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Journal articles on the topic 'Race, Ethnicity, and Identity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Harada, Nancy D., JoAnn Damron-Rodriguez, Valentine M. Villa, Donna L. Washington, Shawkat Dhanani, Herbert Shon, Manas Chattopadhyay, et al. "Veteran Identity and Race/Ethnicity." Medical Care 40, Supplement (January 2002): I—117—I—128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200201001-00013.

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Stepanikova, Irena, and Gabriela R. Oates. "Dimensions of Racial Identity and Perceived Discrimination in Health Care." Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 4 (October 20, 2016): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.4.501.

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<p class="Pa7"><strong>Objective: </strong>Perceived discrimination is an important risk factor for minority health. Drawing from the scholarship on multidimensionality of race, this study examines the relationships between perceived discrimination in health care and two dimensions of racial identity: self-identified race/ethnicity and perceived attributed race/ ethnicity (respondents’ perceptions of how they are racially classified by others).</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Methods: </strong>We used Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data collected in 2004- 2013 and we specifically examined the data on perceived racial discrimination in health care during the past 12 months, perceived attributed race/ethnicity, and self-identified race/ethnicity.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Results: </strong>In models adjusting for sociodemographic and other factors, both dimensions of racial/ethnic identity contributed independently to perceived discrimination in health care. After controlling for self-identified race/ethnicity, respondents who reported being classified as Black, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American had higher likelihood of perceived discrimination than respondents who reported being classified as White. Similarly, after taking perceived attributed race/ethnicity into account, self-identified Blacks, Native Americans, and multiracial respondents were more likely to report perceived discrimination than counterparts who self-identified as White. The model using only perceived attributed race/ ethnicity to predict perceived discrimination showed a superior fit with the data than the model using only self-identified race/ ethnicity.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perceived attributed race/ ethnicity captures an aspect of racial/ethnic identity that is correlated, but not interchangeable, with self-identified race/ethnicity and contributes uniquely to perceived discrimination in health care. Applying the concept of multidimensionality of race/ ethnicity to health disparities research may reveal understudied mechanisms linking race/ethnicity to health risks.</p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(4):501-512; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.501</p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p>

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3

Kalua, Fetson. "Race and ethnicity: culture, identity and representation." Scrutiny2 20, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125441.2015.1042685.

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4

Kelly, Don R. "Multicultural Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Identity." Social Work 61, no. 3 (April 25, 2016): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/sww022.

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Olson, DaiWai M. "Race, Ethnicity, and Identity in Neuroscience Nursing." Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 53, no. 1 (February 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jnn.0000000000000568.

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6

Shankar, Shobana. "Race, Ethnicity, and Assimilation." Social Sciences and Missions 29, no. 1-2 (2016): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-02901022.

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This article traces the influences of American anthropology and racial discourse on Christian missions and indigenous converts in British Northern Nigeria from the 1920s. While colonial ethnological studies of religious and racial difference had represented non-Muslim Northern Nigerians as inherently different from the Muslim Hausa and Fulani peoples, the American missionary Albert Helser, a student of Franz Boas, applied American theories and practices of racial assimilation to Christian evangelism to renegotiate interreligious and interethnic relations in Northern Nigeria. Helser successfully convinced the British colonial authorities to allow greater mobility and influence of “pagan” converts in Muslim areas, thus fostering more regular and more complicated Christian-Muslim interactions. For their part, Christian Northern Nigerians developed the identity of being modernizers, developed from their narratives of uplift from historical enslavement and oppression at the hands of Muslims. Using new sources, this article shows that a region long assumed to be frozen and reactionary experienced changes similar to those occurring in other parts of Africa. Building on recent studies of religion, empire, and the politics of knowledge, it shows that cultural studies did not remain academic or a matter of colonial knowledge. Northern Nigerians’ religious identity shaped their desire for cultural autonomy and their transformation from converts into missionaries themselves.

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Magdalinski, Tara. "International Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, Identity and Sport." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 32, no. 3 (September 1997): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690297032003008.

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Adair, Daryl, and David Rowe. "Beyond boundaries? ‘Race’, ethnicity and identity in sport." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 45, no. 3 (August 9, 2010): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690210378798.

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9

Mirabal, Nancy Raquel. "Race or Ethnicity? On Black and Latino Identity." Journal of American Ethnic History 27, no. 3 (April 1, 2008): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27501838.

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10

Rosendale, Nicole, Andrew J. Wood, Cindy W. Leung, Anthony S. Kim, and Billy A. Caceres. "Differences in Cardiovascular Health at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Sexual Identity." JAMA Network Open 7, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): e249060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.9060.

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ImportanceAn understanding of the intersectional effect of sexual identity, race, and ethnicity on disparities in cardiovascular health (CVH) has been limited.ObjectiveTo evaluate differences in CVH at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and sexual identity using the American Heart Association’s Life’s Essential 8 measure.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from July 27 to September 6, 2023, using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2007 to 2016. Participants were noninstitutionalized, nonpregnant adults (aged 18-59 years) without cardiovascular disease or stroke.ExposuresSelf-reported sexual identity, categorized as heterosexual or sexual minority (SM; lesbian, gay, bisexual, or “something else”), and self-reported race and ethnicity, categorized as non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black), Hispanic, non-Hispanic White (hereafter, White), and other (Asian, multiracial, or any other race and ethnicity).Main Outcome and MeasuresThe primary outcome was overall CVH score, which is the unweighted mean of 8 CVH metrics, assessed from questionnaire, dietary, and physical examination data. Regression models stratified by sex, race, and ethnicity were developed for the overall CVH score and individual CVH metrics, adjusting for age, survey year, and socioeconomic status (SES) factors.ResultsThe sample included 12 180 adults (mean [SD] age, 39.6 [11.7] years; 6147 [50.5%] male, 2464 [20.2%] Black, 3288 [27.0%] Hispanic, 5122 [42.1%] White, and 1306 [10.7%] other race and ethnicity). After adjusting for age, survey year, and SES, Black (β, −3.2; 95% CI, −5.8 to −0.6), Hispanic (β, −5.9; 95% CI, −10.3 to −1.5), and White (β, −3.3; 95% CI, −6.2 to −0.4) SM female adults had lower overall CVH scores compared with their heterosexual counterparts. There were no statistically significant differences for female adults of other race and ethnicity (β, −2.8; 95% CI, −9.3 to 3.7) and for SM male adults of any race and ethnicity compared with their heterosexual counterparts (Black: β, 2.2 [95% CI, −1.2 to 5.7]; Hispanic: β, −0.9 [95% CI, −6.3 to 4.6]; White: β, 1.5 [95% CI, −2.2 to 5.2]; other race and ethnicity: β, −2.2 [95% CI, −8.2 to 3.8]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, CVH differed across race and ethnicity categories in SM females, suggesting that different communities within the larger SM population require tailored interventions to improve CVH. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify the causes of CVH disparities, particularly in Black and Hispanic SM females and inclusive of other racial and ethnic identities.

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Curry, Caleb W., Dylan Felt, Lauren B. Beach, Megan M. Ruprecht, Xinzi Wang, and Gregory L. Phillips. "Lifetime Asthma Prevalence and Correlates Among US Youths by Sexual Identity and Race/Ethnicity, 2009–2017." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 7 (July 2020): 1076–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305664.

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Objectives. To comprehensively assess asthma disparities and identify correlates in youths at the intersections of sex, sexual identity, and race/ethnicity in the United States. Methods. We obtained a diverse sample of youths (n = 307 073) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Youth Risk Behavior Survey. We pooled data across 107 jurisdiction-years (2009–2017). We calculated lifetime asthma prevalence by sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and their intersections—stratified by sex. We developed multivariable weighted logistic regression models to examine the impact of selected correlates on lifetime asthma prevalence. Results. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths have significant disparities in asthma prevalence compared with heterosexual peers. Moreover, across sex, higher prevalence of lifetime asthma was seen for most sexual identity and race/ethnicity subpopulations (27 of 30) when compared with White heterosexual sex-matched participants. Selected traditional risk factors (overweight, obese, and smoking) and bullying tended to attenuate odds among groups, especially those with a minority sexual identity. Conclusions. Asthma inequities at the intersection of sexual identity and race/ethnicity are substantive. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms contributing to these disparities to promote health equity among vulnerable youth populations.

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Harris, Bryn, Russell D. Ravert, and Amanda L. Sullivan. "Adolescent Racial Identity: Self-Identification of Multiple and “Other” Race/Ethnicities." Urban Education 52, no. 6 (March 18, 2015): 775–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085915574527.

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This mixed methods study focused on adolescents who rejected conventional singular racial/ethnic categorization by selecting multiple race/ethnicities or writing descriptions of “Other” racial/ethnic identities in response to a survey item asking them to identify their race/ethnicity. Written responses reflected eight distinct categories ranging from elaborative descriptions of conventional race categories to responses refusing the construct of race/ethnicity. Students’ endorsement of multiple or “Other” ethnicities, and the resultant categories, differed by gender, grade, school type, and school compositions. Findings support scholars’ concern that common conceptualizations of race may not capture the complexity of self-identified racial categories among youth.

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13

Ross, Paula T., Tamera Hart-Johnson, Sally A. Santen, and Nikki L. Bibler Zaidi. "Considerations for using race and ethnicity as quantitative variables in medical education research." Perspectives on Medical Education 9, no. 5 (August 12, 2020): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40037-020-00602-3.

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Abstract Throughout history, race and ethnicity have been used as key descriptors to categorize and label individuals. The use of these concepts as variables can impact resources, policy, and perceptions in medical education. Despite the pervasive use of race and ethnicity as quantitative variables, it is unclear whether researchers use them in their proper context. In this Eye Opener, we present the following seven considerations with corresponding recommendations, for using race and ethnicity as variables in medical education research: 1) Ensure race and ethnicity variables are used to address questions directly related to these concepts. 2) Use race and ethnicity to represent social experiences, not biological facts, to explain the phenomenon under study. 3) Allow study participants to define their preferred racial and ethnic identity. 4) Collect complete and accurate race and ethnicity data that maximizes data richness and minimizes opportunities for researchers’ assumptions about participants’ identity. 5) Follow evidence-based practices to describe and collapse individual-level race and ethnicity data into broader categories. 6) Align statistical analyses with the study’s conceptualization and operationalization of race and ethnicity. 7) Provide thorough interpretation of results beyond simple reporting of statistical significance. By following these recommendations, medical education researchers can avoid major pitfalls associated with the use of race and ethnicity and make informed decisions around some of the most challenging race and ethnicity topics in medical education.

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Parks, Amy Noelle, and Mardi Schmeichel. "Obstacles to Addressing Race and Ethnicity in the Mathematics Education Literature." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 43, no. 3 (May 2012): 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.43.3.0238.

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This Research Commentary builds on a 2-stage literature review to argue that there are 4 obstacles to making a sociopolitical turn in mathematics education that would allow researchers to talk about race and ethnicity in ways that take both identity and power seriously: (a) the marginalization of discussions of race and ethnicity; (b) the reiteration of race and ethnicity as independent variables; (c) absence of race and ethnicity from mathematics education research; and (d) the minimizing of discussions of race and ethnicity, even within equity-oriented work.

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15

Winch, Julie. "Alternate Roots: Ethnicity, Race, and Identity in Genealogy Media." Journal of American Ethnic History 39, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.39.4.0107.

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Kelly, Jennifer, Carl James, and Adrienne Shadd. "Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language." Labour / Le Travail 52 (2003): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25149397.

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Goldoni, Federica. "Race, Ethnicity, Class and Identity: Implications for Study Abroad." Journal of Language, Identity & Education 16, no. 5 (September 3, 2017): 328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2017.1350922.

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18

Kress, Alissa C., Asia Asberry, Julio Dicent Taillepierre, Michelle M. Johns, Pattie Tucker, and Ana Penman-Aguilar. "Collection of Data on Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity by U.S. Public Health Data and Monitoring Systems, 2015–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 12189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212189.

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We aimed to assess Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data systems on the extent of data collection on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity as well as on age and race/ethnicity. Between March and September 2019, we searched 11 federal websites to identify CDC-supported or -led U.S. data systems active between 2015 and 2018. We searched the systems’ website, documentation, and publications for evidence of data collection on sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, and race/ethnicity. We categorized each system by type (disease notification, periodic prevalence survey, registry/vital record, or multiple sources). We provide descriptive statistics of characteristics of the identified systems. Most (94.1%) systems we assessed collected data on sex. All systems collected data on age, and approximately 80% collected data on race/ethnicity. Only 17.7% collected data on sexual orientation and 5.9% on gender identity. Periodic prevalence surveys were the most common system type for collecting all the variables we assessed. While most U.S. public health data and monitoring systems collect data disaggregated by sex, age, and race/ethnicity, far fewer do so for sexual orientation or gender identity. Standards and examples exist to aid efforts to collect and report these vitally important data. Additionally important is increasing accessibility and appropriately tailored dissemination of reports of these data to public health professionals and other collaborators.

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Pratama, Irham Surya, and Felix Indra Kurniadi. "Ethnicity Classification Based On Facial Features Using Viola-Jones Algorithm." IJNMT (International Journal of New Media Technology) 7, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/ijnmt.v6i2.917.

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Biometric recognition system can use race classification to identify the human globally with a particular identity. This paper proposes Support Vector Machine and will compare the result with K-Nearest Neighbor for classification of people into two major races namely Indonesian western and eastern races. Firstly, the proposed classification method extracts the distinct primary facial feature and skin color model of the given face with Viola-Jones Algorithm to effectively classify the races. To increase the accuracy, the sample must not contain any background of other people skin, no movement and the pictures were taken from the mobile camera with no beauty filter.

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Gonzales, Gabrielle G. "Embodied Resistance: Multiracial Identity, Gender, and the Body." Social Sciences 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080221.

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This article explores the importance of the physical body in the development of gendered racial and ethnic identities through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 multiracial/multiethnic women. From a critical mixed race and critical feminist perspective, I argue that the development of an embodied and gendered multiracial and multiethnic identity is a path to questioning and resisting the dominant monoracial order in the United States. Interviews reveal that respondents develop these embodied identities both through understandings of themselves as gendered and raced subjects and through relationships with monoracial individuals. The process by which these women understand their physical bodies as multiracial subjects illustrates a critical embodied component of the social construction of race and ethnicity in the United States.

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Pulla, Venkat, Rituparna Bhattacharyya, and Rachel Lafain. "Race and Ethnicity in the Pandemic." Space and Culture, India 10, no. 3 (November 28, 2022): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v10i3.1264.

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This study begins with the historical understanding of race and its modern perspectives as a social construct amid social identity and critical race theories. Next, race and ethnicity are explored within the context of COVID-19, whereby those of non-white backgrounds are seeing different disastrous health outcomes and experiencing heightened levels of racism in the pandemic. Examples and analyses from around the world are then provided, which have resulted in health disparities and increased racism against non-white people, such as the high-rise apartment building disasters, rural Indigenous communities, and the Black Lives Matter movement. Adding fuel to the fire, there have been rumours internationally of certain ethnic groups carrying and spreading COVID-19.

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Miah, Andy. "Book Review: Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet." Media, Culture & Society 27, no. 1 (January 2005): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016344370502700111.

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Ryer, Paul. "Re-Situating Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture." American Ethnologist 26, no. 2 (May 1999): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1999.26.2.487.

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Viano, Samantha, and Dominique J. Baker. "How Administrative Data Collection and Analysis Can Better Reflect Racial and Ethnic Identities." Review of Research in Education 44, no. 1 (March 2020): 301–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0091732x20903321.

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Measuring race and ethnicity for administrative data sets and then analyzing these data to understand racial/ethnic disparities present many logistical and theoretical challenges. In this chapter, we conduct a synthetic review of studies on how to effectively measure race/ethnicity for administrative data purposes and then utilize these measures in analyses. Recommendations based on this synthesis include combining the measure of Hispanic ethnicity with the broader racial/ethnic measure and allowing individuals to select more than one race/ethnicity. Data collection should rely on self-reports but could be supplemented using birth certificates or equivalent sources. Collecting data over time, especially for young people, will help identify multiracial and American Indian populations. For those with more complex racial/ethnic identities, including measures of country of origin, language, and recency of immigration can be helpful in addition to asking individuals which racial/ethnic identity they most identify with. Administrative data collection could also begin to incorporate phenotype measures to facilitate the calculation of disparities within race/ethnicity by skin tone. Those analyzing racial/ethnic disparities should understand how these measures are created and attempt to develop fieldwide terminology to describe racial/ethnic identities.

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Tambuzzi, Stefano. "Race, Ancestry or Ethnicity? The Age-Old Problem in Forensic Anthropology." Anthropology and Ethnology Open Access Journal 5, no. 2 (2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/aeoaj-16000189.

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In forensic anthropology, the biological profile of a deceased person is an essential step in identifying the victim. This statement is true in all cases and even more so when dealing with untraceable corpses where there is no suspicion of identity. Consequently, the diagnosis of species, sex, age and stature, as well as the evaluation of any bone and dental pathological features are crucial aspects

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Davidson-Smith, Max. "Post-Hierarchical Race." Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 14, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.14.1.135-145.

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In this essay, I consider Sally Haslanger’s social constructivist account of race and propose a modification to the nature of hierarchy specified. According to Haslanger, race will cease to exist post-hierarchy, given that she builds in a requirement of synchronic hierarchy for the existence of race. While Haslanger maintains that racial identity would linger beyond hierarchical treatment in the form of ethnicity, I will suggest this fails to provide adequate conceptual justice for the cultures and aesthetics which emerged out of past oppression. In response, I propose a modification which would allow us to recognize the possibility of post-hierarchical races.

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Davidson-Smith, Max. "Post-Hierarchical Race." Stance: An International Undergraduate Philosophy Journal 14 (2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/stance20211411.

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In this essay, I consider Sally Haslanger’s social constructivist account of race and propose a modification to the nature of hierarchy specified. According to Haslanger, race will cease to exist post-hierarchy, given that she builds in a requirement of synchronic hierarchy for the existence of race. While Haslanger maintains that racial identity would linger beyond hierarchical treatment in the form of ethnicity, I will suggest this fails to provide adequate conceptual justice for the cultures and aesthetics which emerged out of past oppression. In response, I propose a modification which would allow us to recognize the possibility of post-hierarchical races.

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Cruz, Isabel Cristina Fonseca da. "Review of nursing research: theoretical and methodological topics related to race/colour/ethnicity." Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing 2, no. 1 (April 2, 2003): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17665/1676-4285.20034804.

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Problem: There are scarce literature about the health conditions of Brazilian population which focus on race/colour or ethnicity. Objective: to identify nursing research literature related to race/colour/ethnicithy. Methodology: exploratory research at the Brazilian computarized nursing data base. Results: the references founded were colour (15), race (03), racism (17), and so fourth. Conclusion: The ethics directions of the National Council of Health, published in 1996, contribute to the inclusion of race/colour/ethnicity in the nursing research papers, but it still not a main category of analysis.

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Bhavnani, Darlene, D. Bhavnani, P. Dunphy, Paul Rathouz, and E. C. Matsui. "50 Why are Black and Mexican American children more vulnerable than White children to upper respiratory viral infection?" Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 8, s1 (April 2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2024.61.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: There is an excess risk of upper respiratory infection (URI) among Black and Mexican-American children in the US. Factors that underpin these disparities are largely unknown. We evaluated the extent to which socioeconomic status (SES), serum cotinine, obesity, and household size explained the association between race/ethnicity and URI. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We studied children, 6-17 years of age, who identified as Black, Mexican-American, or White in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2007-2012). URI was defined as a self-reported cough, cold, phlegm, runny nose, or other respiratory illness (excluding hay fever and allergies) in the past 7 days. The proportion of the association between race/ethnicity and URI explained by SES, serum cotinine, obesity, and household size was estimated as the average causal mediation effect (i.e., the indirect effect of race/ethnicity via the mediator) divided by the total effect of race/ethnicity. The average causal mediation effect was derived from survey weighted logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Black children were nearly 40% and Mexican American children were ~60% more likely to report a URI than those who identified as White (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.06-1.77 and OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.21-2.13, respectively). Lower SES explained ~25% of the association between Black and Mexican American identity and URI (percent mediated 24.7; 95% CI, 23.0-26.6 and 26.1; 95% CI, 24.2-28.2, respectively). Obesity explained ~7% of the association between Black and Mexican-American identity and URI (percent mediated, 7.6; 95% CI, 7.3-8.0 and percent mediated, 6.7; 95% CI, 6.4-6.9, respectively). Nicotine exposure explained 8% of the association between Black identity and URI (percent mediated, 7.9; 95% CI, 5.6-10.1). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Lower SES explained a quarter of the association between race/ethnicity and URI. Low SES is a broad concept that may work through different mechanisms to lead to disparities in URI by race/ethnicity. Future research is needed to better understand these mechanisms and to identify modifiable aspects that can serve as targets for intervention.

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Bu, Liping. "Confronting Race and Ethnicity: Education and Cultural Identity for Immigrants and Students from Asia." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 4 (November 2020): 644–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.41.

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Years ago at graduate school, a fellow student in the American Seminar class asked, “What is the difference between race and ethnicity?” The professor replied, “Asians usually find it hard to distinguish the two.” The student was from an Asian country and the professor did not elaborate the distinction between the concepts. It is no brainer for Americans to tell the difference; however, for people new to American society who have not lived in a racially conscious and divisive society, it is confusing to refer to a minority people as belonging to both a particular race and to a different ethnicity. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when millions of immigrants came to America in search of better life and supplied American industries with labor, they were labeled white, yellow, brown, or black. This skin-colored definition of people as different races reflected American racial views of people of different cultures. Even in current mainstream discourse, racial and ethnic minorities are still called people of color or colored people, instead of minorities.

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Suyemoto, Karen L., Micaela Curley, and Shruti Mukkamala. "What Do We Mean by “Ethnicity” and “Race”? A Consensual Qualitative Research Investigation of Colloquial Understandings." Genealogy 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4030081.

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Lack of clarity and questionable congruence between researcher and participant understandings of ethnicity and race challenge the validity and impact of research utilizing these concepts. We aimed to both elucidate the multiple meanings that research participants in the United States might bring to questions about ethnicity and race and examine their relation to formal conceptualizations of these variables. We used consensual qualitative research-modified analyses to conduct thematic content analysis of 151 responses to open-ended survey questions about meanings of ethnicity and race. Participants included a racially diverse sample of 53 males, 87 females, and 11 unidentified gender with a mean age of 28.71 years. Results indicated that the most frequent colloquial meanings of ethnicity included origin, culture, ancestry, related or similar to race, social similarity, religion, and identity. The most frequent colloquial meanings of race included physical characteristics, ethnicity, origin, social grouping, ancestry, and imposed categorization. Results also illustrated how participants approached defining ethnicity and race. Results support the acknowledged and critiqued colloquial confounding of ethnicity and race and indicate a lack of agreed upon meaning between lay representations/meanings and formal meanings used by social scientists. This incongruence threatens valid operationalizations for research and challenges our ability to use these concepts in interventions to promote social justice and psychological health.

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Bernhardt, Nicole S., and Laura G. Pin. "Engaging with Identity Politics in Canadian Political Science." Canadian Journal of Political Science 51, no. 4 (June 29, 2018): 771–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423918000318.

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AbstractThis paper critiques the deployment of the term “identity politics” in Canadian political science. Through a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of research articles in leading English language academic journals in the Canadian social sciences, we examine whose politics are labelled identity politics and what intellectual work transpires through this label. Identity politics tends to be applied to scholarship that foregrounds analyses of ethnicity, race and gender, but with a lack of analytical rigour, indicating a degree of conceptual looseness. Moreover, the designation identity politics is not neutral; it is often mobilized as a rhetorical device to distance authors from scholarship that foregrounds analyses of ethnicity, race and gender, and to inscribe a materialist/culturalist divide in claims-making. We argue that the effect of this demarcation of identity from politics is to control the boundaries of political discourse, limiting who and what gains entry into the political. This serves to reassert an exclusionary conception of Canadian identity.

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Campbell, Erica L. "Exploring sense of ethnic identity among a small Midwest sample of social work and counseling practitioners." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 12 (December 31, 2014): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss12.284.

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The U.S. is transforming into a multi-racial and multi-ethnic society in which factors such as ethnicity and race are important variables to consider in social work practice and service provision to racial and ethnic minority populations. This multi-ethnic and multi-racial transformation presents many challenges for professional social work and counseling practitioners. It is important for practitioners to have a clear and concise definition of key concepts such as ethnicity and race in order to develop a sense of self-ethnic identity. This research study examines self-ethnic identity among a small sample of Midwest social work and counseling practitioners.

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Pulido, Laura. "Geographies of race and ethnicity III." Progress in Human Geography 42, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132516686011.

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In this third progress report I consider the politics of settler colonialism in relation to nonnative people of color. Settler colonialism has become an increasingly important concept over the past decade, and while geographers typically think about it from a white/native perspective, I explore how ethnic studies, specifically, Chicana/o studies, has responded to it. For different reasons both disciplines have hesitated to fully interrogate the significance of the concept. In the case of geography, the whiteness of the discipline has caused it to overlook vibrant debates within ethnic studies. Chicana/o studies has not directly engaged with settler colonialism because, I argue, it has the potential to disrupt core elements of Chicana/o political subjectivity. Specifically, it unsettles Chicanas/os’ conception of themselves as colonized people by highlighting their role as colonizers. Acknowledging such a role is difficult not only because it challenges key dimensions of Chicana/o identity, as seen in Aztlán, Chicanas/os’ mythical homeland, but also because of the precarious nature of Chicana/o indigeneity. Examining Chicana/o studies’ muted response to settler colonialism illustrates the impoverished nature of geography’s study of race.

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BASU, SUBHO. "The Dialectics of Resistance: Colonial Geography, Bengali Literati and the Racial Mapping of Indian Identity." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 1 (November 6, 2009): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990060.

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AbstractThrough a study of hitherto unexplored geography textbooks written in Bengali between 1845 and 1880, this paper traces the evolution of a geographic information system related to ethnicity, race, and space. This geographic information system impacted the mentality of emerging educated elites in colonial India who studied in the newly established colonial schools and played a critical role in developing and articulating ideas of the territorial nation-state and the rights of citizenship in India. The Bengali Hindu literati believed that the higher location of India in such a constructed hierarchy of civilizations could strengthen their claims to rights of citizenship and self-government. These nineteenth century geography textbooks asserted clearly that high caste Hindus constituted the core ethnicity of colonial Indian society and all others were resident outsiders. This knowledge system, rooted in geography/ethnicity/race/space, and related to the hierarchy of civilizations, informed the Bengali intelligentsia's notion of core ethnicity in the future nation-state in India with Hindu elites at its ethnic core.

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Allen, Vincent C., Christina Lachance, Britt Rios-Ellis, and Kimberly A. Kaphingst. "Issues in the Assessment of “Race” Among Latinos." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 33, no. 4 (November 2011): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986311422880.

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Measurement of race and ethnicity is integral to assessing and addressing health disparities experienced by minorities. However, the unique experiences of Latinos related to race and the discordance between understandings of race among Latinos and the predominant U.S. conceptualizations of this construct impact how Latinos respond to measurement approaches. As a result, data collection methodologies often yield ambiguous responses that reveal little about this population. This article examines Latinos’ racial responding, and how this relates to their experiences and understanding of their racial identity. We recommend the use of a combined race and ethnicity question and open-ended race and ethnicity questions, when feasible, which will likely yield more meaningful data that can be used to address this populations’ health needs.

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Robinson-Sweet, Anna. "Ancestry.com’s Race Stories." International Journal of Information, Diversity, & Inclusion (IJIDI) 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/ijidi.v5i1.34644.

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The popularity of genealogical research is linked to the growth of online genealogy services such as Ancestry.com, which, as of 2020, has over three million paid subscribers. Another 18 million people have taken genetic ancestry tests through the company’s subsidiary, AncestryDNA. This article interrogates how Ancestry presents information on race and ethnicity to users, asking if it is possible for researchers to build a critical racial identity using Ancestry’s services. Applying an understanding of whiteness that comes from critical race studies, the article examines the way race, and whiteness in particular, is presented in the business’s marketing, web features, and products such as AncestryDNA. These examinations reveal a company selling customers family history narratives that comport with the mythology of American egalitarianism, while at the same time essentializing race and ethnicity. The implications of these findings are significant for information professionals because Ancestry relies on partnerships with libraries and archives to supply material for the website’s research database. These partnerships compel archivists and librarians to scrutinize Ancestry’s information ethics. The article calls for further discussion and research into how information professionals can be agents for change in how race and ethnicity are treated in online genealogy spaces.

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Shah, Paru R., and Nicholas R. Davis. "Comparing Three Methods of Measuring Race/Ethnicity." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 2, no. 1 (March 2017): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2016.27.

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AbstractIn this research note, we explore compare and contrast three methods for measuring race. We utilize as our baseline, or “true”, measure expert coded racial categories, and to this compare two alternatives. The first is a hybrid Bayesian analysis of racial/ethnic surname lists and population distributions, which allow us to develop a race probability score for each candidate. The second is a novel and innovative crowdsourcing method that allows many contributors to classify the racial identity of candidates. We analyze and discuss the potential benefits, pitfalls, and tradeoffs of each method. We conclude with the implications of these new measures for future election research as well as race and politics scholarship more broadly.

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Casanovas, Joan. "Slavery, the Labour Movement and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850–1890." International Review of Social History 40, no. 3 (December 1995): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000113380.

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SummaryNineteenth-century Cuban colonial and slave society sharply divided its inhabitants by race and ethnicity. These race and ethnicity divisions, and the formidable repressive apparatus necessary to sustain slavery and colonialism, hindered the emergence of a class identity among the urban popular classes. However, this oppressive atmosphere created working and living conditions that compelled workers of diverse ethnicity and race to participate, increasingly, in collective action together. Free labour shared many of the adversities imposed on unfree labour, which led the emerging Cuban labour movement, first to oppose the use of unfree labour in the factories, and later, to become openly abolitionist.

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Ruffner, K. C. "Civil War Citizens: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity in America's Bloodiest Conflict." Journal of American History 98, no. 4 (February 19, 2012): 1160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar633.

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Jozwiak, Gabriella. "managing equality and diversity, part 5: race and ethnicity On identity." Nursery World 2019, no. 10 (May 13, 2019): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2019.10.34.

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ROMAIN, GEMMA. "Ethnicity, Identity and ‘Race’: The Port jews of Nineteenth-Century Charleston." Jewish Culture and History 7, no. 1-2 (August 2004): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1462169x.2004.10512014.

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Ghoshal, Sayori. "Experts of Identity: Race, Ethnicity, and Science in India, 1910s–1940s." Isis 115, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/729014.

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Van Wicklin, Sharon Ann. "Asking Assessment Questions About Race, Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity." Plastic and Aesthetic Nursing 43, no. 2 (April 2023): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/psn.0000000000000498.

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Yip, Tiffany. "Ethnic/Racial Identity—A Double-Edged Sword? Associations With Discrimination and Psychological Outcomes." Current Directions in Psychological Science 27, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417739348.

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Given the prominence of ethnicity/race in the United States, many youths construct an ethnic/racial identity (ERI). However, ERI development occurs against a backdrop of prejudice, oppression, and discrimination. This synthetic review explores (a) how identity and discrimination are related and (b) their association with psychological health. There is a reciprocal developmental association between ERI and discrimination, in which each informs the other. Although discrimination is detrimental for mental health, its impact depends on identity. In some cases, ERI confers protection from discrimination, and in others, it poses additional vulnerabilities. A strong sense of commitment to one’s identity confers protection against the negative effects of discrimination, while high levels of identity exploration are associated with increased vulnerability. However, the importance of ethnicity/race to one’s identity both protects from and increases vulnerabilities to discrimination. Suggestions for future research to help to disambiguate these associations are offered.

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Everett, Bethany G., Aubrey Limburg, Brittany M. Charlton, Jae M. Downing, and Phoenix A. Matthews. "Sexual Identity and Birth Outcomes: A Focus on the Moderating Role of Race-ethnicity." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 62, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146521997811.

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Race-ethnic disparities in birth outcomes are well established, and new research suggests that there may also be important sexual identity disparities in birth weight and preterm birth. This study uses the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and is the first to examine disparities in birth outcomes at the intersection of race-ethnicity and sexual identity. We use ordinary least sqaures and logistic regression models with live births (n = 10,318) as the unit of analysis clustered on mother ID (n = 5,105), allowing us to adjust for preconception and pregnancy-specific perinatal risk factors as well as neighborhood characteristics. Results show a striking reversal in the effect of lesbian or bisexual identity on birth outcomes across race-ethnicities: For white women, a bisexual or lesbian identity is associated with better birth outcomes than their white heterosexual counterparts, but for Black and Latina women, it is associated with worse birth outcomes than their heterosexual peers.

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Breiner, Courtney E., McKenzie L. Miller, Christina M. Sanzari, Taylor R. Perry, and Julia M. Hormes. "Peer Ethnicity as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Ethnic Identity and Body Appreciation in Black College-Aged Women." Journal of Black Psychology 49, no. 6 (November 2023): 814–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00957984231192285.

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Strong ethnic identity is recognized as a protective factor against body image concern and eating pathology in Black women as they tend to hold cultural values in line with an acceptance of a variety of body shapes and sizes. Reinforcement of these cultural ideals may occur via same-race peer relationships. The current study examined the mediating role of same-race versus other-race peers in the relationship between ethnic identity and body appreciation in Black women. Participants were 139 Black undergraduate women ( Mage = 18.94 years, MBMI = 25.33) who completed validated measures of ethnic identity and body appreciation and reported on the ethnic makeup of their friends. We conducted mediation analysis examining the role of same-race peers on the relationship between ethnic identity and body appreciation. Same-race peers mediated the relationship between ethnic identity and body appreciation, where having a greater percentage of friends increased both ethnic identity and body appreciation in Black women. The influence of same-race peers should be considered in the development of culturally informed prevention and intervention efforts for eating pathology in Black women.

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Korneliusa, Kristīna. "The Search for Identity in “Never Marry a Mexican” by Sandra Cisneros." Ostrava Journal of English Philology 14, no. 2 (January 2023): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/ojoep.2022.14.0009.

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This paper explores the search for identity in the short story “Never Marry a Mexican” by Sandra Cisneros, examining such identity characteristics as ethnicity, race, gender, and marital status. Additionally, such defense mechanisms as denial and projection are analyzed, as well as the structure of the story. Overall, the analysis shows that finding one’s identity is so crucial that if a person does not comply with the conventions of human society, he or she may start looking for possibilities of identification outside the human race

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Verschelden, Cia. "“Shared Ethnicity” in Transracial Adoption." Ethnic Studies Review 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1996.19.1.29.

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The discussion of transracial adoption of black infants by white parents calls into question the distinction between race and ethnicity for these children and their families. Research on the overall success of these adoption indicate that most of the children are well-adjusted, have healthy self esteem, and do not have problems with issues of racial identity. This paper suggest that the concept of “shared ethnicity” might be useful construction for understanding these multiracial families.

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Robertson, Lee, Ellesse-Roselee Akré, and Gilbert Gonzales. "Mental Health Disparities at the Intersections of Gender Identity, Race, and Ethnicity." LGBT Health 8, no. 8 (November 1, 2021): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0429.

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