Journal articles: 'Radiation detector applications'

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Lu, P. H., P. Gomolchuk, H. Chen, D. Beitz, and A. W. Grosser. "Ruggedization of CdZnTe detectors and detector assemblies for radiation detection applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 784 (June 2015): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.01.022.

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Roy, Utpal N., Giuseppe S. Camarda, Yonggang Cui, and Ralph B. James. "Advances in CdZnTeSe for Radiation Detector Applications." Radiation 1, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/radiation1020011.

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Detection of X- and gamma-rays is essential to a wide range of applications from medical imaging to high energy physics, astronomy, and homeland security. Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) is the most widely used material for room-temperature detector applications and has been fulfilling the requirements for growing detection demands over the last three decades. However, CZT still suffers from the presence of a high density of performance-limiting defects, such as sub-grain boundary networks and Te inclusions. Cadmium zinc telluride selenide (CZTS) is an emerging material with compelling properties that mitigate some of the long-standing issues seen in CZT. This new quaternary is free from sub-grain boundary networks and possesses very few Te inclusions. In addition, the material offers a high degree of compositional homogeneity. The advancement of CZTS has accelerated through investigations of the material properties and virtual Frisch-grid (VFG) detector performance. The excellent material quality with highly reduced performance-limiting defects elevates the importance of CZTS as a potential replacement to CZT at a substantially lower cost.

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Kania, D. R. "Radiation-induced conductivity: High-speed detection of X rays and neutrons." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 1 (March 1991): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600002354.

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Radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) is a generalized term for photoconductivity expanded to include nonelectromagnetic radiation. RIC offers several distinct advantages for the detection of high-energy radiation: (i) the speed of response of a detector is determined by a bulk property of the material, the carrier lifetime; (ii) the detector can be directly illuminated by the signal radiation-no dead layer; and (iii) the selection of the detector material and its geometry is very flexible. This paper will discuss the principles of RIC for X rays and neutrons, the fabrication of detectors, and applications. RIC detectors have been fabricated from Si, InP, GaAs, and diamond. Bulk and thin film materials have been used. The carrier lifetime was varied by the introduction of trapping sites in the material. This can be done in the material production process in the case of doping (e.g., Fe in InP) and thin films or produced from radiation damage of a pure crystalline material. Lifetimes as short as a few picoseconds have been observed. A variety of detectors have been tested using pulsed optical, X ray, and neutron sources. Absolute sensitivities and temporal response has been measured and compared to theoretical models of the detector's performance for both X rays and neutrons. Finally, applications of these detectors to inertial confinement fusion measurement will be shown.

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Bait-Suwailam, M. M. "Electromagnetic Field Detector Circuit for Low- Frequency Energy Applications." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol12iss1pp69-80.

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This study details an electromagnetic (EM) field radiation detector system that was developed for near-field low-frequency energy applications. The prototype constitutes the use of a dual-band monopole antenna system as a probe along with a detecting circuit. Furthermore, the prototype was equipped with a qualitative EM radiation strength display unit at its output stage. For proof of concept, the detecting probe was implemented on a printed-circuit board. Both numerical simulations were based on PSpice software (Cadence Design Systems, Inc., San Jose, California, USA) and measurements are presented and discussed. The EM field detector aimed to sense any potential sources of EM radiation from mobile phone units as well as WiFi access points, simultaneously, which is accomplished with the use of the dual-band antenna system. Such a sensitive detector has useful application as a stand-alone monitoring probe for troubleshooting as well as to identify sources of EM radiation interference threats for industrial high-speed electronic devices. Additionally, such a sensor is a potentially useful tool for site testing and scanning for optimal locations of base station masks for telecommunication service providers. Other prototypes are also presented to illustrate the usefulness of such detectors in some of the aforementioned applications.

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PINTO, SERGE DUARTE. "GEM APPLICATIONS OUTSIDE HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS." Modern Physics Letters A 28, no. 13 (April 30, 2013): 1340025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732313400257.

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From its invention in 1997, the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) has been applied in nuclear and high energy physics experiments. Over time however, other applications have also exploited the favorable properties of GEMs. The use of GEMs in these applications will be explained in principle and practice. This paper reviews applications in research, beam instrumentation and homeland security. The detectors described measure neutral radiations such as photons, x-rays, gamma rays and neutrons, as well as all kinds of charged radiation. This paper provides an overview of the still expanding range of possibilities of this versatile detector concept.

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Faruqi, A. R., and G. McMullan. "Electronic detectors for electron microscopy." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 44, no. 3 (April 28, 2011): 357–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583511000035.

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AbstractElectron microscopy (EM) is an important tool for high-resolution structure determination in applications ranging from condensed matter to biology. Electronic detectors are now used in most applications in EM as they offer convenience and immediate feedback that is not possible with film or image plates. The earliest forms of electronic detector used routinely in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were charge coupled devices (CCDs) and for many applications these remain perfectly adequate. There are however applications, such as the study of radiation-sensitive biological samples, where film is still used and improved detectors would be of great value. The emphasis in this review is therefore on detectors for use in such applications. Two of the most promising candidates for improved detection are: monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) and hybrid pixel detectors (of which Medipix2 was chosen for this study). From the studies described in this review, a back-thinned MAPS detector appears well suited to replace film in for the study of radiation-sensitive samples at 300 keV, while Medipix2 is suited to use at lower energies and especially in situations with very low count rates.The performance of a detector depends on the energy of electrons to be recorded, which in turn is dependent on the application it is being used for; results are described for a wide range of electron energies ranging from 40 to 300 keV. The basic properties of detectors are discussed in terms of their modulation transfer function (MTF) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) as a function of spatial frequency.

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Tremsin, Anton S., John V. Vallerga, Oswald H. W. Siegmund, Justin Woods, Lance E. De Long, Jeffrey T. Hastings, Roland J. Koch, Sophie A. Morley, Yi-De Chuang, and Sujoy Roy. "Photon-counting MCP/Timepix detectors for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 4 (May 28, 2021): 1069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521003908.

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Detectors with microchannel plates (MCPs) provide unique capabilities to detect single photons with high spatial (<10 µm) and timing (<25 ps) resolution. Although this detection technology was originally developed for applications with low event rates, recent progress in readout electronics has enabled their operation at substantially higher rates by simultaneous detection of multiple particles. In this study, the potential use of MCP detectors with Timepix readout for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications where the position and time of each photon needs to be recorded is investigated. The proof-of-principle experiments conducted at the Advanced Light Source demonstrate the capabilities of MCP/Timepix detectors to operate at relatively high input counting rates, paving the way for the application of these detectors in resonance inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) applications. Local count rate saturation was investigated for the MCP/Timepix detector, which requires optimization of acquisition parameters for a specific scattering pattern. A single photon cluster analysis algorithm was developed to eliminate the charge spreading effects in the detector and increase the spatial resolution to subpixel values. Results of these experiments will guide the ongoing development of future MCP devices optimized for soft X-ray photon-counting applications, which should enable XPCS dynamics measurements down to sub-microsecond timescales.

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Milbrath, B. D., A. J. Peurrung, M. Bliss, and W. J. Weber. "Radiation detector materials: An overview." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 10 (October 2008): 2561–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0319.

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Due to events of the past two decades, there has been new and increased usage of radiation-detection technologies for applications in homeland security, nonproliferation, and national defense. As a result, there has been renewed realization of the materials limitations of these technologies and greater demand for the development of next-generation radiation-detection materials. This review describes the current state of radiation-detection material science, with particular emphasis on national security needs and the goal of identifying the challenges and opportunities that this area represents for the materials-science community. Radiation-detector materials physics is reviewed, which sets the stage for performance metrics that determine the relative merit of existing and new materials. Semiconductors and scintillators represent the two primary classes of radiation detector materials that are of interest. The state-of-the-art and limitations for each of these materials classes are presented, along with possible avenues of research. Novel materials that could overcome the need for single crystals will also be discussed. Finally, new methods of material discovery and development are put forward, the goal being to provide more predictive guidance and faster screening of candidate materials and thus, ultimately, the faster development of superior radiation-detection materials.

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Lauter, J., E. Bauser, A. Förster, H. Hardtdegen, M. Hollfelder, H. Lüth, D. Protic, and S. Zehender. "Epitaxial gallium arsenide for nuclear radiation detector applications." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 44, no. 1-3 (November 1995): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(95)80057-3.

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Yahya, Adnan Haj, Nezah Balal, Avi Klein, Jacob Gerasimov, and Aharon Friedman. "Improvement of the Electro-Optical Process in GaAs for Terahertz Single Pulse Detection by Using a Fiber-Coupling System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 6859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156859.

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The electro-optical process is a popular method for terahertz radiation detection. Detectors based on the electro-optical process have large bandwidth, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is relatively high. Further, this detector can be applied to detect high-power signals without using radiation attenuation. This paper presents a method to improve the electro-optic process to THz radiation detection based on GaAs crystals by coupling the optical output signal into fiber. Results demonstrated an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio that means an increase in the dynamic range of the electro-optical detector.

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Mohamed, Nurul S., Muhammad I. Idris, Nick G. Wright, and Alton B. Horsfall. "Silicon Carbide Radiation Detectors for Medical Applications." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.626.

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There is increasing interest in the development of radiation hard detector materials with the capability to discriminate within wide dose range and high radiation tolerance that are sensitive, and show a linear response. In this study, fabricated 4H-SiC Schottky diodes were exposed to dose rates ranging from 0.02 to 0.185 mGy/min to analyse the linearity and sensitivity at room temperature. High linearity response presented from the graph of current signal plotted versus dose rate which show enhancement of 104 in comparison to previous studies. The sensitivity measured at different bias voltages by exposing to 0.185 mGy/min dose rate show good reproducibility and stability of the current signal with time. Collected charge presented for all diodes exhibit linear behaviour of photon induced collected charge with the sensitivity between 1.40 to 8.38 x 105 nC/Gy for the 0.20 to 1 mGy absorbed dose range. Thus, these devices are ideally suited for the realisation of radiation detectors at moderate dose range.

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Sandupatla, Abhinay, Subramaniam Arulkumaran, Ng Geok Ing, Shugo Nitta, John Kennedy, and Hiroshi Amano. "Vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky Diodes as α-Particle Radiation Sensors." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050519.

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Among the different semiconductors, GaN provides advantages over Si, SiC and GaAs in radiation hardness, resulting in researchers exploring the development of GaN-based radiation sensors to be used in particle physics, astronomic and nuclear science applications. Several reports have demonstrated the usefulness of GaN as an α-particle detector. Work in developing GaN-based radiation sensors are still evolving and GaN sensors have successfully detected α-particles, neutrons, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, electrons and γ-rays. This review elaborates on the design of a good radiation detector along with the state-of-the-art α-particle detectors using GaN. Successful improvement in the growth of GaN drift layers (DL) with 2 order of magnitude lower in charge carrier density (CCD) (7.6 × 1014/cm3) on low threading dislocation density (3.1 × 106/cm2) hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) grown free-standing GaN substrate, which helped ~3 orders of magnitude lower reverse leakage current (IR) with 3-times increase of reverse breakdown voltages. The highest reverse breakdown voltage of −2400 V was also realized from Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) on a free-standing GaN substrate with 30 μm DL. The formation of thick depletion width (DW) with low CCD resulted in improving high-energy (5.48 MeV) α-particle detection with the charge collection efficiency (CCE) of 62% even at lower bias voltages (−20 V). The detectors also detected 5.48 MeV α-particle with CCE of 100% from SBDs with 30-μm DL at −750 V.

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Kocsis, Menyhert, P. Boesecke, D. Carbone, C. Herve, B. Becker, Y. Diawara, R. Durst, et al. "A novel gas-filled detector for synchrotron radiation applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 563, no. 1 (July 2006): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.01.117.

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Hitomi, K., M. Matsumoto, O. Muroi, T. Shoji, and Y. Hiratate. "Characterization of thallium bromide crystals for radiation detector applications." Journal of Crystal Growth 225, no. 2-4 (May 2001): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)00834-x.

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Rodricks, Brian, Roy Clarke, Robert Smither, and Alain Fontaine. "A virtual phase CCD detector for synchrotron radiation applications." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 8 (August 1989): 2586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140675.

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Obraztsova, O., L. Ottaviani, A. Klix, T. Döring, O. Palais, and A. Lyoussi. "Comparison between Silicon-Carbide and diamond for fast neutron detection at room temperature." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 08006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817008006.

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Neutron radiation detector for nuclear reactor applications plays an important role in getting information about the actual neutron yield and reactor environment. Such detector must be able to operate at high temperature (up to 600° C) and high neutron flux levels. It is worth nothing that a detector for industrial environment applications must have fast and stable response over considerable long period of use as well as high energy resolution. Silicon Carbide is one of the most attractive materials for neutron detection. Thanks to its outstanding properties, such as high displacement threshold energy (20-35 eV), wide band gap energy (3.27 eV) and high thermal conductivity (4.9 W/cm·K), SiC can operate in harsh environment (high temperature, high pressure and high radiation level) without additional cooling system. Our previous analyses reveal that SiC detectors, under irradiation and at elevated temperature, respond to neutrons showing consistent counting rates as function of external reverse bias voltages and radiation intensity. The counting-rate of the thermal neutron-induced peak increases with the area of the detector, and appears to be linear with respect to the reactor power. Diamond is another semi-conductor considered as one of most promising materials for radiation detection. Diamond possesses several advantages in comparison to other semiconductors such as a wider band gap (5.5 eV), higher threshold displacement energy (40-50 eV) and thermal conductivity (22 W/cm·K), which leads to low leakage current values and make it more radiation resistant that its competitors. A comparison is proposed between these two semiconductors for the ability and efficiency to detect fast neutrons. For this purpose the deuterium-tritium neutron generator of Technical University of Dresden with 14 MeV neutron output of 1010 n·s-1 is used. In the present work, we interpret the first measurements and results with both 4H-SiC and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond detectors irradiated with 14 MeV neutrons at room temperature.

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Teymurazyan, A., and G. Pang. "Megavoltage X-Ray Imaging Based on Cerenkov Effect: A New Application of Optical Fibres to Radiation Therapy." International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/724024.

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A Monte Carlo simulation was used to study imaging and dosimetric characteristics of a novel design of megavoltage (MV) X-ray detectors for radiotherapy applications. The new design uses Cerenkov effect to convert X-ray energy absorbed in optical fibres into light for MV X-ray imaging. The proposed detector consists of a matrix of optical fibres aligned with the incident X rays and coupled to an active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) for image readout. Properties, such as modulation transfer function, detection quantum efficiency (DQE), and energy response of the detector, were investigated. It has been shown that the proposed detector can have a zero-frequency DQE more than an order of magnitude higher than that of current electronic portal imaging device (EPID) systems and yet a spatial resolution comparable to that of video-based EPIDs. The proposed detector is also less sensitive to scattered X rays from patients than current EPIDs.

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Ranacher, Christian, Cristina Consani, Andreas Tortschanoff, Lukas Rauter, Dominik Holzmann, Clement Fleury, Gerald Stocker, et al. "A CMOS Compatible Pyroelectric Mid-Infrared Detector Based on Aluminium Nitride." Sensors 19, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112513.

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The detection of infrared radiation is of great interest for a wide range of applications, such as absorption sensing in the infrared spectral range. In this work, we present a CMOS compatible pyroelectric detector which was devised as a mid-infrared detector, comprising aluminium nitride (AlN) as the pyroelectric material and fabricated using semiconductor mass fabrication processes. To ensure thermal decoupling of the detector, the detectors are realized on a Si3N4/SiO2 membrane. The detectors have been tested at a wavelength close to the CO2 absorption region in the mid-infrared. Devices with various detector and membrane sizes were fabricated and the influence of these dimensions on the performance was investigated. The noise equivalent power of the first demonstrator devices connected to a readout circuit was measured to be as low as 5.3 × 10 − 9 W / Hz .

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Cho, T., M. Hirata, J. Kohagura, Y. Sakamoto, T. Okamura, T. Numakura, R. Minami, et al. "Characterization and interpretation of the quantum efficiencies of multilayer semiconductor detectors using a new theory." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 877–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049598000016.

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On the basis of a new theory of semiconductor X-ray detector response, a new type of multilayer semiconductor detector was designed and developed for convenient energy analyses of intense incident X-ray flux in a cumulative-current mode. Another anticipated useful property of the developed detector is a drastic improvement in high-energy X-ray response ranging over several hundred eV. The formula for the quantum efficiency of multilayer semiconductor detectors and its physical interpretations are proposed and have been successfully verified by synchrotron radiation experiments at the Photon Factory. These detectors are useful for data analyses under strong radiation-field conditions, including fusion-plasma-emitting X-rays and energetic heavy-particle beams, without the use of high-bias applications.

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Haj Yahya, Adnan, Avi Klein, Nezah Balal, Dmitri Borodin, and Aharon Friedman. "Comparison between Up-Conversion Detection in Glow-Discharge Detectors and the Schottky Diode for MMW/THz High-Power Single Pulse." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 4172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094172.

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Generally, glow-discharge detectors (GDD), acting on miniature neon indicator lamps, and Schottky diode detectors serve as efficient, fast, and room-temperature millimeter wave (MMW)/THz detectors. Previous studies on GDD implemented a repetition of terahertz sources, and low-power radiation, and showed good results in terms of detection, responsivity, and noise-equivalent power. This paper presents a comparison between a detector based on a GDD lamp and a Schottky diode detector for the detection of a high-power single pulse. With this comparison, we touch upon two GDD detection methods, the visual light emitting from the GDD and the electrical current of the GDD detector. Results showed better response time and better sensitivity for the GDD detection method compared to with the Schottky diode.

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Brigida, M., C. Favuzzi, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, F. Loparco, et al. "A Silicon Transition Radiation Detector for space and accelerator applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 564, no. 1 (August 2006): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.03.034.

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Walton, J. T., W. S. Hong, P. N. Luke, N. W. Wang, and F. P. Ziemba. "Amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon heterojunctions for nuclear radiation detector applications." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 44, no. 3 (June 1997): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.603785.

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Varga-Kofarago, Monika. "Medical Applications of the ALPIDE Detector." Universe 5, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5050128.

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The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ALICE detector is undergoing a major upgrade in the Second Long Shutdown of the LHC in 2019–2020. During this upgrade, the innermost detector, the Inner Tracking System, will be completely replaced by a new detector which is built from the ALPIDE sensor. In the Bergen proton computer tomography (pCT) collaboration, we decided to apply these sensors for medical applications. They can be used for positioning in hadron therapies due to their good position resolution and radiation tolerance. Dose planning of hadron therapy is calculated currently from photon CT measurements, which results in large uncertainties in the planning and therefore in a necessary enlargement of the treatment area. This uncertainty can be reduced by performing the CT scan using protons. The current contribution shows the development of a sampling calorimeter built from the ALPIDE detector for proton CT measurements and describes the state of the project.

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Pálfalvi, József, and Lászlo Sajó-Bohus. "Cosmic Radiation Detection by Solid State Nuclear Track Detector Technique." Solid State Phenomena 238 (August 2015): 16–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.238.16.

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Passive Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) have been employed successfully during the past two decades in space radiation studies due to their excellent physico-chemical properties. They are useful for charged particle detection in the linear energy transfer (LET) range above the threshold value of ~10 keV μm-1. It was applicable for measurement of cosmic ray primary and secondary particles, including recoil nuclei, projectile and target fragments and secondary neutrons in past projects such as DOSMAP, BRADOS, ALTCRISS, Matroshka or recently in progress as SPD, DOSIS, as well as, in ground based experiment as Icchiban. The continuous development in the understanding of the track formation mechanism and improvement of detection techniques have resulted in the determination of the cosmic ray LET spectrum with less uncertainties and provided improved assessment of the dose burden of astronauts and helped to increase the effectiveness of radiation shielding of spaceships. Space dosimetry by nuclear track methodology stresses the advantages of passive systems for cosmic radiation field studies due to their robustness, compact dimensions, and complete independence from external power supply. SSNTDs cope also with requirement imposed by portable area monitoring or personal dose integrator to assess radiation risk of astronauts during intra or extra-vehicular activity. This review tries to provide a short summary about fundamentals and applications of space radiation studies using SSNTDs.Contents of Paper

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Das, A., B. Sur, S. Yue, and G. Jonkmans. "Inverse Collimator-Based Radiation Imaging Detector System." AECL Nuclear Review 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12943/anr.2012.00009.

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A radiation imaging system has been developed using the concept of inverse collimation, where a narrow shielding pencil is used instead of a classical collimator. This imaging detector is smaller, lighter and less expensive than a traditionally collimated detector, and can produce a spherical raster image of radiation sources in its surroundings. A prototype was developed at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited – Chalk River Laboratories, and the concept has been successfully proven in experiments using a point source as well as real sources in a high ambient field area. Such a radiation imaging system is effective in locating radiation sources in areas where accessibility is low and risk of radiological contamination is high, with applications in decontamination and decommissioning activities, nuclear material processing labs, etc.

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Prestopino, Giuseppe, Enrico Santoni, Claudio Verona, and Gianluca Verona Rinati. "Diamond Based Schottky Photodiode for Radiation Therapy In Vivo Dosimetry." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.95.

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Diamond has long been considered as a suitable material for the fabrication of radiation detectors due to its outstanding physical properties. Even more so in the specific case of radiation therapy dosimetry applications, where the near-tissue equivalence radiation absorption, good spatial resolution and radiation hardness are required. Recently, a synthetic single crystal diamond dosimeter was developed at “Tor Vergata” University in cooperation with PTW-Freiburg, showing excellent dosimetric properties. Such a device was thus commercialized (microDiamondTM, PTW-type 60019) and widely accepted by the medical physics community, due to its reproducibility, reliability, accuracy and versatility. In this work, a novel diamond based dosimeter for in vivo application developed in our laboratories is presented. A basic dosimetric characterization of detector performances was performed under irradiation with 60Co and 6 MV photon beams. Response stability, short and long term reproducibility, fading effect, linearity with dose, dose rate dependence, and temperature dependence were investigated. The detector response was found to be reproducible and dose rate independent in the range between 0.5 and 5 Gy/min. Its temperature dependence was within 0.5% between 25 and 38 ◦C, and negligible fading effect was observed. The obtained results indicate the proposed novel diamond device as a promising candidate for in vivo dosimetry in radiation therapy application.

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Razieli, Zvie, Roger Rusack, and James Kakalios. "Composite Nanocrystalline/Amorphous Thin Films for Particle Detector Applications." MRS Proceedings 1770 (2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.829.

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ABSTRACTThin films of amorphous silicon with nanocrystalline silicon inclusions are fabricated using a dual plasma PECVD co-deposition system. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystallinity of the embedded nanocrystals as well as their diameter, which is varied from 4.3 nm to 17.5 nm. The dark conductivity of the films is highly dependent on the crystal fraction, with a maximum room temperature conductivity found for a crystal concentration of 5.5%, well below the percolation threshold. Proton irradiation at energies of 217 MeV with a total fluence of 5 x1012 protons/cm2 caused no significant radiation damage. The enhancement of the conductivity, along with the absence of radiation damage suggests this material may be a candidate for use in the next generation of particle detectors in the Compact Muon Solenoid in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

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Majeed, Noor Fatima, Marta Braschi Amirfarzan, Christoph Wald, and Jeremy R. Wortman. "Spectral detector CT applications in advanced liver imaging." British Journal of Radiology 94, no. 1123 (July 1, 2021): 20201290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20201290.

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Objective: Spectral detector CT (SDCT) has many applications in advanced liver imaging. If appropriately utilized, this technology has the potential to improve image quality, provide new diagnostic information, and allow for decreased radiation dose. The purpose of this review is to familiarize radiologists with the uses of SDCT in liver imaging. Conclusion: SDCT has a variety of post-processing techniques, which can be used in advanced liver imaging and can significantly add value in clinical practice.

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Zhang, Qingteng, Eric M. Dufresne, Yasukazu Nakaye, Pete R. Jemian, Takuto Sakumura, Yasutaka Sakuma, Joseph D. Ferrara, et al. "20 µs-resolved high-throughput X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy on a 500k pixel detector enabled by data-management workflow." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520014319.

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The performance of the new 52 kHz frame rate Rigaku XSPA-500k detector was characterized on beamline 8-ID-I at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) applications. Due to the large data flow produced by this detector (0.2 PB of data per 24 h of continuous operation), a workflow system was deployed that uses the Advanced Photon Source data-management (DM) system and high-performance software to rapidly reduce area-detector data to multi-tau and two-time correlation functions in near real time, providing human-in-the-loop feedback to experimenters. The utility and performance of the workflow system are demonstrated via its application to a variety of small-angle XPCS measurements acquired from different detectors in different XPCS measurement modalities. The XSPA-500k detector, the software and the DM workflow system allow for the efficient acquisition and reduction of up to ∼109 area-detector data frames per day, facilitating the application of XPCS to measuring samples with weak scattering and fast dynamics.

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Payzant, E. A., and H. W. King. "The Detection of Superlattice Lines in Cu-Zn Alloys using a Solid State Detector." Advances in X-ray Analysis 36 (1992): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800019339.

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AbstractUsing a high purity germanium solid state detector with sufficiently high energy resolution to discriminate between copper Kα and Kβ radiation, the superlattice reflections of the ordered Cu-Zn β′ brass structure have be detected by the anomalous dispersion effect. By coupling the high purity germanium solid state detector to a multichannel analyser, the superlattice reflections of the β′ brass structure were also detected by energy dispersive x-ray diffraction. Other applications for this combination of high resolution detector, electronic energy discriminator and multichannel analyser are indicated.

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Manfredotti, Claudio. "Single Crystal CVD Diamond Nuclear Detectors." Advances in Science and Technology 48 (October 2006): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.48.103.

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CVD diamond films have reached in recent years superlative improvements in their “ detector grade “ quality, with a time derivative which was never registered for other similar frontier materials. The basic properties of high quality CVD diamond films make them very interesting for a wide range of radiation detectors : they provide fast signals with very low leakage currents, they are very radiation resistant, they have excellent thermal properties and they can be manufactured as free-standing detectors. The recent availability of single crystal CVD diamond samples of extreme good quality, suitable thickness and surface area has opened new application fields in nuclear detection and dosimetry, such as, for instance, hadron therapy and neutron spectrometry in fusion reactors. At the same time, strip and pixel detectors of unprecedented performances have been successfully realized and exploited in the framework of high energy physics experiments. The paper will review the more recent history of CVD diamond nuclear detectors with respect to material quality, with a particular emphasis on epitaxial single crystals diamond, and the achievements in terms of applications in some different fields.

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El-Safoury, Mahmoud, Miguel Dufner, Christian Weber, Katrin Schmitt, Hans-Fridtjof Pernau, Bert Willing, and Jürgen Wöllenstein. "On-Board Monitoring of SO2 Ship Emissions Using Resonant Photoacoustic Gas Detection in the UV Range." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 4468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134468.

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A photoacoustic gas detector for SO2 was developed for ship exhaust gas emission monitoring. The basic measurement setup is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation of SO2 at 285 nm wavelength. A commercially available ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED) is used as the light source and a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) microphone as the detector. In order to achieve the required detection limits in marine applications, a measuring cell which allows an acoustically resonant amplification of the photoacoustic signal was developed and characterized. A limit of detection of 1 ppm was achieved in lab conditions during continuous gas flow. Long-term measurements on a container ship demonstrated the application relevance of the developed system.

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Lukashevich, R. V., and G. A. Fokov. "APPLICATION OF THE SPECTROMETRIC METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE DOSE RATE FOR CREATING CALIBRATION HIGHLY SENSITIVE INSTRUMENTS BASED ON SCINTILLATION DETECTION UNITS." Devices and Methods of Measurements 8, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2017-8-3-246-253.

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Devices based on scintillation detector are highly sensitive to photon radiation and are widely used to measure the environment dose rate. Modernization of the measuring path to minimize the error in measuring the response of the detector to gamma radiation has already reached its technological ceiling and does not give the proper effect. More promising for this purpose are new methods of processing the obtained spectrometric information. The purpose of this work is the development of highly sensitive instruments based on scintillation detection units using a spectrometric method for calculating dose rate.In this paper we consider the spectrometric method of dosimetry of gamma radiation based on the transformation of the measured instrumental spectrum. Using predetermined or measured functions of the detector response to the action of gamma radiation of a given energy and flux density, a certain function of the energy G(E) is determined. Using this function as the core of the integral transformation from the field to dose characteristic, it is possible to obtain the dose value directly from the current instrumentation spectrum. Applying the function G(E) to the energy distribution of the fluence of photon radiation in the environment, the total dose rate can be determined without information on the distribution of radioisotopes in the environment.To determine G(E) by Monte-Carlo method instrumental response function of the scintillator detector to monoenergetic photon radiation sources as well as other characteristics are calculated. Then the whole full-scale energy range is divided into energy ranges for which the function G(E) is calculated using a linear interpolation.Spectrometric method for dose calculation using the function G(E), which allows the use of scintillation detection units for a wide range of dosimetry applications is considered in the article. As well as describes the method of calculating this function by using Monte-Carlo methods and the features of its application. The results of the calculation function G(E) for the detection unit on the basis of NaI(Tl) detector (Ø40 mm, h = 40 mm) to use it as a comparator for kerma rate in the air certification of low intenseе photon radiation fields.

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Härkönen, Jaakko, Esa Tuovinen, Panja Luukka, Eija Tuominen, Zheng Li, Vladimir Eremin, and Elena Verbitskaya. "Radiation Hard Silicon for Medical, Space and High Energy Physics Applications." Materials Science Forum 614 (March 2009): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.614.215.

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The objective of this paper is to give an overview on how silicon particle detector would survive operational in extremely harsh radiation environment after luminosity upgrade of the CERN LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The Super-LHC would result in an integrated fluence 1×1016 p/cm2 and that is well beyond the radiation tolerance of even the most advanced semiconductor detectors fabricated by commonly adopted technologies. The Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) has intrinsically high oxygen concentration. Therefore Cz-Si is considered as a promising material for the tracking systems in future very high luminosity colliders. The fabrication process issues of Cz-Si are discussed and the formation of thermal donors is especially emphasized. N+/p-/p+ and p+/n-/n+ detectors have been processed on magnetic Czochralski (MCz-Si) wafers. We show measurement data of AC-coupled strip detectors and single pad detectors as well as experimental results of intentional TD doping. Data of spatial homogeneity of electrical properties, full depletion voltage and leakage current, is shown and n and p-type devices are compared. Our results show that it is possible to manufacture high quality n+/p-/p+ and p+/n-/n+ particle detectors from high resistivity Czochralski silicon.

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Zhang, Hui, Kangyi Zhao, Songya Cui, Jun Yang, Dahua Zhou, Linlong Tang, Jun Shen, Shuanglong Feng, Weiguo Zhang, and Yongqi Fu. "Anomalous temperature coefficient of resistance in graphene nanowalls/polymer films and applications in infrared photodetectors." Nanophotonics 7, no. 5 (May 24, 2018): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0135.

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AbstractGraphene nanowalls (GNWs) exhibit outstanding optoelectronic properties due to their peculiar structure, which makes them a great potential in infrared (IR) detection. Herein, a novel IR detector that is composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and designed based on GNWs is demonstrated. Such detector possesses an anomalous temperature coefficient of resistance of 180% K−1 and a relatively high change rate of current (up to 16%) under IR radiation from the human body. It primarily attributes to the ultra-high IR absorption of the GNWs and large coefficient of thermal expansion of PDMS. In addition, the GNW/PDMS device possesses excellent detection performance in the IR region with a responsivity of ~1.15 mA W−1. The calculated detectivity can reach 1.07×108 cm Hz1/2 W−1, which is one or two orders of magnitude larger than that of the traditional carbon-based IR detectors. The significant performance indicates that the GNW/PDMS-based devices reveal a novel design concept and promising applications for the future new-generation IR photodetectors.

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Nelson, A. J., T. A. Laurence, A. M. Conway, E. M. Behymer, B. W. Sturm, L. F. Voss, R. J. Nikolic, et al. "Spectroscopic investigation of (NH4)2S treated GaSeTe for radiation detector applications." Materials Letters 64, no. 3 (February 2010): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.11.027.

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Mikkola, E. O., V. Swaminathan, B. Sivakumar, and H. J. Barnaby. "Ultra-low-power radiation hard ADC for particle detector readout applications." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 04 (April 10, 2013): C04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/04/c04007.

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Erlbacher, Tobias, Matthias Bickermann, Birgit Kallinger, Elke Meissner, Anton J. Bauer, and Lothar Frey. "Ohmic and rectifying contacts on bulk AlN for radiation detector applications." physica status solidi (c) 9, no. 3-4 (February 29, 2012): 968–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.201100341.

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Alharbi, Majed, Michael Martyn, Sinead O'Keeffe, François Therriault-Proulx, Luc Beaulieu, and Mark Foley. "Benchmarking a novel inorganic scintillation detector for applications in radiation therapy." Physica Medica 68 (December 2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.11.018.

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Roy, Utpal N., Giuseppe S. Camarda, Yonggang Cui, and Ralph B. James. "Optimization of selenium in CdZnTeSe quaternary compound for radiation detector applications." Applied Physics Letters 118, no. 15 (April 12, 2021): 152101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0048875.

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Lehner, Felix, Jürgen Roth, Oliver Hupe, Marc Kassubeck, Benedikt Bergmann, Petr Mánek, and Marcus Magnor. "Method for fast determination of the angle of ionizing radiation incidence from data measured by a Timepix3 detector." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 10, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-63-2021.

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Abstract. This paper presents a method of how to determine spatial angles of ionizing radiation incidence quickly, using a Timepix3 detector. This work focuses on the dosimetric applications where detectors and measured quantities show significant angle dependencies. A determined angle of incidence can be used to correct for the angle dependence of a planar Timepix3 detector. Up until now, only passive dosemeters have been able to provide a correct dose and preserve the corresponding incidence angle of the radiation. Unfortunately, passive dosemeters cannot provide this information in “real” time. In our special setup we were able to retrieve the spatial angles with a runtime of less than 600 ms. Employing the new Timepix3 detector enables the use of effective data analysis where the direction of incident radiation is computed from a simple photon event map. In order to obtain this angle, we combine the information extracted from the map with known 3D geometry surrounding the detector. Moreover, we analyze the computation time behavior, conditions and optimizations of the developed spatial angle calculation algorithm.

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Esfandi, Fatemeh, Shahyar Saramad, and Mohammad Amin Jalilvand. "Finite Element Simulation of a Novel Nano 3D Semiconductor Detector Fabricated by Anodizing the Aluminium." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.212.

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The unique geometry of micro 3D semiconductor detectors, presents several advantages over conventional planar silicon detectors. But, manufacturing these kind of detectors requires high technology. The novel idea to achieve a high performance and low cost semiconductor detector is using the nanopattern of anodized aluminium as a mask to create nano3D detectors. The simulation results show that this novel nano3D radiation hard semiconductor detector with collection time less than 10 ps and full depletion voltage less than one volt can become increasingly important for possible future upgrades of 3D detectors of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and also medical imaging applications.

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Endo, A., and T. Sato. "Radiation transport calculations for cosmic radiation." Annals of the ICRP 41, no. 3-4 (October 2012): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icrp.2012.06.010.

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The radiation environment inside and near spacecraft consists of various components of primary radiation in space and secondary radiation produced by the interaction of the primary radiation with the walls and equipment of the spacecraft. Radiation fields inside astronauts are different from those outside them, because of the body's self-shielding as well as the nuclear fragmentation reactions occurring in the human body. Several computer codes have been developed to simulate the physical processes of the coupled transport of protons, high-charge and high-energy nuclei, and the secondary radiation produced in atomic and nuclear collision processes in matter. These computer codes have been used in various space radiation protection applications: shielding design for spacecraft and planetary habitats, simulation of instrument and detector responses, analysis of absorbed doses and quality factors in organs and tissues, and study of biological effects. This paper focuses on the methods and computer codes used for radiation transport calculations on cosmic radiation, and their application to the analysis of radiation fields inside spacecraft, evaluation of organ doses in the human body, and calculation of dose conversion coefficients using the reference phantoms defined in ICRP Publication 110.

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Choi, Chi Won, Ji Koon Park, Sang Sik Kang, Sung Ho Cho, Kyung Jin Kim, Sung Kwang Park, Heung Kook Choi, Jae Hyung Kim, and Sang Hee Nam. "Comparison of Semiconductor Radiation Detectors for Large Area X-Ray Imaging." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.123.

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We have developed a large area, flat panel detector for general applications to digital radiology. This paper presents the x-ray detection characteristics with various semiconductor radiation detectors (HgI2, PbI2, PbO, CdTe) derived by a novel wet coating process for large area deposition. The wet coating process could easily be made from large area films with printing paste mixed with semiconductor and binder material at room temperature. X-ray performance data such as dark current, sensitivity and signal to noise ratio (SNR) were evaluated. The HgI2 semiconductor was shown in much lower dark current than the others, and also has the best sensitivity. In this paper, reactivity and combination characters of semiconductor and binder material that affect electrical and x-ray detection properties would be verified through our experimental results.

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Jin Kim, Dong, Joon-Ho Oh, Han Soo Kim, Young Soo Kim, Manhee Jeong, Chang Goo Kang, Woo Jin Jo, et al. "Characteristics of TlBr single crystals grown using the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger method for semiconductor-based radiation detector applications." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0034.

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AbstractTlBr single crystals grown using the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger method were characterized for semiconductor based radiation detector applications. It has been shown that the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger method is effective to grow high-quality single crystalline ingots of TlBr. The TlBr single crystalline sample, which was located 6 cm from the tip of the ingot, exhibited lower impurity concentration, higher crystalline quality, high enough bandgap (>2.7 eV), and higher resistivity (2.5 × 1011 Ω·cm) which enables using the fabricated samples from the middle part of the TlBr ingot for fabricating high performance semiconductor radiation detectors.

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Simsek, A., O. Jaritschin, A. Liebel, P. Lechner, G. Lutz, A. Bechteler, A. Niculae, et al. "F-26 New Detector Architectures with Silicon Drift Detectors for XRF Applications." Powder Diffraction 24, no. 2 (June 2009): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3175904.

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Kuvvetli, Irfan, Carl Budtz-Jørgensen, Natalia Auricchio, John Stephen, Ezio Caroli, Giacomo Benassi, Nicola Zambelli, and Andrea Zappettini. "A 3D CZT High Resolution Detector for X-and gamma-ray applications." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093164.

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A high resolution three dimensional (3D) position sensitive CdZnTe-based detector was developed to detect high energy photons (10 keV-1MeV). The design of the 3D CZT detector, developed at DTU Space, is based on the CZT Drift Strip detector principle. The prototype detector contains 12 drift cells, each comprising one collecting anode strip with 3 drift strips, biased such that the electrons are focused and collected by the anode strips. The anode pitch is 1.6mm. The position determination perpendicular to the anodes, the X-direction, is performed using a novel interpolating technique. The position determination along the detector depth direction, Y-direction, is made using the depth sensing technique. The position determination along the anode strips, Z-direction is made with the help of 10 cathode strips orthogonal to the anode strips. REDLEN CZT crystals (20 mm x 20 mm x 5 mm) were used for the proto type detectors. IMEM-CNR fabricated the proto type detectors using a special surface treatment method and electrode attachment process. A novel method was applied to reduce the surface leakage current between the strips. The proto type detector was investigated at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble which provided a fine 50 x 50 μm2 collimated X-ray beam covering an energy band up to 600 keV. At 400 keV we measured position resolutions of 0.2 mm FWHM in the X- and Y-direction and 0.6 mm FWHM in the Z-direction. The measured energy resolution of the detector was ~5.5 keV FWHM at 400 keV. The electronic noise contribution of the detector setup was 3.7 keV FWHM . The detector provides 3D position with very good spatial resolution as well as high resolution energy information and is therefore a well suited candidate e.g. as a Compton telescope detector, or for any application fields (medicine, security, science) where imaging and spectroscopy of high energy photons in the 10keV-1MeV range are required.

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Scott, Christopher C., Michael Farrier, Yunzhe Li, Sam Laxer, Parmesh Ravi, Peter Kenesei, Michael J. Wojcik, Antonino Miceli, and Karim S. Karim. "High-energy micrometre-scale pixel direct conversion X-ray detector." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 4 (June 2, 2021): 1081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521004835.

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The objective of this work was to fabricate and characterize a new X-ray imaging detector with micrometre-scale pixel dimensions (7.8 µm) and high detection efficiency for hard X-ray energies above 20 keV. A key technology component consists of a monolithic hybrid detector built by direct deposition of an amorphous selenium film on a custom designed CMOS readout integrated circuit. Characterization was carried out at the synchrotron beamline 1-BM-B at the Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Laboratory. The direct conversion detector demonstrated micrometre-scale spatial resolution with a 63 keV modulation transfer function of 10% at Nyquist frequency. In addition, spatial resolving power down to 8 µm was determined by imaging a transmission bar target at 21 keV. X-ray signal linearity, responsivity and lag were also characterized in the same energy range. Finally, phase contrast edge enhancement was observed in a phase object placed in the beam path. This amorphous selenium/CMOS detector technology can address gaps in commercially available X-ray detectors which limit their usefulness for existing synchrotron applications at energies greater than 50 keV; for example, phase contrast tomography and high-resolution imaging of nanoscale lattice distortions in bulk crystalline materials using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. The technology will also facilitate the creation of novel synchrotron imaging applications for X-ray energies at or above 20 keV.

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Sibczynski, Pawel, Andrzej Dziedzic, Krystian Grodzicki, Joanna Iwanowska-Hanke, Marek Moszyński, Lukasz Swiderski, Agnieszka Syntfeld-Każuch, et al. "New perspectives for undoped CaF2 scintillator as a threshold activation neutron detector." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 07012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817007012.

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In this paper we present the prompt photofission neutron detection performance of undoped CaF2 scintillator using Threshold Activation Detection (TAD). The study is carried out in the frame of C-BORD Horizon 2020 project, during which an efficient toolbox for high volume freight non-intrusive inspection (NII) is under development. Technologies for radiation monitoring are the part of the project. Particularly, detection of various radiological threats on country borders plays an important significant role in Homeland Security applications. Detection of illegal transfer of Special Nuclear Material (SNM) - 235U, 233U and 239Pu - is particular due to the potential use for production of nuclear weapon as well as radiological dispersal device (RDD) V known also as a “dirty bomb”. This technique relies on activation of 19F nuclei in the scintillator medium by fast neutrons and registration of high-energy β particles and γ-rays from the decay of reaction products. The radiation from SNM is detected after irradiation in order to avoid detector blinding. Despite the low 19F(n,α)16N or 19F(n,p)19O reaction cross-section, the method could be a good solution for detection of shielded nuclear material. Results obtained with the CaF2 detector were compared with the previous study done for BaF2 and 3He detector. These experimental results were obtained using 252Cf source and 9 MeV Varian Linatron M9 linear accelerator (LINAC). Finally, performance of the prompt neutron detection system based on CaF2 will be validated at Rotterdam Seaport during field trails in 2018.

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Bilge Demirkoz, M., Caner Seckin, Akanay Avaroglu, Besna Bulbul, Pelin Uslu, Erinc Kılıc, Yusuf Orhan, et al. "Metu-Defocusing Beamline : A 15-30 Mev Proton Irradiation Facility and Beam Measurement System." EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022501008.

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Middle East Technical University – Defocusing Beam Line (METU-DBL) project is an irradiation facility providing 15 MeV to 30 MeV kinetic energy protons for testing various high radiation level applications, ranging from Hi-Lumi LHC upgrade, space electronic components to nuclear material research. The project located inside the premises of the TAEA (Turkish Atomic Energy Agency) SANAEM (Saraykoy Nuclear Education and Research Center) close to Ankara, provides users a wide selectable flux menu (105–1010 p/cm2/s). The facility is now being commissioned and the facility will be providing a large test area (20 cm x 15 cm) for material, detector and electronics tests. The proton beam is monitored along the beamline using aluminum oxide screens and the flux and uniformity is measured using three detectors attached to the robotic system for cross- checks. A fiber scintillator detector scans the large irradiation area while small area diamond detector and Timepix3 detector are used for spot checks for calibration. Several samples can be radiated simultaneously inside the irradiation area and the robotic system provides 5 separate holders for samples which can be moved in or out, providing users flexibility for the desired fluence. This talk will first introduce METU- DBL as a radiation test facility, then discuss the radiation monitoring of the beam area and the radiation room, while highlighting how this facility can be used for future testing of materials for radiation tolerance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiation detector applications'

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