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Journal articles on the topic 'Racism in criminal justice administration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bearfield, Domonic, Nicole Humphrey, Shannon Portillo, and Norma Riccucci. "Dismantling Institutional and Structural Racism: Implementation Strategies Across the United States." Journal of Social Equity and Public Administration 1, no. 1 (2023): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/jsepa.v1i1.4837.

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The field of public administration writes and theorizes a good deal about institutional and structural racism, but as an applied field, we don’t address some of the potential intervention strategies for dismantling racist structures and institutions. This article examines some of the prospective strategies in areas such as reparations, criminal justice, health care, and housing which have been implemented seeking to upend institutional and structural racism in this nation. Policies or programs, unless implemented, create a revolving-door syndrome. However, even when policies are developed and

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2

Hardeman, Rachel R., Simone L. Hardeman-Jones, and Eduardo M. Medina. "Fighting for America's Paradise: The Struggle against Structural Racism." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 46, no. 4 (2021): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8970767.

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Abstract Structural racism is a fundamental cause of racial inequities in health in the United States. Structural racism is manifested in inequality in the criminal justice system; de facto segregation in education, health care, and housing; and ineffective and disproportionately violent policing and economic disenfranchisement in communities of color. The inequality that Black people and communities of color face is the direct result of centuries of public policy that made Black and Brown skin a liability. The United States is now in an unprecedented moment in its history with a new administr

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3

Denney, David. "Anti‐racism and the Limits of Equal Opportunities Policy in the Criminal Justice System." Social Policy & Administration 31, no. 5 (1997): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00076.

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4

Miller, Jennifer M. "Sentencing Disparities in the United States." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 8, no. 5 (2025): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v8i5.2635.

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The United States has historically faced sentencing disparities that stem from racial, socioeconomic, and geographic factors, creating unequal treatment within the criminal justice system. The article analyzes current sentencing disparity conditions with an emphasis on racial and ethnic disparities while assessing how another Trump presidency could influence these patterns. Based on literature reviews and government reports, the paper presents evidence that Trump administration policies and their associated rhetoric might worsen current disparities through stricter sentencing practices alongsi

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5

Petersen, Nick. "Examining the Sources of Racial Bias in Potentially Capital Cases." Race and Justice 7, no. 1 (2016): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368716645842.

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While prior research has uncovered racial disparities in the administration of death sentences, little attention has been devoted to earlier stages in the capital punishment processes. To understand the locus of racial bias within death penalty institutions, this study examines the entry of homicide cases into Los Angeles County’s criminal justice system during a 5-year period. This two-part analysis seeks to answer the following research questions: (1) Does victim/defendant race influence homicide clearance and death penalty charging decisions? and (2) if so, does the likelihood of clearance

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Kim, Jaeok, and André Kiesel. "The Long Shadow of Police Racial Treatment: Racial Disparity in Criminal Justice Processing." Public Administration Review 78, no. 3 (2017): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/puar.12842.

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7

Iheme, Williams C. "Assesing the Roles of Race and Profit in the Mass Incarceration of Black People in America." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 16 (June 14, 2021): 148–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v16.6274.

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Shortly after the alleged discovery of America and its vast expanse of land waiting to be cultivated with cash crops using cheap human labor, millions of Africans fell victims and were kidnapped to work as slaves in American plantations for about four centuries. Even though it has been over 150 years since the official abolition of slavery in America, the effects of the 400 years of enslavement continue to reverberate: irrespective of the blackletter rights protecting Black people from injustices, the deep racist structures typically decrease the potency of these rights, and thus perpetuate op

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8

Eaglin, Jessica. "When Critical Race Theory Enters the Law & Technology Frame." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 26.0 (2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.26.sp.when.

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Michigan Technology Law Review is proud to partner with our peers to publish this essay by Professor Jessica Eaglin on the intertwining social construction of race, law and technology. This piece highlights how the approach to use technology as precise tools for criminal administration or objective solutions to societal issues often fails to consider how laws and technologies are created in our racialized society. If we do not consider how race and technology are co-productive, we will fail to reach substantive justice and instead reinforce existing racial hierarchies legitimated by laws.

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9

Barbash, Daria. "Stereotype as an Obstruction to Justice and Its Influence on a Judge While Consideration of a Criminal Proceeding." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 32, no. 3 (2023): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.3.2023.08.

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Consideration by a judge of criminal cases is closely related to the formation of internal conviction, which, in turn, is influenced by numerous factors, including internal psychological ones. One of them is the phenomenon of stereotyping, inherent to every person as a component of human social nature. The Article Purpose is to analyze the phenomenon of stereotype, its historical development, and study into the influence of the stereotyping process on the judge while consideration of criminal cases. To fulfil the specified goal, a systematic approach was chosen out of general scientific and sp

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10

COOLEY, WILL. "Crack and Criminal Justice in Canton, Ohio, 1987–1999: “The Drug Problem has Created a Monster”." Journal of Policy History 33, no. 2 (2021): 143–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089803062100004x.

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AbstractThe rise of crack cocaine in the late 1980s propelled the war on drugs. The experience of Canton, Ohio, shows how the response to crack solidified mass incarceration. A declining industrial city of 84,000 people in northeast Ohio with deep-seated racial divides, it was overwhelmed by aggressive, enterprising crack dealers from outside the city. In response, politicians and residents united behind the strategy of incessant arrests and drastic prison sentences. The law-enforcement offensive worsened conditions while pursuing African Americans at blatantly disproportionate rates, but few

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11

SAHA, JONATHAN. "Madness and the Making of a Colonial Order in Burma." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 2 (2012): 406–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000400.

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AbstractIn general, during the nineteenth century the British were indifferent to the condition of the insane in colonial Burma. This was most apparent in the Rangoon lunatic asylum, which was a neglected institution reformed reluctantly and episodically following internal crises of discipline and the occasional public scandal. However, whilst psychiatry was generally neglected, British officials did intervene when and where insanity threatened the colonial order. This occurred in the criminal courts where the presence of suspected lunatics was disruptive to the administration of justice. Insa

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12

Denney, Matthew G. T. "“To Wage a War”: Crime, Race, and State Making in the Age of FDR." Studies in American Political Development 35, no. 1 (2021): 16–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x2000019x.

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AbstractThe FDR administration waged a war on crime starting in 1933. I argue that this war on crime had three primary effects. First, it created a ratchet effect whereby expanded institutions did not return to previous levels after the campaign ended. Second, it instilled enduring institutional and racial logics into law enforcement in America. By building a state through a war on crime, these leaders constructed a criminal justice system designed to make war. Moreover, they perpetuated the surveillance of Black leaders and eschewed calls from Black organizations demanding protection from wid

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13

Lofstrom, Magnus, Brandon Martin, and Steven Raphael. "Effect of sentencing reform on racial and ethnic disparities in involvement with the criminal justice system: The case of California's proposition 47." Criminology & Public Policy 19, no. 4 (2020): 1165–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12527.

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14

Gonzalez, Frank J., Rongbo Jin, and Ianne Wang. "Racial and ethnic variation in the negativity bias–ideology connection: A registered report." Politics and the Life Sciences 41, no. 2 (2022): 232–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2022.19.

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AbstractThis is a registered report for a study of racial and ethnic variation in the relationship between negativity bias and political attitudes. Pioneering work on the psychological and biological roots of political orientation has suggested that political conservatism is driven in large part by enhanced negativity bias. This work has been criticized on several theoretical fronts, and recent replication attempts have failed. To dig deeper into the contours of when (and among whom) negativity bias predicts conservatism, we investigate a surprisingly overlooked factor in existing literature:

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Trochmann, Maren B., and Angela Gover. "Measuring the impact of police representativeness on communities." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, no. 4 (2016): 773–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2016-0026.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the representativeness of police departments, i.e. the extent to which the demographics of sworn police officers mirror their local constituency’s demographic makeup, has an effect on communities. The study seeks to explain whether community complaints about police use of force are related to the representativeness of the police department. Design/methodology/approach The study examines the relationships between use of force complaints lodged against a police department and the representativeness of the police vis-à-vis their community us

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16

Yu, Helen H. "Policing reforms in the 21st century: an examination of racial diversity post-executive order 13684." Policing: An International Journal 45, no. 2 (2022): 346–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2021-0147.

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PurposeThis study aims to examine minority representation amid the largest police departments in the USA that employ at least 500 sworn officers to determine whether the passage of Executive Order 13684 (2014)—a comprehensive criminal justice reform initiative to identify policing best practices and offer recommendations on how those practices can promote effective crime reduction while (re)building public trust—had any policy impact for increasing racial diversity in policing.Design/methodology/approachSurvey responses on race and ethnicity are collected from 83 police departments across thre

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17

Roberts, Rebecca. "Racism and criminal justice." Criminal Justice Matters 101, no. 1 (2015): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627251.2015.1080941.

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18

Vlasiadis, Konstantinos, and Maria Koutsamani. "Forensic Dentistry - The Role of the Dentist in Human Identification." Clinical Medicine And Health Research Journal 3, no. 4 (2023): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/cmhrj.v3i4.200.

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A dentist's role often involves screening, diagnosing, preventing, and treating a variety of oral diseases. However, it is equally important in both the medical and the judicial field through the identification of unidentified deceased individuals. For this reason, the science of Forensic Dentistry has been developed, the contribution of which is valuable, especially in cases of criminal acts or mass disasters, where the number of victims is high. Its work is characterized as demanding, in which case the immediate and effective action of specially trained and experienced professionals is neces

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19

Wirts, Amelia M. "What Does it Mean to Say “The Criminal Justice System is Racist”?" American Philosophical Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2023): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21521123.60.4.03.

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Abstract This paper considers three possible ways of understanding the claim that the American criminal justice system is racist: individualist, “patterns”-based, and ideology-based theories of institutional racism. It rejects an individualist explanation of institutional racism because such an explanation fails to explain the widespread prevalence of anti-black racism in this system or indeed in the United States. It considers a “patterns” account of institutional racism, where consistent patterns of disparate racial effect mimic the structure of intentional projects of racial subjugation lik

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20

Cunneen, Chris. "Institutional racism and (in)justice: Australia in the 21st century." Decolonization of Criminology and Justice 1, no. 1 (2019): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/dcj.v1i1.9.

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This article focusses on systemic and institutionalised racism against Indigenous people as a contemporary feature of the Australian social and penal landscape, and its implications for justice. There has been ongoing concern with institutional racism within the criminal justice system, however, this article concentrates on the intersection between institutional racism in non-criminal justice settings and their compounding effect on criminalization. Despite legal prohibitions on racial discrimination, various forms of institutional racism continue unabated. Indeed, part of the argument is that

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21

Boss, Barry, and Kara Kapp. "The Importance of a Racially Diverse Sentencing Commission." Federal Sentencing Reporter 34, no. 4 (2022): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2022.34.4.218.

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2022 marks an important year for racial diversity in our criminal justice system. President Biden has just nominated the first black woman, Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson, to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court, and the Senate appears poised to add additional members to the United States Sentencing Commission. The Biden Administration has made clear its commitment to diversity in nominating candidates to the federal bench, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, and the U.S. Marshal Service. We write to explain the profound importance of extending this commitment to the Administration’s nominations to the Senten

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22

Rucker, Julian M., and Jennifer A. Richeson. "Toward an understanding of structural racism: Implications for criminal justice." Science 374, no. 6565 (2021): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj7779.

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Racial inequality is a foundational feature of the criminal justice system in the United States. Here we offer a psychological account for how Americans have come to tolerate a system that is so at odds with their professed egalitarian values. We argue that beliefs about the nature of racism—as being solely due to prejudiced individuals rather than structural factors that disadvantage marginalized racial groups—work to uphold racial stratification in the criminal justice system. Although acknowledging structural racism facilitates the perception of and willingness to reduce racial inequality i

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23

Chien, Colleen. "America's Paper Prisons: The Second Chance Gap." Michigan Law Review, no. 119.3 (2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.3.america.

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Over the last decade, dozens of states and the federal government have enacted “second chance” reforms that increase the eligibility of individuals arrested, charged, or convicted of crimes to shorten their sentences, clear their criminal records, and/or regain the right to vote. While much fanfare has accompanied the increasing availability of “second chances,” little attention has been paid to their delivery. This study introduces the concept of the “second chance gap,” which it defines as the difference between eligibility and delivery of second chance relief; explores its causes; and appro

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24

Ogunmodede, Omotan Olusola. "Procedures for Admitting Confessional Statements under the Evidence Act, 2011, Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015 and the Administration of Criminal Justice Laws of Various States: Inconsistent or Complimentary?" ABUAD Law Journal 8, no. 1 (2020): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/alj.2020.0801.08-j.

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Confessional statements are very vital in Nigeria’s administration of criminal justice as many convictions are based on confessional statements. The major laws regulating the admissibility of confessional statements in Nigeria are Evidence Act 2011, Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015 and Administration of Criminal Justice Laws of various States. The provisions of these laws seem to be inconsistent and create confusion on the admissibility of confessional statements. This paper defines and examines confessional statements under the Evidence Act 2011, the Administration of Criminal Just

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Джеллисон-Хаунканрин, Джойс Анджела. "RACE, MISTRUST, AND POLICING: THE INTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF LINKING BLACKNESS TO CRIMINALITY." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 16, no. 4-1 (2020): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2020.4.11.

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The issues of racialized violence and policing in America are not new phenomena but are a part of the American historical fabric. Purpose: to analyze the problem of institutionalized racism in the criminal justice model. Blacks are overrepresented within the criminal justice organizational model, despite representing a small percentage of the American population. The criminal stereotype of African Americans could contribute to the reason behind why blacks are disproportionately more likely than Whites to be targeted by the police as suspects, interrogated and wrongfully convicted. Policing beh

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26

Davis, Angela J., and Michael Tonry. "Benign Neglect of Racism in the Criminal Justice System." Michigan Law Review 94, no. 6 (1996): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289965.

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27

Koen, Raymond. "The Language of Racism and the Criminal Justice System." South African Journal on Human Rights 11, no. 1 (1995): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02587203.1995.11827555.

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Alobo, Eni E., and John Inaku. "AN APPRAISAL OF THE PRINCIPLE OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN THE NIGERAIN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 12 (2020): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i12.2018.335.

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This paper examined the criminal justice system of Nigeria by essentially highlighting the gaps and the resultant effects of a criminal jurisprudence that was pivoted on the retributive criminal justice system only. The work conceptually analyzed the principle of restorative justice and appraised the provisions for the principle of restorative justice in the Administration of Criminal Justice Act of 2015. The paradigm shift from retributive to restoration justice as provided by the Administration of Criminal Justice Act of 2015 and the laudable consequences arising therefrom was underscored. T

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Dr, Eni E. Alobo, and Inaku John. "AN APPRAISAL OF THE PRINCIPLE OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN THE NGERIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 12 (2018): 134–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2532220.

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This paper examined the criminal justice system of Nigeria by essentially highlighting the gaps and the resultant effects of a criminal jurisprudence that was pivoted on the retributive criminal justice system only. The work conceptually analyzed the principle of restorative justice and appraised the provisions for the principle of restorative justice in the Administration of Criminal Justice Act of 2015. The paradigm shift from retributive to restoration justice as provided by the Administration of Criminal Justice Act of 2015 and the laudable consequences arising therefrom was underscored. T

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30

Caldwell, Leon D., and Katrina L. Bledsoe. "Can Social Justice Live in a House of Structural Racism? A Question for the Field of Evaluation." American Journal of Evaluation 40, no. 1 (2019): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098214018815772.

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This article questions whether social justice can live within the structural racism present in the field of evaluation. Structural racism refers to the totality of ways in which societies foster racial discrimination through mutually reinforcing systems of housing, education, employment, earnings, benefits, credit, media, health care, and criminal justice. In order for social justice to be a professional standard of evaluation, the field must recognize, identify, and modify persistent learned behaviors associated with structural racism. We assert that all evaluators, regardless of demographic

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Bamgbose, Oludayo John. "Access to Prison Law Libraries as a Precursor to Effective Administration of Justice in Nigeria: Lessons from the United States of America." International Journal of Legal Information 46, no. 2 (2018): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2018.24.

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A decade after the inauguration of the national working group on the reform of criminal justice administration in Nigeria by the then Attorney General of the Federation, Chief Akin Olujinmi, SAN, Nigeria was presented with a newly signed law—Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA), which was a direct response to the growing call for reforms that would address the plethora of problems confronting the administration of the criminal justice system in Nigeria. The 495-section law harmonized the existing two principal laws: the Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC

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Sapir, Yoav. "Book Review: From social justice to criminal justice - Poverty and the administration of criminal justice." Punishment & Society 5, no. 1 (2003): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146247450300500117.

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Oghenekevwe, Benghan Selase, and P. I. Gasiokwu. "Prospects and Challenges of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA), 2015." Global Journal of Politics and Law Research 13, no. 1 (2025): 74–96. https://doi.org/10.37745/gjplr.2013/vol13n17496.

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The Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015, came like a messiah, ushering new hopes and reiterating existing rights and principles in the Nigerian Criminal Justice System which before now, had attracted so much odium and contempt from within and outside Nigeria. Ten (10) years after its enactment, it has become necessary to take stock of the gains as well as the shortcomings of the act; to see if has been able to achieve its objectives. This research adopted the Doctrinal research method. Although this research agrees that the ACJA 2015 is a bold and innovative intervention in the

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Krylova, N. E., and D. D. Kharlamov. "Crime against Justice on the French and German Criminal Law." Lomonosov Law Journal 65, no. 6, 2024 (2024): 202–28. https://doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0113-11-65-6-13.

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This article is devoted to the issues of liability for criminal acts against justice in the criminal law of France and Germany. The authors examine the conceptual features of the model of criminal liability for criminal acts against justice in each of the specified legal orders. The article concludes that there are different approaches to establishing liability for criminal acts against justice in French and German criminal law. The French model of criminal liability for criminal encroachments on the interests of justice assumes the inclusion in the latter of not only the acts of individuals p

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35

Mathur, B. C. "Administration of Justice: Administrative Tribunals and Criminal Justice System." Indian Journal of Public Administration 45, no. 3 (1999): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119990320.

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Daibu, Abdulrazaq Adelodun. "Traditional Justice Systems in the Nigerian Administration of Justice: Lessons from Kenya." Journal of Comparative Law in Africa 10, no. 1 (2023): 133–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/jcla/v10/i1a6.

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The Nigerian administration of justice is facing many challenges such as congestion of cases in the courts, delays in the prompt resolution of cases, corruption in the formal justice system, a punitive and retributive approach to crime with little or no room for restitution and reparation of victims of crimes, as well as the adversarial, hostile, and technical nature of litigation. Although the federal government and some states have made efforts in respect of criminal matters by the enactment of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) and Administration of Criminal Justice Laws (ACJ

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Stein, Melissa Neal. "Mistaken Assumptions in Addressing Racial Disparities in Behavioral Health Applied to Criminal Justice." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 21, no. 1 (2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.21.1.19.

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People of color are disproportionately impacted by the criminal justice system. Many jurisdictions attempt to reduce racial disparities; however, they often do not incorporate strategies to effectively address institutional and structural racism. Resulting data reveal no effect or an exacerbating effect on disparities. This commentary attempts to translate three mistaken assumptions from the field of behavioral health, so that they apply to criminal justice system reforms. The mistaken assumptions for criminal justice are that system-wide reform efforts will naturally reduce disparities, curre

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Syza, N. P. "ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS EXCLUSIVELY BY THE COURTS." Herald of criminal justice, no. 1-2 (2022): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-5372.2022.1-2/91-99.

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The provision on the administration of justice exclusively by courts, which is promulgated by the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges» and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, has a fundamental nature and corresponds to the main features of the principles of criminal proceedings. The purpose of the article is: to reveal the content of the principle of the administration of justice in criminal proceedings exclusively by courts in connection with the institution of jurisdiction, the modern judicial system in Ukraine, the exercise

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Catur Sembadani, Putri, and Ade Risna Sari. "The Role of the Black Lives Matter Movement in Responding to the Issue of Racism Against Blacks in the United States." Journal of Social Interactions and Humanities 1, no. 3 (2022): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/jsih.v1i3.1696.

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This paper aims to describe the role of the Black Lives Matter Movement in dealing with racism that occurred in the United States from 2013-2022. This writing was analyzed using a research method in the form of descriptive qualitative, where the writer tries to describe or provide an overview with existing words and data to answer the phenomenon regarding the issue of racism that occurred in the United States during the Pre and Post Civil Rights Movement period. The results of writing this article indicate that the Black Lives Matter Movement has succeeded in helping to produce several levels

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Abdullahi, Ibrahim. "The Jurisprudence Of The Sokoto State Administration Of Criminal Justice Law 2019: Innovative Provisions, Redlines And Suggestions For Future Reforms." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 6 (2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8319.

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This article appraises the jurisprudence, innovative provisions, redlines inherent in the Sokoto State Administration of Criminal Justice Law 2019 and make suggestions for future reforms. Sokoto State is one of States in Nigeria that has domesticated the Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015 (ACJA 2015) through the signing into law of the Sokoto State Administration of Criminal Justice Law, 2019 by his Excellency, the Executive Governor of Sokoto State, Rt. Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal (Mutawallen Sokoto) to take care of the problems of incessant delay in the criminal justice system. This

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Alsultany, Evelyn. "How Hate Crime Laws Perpetuate Anti-Muslim Racism." Meridians 20, no. 2 (2021): 414–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-9547954.

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Abstract This essay focuses on two cases in which Muslim youth were murdered yet law enforcement refused to classify the murders as hate crimes. It examines the 2015 murders of Deah Barakat, Yusor Abu-Salha, and Razan Abu-Salha in Chapel Hill, North Carolina and the 2017 murder of Nabra Hassanen in Reston, Virginia. This author argues that the denial of these cases as hate crimes contributes to the diminishment of anti-Muslim racism and should be understood as a form of racial gaslighting—a systematic denial of the persistence and severity of racism. In conversation with those advocating for r

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Moran, Nathan R. "Book Review: Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration." Criminal Justice Review 28, no. 2 (2003): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401680302800222.

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Millar, Paul, and Akwasi Owusu-Bempah. "Whitewashing Criminal Justice in Canada: Preventing Research through Data Suppression." Canadian journal of law and society 26, no. 3 (2011): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjls.26.3.653.

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Race and racism have long played an important role in Canadian law and continue to do so. However, conducting research on race and criminal justice in Canada is difficult given the lack of readily available data that include information about race. We show that data on the race of victims and accused persons are being suppressed by police organizations in Canada and argue that suppression of race prevents quantitative anti-racism research while not preventing the use of these data by the police for racial profiling. We also argue that when powerful institutions, such as the police, have knowle

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Gee, Gilbert C., and Margaret T. Hicken. "Structural Racism: The Rules and Relations of Inequity." Ethnicity & Disease 31, Suppl (2021): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.s1.293.

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Why do racial inequalities endure despite numerous attempts to expand civil rights in certain sectors? A major reason for this endurance is due to lack of attention to structural racism. Although structural and institutional racism are often conflated, they are not the same. Herein, we provide an analogy of a “bucky ball” (Buckminsterfullerene) to distinguish the two concepts. Structural racism is a system of interconnected institutions that operate with a set of racialized rules that maintain White supremacy. These connections and rules allow racism to reinvent itself into new forms and pe

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O’Mahony, David. "Criminal Justice Reform in a Transitional Context: Restorative Youth Conferencing in Northern Ireland." International Criminal Law Review 12, no. 3 (2012): 549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181212x650001.

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This article examines the incorporation of restorative principles and practices within reforms of Northern Ireland’s youth justice system, adopted following the peace process. It considers whether restorative justice principles can be successfully incorporated into criminal justice reform as part of a process of transitional justice. The article argues that restorative justice principles, when brought within criminal justice, can contribute to the broader process of transitional justice and peace building, particularly in societies where the police and criminal justice system have been entwine

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Fekete, Liz. "Lammy Review: without racial justice, can there be trust?" Race & Class 59, no. 3 (2017): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396817742074.

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The author takes issue with the fact that a UK government review, under David Lammy MP (the Lammy Review), into the experiences of people of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic backgrounds of the criminal justice system, though finding clear disproportionality, avoids all mention of institutional racism – a key finding in the 1999 Macpherson Report – preferring instead to concentrate on ‘bias’. Its recommendations for changes within the system will not bring about the necessary Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic trust, unless the larger structures and processes which cause inequity are addressed. S

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Grobman, W. A., S. Entringer, I. Headen, et al. "Social Determinants of Health and Obstetric Outcomes: A Report and Recommendations of the Workshop of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 44, no. 4 (2024): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0001080104.94837.96.

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(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(2):B2–B16. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.013) Addressing adverse social determinants of health (SDOH) caused by structural racism is crucial to improving obstetrical outcomes and eliminating health disparities. Obstetrical outcomes include those identified before or during pregnancy, affecting individuals and their children throughout life. Although SDOH can be positive and negative, the focus here is on adverse effects. Structural racism encompasses systemic racial discrimination in societies through housing, education, employment, health care, and criminal justice

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Trott, Stephen S. "Implementing Criminal Justice Reform." Public Administration Review 45 (November 1985): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3135038.

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Revina, I. V., O. S. Pashutina, and I. N. Chebotareva. "THE WAIVER OF A RIGHT TO EXERCISE JUSTICE: LEGAL NATURE AND CONTENT." Vektor nauki Tol’attinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seria Uridicheskie nauki, no. 4 (2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2220-7457-2021-4-35-42.

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The paper presents the results of legal research on the involvement of citizens in the administration of justice during criminal proceedings. The existing Russian criminal procedure legislation provides for a relevant procedure. However, some aspects of citizens’ participation in the administration of justice in the sphere of criminal proceedings, for today, are regulated insufficiently, which causes certain difficulties by an executor of law. The study focuses attention on the special constitutional and legal significance of such participation as a form of interaction of the state and society

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Malcome, Marion L. D., Gina Fedock, Rachel C. Garthe, Seana Golder, George Higgins, and T. K. Logan. "Weathering Probation and Parole: The Protective Role of Social Support on Black Women’s Recent Stressful Events and Depressive Symptoms." Journal of Black Psychology 45, no. 8 (2019): 661–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798419889755.

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Despite an overrepresentation of Black women in the criminal justice system, Black women’s mental health at the precarious intersection of race, gender, and community-based correctional supervision has been underresearched. Building on weathering theory, this study conceptualized criminal justice involvement as a social inequality that negatively affects Black women’s mental health. This study investigated the relationships between recent stressors, forms of social support, and depression through moderated regression analyses with a sample of 169 Black women on probation and parole. Almost hal

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