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Journal articles on the topic 'RACIAL DISCRIMINATION'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Racial Discrimination." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340005.

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Abstract This fifth volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law surveys the field of comparative race discrimination law for the purpose of providing an introduction to the nature of comparing systems of discrimination and the transnational search for effective equality laws and policies. This volume includes the perspectives of racialized subjects (subalterns) in the examination of the reach of the laws on the ground. It engages a variety of legal and social science resources in order to compare systems across a number of contexts (such as the United States, Canada, France, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Israel, India, and others). The goal is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of various kinds of anti-discrimination legal devices to aid in the study of law reform efforts across the globe centered on racial equality.
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2

Black, J. "Racial discrimination." BMJ 306, no. 6889 (May 22, 1993): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6889.1417-d.

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3

Busby, Danielle R., Meredith O. Hope, Daniel B. Lee, Justin E. Heinze, and Marc A. Zimmerman. "Racial Discrimination and Trajectories of Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults: The Role of Organizational Religious Involvement." Health Education & Behavior 49, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10901981211051650.

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Racial discrimination jeopardizes a wide range of health behaviors for African Americans. Numerous studies demonstrate significant negative associations between racial discrimination and problematic alcohol use among African Americans. Culturally specific contexts (e.g., organized religious involvement) often function protectively against racial discrimination’s adverse effects for many African Americans. Yet organized religious involvement may affect the degree to which racial discrimination increases problematic alcohol use resulting in various alcohol use trajectories. These links remain understudied in emerging adulthood marked by when individuals transition from adolescence to early adult roles and responsibilities. We use data from 496 African American emerging adults from the Flint Adolescent Study (FAS) to (a) identify multiple and distinct alcohol use trajectories and (b) examine organizational religious involvement’s protective role. Three trajectory classes were identified: the high/stable, (20.76% of sample; n = 103); moderate/stable, (39.52% of sample; n = 196); and low/rising, (39.72% of the sample; n = 197). After controlling for sex, educational attainment, and general stress, the interaction between racial discrimination and organized religious involvement did not influence the likelihood of classifying into the moderate/stable class or the low/rising class, compared with the high/stable class. These results suggest organized religious involvement counteracts, but does not buffer racial discrimination’s effects on problematic alcohol use. Findings emphasize the critical need for culturally sensitive prevention efforts incorporating organized religious involvement for African American emerging adults exposed to racial discrimination. These prevention efforts may lessen the role of racial discrimination on health disparities related to alcohol use.
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4

Banton, Michael. "Eliminating Racial Discrimination." Anthropology Today 3, no. 4 (August 1987): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3033213.

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5

Otieno, Alex. "Eliminating racial discrimination." UN Chronicle 44, no. 3 (January 15, 2008): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/ede38028-en.

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6

Quillian, Lincoln. "Measuring Racial Discrimination." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 35, no. 1 (January 2006): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610603500165.

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7

Matthew, D. C. "Racial Injustice, Racial Discrimination, and Racism." Social Theory and Practice 43, no. 4 (2017): 885–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract201711226.

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8

Bacchini, Fabio, and Ludovica Lorusso. "Race, again: how face recognition technology reinforces racial discrimination." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 17, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-05-2018-0050.

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Purpose This study aims to explore whether face recognition technology – as it is intensely used by state and local police departments and law enforcement agencies – is racism free or, on the contrary, is affected by racial biases and/or racist prejudices, thus reinforcing overall racial discrimination. Design/methodology/approach The study investigates the causal pathways through which face recognition technology may reinforce the racial disproportion in enforcement; it also inquires whether it further discriminates black people by making them experience more racial discrimination and self-identify more decisively as black – two conditions that are shown to be harmful in various respects. Findings This study shows that face recognition technology, as it is produced, implemented and used in Western societies, reinforces existing racial disparities in stop, investigation, arrest and incarceration rates because of racist prejudices and even contributes to strengthen the unhealthy effects of racism on historically disadvantaged racial groups, like black people. Practical implications The findings hope to make law enforcement agencies and software companies aware that they must take adequate action against the racially discriminative effects of the use of face recognition technology. Social implications This study highlights that no implementation of an allegedly racism-free biometric technology is safe from the risk of racially discriminating, simply because each implementation leans against our society, which is affected by racism in many persisting ways. Originality/value While the ethical survey of biometric technologies is traditionally framed in the discourse of universal rights, this study explores an issue that has not been deeply scrutinized so far, that is, how face recognition technology differently affects distinct racial groups and how it contributes to racial discrimination.
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9

Powell, Cedric M. "The Post-Racial Deception of the Roberts Court." SMU Law Review 77, no. 1 (2024): 7–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/smulr.77.1.3.

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Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard/UNC (SFFA) is a post-racial deception unmoored from precedent and societal reality. SFFA deceives the polity and signals an all out assault on anti-discrimination law. To preserve its institutional legitimacy, the Roberts Court promotes doctrinal and conceptual distortions—post-racial deceptions of cognizable injuries advanced through reverse discrimination claims of white plaintiffs; racial proxy claims of discrimination proffered by Asian-Americans; and the fairness rationale of the Court’s circular post-racial edict that “the way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.” Chief Justice Roberts’s majority opinion discards the anti-subordination principle of the Fourteenth Amendment and replaces it with a post-racial anti-differentiation principle: “Eliminating racial discrimination means eliminating all of it.” Expanding the circularity of Chief Justice Roberts’s post-racialism even further, Justice Thomas’s concurrence offers an ostensibly originalist reinterpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment that erases the race-conscious history of the Reconstruction Amendments and reframes it as the codification of the Declaration of Independence. Rejecting this post-racial deception, Justices Sotomayor and Jackson, in dissent, foreground the anti-subordination principle as the essential doctrinal core of the Fourteenth Amendment and offer a rebuke of the Court’s facile post-racialism with a comprehensive discussion of systemic racism, structural inequality, and the present-day effects of past discrimination. The Court’s post-racial constitutionalism is a post-racial deception which must be discredited and rejected if we are to ever achieve the multi-racial democracy promised by the Second Founding.
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10

Burt, Callie Harbin, Ronald L. Simons, and Frederick X. Gibbons. "Racial Discrimination, Ethnic-Racial Socialization, and Crime." American Sociological Review 77, no. 4 (June 8, 2012): 648–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122412448648.

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Dominant theoretical explanations of racial disparities in criminal offending overlook a key risk factor associated with race: interpersonal racial discrimination. Building on recent studies that analyze race and crime at the micro-level, we specify a social psychological model linking personal experiences with racial discrimination to an increased risk of offending. We add to this model a consideration of an adaptive facet of African American culture: ethnic-racial socialization, and explore whether two forms—cultural socialization and preparation for bias—provide resilience to the criminogenic effects of interpersonal racial discrimination. Using panel data from several hundred African American male youth from the Family and Community Health Study, we find that racial discrimination is positively associated with increased crime in large part by augmenting depression, hostile views of relationships, and disengagement from conventional norms. Results also indicate that preparation for bias significantly reduces the effects of discrimination on crime, primarily by reducing the effects of these social psychological mediators on offending. Cultural socialization has a less influential but beneficial effect. Finally, we show that the more general parenting context within which preparation for bias takes place influences its protective effects.
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11

Telles, Edward. "Racial discrimination and miscegenation." UN Chronicle 44, no. 3 (January 15, 2008): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/d56dc8b3-en.

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12

Day, Michael. "Racial discrimination: professional implications." Journal of Interprofessional Care 8, no. 2 (January 1994): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13561829409010412.

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13

Moodley, P., and D. Bhugra. "Racial discrimination against doctors." BMJ 306, no. 6881 (March 27, 1993): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6881.853.

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Rao, J. N. "Racial discrimination against doctors." BMJ 306, no. 6881 (March 27, 1993): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6881.853-a.

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15

Johnson, M. R. "Racial discrimination against doctors." BMJ 306, no. 6881 (March 27, 1993): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6881.853-b.

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16

Chong, N. H. V. "Racial discrimination against doctors." BMJ 306, no. 6881 (March 27, 1993): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6881.853-c.

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17

Katona, C. L. E., and M. M. Robertson. "Racial discrimination against doctors." BMJ 306, no. 6881 (March 27, 1993): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6881.854.

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18

Banerjee, R. K. "Racial discrimination against doctors." BMJ 306, no. 6881 (March 27, 1993): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6881.854-a.

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19

Beswick, F. B. "Racial discrimination against doctors." BMJ 306, no. 6881 (March 27, 1993): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6881.854-b.

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20

James, M. A. "Racial discrimination. Prejudice exaggerated." BMJ 306, no. 6886 (May 1, 1993): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6886.1200-a.

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21

Mckenzie, K. J. "Racial discrimination in medicine." BMJ 310, no. 6978 (February 25, 1995): 478–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6978.478.

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22

Louber, Ismael. "Racial Discrimination and TESOL." International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education 2, no. 2 (July 2017): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbide.2017070103.

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While the field of TESOL/TEFL claims to be inclusive given that it is composed of a myriad of sociocultural backgrounds and environments, racial discrimination is a common phenomenon, especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nonetheless, this issue has not been given enough attention by researchers, in that particular region at least. This article reports the findings of a small-scale qualitative study conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia drawing upon the experiences of six non-Saudi male English as a Foreign Language (EFL) lecturers. Open-ended questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data to explore the relationship between teachers' construction of their ethnic and racial identities and issues of discrimination within their professional environment. The study explored the participants' construction of their ethnic and cultural identity and its possible relation to discriminatory practices in their professional environment. The research showed how certain discriminatory practices affected how the participants projected their ethnic and cultural identity in their professional context.
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23

Banton, Michael. "Discrimination on racial grounds." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 15, no. 1 (October 1988): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.1988.9976102.

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24

Miller, Byron, Sunshine M. Rote, and Verna M. Keith. "Coping with Racial Discrimination." Society and Mental Health 3, no. 2 (April 5, 2013): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156869313483757.

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25

Chavez, Laura J., India J. Ornelas, Courtney R. Lyles, and Emily C. Williams. "Racial/Ethnic Workplace Discrimination." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 48, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.013.

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26

Assari, Shervin. "Social Epidemiology of Perceived Discrimination in the United States: Role of Race, Educational Attainment, and Income." International Journal of Epidemiologic Research 7, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2020.24.

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Background and aims: This study aimed to compare non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) American adults for the associations of educational attainment and household income with perceived racial discrimination. Methods: The 2010 National Alcohol Survey (NAS N12), a nationally representative study, included 2635 adults who were either NHB (n=273) or NHW (n=2362). We compared NHBs and NHWs for the associations between education, income, and perceived racial discrimination. We used linear regression for data analysis. Outcome was perceived racial discrimination; the predictors were educational attainment and household income; covariates were age and gender; and moderator was race. Results: In the total sample, high income was associated with lower levels of perceived racial discrimination, while educational attainment was not significantly associated with perceived racial discrimination. There was also an interaction between race and education but not household income, suggesting a difference in the association between educational attainment and perceived racial discrimination between NHB and NHW individuals. For NHW individuals, household income was inversely associated with perceived racial discrimination. For NHB individuals, however, household income was not related to perceived racial discrimination. For NHB but not NHW individuals, educational attainment was correlated with more not less perceived racial discrimination. Conclusion: High income protects NHW but not NHB individuals against perceived racial discrimination, and NHB individuals with high education levels report more not less perceived racial discrimination.
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SIMANJORANG, ANGGI VERONIKA, and SYAMSUL BAHRI. "REPRESENTATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN KASI LEMMONS’S HARRIET." LINGUISTICA 11, no. 3 (November 1, 2022): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jalu.v11i3.39600.

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In this social conditions, it is undeniable that cases of discrimination still dominate actions that are still widely felt by individuals, or groups of people. This discriminatory attitude is still often found in social, cultural, school and work life. This study aimed at identifying the kinds of racial discrimination in Illustration and dialog of script and movie biographies about Harriet Tubman and what are Nigger's resistance toward those discriminations in the movie. This study was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative method. The sources of data were taken from the script. The research instrument was the researcher herself by using a tool including laptop and books. The results of this research showed that in Harriet movie, there were five types of discrimination with the total of verbal antagonist (37,037%), avocation (18,518%), segregation (37,037%), physical attack (7,4071%). Racial discrimination is a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, and finally discrimination found as the most dominant thing that the depict racism in the movie.
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Simanjorang, Anggi Veronika, and Syamsul Bahri. "Representation of Racial Discrimination in Kasi Lemmons’ Harriet." TRANSFORM : Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning 12, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/tj.v12i1.47255.

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In this social condition, it is undeniable that cases of discrimination still dominate actions that are still widely felt by individuals, or groups of people. This discriminatory attitude is still often found in social, cultural, school and work life. This study aimed at identifying the kinds of racial discrimination in Illustration and dialog of script and movie biographies about Harriet Tubman and what are Nigger's resistance toward those discriminations in the movie. This study was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative method. The sources of data were taken from the script. The research instrument was the researcher herself by using a tool including laptop and books. The results of this research showed that in Harriet movie, there were five types of discrimination with the total of verbal antagonist (37,037%), avocation (18,518%), segregation (37,037%), physical attack (7,4071%). Racial discrimination is a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, and finally discrimination found as the most dominant thing that the depict racism in the movie.
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Gaddis, S. Michael. "Understanding the “How” and “Why” Aspects of Racial-Ethnic Discrimination: A Multimethod Approach to Audit Studies." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649219870183.

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Researchers have used audit studies to provide causal evidence of racial discrimination for nearly 60 years. Although audits are an excellent methodological tool to investigate the “what,” “where,” and “when” aspects of racial-ethnic discrimination, audits are less appropriate, by themselves, to investigate the “how” and “why” aspects of racial-ethnic discrimination. In this article, I review why audit studies are necessary to study racial-ethnic discrimination, the evidence from audit studies, and their limitations. I then argue that scholars should adopt a multimethod approach to audit studies to move from documenting the existence of racial-ethnic discrimination to examining how and why racial-ethnic discrimination occurs. Adoption of this multimethod approach will result in a deeper understanding of racial-ethnic discrimination with the potential to shape both opinions and policy surrounding discrimination.
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30

Tanner, Emily, G. E. Kawika Allen, Ellie L. Young, Erika Feinauer, and Caitlin Ure. "Examining Psychological Correlates and Indirect Effects of Forgiveness on Racial Discrimination among Polynesian American Emerging Adults." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1017.

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There is a lack of research on the effects of racial discrimination on the mental health of emerging Polynesian American adults. Broadly, the aim was to examine the intersections of racial discrimination, depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, anger, forgiveness, and satisfaction with life in a sample of 423 Polynesian emerging adults through an online Qualtrics survey. Specifically, this study also sought to examine the effects of racial discrimination and the indirect effects of forgiveness on mental health among this Polynesian American group. Elevated experiences of racial discrimination were linked to increased levels of anger as well as negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, experiences of racial discrimination were inversely correlated with forgiveness and self-esteem. Participants with a high school education or less were more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination. Forgiveness mediated the relationship between racial discrimination and depression, anxiety, stress, and satisfaction with life. Implications are provided regarding the psychological impacts of racial discrimination among Polynesian emerging adults.
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31

Williams, Natasha, Andrea Grant, Omonigho Bubu, Alicia Chung, and Douglas Wallace. "0791 Perceived racial discrimination predicts poor PAP adherence: a pilot study." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A343—A344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.787.

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Abstract Introduction Although racial and ethnic differences in continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence for people with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are well known, no studies have examined the influence of racial discrimination on CPAP use. The aim of this study was to determine if racial discrimination influenced CPAP use trajectories. Methods Participants with OSA initiating CPAP were enrolled from two sleep centers in New York City. Participants completed questionnaires including sociodemographics, perceived discrimination, daytime sleepiness, and depressive symptoms. Racial discrimination was measured via the validated Everyday Discrimination scale (EDS) , Participants endorsed at least one discriminatory experience “at least once a year” and race was the main reason for this treatment. Sociodemographic and questionnaire comparison were performed between participants reporting the presence and absence of racial discrimination. To examine differences in the trajectory of CPAP use based on racial discrimination status (between-subjects factor), we performed a two-factor repeated measures ANOVA with mean hours of daily use at 7, 30 and 90 days serving as the time dependent variable (within-subjects factor). Analyses were adjusted for depressive symptoms. Results The sample consisted of 88 participants (40% female; 40% Non-Hispanic Black; mean age of 57 ± 14 yrs). Twenty-two individuals (25% of the cohort) reported racial discrimination. In unadjusted two-factor repeated measures ANOVA, the test statistic for equality of racial discrimination CPAP adherence means over time was highly significant [ F = 9.71 (1, 68); p = 0.003] while the test for interaction between racial discrimination and time was marginally significant [F = 3.19 (1.53, 103.8); p = 0.059). Main effects for time were significant for participants reporting discrimination (p=0.04) but not for those without racial discrimination experiences (p=0.25). Thus, people reporting racial discrimination experienced greater decrement in CPAP use over time while a more stable CPAP use pattern was observed in those not perceiving racial discrimination. Conclusion Racial discrimination status may determine future poor CPAP adherence. Larger studies examining mechanisms of how perceived racial discrimination mediates worse CPAP adherence may assist in mitigating CPAP adherence disparities. Support (If Any) Natasha Williams was supported by grant from the National Institutes of Health: K23125939
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32

Lane, Tom. "Along which identity lines does 21st-century Britain divide? Evidence from Big Brother." Rationality and Society 32, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463120904049.

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This article measures discrimination in the reality TV show Big Brother, a high-stakes environment. Data on contestants’ nominations are taken from 35 series of the British version of the show, covering the years 2000–2016. Race and age discrimination are found, with contestants more likely to nominate those of a different race and those different in age from themselves. However, no discrimination is identified on the basis of gender, geographical region of origin, or level of education. Racial discrimination is driven by males, but females exhibit stronger age discrimination than males. Age discrimination is driven by the younger contestants discriminating against the older. Regional differences emerge, particularly between contestants from Greater London and those from the north of England; northerners have a stronger tendency to engage in racial and age discrimination, and to discriminate in favour of the opposite gender.
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Nam, Soohyun, Sangchoon Jeon, Garrett Ash, Robin Whittemore, and David Vlahov. "Racial Discrimination, Sedentary Time, and Physical Activity in African Americans: Quantitative Study Combining Ecological Momentary Assessment and Accelerometers." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): e25687. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25687.

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Background A growing number of studies indicate that exposure to social stress, such as perceived racial discrimination, may contribute to poor health, health behaviors, and health disparities. Increased physical activity (PA) may buffer the impact of social stress resulting from racial discrimination. However, to date, data on the relationship between racial discrimination and PA have been mixed. Part of the reason is that the effect of perceived racial discrimination on PA has primarily been examined in cross-sectional studies that captured retrospective measures of perceived racial discrimination associated with individuals’ current PA outcomes. The association between real-time perceived racial discrimination and PA among African Americans remains unclear. Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among demographic, anthropometric and clinical, and psychological factors with lifetime racial discrimination and examine the within- and between-person associations between daily real-time racial discrimination and PA outcomes (total energy expenditure, sedentary time, and moderate-to-vigorous PA patterns) measured by ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and accelerometers in healthy African Americans. Methods This pilot study used an intensive, observational, case-crossover design of African Americans (n=12) recruited from the community. After participants completed baseline surveys, they were asked to wear an accelerometer for 7 days to measure their PA levels. EMA was sent to participants 5 times per day for 7 days to assess daily real-time racial discrimination. Multilevel models were used to examine the within- and between-person associations of daily racial discrimination on PA. Results More EMA-reported daily racial discrimination was associated with younger age (r=0.75; P=.02). Daily EMA-reported microaggression was associated with depressive symptoms (r=0.66; P=.05), past race-related events (r=0.82; P=.004), and lifetime discrimination (r=0.78; P=.01). In the within-person analyses, the day-level association of racial discrimination and sedentary time was significant (β=.30, SE 0.14; P=.03), indicating that on occasions when participants reported more racial discrimination than usual, more sedentary time was observed. Between-person associations of racial discrimination (β=−.30, SE 0.28; P=.29) or microaggression (β=−.34, SE 0.36; P=.34) with total energy expenditure were suggestive but inconclusive. Conclusions Concurrent use of EMA and accelerometers is a feasible method to examine the relationship between racial discrimination and PA in real time. Examining daily processes at the within-person level has the potential to elucidate the mechanisms of which racial discrimination may have on health and health behaviors and to guide the development of personalized interventions for increasing PA in racial ethnic minorities. Future studies with a precision health approach, incorporating within- and between-person associations, are warranted to further elucidate the effects of racial discrimination and PA. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1002/nur.22068
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Camelo, Lidyane V., Luana Giatti, Roberto Marini Ladeira, Rosane Harter Griep, José Geraldo Mill, Dóra Chor, and Sandhi Maria Barreto. "Racial disparities in renal function: the role of racial discrimination. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 11 (July 27, 2018): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210665.

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BackgroundRacial discrimination may play a significant role in higher incidence and poorer prognosis of chronic kidney disease among Black individuals. This study set out to investigate the association between racial discrimination and renal function and to estimate the contribution of racial discrimination to existing racial disparities in renal function.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis using baseline data (2008–2010) of 14 355 participants (35–74 years) in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health cohort study. Renal function was estimated based on estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) obtained by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Racial discrimination was assessed using a modified version of the Lifetime Major Events Scale ; race/colour was self-reported. Covariates included were age, sex, level of education and selected health-related factors.ResultsRacial discrimination was reported by 31.6%, 6.3% and 0.8% of Black, Brown and White individuals, respectively. The older the age, the lower the prevalence of racial discrimination among Blacks. Racial discrimination was independently associated with lower mean eGFR (β=−2.38; 95% CI −3.50 to −1.25); however, associations were limited to individuals aged under 55 years. In this age group, eGFR differences between Black and White individuals were reduced by 31% when exposure to racial discrimination was accounted for.ConclusionBlacks are approximately 40 times more likely to report racial discrimination than Whites. Racial discrimination was associated with lower mean eGFR and explained a significant portion of eGFR differences between Black and White individuals aged under 55 years. Exposure to experiences of racial discrimination should be accounted for in studies investigating racial disparities in renal function.
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White, Kellee, Shuo Huang, and Bethany Bell. "CORRELATES OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION TRAJECTORIES AMONG BLACK MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1521.

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Abstract Single cross-sectional measures of racial discrimination may mask the dynamic nature and cumulative impact of repeated exposures to discrimination. Characterizing racial discrimination trajectories, patterns of repeated exposure, may provide insight on age-related patterns of health risk and resilience. However, there is a dearth of research exploring racial discrimination trajectories. This study characterizes racial discrimination trajectories and identifies trajectory correlates among a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older black adults who participated in the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2018). Repeated measures latent profile analysis was employed to identify racial discrimination trajectories. Logistic regression models, estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were conducted to investigate sociodemographic and neighborhood-level predictors of racial discrimination trajectories. Two racial discrimination trajectories were identified: low to moderate (82%) and persistently high (18%). Individuals 65+ (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.64) and female sex (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.76) were associated with a lower odds of belonging to the persistently high racial discrimination trajectory class. Individuals reporting higher levels of major lifetime experiences of discrimination (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.33, 1.63) and greater neighborhood social cohesion (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.50) predicted membership in the persistently high racial discrimination trajectory class. These findings suggest heterogeneity in the cumulative patterning of discrimination among black middle-aged and older adults. Discrimination trajectories may enable greater precision in estimating the health consequences of cumulative exposure to discrimination. Future studies are warranted to determine whether membership in specific trajectory classes confers differential risk to age-related conditions.
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Small, Mario L., and Devah Pager. "Sociological Perspectives on Racial Discrimination." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.2.49.

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As in economics, racial discrimination has long been a focus of research in sociology. Yet the disciplines traditionally have differed in how they approach the topic. While some studies in recent years show signs of cross-disciplinary influence, exposing more economists to sociological perspectives on racial discrimination would benefit both fields. We offer six propositions from the sociology of racial discrimination that we believe economists should note. We argue that independent of taste and statistical discrimination, economists should study institutional discrimination; that institutional discrimination can take at least two forms, organizational and legal; that in both forms the decisions of a contemporary actor to discriminate can be immaterial; that institutional discrimination is a vehicle through which past discrimination has contemporary consequences; that minor forms of everyday interpersonal discrimination can be highly consequential; and that whether actors perceive they have experienced discrimination deserves attention in its own right.
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37

Shariff-Marco, Salma, Nancy Breen, Hope Landrine, Bryce B. Reeve, Nancy Krieger, Gilbert C. Gee, David R. Williams, et al. "MEASURING EVERYDAY RACIAL/ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTH SURVEYS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8, no. 1 (2011): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x11000129.

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AbstractWhile it is clear that self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination is related to illness, there are challenges in measuring self-reported discrimination or unfair treatment. In the present study, we evaluate the psychometric properties of a self-reported instrument across racial/ethnic groups in a population-based sample, and we test and interpret findings from applying two different widely-used approaches to asking about discrimination and unfair treatment. Even though we found that the subset of items we tested tap into a single underlying concept, we also found that different groups are more likely to report on different aspects of discrimination. Whether race is mentioned in the survey question affects both frequency and mean scores of reports of racial/ethnic discrimination. Our findings suggest caution to researchers when comparing studies that have used different approaches to measure racial/ethnic discrimination and allow us to suggest practical empirical guidelines for measuring and analyzing racial/ethnic discrimination. No less important, we have developed a self-reported measure of recent racial/ethnic discrimination that functions well in a range of different racial/ethnic groups and makes it possible to compare how racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with health disparities among multiple racial/ethnic groups.
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Mouzon, Dawne M., Robert Joseph Taylor, Amanda Toler Woodward, and Linda M. Chatters. "Everyday Racial Discrimination, Everyday Non-Racial Discrimination, and Physical Health Among African-Americans." Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work 26, no. 1-2 (June 13, 2016): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2016.1187103.

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39

Yi, Eun-Hye, Michin Hong, and Cherish Bolton. "RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS OF OLDER ADULTS: SUBJECTIVE REASONS AND CONTRIBUTORS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1835.

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Abstract Racism is prevalent in the United States; however, literature exploring racial discrimination experienced by older adults is still limited. The current study examined subjective reasons for discrimination and compared race/ethnic groups. Then, we examined the contributors to racial discrimination in healthcare settings. An older adult sample aged 55 or higher was drawn from California Health and Interview Survey 2017 for analysis (N=12,261). African Americans were the highest (13.06%) among five racial-ethnic groups who reported racial discrimination experienced in a lifetime in getting medical care, while Whites were the lowest (1.57%). Perceived reasons for discrimination were significantly different by racial/ethnic group. Only 3.5% of Whites perceived they were discriminated against due to their race, whereas racial/ethnic minorities perceived the main reason for discrimination was their race/skin color (African American: 55.43%, Others: 24.06%, Asian Americans: 20.26%, Hispanics: 18.22%). The weighted logistic regression analyses revealed that being a racial/ethnic minority, economic status, mental health status, citizenship, the length of living in the United States, and age were significantly associated with the experience of racial discrimination of older people. Analyses by race/ethnic groups found different contributors. For example, poverty was the most prominent factor in racial discrimination for Whites, while education was for African Americans. This study identified an apparent gap in lifetime discrimination toward racial/ethnic minority older people. Also, we found racial discrimination experience combined with systematic barriers. The findings of this study support the need for interventions for race/ethnicity-based trauma of older people and anti-racism framework education for healthcare professionals and researchers.
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Nazara, Marleni Zairanis, and Fetri Reni. "An Analysis of Racial Discriminations as Seen in Kathryn Stokett’s Novel The Help." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 2, no. 2 (August 4, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v2i2.361.

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The problem in this analysis is the existence of black racial discrimination by white people who consider themselves more powerful than the black race. This is illustrated in the novel The Help through the treatment of white employers against their helpers, the black race. In this analysis, the author wants to analyze discriminatory actions, causes and effects of racial discrimination in the novel The HelpIn this analysis, descriptive research is taken as a method of data collection. As for the method of data analysis, the authors conducted qualitative methods with understanding the novel. Data collection techniques use qualitative techniques by taking notes in collecting primary data. In data analysis techniques, the author uses structuralism method techniques by interpreting data.The results of this research are: 1) there are elements and acts of discrimination and segregation from white employers to black maids and also various racist actions towards other blacks described in the novel. 2) the cause of racial discriminations in this novel stems from Hilly's idea of making separate toilets with black maids 3) The effect of this racial discriminations is the publication of the novel The Help in Mississippi, the changing viewpoint of their employers and helpers and vice versa.
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Strohmeier, Hannah, Ronald Musizvingoza, and Nisha Sajnani. "Racial discrimination within United Nations offices in Geneva: Results from an online survey." PLOS ONE 19, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): e0295715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295715.

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Racial discrimination adversely impacts health and well-being, and interferes with organizational functioning, including United Nations offices where limited systematic research exists. This article presents and discusses a secondary analysis of data from the ‘Survey on Racial Discrimination’ issued by the United Nations Staff Union Geneva in 2020. The survey produced quantitative and qualitative data and was completed by 1251 staff, consultants, and interns (response rate: 14.7%). Descriptive statistics were computed for key findings. More than one third (34.4%) of participants reported having personally experienced racial discrimination. Most reported national origin as basis (61.8%), stated that this experience had affected their opportunities for career advancement (66.2%), and took no action as response (57.4%), mainly due to a lack of trust in the organization’s recourse mechanism. In addition, more than one third (34.3%) of survey participants had witnessed colleagues being racially discriminated against. Chi-square tests to assess differences between groups showed that those belonging to a racial, ethnic, and/or national minority or group reported higher rates of personally experienced and witnessed incidents of racial discrimination compared to those who did not identify as such. Furthermore, participants who reported having experienced racial discrimination had a higher proportion of witnessing racial discrimination. The qualitative survey data on suggested measures to address racial discrimination in the workplace were examined through thematic analysis and rendered three overarching themes: Understanding racial discrimination; revising practices of recruitment, promotion, and appointment; and restructuring case management processes. Our results suggest that racial discrimination poses a significant issue within United Nations offices in Geneva and call for educational initiatives and significant structural changes. We recommend tailored research to inform these measures and highlight that committed leadership and the participation and vigilance of all involved in shaping the culture of the organization is needed to address racial discrimination in the workplace.
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Lawrence, Jourdyn, and Ichiro Kawachi. "INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCES OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION: INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE ANALYSIS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2008.

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Abstract In addition to enduring the ongoing and persistent legacy of structural racism in the United States, Black adults often encounter sources of social stress, like racial discrimination, that have documented associations with health outcomes. As inequities in cognitive aging persist for Black adults, research has worked to examine modifiable factors, like racial discrimination, that may serve as the basis for intervention development. The dysregulation of inflammatory biomarkers has been proposed as one pathway through which racial discrimination becomes embodied to contribute to racial inequities in cognitive function. We assessed how racial discrimination occurring in institutional settings affects cognitive function among a sample of Black and white adults from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. To mitigate the influences of measurement error and unmeasured or residual confounding on our findings, we used an instrumental variable analysis to estimate the unbiased, causal association between racial discrimination in institutional settings and a battery of standardized cognitive function measures. We found that increased experiences of racial discrimination had adverse impacts on cognitive function. Understanding how racial discrimination in these settings influences cognitive outcomes supplies insight into points of potential intervention at institutional and policy levels.
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Lanier, Yzette, Marilyn S. Sommers, Jason Fletcher, Madeline Y. Sutton, and Debra D. Roberts. "Examining Racial Discrimination Frequency, Racial Discrimination Stress, and Psychological Well-Being Among Black Early Adolescents." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 3 (July 25, 2016): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416638189.

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Racial discrimination is a ubiquitous experience for Black adolescents; it has been linked to poorer psychological outcomes including higher depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem. However, the mechanisms through which racial discrimination is associated with psychological well-being are still not well understood, particularly among Black early adolescents. The current study investigated two dimensions of racial discrimination: racial discrimination frequency (RDfreq) and racial discrimination stress (RDstress). Specifically, we explored the prevalence of RDfreq and RDstress among Black youth and whether RDstress mediated the association between RDfreq and psychological well-being. Seventy-four Black middle school students (68.1% female; mean age = 12.1) completed self-report questionnaires assessing RDfreq, RDstress, depression, and self-esteem; 72 were included in the final analyses. Mediation analyses were conducted using bootstrapping. Ninety percent of the sample reported experiencing some type of racial discrimination and 99% reported that these experiences bothered them. Controlling for age, gender, and ethnicity, RDstress partially mediated the relationship between RDfreq and depression. Study findings elucidate one pathway in which racial discrimination influences psychological well-being.
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44

Gong, Fang, Jun Xu, and David T. Takeuchi. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Everyday Discrimination." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 4 (December 27, 2016): 506–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216681587.

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This study examines differences in perceptions of discrimination across multiple racial and ethnic minority groups. We focus on structural factors such as race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) and psychosocial factors such as racial/ethnic identities as predictors of perceived everyday discrimination. Data come from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), and analyses reveal several important patterns. First, perceived everyday discrimination is highly prevalent among racial/ethnic minorities in the United States and these perceptions largely reflect existing racial/ethnic hierarchies: African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans report the highest level of discrimination, whereas most Asian and Latino groups report less. Second, education, income, and immigration-related factors such as duration of residence and English language proficiency are positively associated with perceived discrimination. Third, the effects of racial/ethnic identity on perceived discrimination vary across ethnic groups, showing stronger associations among Afro-Caribbeans than among other racial and ethnic minorities. Findings from this study help to advance our theoretical understanding and empirical knowledge of racial/ethnic stratification and perceived discrimination in the United States.
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45

Garciandia, Rosana, and Philippa Webb. "The UN’s Work on Racial Discrimination: Achievements and Challenges." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 25, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 216–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413_02501020.

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In 1997, the Commission on Human Rights and the United Nations General Assembly decided to convene the third World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance in Durban, South Africa. All the major United Nations treaties protecting individuals from racial discrimination had been adopted prior to 1997 and the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance had been created in 1993. But the Durban Conference, symbolically held in post- apartheid South Africa, generated new momentum for these political and legal commitments against racial discrimination. This chapter presents an overview of the United Nations mechanisms and initiatives tackling racial discrimination and the thematic developments since 1997. In light of contemporary challenges posed by the use of technology and pandemics, and reflecting on the intersectional nature of discrimination, it concludes with reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of the United Nations response to racial discrimination. The chapter identifies areas for further attention, including racial profiling in law enforcement and border security, racism in sport, and the deepening inequalities caused by global emergencies.
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46

Sladek, Michael R., Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor, Grace Oh, Mary Beth Spang, Liliana M. Uribe Tirado, Luz M. Tilano Vega, Elana R. McDermott, and Kristia A. Wantchekon. "Ethnic-racial discrimination experiences and ethnic-racial identity predict adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment: Evidence for a compensatory risk-resilience model." International Journal of Behavioral Development 44, no. 5 (March 19, 2020): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025420912013.

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Theory and empirical evidence indicate that ethnic-racial discrimination serves as a risk factor for adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment, whereas ethnic-racial identity (ERI) development promotes positive youth adjustment and can mitigate the negative outcomes of discrimination-related risk. In Colombia, the legacies of an ethnic-racial hierarchy, mestizaje ideology (i.e., the assumption that everyone is racially mixed), and contemporary multiculturalism education reforms create a unique context for understanding adolescents’ experiences of ethnic-racial discrimination, ERI development, and their implications for psychosocial adjustment. In this study of Colombian adolescents ( N = 462; Mage = 15.90 years; 47.3% female), almost 40% of participants reported experiencing ethnic-racial-based discrimination. Experiencing more frequent ethnic-racial discrimination was associated with lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms, whereas higher ERI resolution (i.e., gaining sense of clarity about ethnic-racial group membership) and affirmation (i.e., feeling positively about ethnic-racial group membership) were associated with higher self-esteem and lower depressive symptoms. ERI exploration (i.e., learning history and gaining knowledge about ethnic-racial group membership) was also associated with higher self-esteem and moderated the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms, such that this association was stronger at higher compared to lower levels of ERI exploration. Findings provide novel evidence for ethnic-racial-related risk and resilience processes among Colombian youth.
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47

Owie, Udoka Ndidiamaka. "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates): So Far, So Good?" Arab Law Quarterly 34, no. 4 (September 24, 2020): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10053.

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Abstract International law has a long history of dealing with racial discrimination, including its involvement in the perpetration of racial discrimination. However, in establishing a body of norms to tackle the problems of racial discrimination, several multilateral instruments have been adopted under the auspices of the United Nations addressing this malaise to various extents with the most extensive being the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) of 21 December 1965. While lauded for its singular and dedicated focus on racial discrimination, the Convention is challenged, at least interpretatively, as to the grounds for racial discrimination within its remit. Events occurring between Qatar and the United Arab Emirates on 5 June 2017 have afforded the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, an opportunity—the third since the coming into effect of the Convention—to interpret this landmark treaty.
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48

Spence, J. E. "International action against racial discrimination." International Affairs 73, no. 3 (July 1997): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624282.

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49

Deschamps, Pierre, and José De Sousa. "Labor mobility and racial discrimination." European Economic Review 135 (June 2021): 103738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103738.

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50

Arnold, David, Will Dobbie, and Peter Hull. "Measuring Racial Discrimination in Algorithms." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211080.

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Algorithmic decision-making can lead to discrimination against legally protected groups, but measuring such discrimination is often hampered by a fundamental selection challenge. We develop new quasi-experimental tools to overcome this challenge and measure algorithmic discrimination in pretrial bail decisions. We show that the selection challenge reduces to the challenge of measuring four moments, which can be estimated by extrapolating quasi-experimental variation across as-good-as-randomly assigned decision-makers. Estimates from New York City show that both a sophisticated machine learning algorithm and a simpler regression model discriminate against Black defendants even though defendant race and ethnicity are not included in the training data.
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