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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiation measuring instruments'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Shi Lin. "Research on Optical Radiation Measuring System Based on Virtual Instrument." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.337.

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Using virtual instrument technology, digital signal processing technology and traditional optical radiation measuring technology to construct optical radiation measuring system breaks the construction methods of traditional instruments. Signal processing, collection, control and process of measuring system are implemented by the software LabVIEW8.2. And they are integrated in a computer. The computer not only is data processing center, but also is instrument control center. While measuring, the user uses the mouse to operate the handles including knobs, switch and buttons of virtual instrument panel to select instrument functions and set various parameters, which realizes measuring optical radiation with different wave bands and different intensity. And the user can change instrument operation panel, modify system software, transform instrument function, and customize instrument parameters, which embodies the idea that the software is the instrument.
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2

Kolpakov, A. I., A. M. Raitsin, and M. V. Ulanovskii. "Metrological characteristics of measuring laser power divider." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 9 (2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-9-24-30.

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An analysis of the errors of the measuring optical power divider of laser radiation, which is used to transmit a unit of average power of high-intensity laser radiation and is structurally made in the form of a wedge, is carried out. The error of the division ratio, which affects the accuracy of the unit transmission, is determined. The estimation of the random component of the division coefficient error is carried out and it is shown that the proposed method for its determination, based on the rearrangement of the used measuring instruments, gives the most probable estimate. The error caused by the nonlinearity of the measuring instruments that determine the division coefficient is investigated, and its largest interval is estimated. It is shown that in the case of invariability of the conversion coefficients of the used measuring instruments on the laser radiation power, the method makes it possible to exclude the dependence of the error in determining the division coefficient on the mentioned coefficients, and in another case, to reduce their influence on the transmission error. The possibility of controlling the division factor of the divider by determining the control parameter and its confidence interval when transmitting a unit of radiation power is substantiated; a formula for calculating this interval in each measurement cycle is obtained. It is shown that the value of the parameter and the change in the confidence interval can be used to control the reliability of the transmission of the unit of power to the calibrated measuring instrument in real time.
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Kolpakov, Aleksandr I., Arkady M. Raitsin, and Michael V. Ulanovskii. "Method for transmitting a power unit high-intensity laser radiation." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 6 (2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-6-17-21.

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A method is proposed for transferring a unit of laser radiation power to power measuring instruments of kilowatt levels with the possibility of constant monitoring of the transmission process. A measuring optical laser power divider has been developed, which is structurally made in the form of a wedge and allows one to determine the radiation power of the beam delivered to the calibrated measuring instrument using the relatively small radiation power reflected from the enlightened surface of the front edge of the wedge. The proposed method is based on the application of the developed divider in the reference installation and provides for the implementation of three modes of operation of the installation: the mode of determining the equivalence coefficient; the mode of determining the division ratio of the optical divider; transmission mode of a power unit to measuring instruments and determination of a control parameter of an optical divider. The control of the transmission process is carried out by measuring the radiation power reflected from the rear edge of the wedge, and determining the control parameter. The conditions are given under which it is advisable to use the proposed mode for determining the division coefficient of the optical divider. A feature of the method under consideration is the possibility of operational control of the division coefficient of the optical divider, which allows real-time assessment of the accuracy of the calibration process of measuring instruments. The formula of metrological traceability of the results of power measurements to GET 28-2016 is obtained. The main components of the error in determining the radiation power supplied to the input of a calibrated measuring instrument are considered. The results of experimental studies of the method suggest that at a wavelength of 10,6 μm, the total error of power measurement, expressed as the standard deviation, does not exceed 2,0 %. The method can be used in the corresponding secondary power unit standards that receive a unit from the State Special Standard for Average Power GET 28-2016.
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4

Pilat, I. M., S. I. Pirozhenko, and B. G. Shabashkevich. "Instruments for measuring energy characteristics of non-ionizing radiation." Biomedical Engineering 28, no. 5 (September 1994): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00556696.

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5

Suehrcke, H., C. P. Ling, and P. G. McCormick. "The dynamic response of instruments measuring instantaneous solar radiation." Solar Energy 44, no. 3 (1990): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(90)90077-p.

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6

Brown. "Correcting the Error in Measuring Radiation Received by a Person: Introducing Cylindrical Radiometers." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 21, 2019): 5085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235085.

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Most human energy budget models consider a person to be approximately cylindrical in shape when estimating or measuring the amount of radiation that they receive in a given environment. Yet, the most commonly used instrument for measuring the amount of radiation received by a person is the globe thermometer. The spherical shape of this instrument was designed to be used indoors where radiation is received approximately equally from all directions. But in outdoor environments, radiation can be strongly directional, making the sphere an inappropriate shape. The international standard for measuring radiation received by a person, the Integral Radiation Measurement (IRM) method, yields a measure of the Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt). This method uses radiometers oriented in the four cardinal directions, plus up and down. However, this setup essentially estimates the amount of energy received by a square peg, not a cylinder. This paper identifies the errors introduced by both the sphere and the peg, and introduces a set of two new instrument that can be used to directly measure the amount of radiation received by a vertical cylinder in outdoor environments. The Cylindrical Pyranometer measures the amount of solar radiation received by a vertical cylinder, and the Cylindrical Pyrgeometer measures the amount of terrestrial radiation received. While the globe thermometer is still valid for use in indoor environments, these two new instruments should become the standard for measuring radiation received by people in outdoor environments.
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7

Brackenbush, L. W., J. C. McDonald, G. W. R. Endres, and W. Quam. "Mixed Field Dose Equivalent Measuring Instruments." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 10, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1985): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a079432.

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8

KOHNOURA, Bunzo, and Kentaro MINAMI. "Establishment of fluorescent X-ray irradiation field for calibrating radiation measuring instruments." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 25, no. 2 (1990): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.25.147.

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9

Larsen, H., J. F. Gayet, G. Febvre, H. Chepfer, and G. Brogniez. "Measurement errors in cirrus cloud microphysical properties." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 2 (February 28, 1998): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0266-8.

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Abstract. The limited accuracy of current cloud microphysics sensors used in cirrus cloud studies imposes limitations on the use of the data to examine the cloud's broadband radiative behaviour, an important element of the global energy balance. We review the limitations of the instruments, PMS probes, most widely used for measuring the microphysical structure of cirrus clouds and show the effect of these limitations on descriptions of the cloud radiative properties. The analysis is applied to measurements made as part of the European Cloud and Radiation Experiment (EUCREX) to determine mid-latitude cirrus microphysical and radiative properties.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (cloud physics and chemistry) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics · Radiative processes · Instruments and techniques
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10

Rashid, MA, RA Mamun, J. Sultana, A. Hasnat, KA Khan, and M. Rahman. "Evaluating the Solar Radiation System under the Climatic Condition of Dhaka, Bangladesh and Computing the Angstrom Coefficients." International Journal of Natural Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 12, 2012): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v2i1.10882.

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In this research work some mathematical models have been simulated to estimate the regression coefficients, which are also known as Angstrom coefficients, with monthly and daily average solar radiation on horizontal surface using bright sunshine hours. This study of solar energy, information on solar radiation and its components at a given location is very essential for scientists, engineers, architects, agriculturists and hydrologists for various applications such as measuring aerosol optical thickness, solar heating, cooking, drying and interior illumination of buildings. But, for developing countries like Bangladesh, we have limitation of sophisticated measuring instruments. So, we have used some latitude based empirical models to calculate an important solar radiation geometry parameter- Angstrom Coefficients for Bangladesh without any help of costly instruments. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v2i1.10882 International Journal of Natural Sciences (2012), 2(1): 38-42
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11

Martynyuk, Yury. "The State Fund of Metrology of Russian Federation. Part 2. General-purpose, pulse and special dosimeters." ANRI, no. 4 (December 3, 2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2020-102-3-3-13.

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Lists of photon radiation dosimeters, as well as pulse radiation dosimeters and metrological dosimeters, included in the State Information Fund of Measuring Instruments of the Russian Federation are given. The results of a comparative analysis of the characteristics of these dosimeters groups are discussed.
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12

VIS, R. D., G. H. J. TROS, and F. VAN LANGEVELDE. "TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS MEASURED BY A PROTON MICROPROBE AND A SYNCHROTRON RADIATION MICROPROBE." International Journal of PIXE 01, no. 01 (March 1990): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083590000037.

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After the development of PIXE in 19701 and its successful application in a variety of scientific areas, considerable effort has been directed towards the development of nuclear microprobes in order to have available an instrument capable of measuring trace element distributions with a spacial resolution of a few µm. These nuclear microprobes are now available for more than 10 years and besides very useful applications in biology, geology and materials science, the process of improving the facilities is still going on. More recently, on a few locations, synchrotron radiation has been focussed down to µm sized spots with the same aim, to measure trace element distributions, in this case using X-ray fluorescence. In this paper, the possibilities of these instruments will be described, examples will be given and a comparison between the instruments will be given.
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13

Kräuchi, Andreas, and Rolf Philipona. "Return glider radiosonde for in situ upper-air research measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2016): 2535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2535-2016.

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Abstract. Upper-air balloon soundings for weather predictions have been made since the beginning of the 20th century. New radiosonde instruments for in situ humidity-, radiation- and gas-profile measurements in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, were introduced in recent years for atmospheric research and climate monitoring, but such instruments are often expensive and it is desired they be reused on multiple flights. Recovering instruments that freely descend with parachutes is time consuming, sometimes difficult and even dangerous. Here, we introduce the return glider radiosonde (RGR), which enables flying and retrieving valuable in situ upper-air instruments. The RGR is lifted with weather balloons similar to traditional radiosondes to a preset altitude, at which time a release mechanism cuts the tether string, and a built-in autopilot flies the glider autonomously back to the launch site or a desired preprogrammed location. Once the RGR reaches the landing coordinates it circles down and releases a parachute 100 m above ground for landing. The motivation for this project was to measure radiation profiles throughout the atmosphere with the same instrument multiple times and with a rapid turn-around time. The paper describes technical aspects of the return glider radiosonde and the built-in radiation instruments and shows test flights up to 24 km altitude that are analyzed in terms of flight performance and maximal distances covered. Several successive flights measuring radiation profiles demonstrate the reliability and the operational readiness of the RGR, allowing new ways for atmospheric in situ research and monitoring with payloads up to several kg depending on the specific size of the glider.
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14

Carlund, Thomas, Natalia Kouremeti, Stelios Kazadzis, and Julian Gröbner. "Aerosol optical depth determination in the UV using a four-channel precision filter radiometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 905–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-905-2017.

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Abstract. The determination of aerosol properties, especially the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength region, is of great importance for understanding the climatological variability of UV radiation. However, operational retrievals of AOD at the biologically most harmful wavelengths in the UVB are currently only made at very few places. This paper reports on the UVPFR (UV precision filter radiometer) sunphotometer, a stable and robust instrument that can be used for AOD retrievals at four UV wavelengths. Instrument characteristics and results of Langley calibrations at a high-altitude site were presented. It was shown that due to the relatively wide spectral response functions of the UVPFR, the calibration constants (V0) derived from Langley plot calibrations underestimate the true extraterrestrial signals. Accordingly, correction factors were introduced. In addition, the instrument's spectral response functions also result in an apparent air-mass-dependent decrease in ozone optical depth used in the AOD determinations. An adjusted formula for the calculation of AOD, with a correction term dependent on total column ozone amount and ozone air mass, was therefore introduced. Langley calibrations performed 13–14 months apart resulted in sensitivity changes of ≤ 1.1 %, indicating good instrument stability. Comparison with a high-accuracy standard precision filter radiometer, measuring AOD at 368–862 nm wavelengths, showed consistent results. Also, very good agreement was achieved by comparing the UVPFR with AOD at UVB wavelengths derived with a Brewer spectrophotometer, which was calibrated against the UVPFR at an earlier date. Mainly due to non-instrumental uncertainties connected with ozone optical depth, the total uncertainty of AOD in the UVB is higher than that reported from AOD instruments measuring in UVA and visible ranges. However, the precision can be high among instruments using harmonized algorithms for ozone and Rayleigh optical depth as well as for air mass terms. For 4 months of comparison measurements with the UVPFR and a Brewer, the root mean squared AOD differences were found < 0.01 at all the 306–320 nm Brewer wavelengths.
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15

KOHNOURA, Bunzo, and Kentaro MINAMI. "Characteristic of 16N high energy .GAMMA.-ray irradiation field for calibrating radiation measuring instruments." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 23, no. 1 (1988): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.23.27.

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16

Lovinskii, L. S., and V. I. Sorokin. "Precision spectral equipment for certification of instruments measuring the radiation flux of optoelectronic devices." Measurement Techniques 35, no. 10 (October 1992): 1150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00977470.

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17

Espinel-Ortega, Álvaro, and Adriana Vega-E. "Determination of Uncertainty in Measuring Instruments in Electrical Engineering Programs." TecnoLógicas 22, no. 46 (September 20, 2019): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/22565337.1484.

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When electrical engineering students start their instrumentation and measurement course, they have previously taken calculus, physics, probability, and statistics. However, they have problems to apply the knowledge they acquired to solve problems related to electrical measurements and variables in the profession, such as water flows, solar radiation, wind speed and water levels. This paper shows how to integrate all the concepts involved in the process to calculate measurement uncertainty in order to improve the way the results of measurements and/or error determination processes are described. For that purpose, this study presents an applied exercise and a methodological process by means of an example, where the value of a resistance is determined taking into account the data of voltage and current measurements and using few data. The objective is to focus the process on estimating Type A and Type B uncertainty and the factors that affect the measurement processes, such as uncertainty due to random variations of the measured signals, instrument defects, imprecision of the instruments, or their resolution. During the calculation of uncertainty proposed here, students use the probabilistic knowledge they have acquired after they determined the value of the uncertainty U from the combined uncertainty u𝑐 (R), where the coverage factor is taken into account. This allows us to learn about the importance of expressing the results with higher (+) or lower (-) values of uncertainty. In the exercise carried out in this work, R = 733.31 +/- 8.10 ohm.
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18

Smith, G. Louis, Kory J. Priestley, Phillip C. Hess, Chris Currey, and Peter Spence. "Validation of Geolocation of Measurements of the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Scanning Radiometers aboard Three Spacecraft." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1207.1.

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Abstract The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument is a scanning radiometer for measuring Earth-emitted and -reflected solar radiation to understand Earth’s energy balance. One CERES instrument was placed into orbit aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in 1997; two were aboard the Terra spacecraft, launched in 1999; and two were aboard the Aqua spacecraft, launched in 2002. These measurements are used together with data from higher-resolution instruments to generate a number of data products. The nominal footprint size of the pixel at Earth’s surface is 16 km in the cross-scan direction and 23 km in the scan direction for the TRMM platform and 36 km in the cross-scan direction and 46 km in the scan direction for the Terra and Aqua platforms. It is required that the location on Earth of each pixel be known to 1–2 km to use the CERES data with the higher-resolution instruments on a pixel basis. A technique has been developed to validate the computed geolocation of the measurements by use of coastlines. Scenes are chosen in which the reflected solar radiation changes abruptly from the land surface to the darker ocean surface and the Earth-emitted radiation changes from the warm land to the cool ocean, or vice versa, so that scenes can be detected both day and night. The computed coastline location is then compared with the World Bank II map. The method has been applied to data from the three spacecraft and shows that the pixel geolocations are accurate to within 10% of the pixel size and that the geolocation is adequate for current scientific investigations.
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19

Mariselvam, A. K., K. Padmanabhan, and S. Sivanesan. "Reliability of the results of measurements of air pollution by solid particles by the method of detection of scattered laser radiation." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 4 (April 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-4-14-19.

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The problem of measuring the parameters of dust particles in the environment is currently relevant for residents of densely populated cities. Measurements of the size and size distribution function of dust particles are carried out using instruments based on the method of scattering of laser radiation. The analysis of the measurement method based on the spherical particle model andthe theory of Mie diffraction is performed. The possibility of erroneous indication of measurement results by widely used portable measuring instruments of dust parameters is shown. To calculate the scattering luminous flux by particles with a size of 2–10 μm in laser radiation, a special program was developed in the Matlab medium. As a result of solving a system of linear non-homogeneous algebraic equations, the particle size distribution function is to be estimated under the condition that the intensity of the scattered laser radiation is measured by at least two fixed scattering angles. For the experimental estimation of this distribution function, four simple photodetectors were used for different fixed scattering angles.
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20

Wuttke, Sigrid, Gunther Seckmeyer, Germar Bernhard, James Ehramjian, Richard McKenzie, Paul Johnston, and Michael O'Neill. "New Spectroradiometers Complying with the NDSC Standards." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1826.1.

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Abstract The investigation of the effect of solar ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation on biological organisms and photochemical reactions requires spectral measurements of the desired radiation parameters of high accuracy. The Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) and the World Meteorological Organization have set up stringent requirements for high-quality spectral measurements of ultraviolet radiation. It is shown that two new instruments comply with these standards. One is the newly developed spectroradiometer of the Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany. It is capable of covering the spectral range from the UV to the near-infrared (290–1050 nm) in a comparably fine resolution. One major aim is to deploy this instrument as a traveling NDSC spectroradiometer. The other new instrument is built for the U.S. National Science Foundation's UV Monitoring Network. It is designed to monitor UV and visible irradiance at high latitudes and covers a wavelength range from 280 to 600 nm. Data of both instruments show deviations of less than 5% for a wide range of atmospheric conditions compared to a NDSC spectroradiometer owned by the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory during the fifth North American Interagency Intercomparison for UV Spectroradiometers. Such deviations represent state-of-the-art instrumentation for conducting long-term measurements of solar UV radiation capable of detecting trends and supporting long-term measurements by traveling standards. Furthermore, there is now an instrument capable of measuring solar irradiance in a wavelength range from 250 to 1050 nm.
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21

Smedley, A. R. D., A. R. Webb, and C. P. R. Saunders. "Application of a diode array spectroradiometer to measuring the spectral scattering properties of cloud types in a laboratory." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 22 (November 23, 2007): 5803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5803-2007.

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Abstract. In the last few years diode array spectroradiometers have become useful complements to traditional scanning instruments when measuring visible and ultraviolet solar radiation incident on the ground. This study describes the application of such an instrument to the problem of measuring the radiation scattered by different cloud-types in a laboratory environment. Details of how the instrument is incorporated into the experimental set-up are given together with the development of the system as a whole. The capability to measure a full spectrum for each scattering angle is an undoubted advantage, although the limited sensitivity impacts on the usefulness for optically thin clouds. Nevertheless example results are presented: (1) scattering phase functions at a range of wavelengths recorded simultaneously for water clouds, showing spectral deviation at the rainbow angle and verification of Mie theory; (2) likewise for mixed phase clouds, with evidence of both halo and rainbow features in a single scattering function; and, (3) detail of the forward scattering region in a glaciated cloud showing a barely perceptible halo feature, with implications for the small-scale structure of the ice crystals produced.
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Smedley, A. R. D., A. R. Webb, and C. P. R. Saunders. "Application of a diode array spectroradiometer to measuring the spectral scattering properties of cloud types in a laboratory." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 25, 2007): 10767–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-10767-2007.

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Abstract. In the last few years diode array spectroradiometers have become useful complements to traditional scanning instruments when measuring visible and ultraviolet solar radiation incident on the ground. This study describes the application of such an instrument to the problem of measuring the radiation scattered by different cloud types in a laboratory environment. Details of how the instrument is incorporated into the experimental set-up are given together with the development of the system as a whole. The capability to measure a full spectrum for each scattering angle is an undoubted advantage, although the limited dynamic range impacts on the usefulness for optically thin clouds. Nevertheless example results are presented: (1) scattering phase functions at a range of wavelengths recorded simultaneously for water clouds, showing spectral deviation at the rainbow angle and verification of Mie theory; (2) likewise for mixed phase clouds, with evidence of both halo and rainbow features in a single scattering function; and, (3) detail of the forward scattering region in a glaciated cloud showing a barely perceptible halo feature, with implications for the small-scale structure of the ice crystals produced.
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23

Benko, James. "A Low-Cost Salt Plate Holder for Micro FT-1R." Microscopy Today 7, no. 8 (October 1999): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500065093.

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FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy is an instrumental technique for measuring the infrared spectrum of materials. Many organic compounds have characteristic spectra that can be used for their identification, and specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl. amine, etc.) have characteristic bands at certain frequencies.Microscopes have been coupled to FT-IR instruments and allow the IR spectrum determination of single particles. This greatly increases the identification possibilities of small particles and contaminants. These particles can be mounted on sodium chloride or potassium bromide salt crystals, since these materials are transparent to infrared radiation.
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24

Hayden, Lindsey, and Chuntao Liu. "A Multiyear Analysis of Global Precipitation Combining CloudSat and GPM Precipitation Retrievals." Journal of Hydrometeorology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 1935–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0053.1.

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Abstract Satellite-based instruments are essential to the observation of precipitation at a global scale, especially over remote regions. Each instrument has its own strengths and limitations in accurately determining the rate of precipitation at the surface. By using the complementary strengths of two instruments, a more complete analysis of global precipitation can be performed. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory’s Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) is capable of measuring precipitation at high and medium precipitation rates by using Ku-band (13.6 GHz) radiation. The CloudSat satellite’s Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) uses higher-frequency W-band (94 GHz) radiation and is therefore capable of measuring precipitation at low rates not detected by the GPM DPR. CloudSat observations from January 2007 to December 2016 and DPR observations from March 2014 to February 2018 are combined and the results examined. Since these datasets are not completely coincident, this study is conducted as a multiyear analysis. Observed precipitation from CloudSat is used starting at the lowest precipitation rates and increasing rates until the occurrence observed by GPM surpasses that of CloudSat, at which point data from GPM are used. The precipitation rate at which this change occurs contains important information on the amount of precipitation missed by each instrument and implications as to the size of the hydrometeors present. Liquid precipitation retrieval from CloudSat is not performed over land; analysis over land is produced here using the information available. By combining the two datasets, a more complete picture of precipitation occurring globally is obtained.
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25

Al-Zubaydi, Ahmed Y. Taha, and W. John Dartnall. "Design and Modelling of Water Chilling Production System by the Combined Effects of Evaporation and Night Sky Radiation." Journal of Renewable Energy 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/624502.

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The design and mathematical modelling of thermal radiator panel to be used primarily to measure night sky radiation wet coated surface is presented in this paper. The panel consists of an upper dry surface coated aluminium sheet laminated to an ethylene vinyl acetate foam backing block as an insulation. Water is sprayed onto the surface of the panel so that an evaporative cooling effect is gained in addition to the radiation effect; the surface of a panel then is wetted in order to study and measure the night sky radiation from the panel wet surface. In this case, the measuring water is circulated over the upper face of this panel during night time. Initial TRNSYS simulations for the performance of the system are presented and it is planned to use the panel as calibrated instruments for discriminating between the cooling effects of night sky radiation and evaporation.
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26

Allen, Martin W., Neil Swift, Kathryn M. Nield, Ben Liley, and Richard L. McKenzie. "Use of Electronic UV Dosimeters in Measuring Personal UV Exposures and Public Health Education." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070744.

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The performance limits of electronic ultraviolet (EUV) dosimeters, which use AlGaN Schottky photodiodes as the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) sensing element to measure personal erythemally weighted UVR exposures, were investigated via a direct comparison with meteorological-grade reference instruments. EUV dosimeters with two types of AlGaN Schottky photodiode were compared to second-generation ‘Robertson–Berger type’ broadband erythemal radiometers. This comparison was done by calculating correction factors for the deviations of the spectral responsivity of each instrument from the CIE erythemal action spectrum and for deviations in their angular response from the ideal cosine response of flat surfaces and human skin. Correction factors were also calculated to convert the output of these instruments to vitamin D-weighted UV irradiances. These comparisons showed that EUV dosimeters can be engineered with spectral responsivities and cosine response errors approaching those of Robertson–Berger type radiometers, making them very acceptable for use in human UVR exposure and sun safety behaviour studies, provided appropriate side-by-side calibrations are performed. Examples of these calibrations and the effect of EUV dosimeter sampling rates on the calculation of received erythemal UVR doses and erythemal UVR dose rates are provided, as well as brief descriptions of their use in primary skin cancer prevention programmes, handheld meters, and public health displays.
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Sorimachi, Atsuyuki, Yuichi Nagamatsu, Yasutaka Omori, and Tetsuo Ishikawa. "Comparison experiments for radon and thoron measuring instruments at low-level concentrations in one room of a Japanese concrete building." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 173 (July 2021): 109696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109696.

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Michel, Dominik, Rolf Philipona, Christian Ruckstuhl, Roland Vogt, and Laurent Vuilleumier. "Performance and Uncertainty of CNR1 Net Radiometers during a One-Year Field Comparison." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha973.1.

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Abstract Net radiation flux in correlation with surface energy budget, snowmelt, glacier ice balance, and forest or agricultural flux exchange investigations is measured in numerous field experiments. Instrument costs and energy consumption versus performance and uncertainty of net radiation instruments has been widely discussed. Here the authors analyze and show performance and uncertainty of two Kipp and Zonen CNR1 net radiometers, which were compared to high standard reference radiation instruments measuring individual shortwave and longwave downward and upward flux components. The intercomparison was aimed at investigating the performance of the radiometers under different climatological conditions and was made over one year at the midlatitude Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station in Payerne, Switzerland (490 MSL). Of the two CNR1 radiometers tested, one was installed in a ventilation and heating system, whereas the other was mounted without ventilation and heating. Uncertainties of the different flux components were found to be larger for shortwave than longwave radiation and larger for downward than upward components. Using the single sensitivity coefficient provided by the manufacturer, which for CNR1 radiometers conditions using all four sensors, rather large root-mean-square differences between 2 and 14 W m−2 were measured for the individual components for hourly averages and between 2 and 12 W m−2 for daily averages. The authors then performed a field calibration, comparing each individual sensor to the reference instrument for one particular day. With the individual field calibration the uncertainty of hourly averages was reduced significantly for all components of the ventilated and heated instrument. For the unventilated CNR1 uncertainties could not be reduced significantly for all sensors. The total net radiation uncertainty of both CNR1 is rather large with up to 26% on daily averages (∼10 W m−2) for the original sensitivity coefficients and without field calibration. Only with the field calibration and for the ventilated and heated CNR1 net radiometer is an uncertainty of 10% of the daily totals of total net radiation reached, as claimed by the manufacturer.
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Kramer, G. H., and B. M. Hauck. "Measuring an 'active person' with the HMLs emergency response instruments." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 144, no. 1-4 (November 30, 2010): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq428.

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Lukashevich, R. V., and G. A. Fokov. "APPLICATION OF THE SPECTROMETRIC METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE DOSE RATE FOR CREATING CALIBRATION HIGHLY SENSITIVE INSTRUMENTS BASED ON SCINTILLATION DETECTION UNITS." Devices and Methods of Measurements 8, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2017-8-3-246-253.

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Devices based on scintillation detector are highly sensitive to photon radiation and are widely used to measure the environment dose rate. Modernization of the measuring path to minimize the error in measuring the response of the detector to gamma radiation has already reached its technological ceiling and does not give the proper effect. More promising for this purpose are new methods of processing the obtained spectrometric information. The purpose of this work is the development of highly sensitive instruments based on scintillation detection units using a spectrometric method for calculating dose rate.In this paper we consider the spectrometric method of dosimetry of gamma radiation based on the transformation of the measured instrumental spectrum. Using predetermined or measured functions of the detector response to the action of gamma radiation of a given energy and flux density, a certain function of the energy G(E) is determined. Using this function as the core of the integral transformation from the field to dose characteristic, it is possible to obtain the dose value directly from the current instrumentation spectrum. Applying the function G(E) to the energy distribution of the fluence of photon radiation in the environment, the total dose rate can be determined without information on the distribution of radioisotopes in the environment.To determine G(E) by Monte-Carlo method instrumental response function of the scintillator detector to monoenergetic photon radiation sources as well as other characteristics are calculated. Then the whole full-scale energy range is divided into energy ranges for which the function G(E) is calculated using a linear interpolation.Spectrometric method for dose calculation using the function G(E), which allows the use of scintillation detection units for a wide range of dosimetry applications is considered in the article. As well as describes the method of calculating this function by using Monte-Carlo methods and the features of its application. The results of the calculation function G(E) for the detection unit on the basis of NaI(Tl) detector (Ø40 mm, h = 40 mm) to use it as a comparator for kerma rate in the air certification of low intenseе photon radiation fields.
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Ullmann, W., and W. Röhnsch. "Measurement and Calibration Experience with Short-Lived Radon Daughters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (August 1, 1988): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080288.

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Abstract In view of the health effects of short-lived radon daughters, various methods and instruments for determining their concentrations in air have been developed in the National Board for Atomic Safety and Radiation Protection (SAAS) of the GDR for reasons of radiation protection. A survey is given of the respective measurement requirements and of the quantities measured. Devices for short-term as well as time-integrated measurements of the potential alpha energy concentration, using different kinds of detectors, are described in detail, including the determination of the equilibrium factor and of the free fraction of short-lived daughters. Information is given regarding international comparison of measuring devices, of calibration methods applied at the SAAS and of elaboration of a primary standard for the unit of the potential alpha energy concentration. The use of the methods and instruments in the radiation protection practice of the SAAS is outlined.
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Bader, Rolf, Jost L. Fischer, and Markus Abel. "Minimum Energy Method (MEM) microphone array back-propagation for measuring musical wind instruments sound hole radiation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3749–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988269.

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33

Leonov, A., M. Cyamukungu, J. Cabrera, P. Leleux, Gh Grégoire, S. Benck, V. Mikhailov, et al. "The measurements of light high-energy ions in NINA-2 experiment." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 9 (October 2, 2007): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2029-2007.

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Abstract. The flux of energetic light ions at low altitude is both an important input and output for self-consistent calculations of albedo particles resulting from the interaction of trapped and cosmic ray particles, with the upper atmosphere. In addition, data on the flux of light ions are needed to evaluate radiation damages on space-borne instruments and on space mission crews. In spite of that, sources of data on the flux of energetic ions at LEO are roughly limited to the AP-8 model, CREME/CREME96 codes and the SAMPEX, NOAA/TIROS satellites. The existing and operational European SAC-C/ICARE and PROBA-1/SREM instruments could also be potential sources for proton data at LEO. Although AP-8 and SAMPEX/PSB97 may be publicly accessed through the SPENVIS, they exhibit an order of magnitude difference in low altitude proton fluxes and they do not contain helium fluxes. Therefore, improved light ion radiation models are still needed. In this paper we present a procedure to identify and measure the energy of ions that are not stopped in the NINA-2 instrument. Moreover, problems related to particles that cross the instrument in the opposite direction are addressed and shown to be a possible cause of particle misidentification. Measuring fluxes of low abundance elements like energetic helium ions requires a good characterisation of all possible sources of backgrounds in the detector. Hints to determine the several contributions to the background are presented herein and may be applied to extract an order of magnitude of energetic ions fluxes from existing data sets, while waiting for dedicated high performance instruments.
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Čekon, Miroslav, Richard Slávik, and Peter Juras. "Obtainable Method of Measuring the Solar Radiant Flux Based on Silicone Photodiode Element." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.477.

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Solar radiation exposure and its monitoring does have not only the importance for climate science and meteorology however is equally of highly relevant use for the field of Building Science as primarily those of analyzing thermal aspects in building physics. Here the measuring of solar irradiance by means of well-established solar instruments can be applied whose advances have been undergoing steep progress. Currently, a silicon photodiode element, as a truly obtainable form, may have a feasible exploitation in the field of building applications concerning the solar radiant flux quantifying. It represents a small optoelectronic element and has a several exploitable advantages. The paper presents a perspective alternative to monitor solar irradiance. Own measurement assembly is proposed and introduced. Initial in-situ measurements are performed and final comparability with existing commercial solar instruments is presented. An obtained correlation with existing types demonstrates its applicability to the field of building science and solar energy.
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35

Zenchenko, S. "Methods and results of effective application of modern infra-red imaging technologies for measuring hydrophysical processes." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 2, no. 396 (May 21, 2021): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-2-396-134-138.

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Object and purpose of research. The paper presents characteristics of modern infra-red imaging technologies and highlights their potential for wide application. Materials and methods. Investigations are presented based on the account of balance of various components of water surface thermal radiation and its changes under different conditions of water surface observations, measurements at different sky radiation intensities and application of additional natural illumination by solar radiation. Main results. Modern infra-red imaging technologies are analyzed for convenience of measurements using operator’s windows, different spectral IR ranges, various matrix receiver formats as well as comparative temperature fields presentation using 3-D control points, lines, etc. Comparative measurements of various instruments are given in recording of natural and artificial anomalies of thermal radiation related to changes of the air/water thermal interface and similar measurements with prevailing reflected thermal radiation component. Possibility of applying IR imaging technologies with additional signal amplification by simultaneous recording of reflected solar radiation are considered. Data recorded concurrently in visible and IR ranges of spectrum are compared. Conclusion. Conclusions are given regarding various measuring methods to record the proper thermal radiation of water surface and its reflected component, which can be used to measure the wave structure of marine surface. The possibilities of visible online analysis and structured analysis of the recorded temperature field with simultaneous display of its temperature, color, linear and time scale are demonstrated.
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Gromov, Alexander A., Alexander P. Zhanzhora, and Vladimir F. Shikalov. "Certification of a specialized source of gamma radiation spatially combined with modeling reference field of neutron radiation." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 3 (2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2021-3-53-57.

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The results of metrological studies of the field of the experimental channel of the research nuclear reactor OR (experimental base of the NRC “Kurchatov Institute”) with a capacity of 0.1–300 kW are presented. The empirical dependence of the contribution of the absorbed dose of gamma radiation during the raising and lowering reactor power in the total absorbed dose during the irradiation in the reactor and absorbed dose rate from a power reactor OR in the steady state. Based on these results, the absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate of gamma radiation can be pre-calculated. According to metrological studies results, the experimental channel of the reactor OR was certified in terms of the absorbed dose rate of gamma radiation as a specialized source of gamma radiation spatially combined with the modeling reference field of neutrons. The specialized source is designed for calibration of special-purpose measuring instruments and testing for radiation resistance of products operating in conditions of mixed gamma-neutron radiation of nuclear reactors.
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37

Inyang, Imo, Geza Benke, Ray Mckenzie, and Michael Abramson. "Comparison of measuring instruments for radiofrequency radiation from mobile telephones in epidemiological studies: Implications for exposure assessment." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 18, no. 2 (February 28, 2007): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500555.

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38

Blumthaler, Mario, Barbara Schallhart, Michael Schwarzmann, Richard McKenzie, Paul Johnston, Michael Kotkamp, and Hisako Shiona. "Spectral UV Measurements of Global Irradiance, Solar Radiance, and Actinic Flux in New Zealand: Intercomparison between Instruments and Model Calculations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 945–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha1035.1.

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Abstract Presented here are the results of a short but intense measurement campaign at Lauder, New Zealand, in which spectral irradiance from instruments operated by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and Austria/Innsbruck (ATI) were traced to different irradiance standards and compared. The observed spectral differences for global irradiance were relatively small (&lt;5%) and were consistent with those expected from observed differences in the radiation standards used by each group. Actinic fluxes measured by both groups were also intercompared and found to agree at the 10% level. The ATI instrument had the additional capability of measuring solar direct beam irradiance and sky radiances. These provided the first series of sky radiance measurements at this pristine Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) site. The polarization of sky radiance results were compared with estimates from a radiative transfer model without any aerosols and was found to be up to 25% smaller. Total ozone values derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Dobson measurements by NIWA, spectral direct sun measurements by ATI, and spectral global irradiance measurements by NIWA agreed generally within 2%–3%.
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39

Rajasekaran, Meenal, A. Immanuel Selvakumar, and E. Rajasekaran. "Review on mathematical models for the prediction of solar radiation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i1.pp56-61.

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Global Solar Radiation (GSR) data is important for all solar energy based applications, mainly to forecast the output power of solar PV system in case of renewable energy integration in to the existing grid. The solar radiation components are measured using pyranometer, solarimeter, pyroheliometer and so on. It is not practically possible to install this radiation measuring instruments at all the locations due to the cost and difficulty in measurements. Hence the availability of solar radiation data is limited to few meteorological stations especially in the developing country like India. Therefore, it is necessary to develop mathematical models to predict the solar radiation to eliminate the costly pyranometer. In this paper, the review of mathematical models using trigonometric functions for the prediction of global solar radiation is presented. The mathematical models are applicable wherever the radiation data is unavailable. From the review results, it is concluded that mathematical model with both sine and cosine wave equation gives good prediction accuracy with correlation coefficient of 0.95
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40

Matsui, N., C. N. Long, J. Augustine, D. Halliwell, T. Uttal, D. Longenecker, O. Nievergall, J. Wendell, and R. Albee. "Evaluation of arctic broadband surface radiation measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 2, 2011): 4911–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-4911-2011.

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Abstract. The Arctic is a challenging environment for making in-situ radiation measurements. A standard suite of radiation sensors is typically designed to measure the total, direct and diffuse components of incoming and outgoing broadband shortwave (SW) and broadband thermal infrared, or longwave (LW) radiation. Enhancements can include various sensors for measuring irradiance in various narrower bandwidths. Many solar radiation/thermal infrared flux sensors utilize protective glass domes and some are mounted on complex mechanical platforms (solar trackers) that rotate sensors and shading devices that track the sun. High quality measurements require striking a balance between locating sensors in a pristine undisturbed location free of artificial blockage (such as buildings and towers) and providing accessibility to allow operators to clean and maintain the instruments. Three significant sources of erroneous data include solar tracker malfunctions, rime/frost/snow deposition on the instruments and operational problems due to limited operator access in extreme weather conditions. In this study, a comparison is made between the global and component sum (direct [vertical component] + diffuse) shortwave measurements. The difference between these two quantities (that theoretically should be zero) is used to illustrate the magnitude and seasonality of radiation flux measurement problems. The problem of rime/frost/snow deposition is investigated in more detail for one case study utilizing both shortwave and longwave measurements. Solutions to these operational problems are proposed that utilize measurement redundancy, more sophisticated heating and ventilation strategies and a more systematic program of operational support and subsequent data quality protocols.
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Svendby, Tove M., Bjørn Johnsen, Arve Kylling, Arne Dahlback, Germar H. Bernhard, Georg H. Hansen, Boyan Petkov, and Vito Vitale. "GUV long-term measurements of total ozone column and effective cloud transmittance at three Norwegian sites." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 10 (May 25, 2021): 7881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021.

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Abstract. Measurements of total ozone column and effective cloud transmittance have been performed since 1995 at the three Norwegian sites Oslo/Kjeller, Andøya/Tromsø, and in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard). These sites are a subset of nine stations included in the Norwegian UV monitoring network, which uses ground-based ultraviolet (GUV) multi-filter instruments and is operated by the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA) and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU). The network includes unique data sets of high-time-resolution measurements that can be used for a broad range of atmospheric and biological exposure studies. Comparison of the 25-year records of GUV (global sky) total ozone measurements with Brewer direct sun (DS) measurements shows that the GUV instruments provide valuable supplements to the more standardized ground-based instruments. The GUV instruments can fill in missing data and extend the measuring season at sites with reduced staff and/or characterized by harsh environmental conditions, such as Ny-Ålesund. Also, a harmonized GUV can easily be moved to more remote/unmanned locations and provide independent total ozone column data sets. The GUV instrument in Ny-Ålesund captured well the exceptionally large Arctic ozone depletion in March/April 2020, whereas the GUV instrument in Oslo recorded a mini ozone hole in December 2019 with total ozone values below 200 DU. For all the three Norwegian stations there is a slight increase in total ozone from 1995 until today. Measurements of GUV effective cloud transmittance in Ny-Ålesund indicate that there has been a significant change in albedo during the past 25 years, most likely resulting from increased temperatures and Arctic ice melt in the area surrounding Svalbard.
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Еnyakov, Аlexander М., Sergey I. Kuznetsov, and Georgiy S. Lukin. "State primary measurement standard of ultrasound power unit in water GET 169-2019." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 3 (2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-3-3-8.

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Results of works on improvement of the state primary special measurement standard of ultrasound power unit in water GET 169-2005 are given. As a result of the inclusion of two new reference ultrasound power meters in the standard, the frequency and dynamic ranges of reproduction and transmission of the power unit to lower-level measuring instruments were expanded using absorbing targets for measuring the radiation effect of the ultrasonic wave and the absorbed ultrasonic energy. That is very important for metrological support of modern high-tech medical ultrasound equipment, including focused high-intensity ultrasound beams for the treatment of cancer. The automation of the measurement process used in the updated standard has reduced significantly the complexity of verification procedures increasing the accuracy of measurements.
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43

O'Shea, E., and P. McCavana. "Review of surface dose detectors in radiotherapy." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 3, no. 2 (March 2003): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396903000049.

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Several instruments have been used to measure absorbed radiation dose under non-electronic equilibrium conditions, such as in the build-up region or near the interface between two different media, including the surface. Many of these detectors are discussed in this paper. A common method of measuring the absorbed dose distribution and electron contamination in the build-up region of high-energy beams for radiation therapy is by means of parallel-plate ionisation chambers. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), diodes and radiographic film have also been used to obtain surface dose measurements. The diamond detector was used recently by the author in an investigation on the effects of beam-modifying devices on skin dose and it is also described in this report.
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44

Pohuliai, Serhii, and Igors Krainukovs. "Improvement of the minimum detectable activity of a free release monitor for small articles." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, no. 00 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp210222018p.

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This paper presents results of the development of a small-sized free release monitor designed for the release of materials, various hand tools, equipment and instruments of nuclear enterprises and laboratories staff that weight up to 50 kg, from radiation control. To increase the registration sensitivity of controlled radionuclides, 12 scintillation units based on a 3"x3" sized NaI (Tl) crystal were used as gamma-radiation detector. Volume of the measuring chamber of the monitor amounted to 200 liters, the thickness of the low-background shielding was chosen 50 mm. The values of the minimum detectable activity of the designed monitor for the point sources 123I, 131I, 99mTc, 18F were better than 100 Bq with measurement time not exceeding 60 s.
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45

Verma, Simran, Mandeep S. Grewal, Anshul Arora, Ashtha Arya, and Vipul Gupta. "Measuring the Canal Length - A Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 33 (August 16, 2021): 2824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/575.

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The objectives of root canal treatment are elimination of microorganisms, removal of pulpal remnants, removal of debris, and shaping of the root canal system so that it may be obturated. The most important step in endodontic therapy is canal preparation which can be achieved by accurate working length determination. Working length determines the extent of placing the instruments into the canal, it affects the degree of pain and discomfort which the patient will experience post treatment and it plays an important role in the success of the treatment if placed within correct limits. The cementodentinal junction, where the pulp tissue changes into the apical tissue, is the ideal physiologic apical limit of WL because at this point healing is supposed to be optimal, and the wound to the periapical tissues is minimal.The apical constriction is however, histological and is impossible to locate clinically or radiographically. There are several methods of determining working length which include radiographical methods, digital tactile sense, apical periodontal sensitivity, paper point method and electronic apex locators. The requirements of an ideal method for determining working length include rapid location of the apical constriction in all pulpal conditions, easy measurement, rapid periodic monitoring and confirmation, patient and clinician comfort, minimal radiation to the patient; ease of use in special patients; and cost effectiveness. To achieve the highest degree of accuracy in working length determination, a combination of several methods should be used. This article reviews the different methods to determine WL and their clinical implications. KEY WORDS Working Length, Apex Locator, Radiographic Method.
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46

Yamada, Takahiro, Keisuke Soga, Mayumi Hachinohe, and Akiko Hachisuka. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING RADIOACTIVITY IN WHOLE FOODSTUFFS WITHOUT DESTRUCTIVE SAMPLE PREPARATION DEVELOPED AFTER THE FUKUSHIMA NPP ACCIDENT." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 184, no. 3-4 (April 29, 2019): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz112.

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Abstract Recently, several types of instruments for measuring radioactivity in whole foodstuff were developed by manufacturers, in which any sample preparation technique such as machining was avoided, and such types of instruments are employed by agricultural producers or municipality radioactivity testing stations in Fukushima. In this study, radioactivity in various kinds of 91 samples collected by residents were measured by use of instruments for radioactivity measurement in whole samples, and the activity in each sample was also measured by use of the conventional gamma-ray spectrometry technique using calibrated Ge detectors after the sample machining procedure. The results obtained by instruments for measurement in whole samples were roughly proportional to the result obtained by a conventional technique, although large differences or unexpected variations were found in some specimens.
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47

Jilek, K., J. Thomas, and M. Brabec. "QA programme for radon and its short-lived progeny measuring instruments in NRPI Prague." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 130, no. 1 (April 2, 2008): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncn113.

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48

Kotyuk, A. F., A. M. Raitsin, and M. V. Ulanovskii. "Determination of the optimal number of decomposition elements for matrix instruments for measuring the spatial-energy characteristics of laser radiation." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 11 (November 1987): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00865069.

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49

Jayaraman, A., M. Venkat Ratnam, A. K. Patra, T. Narayana Rao, S. Sridharan, M. Rajeevan, H. Gadhavi, A. P. Kesarkar, P. Srinivasulu, and K. Raghunath. "Study of Atmospheric Forcing and Responses (SAFAR) campaign: overview." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 1 (January 18, 2010): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-89-2010.

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Abstract. Study of Atmospheric Forcing and Responses (SAFAR) is a five year (2009–2014) research programme specifically to address the responses of the earth's atmosphere to both natural and anthropogenic forcings using a host of collocated instruments operational at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), India from a unified viewpoint of studying the vertical coupling between the forcings and responses from surface layer to the ionosphere. As a prelude to the main program a pilot campaign was conducted at Gadanki during May–November 2008 using collocated observations from the MST radar, Rayleigh lidar, GPS balloonsonde, and instruments measuring aerosol, radiation and precipitation, and supporting satellite data. We show the importance of the large radiative heating caused by absorption of solar radiation by soot particles in the lower atmosphere, the observed high vertical winds in the convective updrafts extending up to tropopause, and the difficulty in simulating the same with existing models, the upward traveling waves in the middle atmosphere coupling the lower atmosphere with the upper atmosphere, their manifestation in the mesospheric temperature structure and inversion layers, the mesopause height extending up to 100 km, and the electro-dynamical coupling between mesosphere and the ionosphere which causes irregularities in the ionospheric F-region. The purpose of this communication is not only to share the knowledge that we gained from the SAFAR pilot campaign, but also to inform the international atmospheric science community about the SAFAR program as well as to extend our invitation to join in our journey.
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Beyazit, Nesrin, Fatih Unal, and Husamettin Bulut. "Modeling of the hourly horizontal solar diffuse radiation in Sanliurfa, Turkey." Thermal Science 24, no. 2 Part A (2020): 939–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190223274b.

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Horizontal diffuse solar radiation has been calculated over various models by using the total radiation data obtained from the horizontal surface due to reasons such as lack of adequate measurements and expensive measuring instruments. In this study, the measurements were calculated using the obtained data between the years 2009 and 2016 from solar radiation measurement system with solar tracking system, which belongs to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sanliurfa Harran University, Turkey. Three horizontal solar diffuse radiation models have been proposed by using the relationship between the diffuse radiation ratio and the clarity index obtained by eight years? data. Horizontal solar diffuse radiation values were calculated and compared with the measurement data for Sanliurfa by using 15 models of diffuse radiation given in the literature and the results obtained from the models. The statistical errors of the proposed models and 15 different diffusive radiation models were calculated. As diffuse radiation varies with time, it is determined that modelling of Model 1 and Model 2 obtained from Sanliurfa data gives better results in terms of clarity index constraints. Furthermore, although the desired success cannot be achieved with Model 2 in terms of tstat, it has been determined that the relevant model provides better results than many models when compared to statistical errors. With the improvements to be made on Model 2, a local estimation model is thought to give better results.
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