital of the Sadar Upazilla under Faridpur District to estimate the dog bites, rabies, and their management in different livestock and pet animals registered for treatment. A prototype questionnaire was used to obtain the necessary information from the owners of the animals observed. Out of the total 170 animals diagnosed and treated based on gross lesion and history, 24, 13, 133 were cattle, dogs, and goats, respectively. The proportion positive of dog bite cases was 17.4% in cattle, 20.5% in goats, and 8.3% in dogs. Among the dog bitten animals, 77.8% were Category-III (single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks on broken skin) bite. The prevalence of rabies in dog bitten animals was 2.50% in dogs, 0.8% in goats and no rabies case was recorded in cattle. Post-rabies vaccine was used in 46.4%, 100% and 75.0% dog-bitten goats, cattle and dogs, respectively. The occupation and literacy of the owner, types of cattle, animal’s age, and animal source etc. showed a considerable difference in prevalence. However, none of the association was statistically significant. This baseline study might be extended with a required number of samples to identify potential risk factors for the occurrence of rabies in different animals.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 215-224, August 2018
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Makovska, I., M. Bezymennyi, V. Nedosekov, L. Kornienko, T. Tsarenko, V. Melnyk, O. Martyniuk, and M. Zhukovskyi. "Geoinformation analysis of rabies spread in Vinnytsya region." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2(160) (November 24, 2020): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-160-2-39-49.
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This paper presents the results of a geoinformation analysis of the spread of rabies in Vinnytsia region during 2018. The material for the study was the official data from the report of the region laboratory of veterinary medicine of the State Food and Consumer Service of Ukraine. GIS analysis was performed using Quantum GIS software version 3.4.10. The highest incidence of rabies among foxes was observed in the autumn-winter period, especially in November and December. Among cats and dogs, elevated rates were observed from October to May (with a predominance in January-March). Among farm animals, the disease progressed in summer and to a greater extent in early autumn (SeptemberOctober). Outbreaks of rabies in other wild animals were not synchronously associated with fox disease and were reported in winter only in January, during spring (mainly in May) and in early summer. Calculated using standard deviations ellipses, the spatial trends of rabies distribution among different animal species show that the vast majority of rabies cases among foxes were localized in the centre of the region along the western border; among cats more compact, closer to the northern border; among dogs, cases of rabies were scattered throughout the territory and distributed along the northeastern border; among farm animals were localized only in the northern part of the region; among other wild animals were registered almost throughout the region. The identification of "hot spots" allowed to establish zones of maximum rabies density with a rate of 27.8 casesof rabies per km2 for all species of animals. For foxes, the zones of the highest density (17.9 cases per km2) were mainly localized in the areas near Khmelnytsky, Zhytomyr and Cherkasy regions. For cats (9.12 cases per km2) they covered the territories of the central and north-eastern districts. For dogs (9.12 cases per km2) only in the north-eastern regions. For farm animals (9 cases per km2) the location of the hotspots coincided with the areas for cats. Among other wild animals, the highest density (3.71 cases per km2) was recorded in the southern part of the regions. The prospect of further research is based on modeling the dynamics of rabies in the Vinnytsia regions. Key words: GIS analysis, rabies of wild animals, rabies of domestic animals, epizootic situation, rabies in Ukraine.
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Middleton, D., L. Friedman, S. Johnson, S. Buchan, and B. Warshawsky. "Traitement préventif antirabique humain post-exposition et animaux terrestres enragés en Ontario, au Canada : de 2014 à 2016." Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 45, no. 7/8 (July 4, 2019): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i78a02f.
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Vrzal, Vladimír. "Safety study of the Bio-10-SAD Bern strain of the rabies virus on the rhesus macaque monkey species." Acta Veterinaria Brno 82, no. 1 (2013): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201382010013.
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Based on a WHO recommendation, residual pathogenicity of the Bio-10-SAD Bern rabies virus strain (component of the Lysvulpen por. ad us. vet. vaccine) was tested on rhesus macaque monkeys. Each of the ten monkeys, females, two years old, was administered orally 2 ml × 109 TCID50 of the Bio-10-SAD Bern rabies strain. The animals were monitored for 90 days. Subsequently, the animals were sacrificed and their brains were examined for presence of the vaccination rabies virus by the immunofluorescence and PCR methods. The occurrence of anti-rabies antibodies prior to and following administration of the vaccination rabies virus was also evaluated. No clinical signs of rabies were observed nor did any of the animals die of rabies following application of the virus. No rabies was detected in the study animals by post mortem examination. All of the 10 animals developed anti-rabies antibodies during the 90 days following administration of the rabies virus. It can be concluded, that Bio-10-SAD Bern virus administered at a dose equal to the tenfold maximum dose specified for field uses is safe to monkeys of the rhesus macaque species. This study is the first of its type performed in rhesus macaque monkey species.
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HU, R. L., A. R. FOOKS, S. F. ZHANG, Y. LIU, and F. ZHANG. "Inferior rabies vaccine quality and low immunization coverage in dogs (Canis familiaris) in China." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 11 (January 4, 2008): 1556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807000131.
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SUMMARYHuman rabies in China continues to increase exponentially, largely due to an inadequate veterinary infrastructure and poor vaccine coverage of naive dogs. We performed an epidemiological survey of rabies both in humans and animals, examined vaccine quality for animal use, evaluated the vaccination coverage in dogs, and checked the dog samples for the presence of rabies virus. The lack of surveillance in dog rabies, together with the low immunization coverage (up to 2·8% in rural areas) and the high percentage of rabies virus prevalence (up to 6·4%) in dogs, suggests that the dog population is a continual threat for rabies transmission from dogs to humans in China. Results also indicated that the quality of rabies vaccines for animal use did not satisfy all of the requirements for an efficacious vaccine capable of fully eliminating rabies. These data suggest that the factors noted above are highly correlated with the high incidence of human rabies in China.
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Miftakhov, N. R., R. M. Akhmadeev, Sh M. Nasyrov, and I. I. Samerkhanov. "MONITORING OF THE EPIZOOTIC SITUATION AND RABIES VACCINATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 55, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2020-55-3-64-68.
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Currently, the rabies situation remains grave in the Russian federation. Almost all country regions face the activation of natural rabies foci. The number of disease cases among wild carnivores is growing, and domestic and farm animals are getting infected. Insufficient anti-rabies vaccination of animals and poor vaccine effectiveness control are the reasons behind the high incidence rate. Rabies control involves preventive immunization of farm and domestic animals, catching stray dogs and cats, oral vaccination of wild animals, and wildlife management measures. The paper describes the epizootic situation of rabies in the Republic of Tatarstan from 2010 to 2020. The study revealed a correlation be-tween incidence cases with preventive measures. The obtained data indicate that since 2016, rabies' epizootic situation has dramatically changed for the better in the Republic of Tatarstan. The change is due to timely quarantine and veterinary preventive measures. The incidence of rabies among farm animals has been minimized. Also, as the number of vaccinated livestock and domestic (cats and dogs) animals, as well as wild animals, increased 2,9 fold over the past years, the Republic of Tatarstan has managed to reach a significant immunisation level, thus preventing the spread of the disease and reducing the incidence of rabies.
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Muminov, A. A., O. D. Nazarova, O. G. Petrova, F. B. Kamolzoda, and F. Kh Pulotov. "The current epizootic situation of rabies in Tajikistan." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128203019.
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According to the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and the Veterinary Legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, veterinary authorities register, give passport and vaccinate dogs and cats, but not to the full extent, which increases the risk of infection and death of people and animals with the rabies virus. This article presents the results of retrospective analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation and the role of carnivores and other animals in the circulation of the rabies virus in natural foci in Tajikistan’s regions close to big cities and areas under protection. Research and monitoring of the manifestation of rabies among carnivorous mammals in 4 regions of the country were carried out and the role in spreading of rabies infection was studied. As a result of study it was found that the most disadvantaged areas with high levels of rabies infection are Khatlon region and Central Tajikistan, and was explored connection between diseases of dogs and farm animals, especially cattle.
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Chaudhary, Shyam Chand, Akash Khandelwal, Ruchika Tandon, and Kamal Kumar Sawlani. "Rabies encephalitis." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 4 (April 2021): e239249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-239249.
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Rabies is an almost always fatal disease that physicians and patients dread due to its dismal prognosis and limited treatment options. Transmission of this disease occurs through the bite of dogs and wild animals (like jackal in our case). Other rare forms of transmission may be through inhalation in bat-infested caves and human-to-human transmission by infected corneal transplants, solid organ and tissue transplantation, and sometimes in laboratory settings. Its diagnosis is usually clinical in the absence of availability of special laboratory investigations at the point-of-care facility. Few people have described the role of imaging in diagnosis. We hereby report a patient with rabies encephalitis, having a history of jackal bite and classical MRI findings that we can use for early diagnosis in the absence of typical clinical features and specialised diagnostic testing.
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Franco-Molina, Moisés Armides, Silvia Elena Santana-Krímskaya, Baltazar Cortés-García, Jorge Alejandro Sánchez-Aldana-Pérez, Oscar García-Jiménez, and Jorge Kawas. "Fatal Case of Rabies in a Captive White-Tailed Deer: A Case Report from Chiapas, Mexico." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030135.
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Rabies is a fatal viral infection that causes enc ephalitis in warm-blooded animals, including humans. Dog-transmitted rabies is considered eradicated in Mexico; however, rabies is not being tested in livestock with neurological symptoms (one of the main manifestations of rabies disease). In this case report, we describe a rabies case in a white-tailed deer in the Santo Domingo ranch, in Catazajá, Chiapas, Mexico, where white-tailed deer are kept under captivity, and are meant for human consumption. This is the first report of a rabies case in white-tailed deer in Mexico. We also describe the challenges to obtain a rabies diagnosis and the lack of public health policies to ensure containment of the disease, as well as the lack of awareness among farmers in the area. One single confirmed case of rabies indicates that more animals are affected by the disease. The risk for human health and economical losses will remain unknown until rabies tests are routinely performed in animals that present neurological symptoms.
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Childs, J. E., C. V. Trimarchi, and J. W. Krebs. "The Epidemiology of bat rabies in New York State, 1988–92." Epidemiology and Infection 113, no. 3 (December 1994): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800068515.
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SUMMARYIn 1993 New York and Texas each reported a human rabies case traced to a rare variant of rabies virus found in an uncommon species of bat. This study examined the epidemiology of bat rabies in New York State. Demographic, species, and animal-contact information for bats submitted for rabies testing from 1988–92 was analysed.The prevalence of rabies in 6810 bats was 4·6%. Nearly 90% of the 308 rabid bats identified to species were the common big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), which comprised 62% of all submissions. Only 25 submissions were silver-haired bats (Lasionycterus noctivagans), the species associated with the two 1993 human cases of rabies, and only two of these bats were positive. Rabies was most prevalent in female bats, in bats submitted because of human or animal contact, and in animals tested during September and October.These results highlight the unusual circumstances surrounding the recent human rabies cases in the United States. A species of bat rarely encountered by humans, and contributing little to the total rabies cases in bats, has been implicated in the majority of the indigenously acquired human rabies cases in the United States. The factors contributing to the transmission of this rare rabies variant remain unclear.
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Zarva, I. D., M. V. Pavlov, A. A. Sorokovoi, and A. D. Botvinkin. "Application of GIS and Earth Remote Sensing Data for the Evaluation of the Spatiotemporal Spread of Rabies in Eastern Trans-Baikal Region." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-2-100-107.
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The aim of the study was to improve monitoring of natural foci of rabies based on the use of modern technologies of cartographic analysis.Materials and methods. A retrospective study was carried out on the data of official registration of rabies in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Eastern Trans-Baikal Region) for 1950–2020. The spatial spread of rabies among animals was compared for two time periods: 1972–1978 (n=157 cases) and 2014–2020 (n=61 cases). Software packages QGIS 3.16.0, ArcMap 10.8.1, ArcScene 10.8.1 and electronic landscape-geographical maps of the world “Natural Earth”, “OpenStreetMap” were used for the mapping. Analyzed territorial units (ATUs) tied to a degree grid (0,5º × 0,5º) were marked on the cartograms. The interdependence between the localization of rabies cases and landscape elements was assessed statistically, comparing between the rabies free and the rabies affected ATUs.Results and discussion. Differences in the landscape confinedness of rabies epizootics in Eastern Trans-Baikal Region at different periods of time have been established. Until 1983, dog rabies prevailed, and epizootics spread beyond the forest-steppe zone. In 1984–2013 rabies among animals was not recorded. In 2014–2020 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were the main source of the rabies virus. The area of the epizootic has more than halved in comparison with 1972–1978. The main manifestations of rabies were observed at the junction of lowland and mountainous, steppe and forest areas. The rabies affected ATUs were characterized by more pronounced landscape variables. Possible routes of cross-border spread of the rabies virus have been identified. The connection between the features of the spatiotemporal spread of rabies and genetic variants of the virus, climate change, animal migrations and anthropogenic factors in Eastern Trans-Baikal Region in 1950–2020 is discussed. The results of the study are proposed to be used to adjust the programs for barrier oral vaccination of the foxes.
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FRANKA, R., and R. WALLACE. "Rabies diagnosis and surveillance in animals in the era of rabies elimination." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 37, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.37.2.2807.
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VOS, A., H. ÜN, K. HAMPSON, K. DE BALOGH, O. AYLAN, C. M. FREULING, T. MÜLLER, A. R. FOOKS, and N. JOHNSON. "Bovine rabies in Turkey: patterns of infection and implications for costs and control." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 9 (November 26, 2013): 1925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813002811.
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SUMMARYThe incidence of rabies in livestock is an important factor for estimating the economic impact of the disease, but obtaining reliable data is hindered by inadequate surveillance. In order to understand the contribution of livestock rabies to the overall burden of disease, the rabies incidence in cattle was investigated in detail for Turkey between 2008 and 2011. Data were compiled on cattle numbers, samples submitted for rabies diagnosis, vaccinated animals and positive rabies cases in animals for seven regions in Turkey. Rabies incidence in cattle fluctuated annually and differed between regions from 0·10 to 3·87 cases/100 000 animals. The positive influence of compensation schemes was observed. Livestock losses were conservatively estimated at around $250 000 international dollars per annum, although in areas where compensation schemes are not operating this could be an underestimate of the economic burden. Vaccination of cattle remains an option for disease prevention, although oral rabies vaccination through aerially distributed baits should be implemented to prevent the further spread of fox-mediated rabies, which could result in much greater economic costs.
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Abdulmoghni, Rihana Taher, Ahmed Hasan Al-Ward, Khaled Abdullah Al-Moayed, Mohammed Abdullah AL-Amad, and Yousef S. Khader. "Incidence, Trend, and Mortality of Human Exposure to Rabies in Yemen, 2011-2017: Observational Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 6 (June 22, 2021): e27623. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27623.
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Background Rabies remains a neglected and poorly controlled disease throughout the developing world, particularly in Africa and Asia, where most human rabies deaths occur. Objective This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of rabies exposures, its trend, and its geographical distribution in Yemen. Methods Cumulative data from a rabies surveillance system for the period 2011-2017 were obtained from the National Rabies Control Program as paper-based annual reports. Data included the number of persons bitten by a suspected rabid animal, their gender and age, and the result of the animal’s laboratory test. Human cases were defined as those exposed to rabies virus bitten by a suspected rabid animal, exposed to a confirmed rabid animal and then received postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), and deaths occurred after exposure to a confirmed rabid animal after having rabies symptoms during 2011-2017. Results From 2011 to 2017, a total of 76,049 persons were bitten by a suspected rabid animal. Of these, 21,927 (28.83%) were exposed to positively confirmed rabid animals and then received PEP, and 295 (0.38%) rabies-related deaths occurred. Of all cases with rabies exposure, 50,882 (66.91%) were males. The most affected age group by animal bites (31,816/76,041, 41.84%), positive exposure (8945/21,927, 40.79%), and rabies deaths (143/295, 48.47%) was 5-14 years. Rabies vaccines and immunoglobulins quantities were least available in 2016 and 2017. The annual incidence rate of exposure to animal bites and rabies exposure was 50 and 14 per 100,000, respectively. The annual mortality rate was 2 per 1,000,000. The highest incidence rate of animal bites was in Dhamar (112 per 100,000) and Ibb (94 per 100,000), whereas the highest incidence of exposed cases was in Amanat Al Asimah (40 per 100,000) and Ibb (37 per 100,000). Mortality rate was the highest in Amanat Al Asimah (6 deaths per 1,000,000) followed by Ibb and Dhamar (4 deaths per 1,000,000 in both). Conclusions Rabies remains a worrying health problem in Yemen with higher percentage reported among children and males. Targeting school-age populations by education, communication, and information campaigns about preventive measures is strongly recommended. An electronic system should be introduced to improve reporting. It is important to have a sufficient supply of vaccines and immunoglobulins in control units, especially in the at-risk or impacted governorates. Future studies are suggested to determine incidences and risk factors of disease progression.
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Nietfeld, Jerome C., Pauline M. Rakich, David E. Tyler, and Rudy W. Bauer. "Rabies-Like Inclusions in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, no. 4 (October 1989): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100410.
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Inclusion bodies, indistinguishable from rabies inclusion bodies (Negri bodies), were found in the brains of 8 nonrabid dogs. The inclusions were compared to Negri bodies present in neurons of rabies-positive animals and examined for the presence of rabies virus by a combination of immunoperoxidase staining (7 cases), fluorescent antibody (FA) staining (1 case), and transmission electron microscopy (4 cases). Positive immunoperoxidase staining for rabies was obtained in brain tissues from FA rabies-positive animals. All brain tissues from the 7 dogs stained by the immunoperoxidase method and the brain from the 1 dog stained by the FA method were negative for rabies. Rabies virus was not found in inclusion-containing neurons in the cases examined by transmission electron microscopy. These results emphasize the importance of FA testing and mouse inoculation for the diagnosis of rabies.
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Morimoto, Kinjiro, and Masayuki Saijo. "Imported Rabies Cases and Preparedness for Rabies in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0346.
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Rabies has been causing some 55,000 annual deaths worldwide, mostly in the developing countries in Asia and Africa. At present, safe and effective post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) has been established and applied to more than 10 million persons each year. Nevertheless, fatal infection of human rabies imported or from wild animals has not been eradicated even in developed countries. In Japan, two imported cases occurred in 2006, the first such cases in 36 years. It is necessary to inform the public about rabies, in particular for overseas tourists, to establish the prompt and appropriate PEP systems, and to improve vaccine supply systems in order to prevent the recurrence of rabies cases in Japan.
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Maryatiningsih, Maryatiningsih, Sugito Sugito, and Ahmad Tohardi. "Evaluasi Kebijakan Pengendalian Dan Pemberantasan Penyakit Hewan Menular Rabies Di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu." JPASDEV : Journal of Public Administration and Sociology of Development 1, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jpasdev.v1i1.41478.
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AbstractThe research problem lies in the low success rate of the policy for the control and eradication of rabies infectious animal disease. The research objectives are to evaluate and analyze the policy for the control and eradication of rabies infectious animal disease. The research method was conducted qualitatively through interviews, observation and documentation. The results indicate that the policy for the control and eradication of rabies infectious animal disease observed from the effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness, equity and accuracy is considered to have quite good results in the context of rabies prevention. Implementation of socialization and vaccination is considered quite effective and efficient even though it has not clearly shown maximum results. However, there has been an increase in preventing rabies; this can be done according to established guidelines and the support of relevant stakeholders. The community basically has a good response to rabies control and eradication policy, especially that related to health. In the aspects of effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness, equity and accuracy are considered quite optimal due to adequate support and availability of facilities and human resources. However, in terms of adequacy, it has not been fulfilled due to wide reach of the region and the large number of cases that occur as well as the limited budget. Socialization has been implemented in almost all sub-districts in Kapuas Hulu Regency, while vaccination in one sub-district is implemented in all villages up to the hamlet; this proves that the benefits of socialization and vaccination are sufficiently felt by the community. The community has been able to anticipate and take action/first aid if bitten by rabies-transmitting animals and immediately go to the nearest community health center to get an Anti-Rabies Vaccine. Overall, the policy for the control and eradication of rabies infectious animal disease is quite good although there are still areas that have not been reached. Therefore, there are areas that are still at risk of rabies because the mobile nature of rabies-transmitting animals, especially dogs. According to the evaluation theory of William M. Dunn, policy evaluation on for the control and eradiation of rabies infectious animal disease is considered effective in the aspect of Effectiveness, Efficiency, Equity, Responsiveness and Accuracy but it has not been considered effective in the aspect of Adequacy. Key words : Policy evaluation, Control and eradication, Rabies
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VOS, A., A. NEUBERT, O. AYLAN, P. SCHUSTER, E. POMMERENING, T. MÜLLER, and D. CHAI CHIVATSI. "An update on safety studies of SAD B19 rabies virus vaccine in target and non-target species." Epidemiology and Infection 123, no. 1 (August 1999): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002666.
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SAD B19 is an attenuated vaccine virus for oral vaccination of carnivores against rabies. The safety of SAD B19 was investigated in 16 animal species by different routes of administration. During the observation period all animals given the vaccine virus, irrespective of the route of administration, did not show any clinical signs of rabies, with the exception of certain rodent species. In these animals a low residual pathogenicity was observed, however transmission of the vaccine virus to control animals was not demonstrable. No vaccine virus could be detected in the saliva of the six mammal species examined. Furthermore, the genetical stability was shown for SAD B19 through passaging in neural tissue of dogs, foxes and mice. From the results presented here on innocuity and stability, it can be concluded that SAD B19 rabies vaccine is suitable for oral vaccination campaigns for carnivores against rabies.
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Charatan, F. B. "Rabies persists in animals in Florida." BMJ 308, no. 6943 (June 11, 1994): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6943.1529a.
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Kasem, Samy, Raed Hussein, Ali Al-Doweriej, Ibrahim Qasim, Ali Abu-Obeida, Ibrahim Almulhim, Hassan Alfarhan, et al. "Rabies among animals in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Infection and Public Health 12, no. 3 (May 2019): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.005.
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Sadkowska-Todys, M., M. Rosinska, M. Smreczak, M. Czerwinski, and J. F. Zmudzinski. "Rabies surveillance, trends in animal rabies and human post-exposure treatment in Poland, 1990 -2004." Eurosurveillance 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.11.00580-en.
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This paper describes recent changes in the epizootical and epidemiological situation of rabies in Poland. Analysis of routine surveillance data on animal cases and human post-exposure treatment was performed in order to examine the impact of introduction of cell culture vaccine for human use and the implementation of the fox immunisation programme. The success of the immunisation programme for wild animals has become evident during the past 3 years, as a 9-fold decrease in animal rabies cases has been observed. To date, however, the downward trend in animal rabies cases has had no effect on the frequency of administration of the post-exposure treatment for humans. Moreover, two cases of locally acquired human rabies have occurred in patients who did not receive post-exposure vaccination. These cases prove that rabies should be still considered a public health concern in Poland.
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Kipanyula, Maulilio J., Anna M. Geofrey, Kadeghe G. Fue, Malongo R. S. Mlozi, Siza D. Tumbo, Ruth Haug, and Camilius A. Sanga. "Web and Mobile Phone Based Rabies Surveillance System for Humans and Animals in Kilosa District, Tanzania." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 8, no. 2 (April 2016): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicthd.2016040104.
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Rabies has continued to claim human life despite different efforts to controls its transmission cycles between humans and domestic dogs. New developments in ICT have provided an opportunity for increased possibilities for community involvement in rabies surveillance. The main objective of this study was to investigate on approaches and practices to improve the communication of rabies surveillance information at different levels. Specifically, a study was carried to establish the significance of applying human sensor web system. Human sensor web has a potential of strengthening rabies surveillance system and serves as applied research tools for investigating strategic spatially targeted control activities, identifying areas most at risk and early detection of rabies incursions. Web and mobile based rabies surveillance system was developed and piloted as a support tool for the detection, surveillance and control of rabies. Wide application of the developed system will pave way for effective and efficient country-wide sharing of rabies surveillance information.
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Simons, Hilary, Rachael Fletcher, and Katherine Russell. "Rabies: an update for nurses in general practice." Practice Nursing 30, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2019.30.12.589.
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Practice nurses have an important role to play in raising the profile of rabies as a travel-related hazard. Hilary Simons, Rachael Fletcher and Katherine Russell give an update for nurses working in this area of practice Many thousands of human deaths are attributed to rabies infection globally each year; once the symptoms of rabies occur, death is almost always inevitable. Rabies is a zoonosis—a disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans—and can occur in all warm-blooded animals. Rabies remains a neglected disease that impacts most on impoverished and disadvantaged populations living in rabies endemic regions, who may have limited or no access to good healthcare facilities and safe rabies vaccine products. Practice nurses are well placed to raise travellers' awareness of the risk of rabies at a destination, and provide guidance on pre-travel vaccination and post-exposure treatment.
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Robardet, Bosnjak, Englund, Demetriou, Martín, and Cliquet. "Zero Endemic Cases of Wildlife Rabies (Classical Rabies Virus, RABV) in the European Union by 2020: An Achievable Goal." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 4 (September 30, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4040124.
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The elimination of rabies transmitted by Classical Rabies Virus (RABV) in the European Union (EU) is now in sight. Scientific advances have made it possible to develop oral vaccination for wildlife by incorporating rabies vaccines in baits for foxes. At the start of the 1980s, aerial distribution of vaccine baits was tested and found to be a promising tool. The EU identified rabies elimination as a priority, and provided considerable financial and technical resources to the infected EU Member States, allowing regular and large-scale rabies eradication programs based on aerial vaccination. The EU also provides support to non-EU countries in its eastern and south eastern borders. The key elements of the rabies eradication programs are oral rabies vaccination (ORV), quality control of vaccines and control of their distribution, rabies surveillance and monitoring of the vaccination effectiveness. EU Member States and non-EU countries with EU funded eradication programs counted on the technical support of the rabies subgroup of the Task Force for monitoring disease eradication and of the EU Reference Laboratory (EURL) for rabies. In 2018, eight rabies cases induced by classical rabies virus RABV (six in wild animals and two in domestic animals) were detected in three EU Member States, representing a sharp decrease compared to the situation in 2010, where there were more than 1500 cases in nine EU Member States. The goal is to reach zero cases in wildlife and domestic animals in the EU by 2020, a target that now seems achievable.
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DAVID, D., N. DVERES, B. A. YAKOBSON, and I. DAVIDSON. "Emergence of dog rabies in the Northern region of Israel." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 4 (September 16, 2008): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001180.
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SUMMARYBetween 1979 and 2000, foxes constituted the main reservoir of rabies in the Northern regions of Israel. Following the implementation of the fox-targeted oral vaccination programme (ORV) in 1998, rabies was eradicated from this area. Subsequently during 2004–2007, the biological and molecular characterization of the rabies isolates showed that stray dogs emerged as the main animal reservoir in Northern Israel while lower numbers of cases were reported in domestic animals. The virus isolates from foxes and dogs differed, in their molecular characterization, suggesting two distinct separate lineages. The transition from fox-mediated rabies to dog-mediated rabies is of great concern to public health because of the close contact between dogs and the human population.
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Kim, Ha-Hyun, Dong-Kun Yang, Ja-Young Wang, and Dong-Jun An. "The Presence of Rabies Virus-Neutralizing Antibody in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa), a Non-Target Bait Vaccine Animal in Korea." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3 (July 10, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030090.
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Oral vaccination with bait is an effective method to prevent rabies in wildlife, but non-target wild animals may also ingest the bait vaccine. In Korea, the target animal of the rabies bait vaccine is the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Bait vaccines have been distributed in Korea for 20 years; although wild raccoon dogs have been tested for antibodies, rabies antibodies have never been investigated in non-target wild animals. Therefore, this study investigated rabies antibody formation in wild boars (Sus scrofa), which is likely the main competitor for the bait vaccine in Korea. In bait areas, 20 of 109 wild boars (18.3%) were seropositive, and 39 of 470 wild boars (8.3%) in non-bait areas were also seropositive. These results provide insights regarding bait uptake or vaccination in non-target wild boars.
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Seetahal, Janine, Alexandra Vokaty, Marco Vigilato, Christine Carrington, Jennifer Pradel, Bowen Louison, Astrid Sauers, et al. "Rabies in the Caribbean: A Situational Analysis and Historic Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030089.
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Rabies virus is the only Lyssavirus species found in the Americas. In discussions about rabies, Latin America and the Caribbean are often grouped together. Our study aimed to independently analyse the rabies situation in the Caribbean and examine changes in rabies spatiotemporal epidemiology. A questionnaire was administered to the 33 member countries and territories of the Caribbean Animal Health Network (CaribVET) to collect current data, which was collated with a literature review. Rabies was endemic in ten Caribbean localities, with the dog, mongoose, and vampire bat identified as enzootic reservoirs. The majority of animal cases occurred in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, while human cases only consistently occurred in the latter two areas. Rabies vaccination was conducted for high-risk animal populations with variable coverage, and rabies diagnostic capacities varied widely throughout the region. Illegal importation and natural migration of animals may facilitate the introduction of rabies virus variants into virus-naïve areas. Passive surveillance, together with enhanced methods and serological screening techniques, can therefore be of value. The insularity of the Caribbean makes it ideal for conducting pilot studies on reservoir host population management. Best practice guidelines developed for these reservoir hosts can be individually modified to the epidemiological status and available resources within each locality.
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Qasim, A. M., A. A. Obadua, P. A. Okewole, I. S. Tekki, and O. S. Omoleye. "Rabies in a Vaccinated 9-Month-Old German Shepherd Dog, Akure, 2010: A Case Report." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/280603.
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After the onset of symptoms, the clinical course of rabies is almost invariably fatal. Rabies has traditionally been associated with dogs more than any other animal, and in parts of the world where domestic animal control and vaccination programs are limited, dogs remain the most important reservoir of the disease. We report a case of canine rabies in a vaccinated 9-month-old German shepherd female dog. The presenting clinical sign was jaw muscle paralysis with a hanging bronze color like tongue without salivation. Following encephalectomy, a rabies positive diagnosis was confirmed by fluorescent antibody technique at the Rabies Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. The epidemiology of the rabies case is not understood. This case is of public health significance because of the at-risk population including animal health care service provider and animals. The following were recommended, (a) a reinvigorated control measure that includes the awareness program on prevention, responsible dog ownership with dog registration at veterinary hospitals, and registered veterinary clinics by the government and (b) a yearly rabies vaccination campaign that must be improved through the veterinary public health and other health departments collaborating.
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SMRECZAK, MARCIN, and JAN F. ŻMUDZIŃSKI. "Current threat of rabies in Europe and in the world." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 01 (2019): 6179–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6179.
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Rabies still remains one of the most serious diseases of mankind and poses a serious worldwide public health problem. The introduction of dog vaccination as well as oral vaccination of wildlife in many countries has proved to be an effective method of eradication of rabies in non-flying animals. As a result of these actions many countries have been freed from rabies. However, the illegal movement of pet animals poses a serious risk of reintroducing the virus into the rabies-free area. Although, the prevalence of rabies in humans in Europe is relatively low, half of the world's population lives in endemic areas. A number of international organisations are working together on a global framework for eliminating dog-mediated human rabies.
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Antunes, K. D., J. C. C. Matos, L. P. Mol, M. A. Oliveira, T. L. M. Arcebispo, V. G. Santos, T. M. Oliveira, et al. "Descriptive analysis of rabies in wild animals in the state of Sergipe, Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 1 (January 2018): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9574.
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ABSTRACT The wild cycle of rabies constitutes a serious challenge to epidemiological surveillance for disease control in domestic, companion or production animals, and in humans. The understanding of rabies virus circulation in the natural environment is increasingly important due to the constancy of natural reservoirs of the disease and the presence of potential vectors of the infection to humans and domestic animals. Aiming to evaluate the occurrence of rabies in the State of Sergipe a total of 935 hematophagous bats (Desmodus rotundus), 46 wild dogs (Cerdocyon thous) and 24 primates (Callithrix spp.) were analyzed from 1987 to 2014, of which 1 bat, 17 crab-eating foxes and no primates were positive. Due to the lack of positive results in hematophagous bats, the main vector of herbivorous rabies, more studies are needed to monitor cases, because from an epidemiological point of view, Sergipe is endemic for herbivorous rabies. Epidemiological surveillance of rabies virus in wild animals is primordial for the success of disease control programs in herds of domestic animals and humans.
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Makovska, I. F., T. M. Krupinina, V. V. Nedosekov, T. M. Tsarenko, Y. A. Novohatniy, and A. S. Fahrion. "Current issues and gaps in the implementation of rabies prevention in Ukraine in recent decades." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022134.
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Ukraine remains the only country in Europe where rabies is widespread among animals and humans. Annually there are about 1,600 rabies cases in animals in Ukraine and sporadic cases in humans have been registered despite the conducting of preventive measures. Therefore, the aim of the study was to inspect the failures in rabies prevention, indicate the top reasons for human cases and highlights the risk of animal attacks in view of their species and geographical distribution in Ukraine during 1996–2020. The following archival state materials were used for analysis: from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and from the annual reports of oblast departments of the State Service of Ukraine for Food Safety and Consumer Protection. In general, more than 84,000 people (187.4 per 100,000 of the population) were affected by bites or harmful contact with animals every year, among them, 2,155 people were victims of rabid animals. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was prescribed annually, on average, for 21,434 patients (25.5% of all victims). Most people were attacked by cats and dogs that had owners (71.5%). The frequency of the proportion of the risk of attacks by rabid dogs on humans was (1:124), from cats (1:25), wild animals (1:7), and farm animals (1:2), but the largest general proportion of animal attacks on people was from dogs – 838,635 attacks (77.7%). Thus, due to the permanently higher level of contact with people, attacks by dogs remains more dangerous. Geographically attacks on humans by domestic carnivores were observed most commonly in the east part of Ukraine due to the high urbanization of the region and the high density of the human population. A large number of attacks by foxes was observed in the west part of Ukraine due to the larger area of forests and fields. During the last 25 years, there have been 63 human rabies cases. The main sources of rabies were dogs (24 cases) and cats (22 cases). The main causes of development of rabies were: failure to receive the PEP due to the absence of a visit to a hospital after an attack of an animal (n = 38), failures in prescribing PEP (n = 15), failure of PEP (n = 10). In conclusion, the gaps in the control measures against rabies are the lack of agreed coordination of inter-sectoral links, the lack of significant efforts to raise public awareness and the lack of funding for prophylaxis programmes for humans and animals. Our future research will be aimed at modelling the transmission of rabies from the pet population to humans.
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Jackson, Alan C. "Rabies." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 27, no. 4 (November 2000): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100000998.
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Rabies is an important disease in wildlife in the United States and Canada, and dog rabies is still a major public health problem in many developing countries of the world. Rabies virus is transmitted in saliva by animal bites. Bats transmitted most recent cases of human rabies in the United States, often without known exposures. There have been recent developments in our understanding of rabies pathogenesis. Characteristic clinical features should raise the possibility of a diagnosis of rabies and initiation of appropriate diagnostic tests. Therapy of human rabies has been futile except in four patients who were immunized with rabies vaccine prior to the onset of their disease. Rabies can be prevented after an exposure in unimmunized patients with local wound cleansing and administration of rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.
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Gurina, I. N. "Rabies Epizootic Situation in the Republic of Mordovia in 2006-2008." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 4(102) (August 20, 2009): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2009-4(102)-15-16.
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Retrospective analysis of rabies incidence in animals, carried out in 2006-2008, enables to expect deterioration of epidemiologic situation in the Republic of Mordovia. Foxes remain to be the main reservoirs of rabies virus and disease spreaders (up to 90% of rabies cases are revealed in wild animals), whereas epizootics in anthropurgic foci are maintained by dogs and cats.
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Ребенко, Галина, Олександр Нечипоренко, Валерій Пономаренко, Юрій Мусієнко, Анатолій Фотін, Юлія Сторчак, and Олександрa Баканова. "Decreasing of the risk of zoonoses by solving the problem with stray dogs." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, no. 1-2(44-45) (July 1, 2019): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2019.1-2.6.
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People can become infected with zoonoses from domestic or stray dogs (the most dangerous ones are rabies, brucellosis, dermatomycosis, leptospirosis, parasitic diseases). 1,466 rabies outbreaks and 2 cases of human rabies were reported in Ukraine in 2018. In total, 17 people died of rabies in Ukraine in 2014-2018. Sources of rabies were nonvaccinated against rabies dogs.
In most dermatomycosis patients, the zoonotic form of microsporia caused by Microsporum canis is recorded, and infected cats and dogs play an important role in the spread.
Dogs are a dangerous reservoir of leptospira and a source of infection for humans. Develops a mild course of leptospirosis, reminiscent of influenza, but has severe consequences and leads to meningitis.
Dogs can infect humans with the agents of campylobacteriosis and brucellosis, as well as many other parasitic diseases: Ancylostoma braziliense і Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis і Toxocara cati , Cryptosporidium , Echinococcus granulosus, Dirofilaria immitis , Giardia lamblia and ectoparasites: Sarcoptes scabiei (variant canis) and Cheyletiella yasguri.
Prevention of zoonotic diseases requires a holistic approach within the framework of the One Health concept. Health,
environmental and veterinary services, with the active involvement of local government, conservation and animal welfare organizations, must be involved.
The problem of handling animals and regulating the numbers of stray animals in Sumy is an urgent one. The solution to this problem is to reduce the number of stray animals with only humane methods, to improve the epizootic and sanitary-ecological situation in the city, to create conditions for the prevention of the phenomenon of stray animals, and to change public opinion towards a civilized, humane, ethical attitude to animals.
Principles of animal shelter organization, scheme of veterinary and sanitary measures and treatment and preventive treatment of animals have been developed and put into practice by us.
Within the framework of the agreement with the communal enterprise of the Sumy City Council "Animal Care Center" Sumy National Agrarian University performs the veterinary part of the service of stray animals, which ensures the implementation of the "Program of regulation of the number of stray animals in the city of Sumy by humane methods".
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Lojkić, Ivana, Ivana Šimić, Tomislav Bedeković, and Nina Krešić. "Current Status of Rabies and Its Eradication in Eastern and Southeastern Europe." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060742.
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The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current status of rabies in Europe, with special emphasis on Croatia and Southeast and East Europe. Due to the systematic implementation of a rabies eradication program by oral vaccination of wild animals, by the end of the 20th century, most West and Central European countries were rabies-free. The EU goal was to eradicate rabies in wildlife and domestic animals by 2020. No matter how achievable the goal seemed to be, the disease is still present in the eastern part of the EU, as was notified in 2020 by two member states—Poland and Romania. Croatia has been rabies-free for the last seven years but given that it borders a non-EU country in which a case of rabies was confirmed in 2020, it will continue to contribute to the maintenance of the rabies-free region. A rabies-free EU can only be achieved by continuous oral vaccination, coordination and a regional approach. The prevention of reintroductions from bordering countries in which rabies has not been eradicated yet, and the support for the eradication efforts made by these countries, are goals still pending.
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Sambyal, Nitasha, Ankush Proch, Inderpal Singh, and Amit Challana. "Animal Bite: Rabies and Beyond Rabies; A Review." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 08 (August 10, 2019): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.808.072.
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Movsesyants, A. A., and Yu V. Olefir. "Current Challenges of Preventive Vaccination Against Rabies." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 19, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2019-19-1-10-16.
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The urgency of the rabies problem for all mankind and the search for new ways of eradicating the disease entailed the creation of a new global initiative for rabies elimination ‒ «United Against Rabies» which sets a highly ambitious goal of achieving zero rabies human deaths by 2030. The many years of international experience in elimination of street dogs, which account for 99 % of rabies cases, did not produce the desired results, therefore the focus was shifted to mass vaccination of dogs (minimum 70 % of dog population). The rabies problem is complex and global, it requires efforts from all the parties involved as well as hefty investment. The paper presents the results of a continuous long-term analysis of the rabies situation in Russia and across the world, as well as analysis of the current state of vaccination against rabies which plays an important, if not crucial, role in prevention of rabies in humans who got bitten by infected animals. The paper formulates the main currently existing ways of solving the rabies problem, namely: mass vaccination of dogs; improvement of dosing schedules and administration routes of medicines against rabies; analysis of immunity development mechanisms in immunocompromised patients; progressive implementation of vaccination of people who got bitten by infected animals, and alternative administration routes; development of an express method of the neutralising antibody titer determination; raising public awareness about disease hazards.
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Nihal, Pushpakumara Don Bamunusinghage, Ashoka Dangolla, Ranjani Hettiarachchi, Preeni Abeynayake, and Craig Stephen. "Surveillance Opportunities and the Need for Intersectoral Collaboration on Rabies in Sri Lanka." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2019 (July 11, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7808517.
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Sri Lanka is progressing towards its goal of eliminating human rabies. This goal rests on programs designed to limit canine rabies, which in turn requires a combination of targeted dog rabies control and a better understanding of the movement of the virus between domestic animals, people, and wildlife. Coordinated and integrated surveillance of the disease between human and animal health sectors underpins successful rabies elimination. Our objective was to review surveillance data from 2005 to 2014 to assemble the first multispecies synthesis of rabies information in Sri Lanka and, in doing so, assess needs and opportunities for a One Health approach to rabies surveillance in the country. Our descriptive epidemiological findings were consistent with other studies showing a decline in human cases, endemic and unchanging numbers of dog cases, a relationship between human density and the occurrence of human and animal cases, and significant gaps in understanding trends in rabies incidences in livestock and wildlife. Assessing the trends in the data from the three government organizations responsible for rabies surveillance was difficult due to lack of information on animal population sizes, unquantified sampling biases due to inequities in access to diagnostic capacities, regulatory and administrative barriers, and a continued reliance on clinical means to establish a diagnosis. The information required for a comprehensive rabies control programme was not standardized or consistent, was not in one place, showed significant gaps in completeness, and was not amenable to routine and rapid analysis. Achieving rabies elimination in Sri Lanka would benefit from harmonization of diagnostic and information management standards across animal and human health sectors as well as equitable access to diagnostic capacity for all regions and species.
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Smreczak, Marcin, Anna Orłowska, Paweł Trębas, and Jan F. Żmudziński. "Rabies Epidemiological Situation in Poland in 2009 and 2010." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10213-012-0022-4.
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Abstract The paper describes the data concerning rabies in domestic animals and in wildlife as well as in bats in Poland in 2009 and 2010. Analysis of rabies situation was based on species involved and geographical distribution of rabies outbreaks. Favourable decreasing trend in rabies epidemic in 2009 was stopped by the outbreak of rabies in the Malopolska province in 2010. This resulted in dramatic increase in the number of rabies cases. Emergency vaccination in the zone of rabies outbreak with increased number of vaccines per km2 in bordering areas of the province has improved epizootic situation, which returned to the state before the outbreak. To monitor rabies situation a strict supervision of all elements of the ORV and surveillance of rabies is necessary.