Relevant bibliographies by topics / Radiation pyrometers

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Radiation pyrometers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Radiation pyrometers"

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Shilin, A. N., B. V. Mac, and I. A. Koptelova. "DIGITAL PYROMETER OF SPECTRAL RATIO." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 285 (March 2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2022.03.pp.052-057.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the main optoelectronic pyrometers: radiation and spectral ratio. The main error of optoelectronic pyrometers is a methodological component, which is due to the inconstancy of the radiation coefficient of the surface of the material of the product, which depends on the material, the state of the surface of the material and temperature. When measuring temperature, it is difficult to take into account this dependence, since there are no analytical expressions. In practice, the radiation coefficient of the surface of the material of the product is determined approximately using reference books. From the analysis of the two main optoelectronic pyrometers, it follows that the methodological error of spectral ratio pyrometers is less than that of radiation pyrometers, and when measuring the temperature of gray bodies, this component of the error is absent. To substantiate the technical implementation, the analysis of existing information processing schemes of spectral ratio pyrometers - ratiometric converters was carried out. The analysis revealed that it is advisable to use a converter with push-pull integration to implement a digital pyrometer of spectral ratio. This digital pyrometer of spectral ratio, in comparison with the known implementation scheme, performs three functions, namely the functions of two analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and a digital ratiometric converter of the unit. In addition, such a digital pyrometer of spectral ratio has good protection against network interference and can significantly reduce the influence on the measurement error of factors having a multiplicative nature. A technique for selecting the wavelengths of light filters and radiation detectors with the required spectral characteristics for a given range of measured temperatures is presented.
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Tschudi, Hans Rudolf, and Gerd Morian. "Pyrometric Temperature Measurements in Solar Furnaces." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1355035.

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Surface temperatures are key parameters in many applications of concentrated solar radiation. Pyrometric temperature determination is, however, hampered by reflected solar radiation. Two approaches to solve this problem were experimentally tested on a solar reactor at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI): the flash assisted multi-wavelength pyrometry (FAMP) developed at PSI and a solar-blind pyrometer developed by the IMPAC Electronic GmbH in Frankfurt, Germany, in collaboration with PSI. Performance, advantages, and disadvantages of the two pyrometers are reported and discussed.
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Vashchenko, P. V., S. S. Boldova, and V. A. Labusov. "High-speed spectral pyrometer based on a «Kolibri-2» spectrometer." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 85, no. 1II) (February 15, 2019): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-1-ii-122-125.

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The operation speed of commercially available spectral-ratio pyrometers and brightness pyrometers often appears insufficient for control of fast-changing temperature (e.g., in a graphite cell of an AES electrothermal atomizer, the rate temperature change is 104°C/sec). An advantage of spectral pyrometers is high speed and ability to measure the temperature of objects with unknown emissivity. The goal of this study is to develop a high-speed spectral pyrometer based on a «Kolibri-2» spectrometer with BLPP-2000 photodetector array that provides a wide working wavelength range 400 – 1050 nm, and minimum basic exposure time of 0.4 msec. The temperature was calculated by plotting the emission spectrum of the object in Wien coordinates (with allowance for calibration of the spectral pyrometer using radiation source of the known temperature) and measuring slope of the obtained graph. The relative error of temperature measurements on a spectral pyrometer estimated by comparing measurement results and data obtained with a calibrated Termokont-TN5S1M (Termokont company) single-channel pyrometer was not more than 1.5% in a temperature range of 1000 — 2400°C and higher, and rapidity up to 2500 measurements/sec. The results of measuring temperature of the graphite cell of the electrothermal atomizer using a spectral pyrometer during sample atomization at a rate of temperature change up to 10 000°C/sec are presented.
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Kim, A. A., M. I. Podglazova, and K. S. Shatokhin. "Errors of non-contact temperature measurement." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 66, no. 2 (June 6, 2023): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-229-235.

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In recent years, there is a trend of improving the performance and efficiency of all existing measuring instruments due to a leap in technology. Almost every industry uses a variety of technologies that apply temperature control. Temperature of a heated body can be estimated by measuring the parameters of its thermal radiation, which are electromagnetic waves of different lengths. Temperature measurement is necessary for comfortable automatic control and management of production processes. The use of non-contact means makes it possible to measure the temperature of, firstly, moving objects, secondly, objects in inaccessible places, thirdly, to avoid damage to the measuring instruments when controlling large temperatures. High speed, the possibility of measuring temperature without disconnecting the object from the technological process, ensuring personnel safety, temperature measurement up to 3000 °C – these are the advantages of non-contact temperature measurement method. To obtain reliable values when measuring thermophysical quantities it is necessary to know the processes occurring in interaction of the measuring device or sensor with the object of measurement. These processes affect the magnitude of the measurement error, that is, magnitude of the result deviation from the true value of the measured parameter. This paper describes the errors of non-contact temperature measurement of pyrometers, namely total radiation pyrometer, partial radiation pyrometer, spectral ratio pyrometer, as well as shows the results of comparative calculations between them. Expressions for the evaluation of methodical errors of total radiation, partial radiation and spectral ratio pyrometers are given, as well as the results of comparative calculations of errors are shown.
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Shilin, A. N., B. V. Mac, and I. A. Koptelova. "ANALYSIS OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR USING THE INTEGRAL RADIATION COEFFICIENT IN ENERGY PYROMETERS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 303 (September 2023): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2023.09.pp.042-048.

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The principle of operation of energy pyrometers for measuring the temperature of heated products is based on measuring the radiation flux from a heated product, which depends not only on the temperature of the object, but also on the emissivity of the surface of the material. The main error of such pyrometers is the methodological component, which is due to the variability of the radiation coefficient of the surface of the product material. In practice, the radiation coefficient of the surface of the material of the product is determined approximately using reference books. It should be noted that the radiation coefficient theoretically depends on the wavelength and temperature, and reference books give dependences on only one parameter, and in different reference books for the same material, the dependences differ. In addition, when using spectral dependences, it is necessary to take into account the spectral characteristics of all elements of the optoelectronic path. So, the use of this method limits the accuracy of temperature measurement. For a more accurate determination of the radiation coefficient, a preliminary study is required, which requires more sophisticated equipment than a pyrometer. In the article, an analysis was made of the errors in determining the temperature using the average value of the radiation coefficient. To improve the accuracy of measuring the temperature of an object, a device was developed that implements the method of exemplary signals and uses the average value of the radiation coefficient. The developed device preliminarily determines the dependence of the average value of the emissivity on temperature, and when working, it determines the temperature of the part based on the results of measurements with a pyrometer and the dependence.
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Bruhaug, G., H. G. Rinderknecht, Y. E, M. S. Wei, R. B. Brannon, D. Guy, R. G. Peck, et al. "Development of a hardened THz energy meter for use on the kilojoule-scale, short-pulse OMEGA EP laser." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 123502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099328.

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A highly adaptable and robust terahertz (THz) energy meter is designed and implemented to detect energetic THz pulses from high-intensity (>1018 W/cm2) laser–plasma interactions on the OMEGA EP. THz radiation from the laser driven target is detected by a shielded pyrometer. A second identical pyrometer is used for background subtraction. The detector can be configured to detect THz pulses in the 1 mm to 30 μm (0.3- to 10-THz) range and pulse energies from joules to microjoules via changes in filtration, aperture size, and position. Additional polarization selective filtration can also be used to determine the THz pulse polarization. The design incorporates significant radiation and electromagnetic pulse shielding to survive and operate within the OMEGA EP radiation environment. We describe the design, operational principle, calibration, and testing of the THz energy meter. The pyrometers were calibrated using a benchtop laser and show linear sensitivity to up to 1000 nJ of absorbed energy. The initial results from four OMEGA EP THz experiments detected up to [Formula: see text] at the detector, which can correspond to hundreds of mJ depending on THz emission and reflection models.
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Khodunkov, V. P. "Reduced emissivity – a factor for the accuracy in pyrometric measurements." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 12 (2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2019-12-14-19.

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The problem of accuracy of pyrometric measurements connected with convergence of indications of various pyrometers is considered. Theoretically justified observed in the practice of pyrometric measurements over estimation of the measured temperature and the discrepancy between the readings of different pyrometers. The reason for the discrepancy in the readings is the use of an approximate calculation ratio for the reduced radiation coefficient in the pyrometric measurement equation. The conditions of application of this equation are formulated. The results of calculations of the reduced radiation coefficient are given and practical recommendations for improving the accuracy of pyrometric measurements are given.
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Zasimenko, V. M., Yu B. Obruchnikov, and V. T. Negrutsak. "Standardizing metrological characteristics for industrial radiation pyrometers." Measurement Techniques 35, no. 3 (March 1992): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00978020.

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Jones, T. P., J. L. Gardner, and A. J. Richards. "Radiation pyrometers for temperature measurement during aluminium processing." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 20, no. 6 (June 1987): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/6/007.

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Cherepaschuk, G., E. Kalashnikov, V. Siroklin, and О. Goptsiy. "Features of the Application of Radiation Pyrometers, which Influence on the Accuracy of Measurement." Metrology and instruments, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(3)2018.41-46.

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The factors influencing the accuracy of measuring the tempera­tures of the surfaces of research objects by radiation pyrometers are determined. The total methodical error from simultaneous influence of all influencing factors is estimated. Methods for reducing the methodical error by reducing the degree of influence of the relevant factors on the accuracy of the measurements are proposed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Radiation pyrometers"

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Taccoli, Cinzia. "Experimental and computational analysis of purge systems for radiation pyrometers." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10198.

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Maximizing the turbine entry temperature (TET) is fundamental to increase engine efficiency and reducing fuel consumption. Nonetheless, safety and reliability requirements have to be fulfilled. The life of gas turbine blades is strictly connected to their temperature through the creep deformation process. For this reason temperature monitoring is an essential requirement. Commonly this is achieved by means of devices such as thermocouples which are placed in the bulk flow. The usefulness of these devices as the means of supplying turbine blade temperature information is limited given their slow response time and the fact that the blade temperature is inferred from that of the surrounding gas rather than measured directly. This in turn means that critical blades parts (e.g., trailing edge) or the presence of hot spots are not identified in a discrete manner. These drawbacks can be addressed by using instead a radiation pyrometer, which is characterized by a fast response time, high accuracy, and by being contactless. The pyrometer optical front-end is a lens which collects the radiation emitted by a spot on the turbine blades. However, since the lens is exposed to the harsh engine environment, contaminants entrapped by the turbine flow can therefore be easily deposited on the lens thus filtering the radiation and resulting in an under-estimation of the actual blade temperature. The fouling of the lens is generally tackled by using a purge air system that employs air bled from the compressor to divert those particles whose trajectory is directed towards the lens. Currently the employment of optical pyrometry is often confined to military applications due to the fact that their turbine entry temperatures are higher than in civil applications. Besides, the maintenance schedule established for military engines is far more frequent than what is practiced in airline engines. Therefore, the design of current purge air systems reflects these facts. Before optical pyrometers can be commonly used for civil applications more research is required since some of the fundamentals of the fouling mechanisms remain to be clarified. This is then the knowledge gap the present research sought to fill. Its aim was to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the phenomena that underpins the lens fouling process in order to provide a set of guidelines for optimising the design of purge air systems. The initial part of the research was dedicated to the study of the purge flow inside a given pyrometer configuration. The scope was to identify the main flow structure that determines the fouling process and at the same time to validate the results obtained via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses conducted in a second phase of the research. Given the reduced dimensions of the pyrometer purge system, it was not possible to gain the appropriate optical access to take flow measurements. Consequently, a large scaled experiment was performed, employing the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique for the acquisition of experimental data of the flow field. The distortion of the image and light reflection introduced by the presence of curved glass surfaces was investigated by means of a feasibility experiment. The experimental study highlighted the presence of a large recirculation zone that can trap contaminants and direct them towards the pyrometer lens. The experimental data were in agreement with computational fluid dynamics results obtained by using two different turbulence models. In a second instance, attention was focused on the particle deposition as seen from a fluid dynamics perspective. A computational fluid dynamics analysis aimed at reproducing the flow field of an existing pyrometer purge system enabled the identification of those features that can significantly impact on the lens fouling process. It was found that the geometry of the air curtain configuration plays a fundamental role. However, given the high speeds involved, the main force governing the contaminants deposition is the drag. Additionally, particles with high inertia hit the purge tube wall and then bounce towards the pyrometer lens, while contaminants with low inertia can be trapped by a large recirculation zone and subsequently directed towards the lens. In a third phase of the research, the impacts between the contaminant particles and the lens were investigated through a finite element analysis (FEA) aimed at identifying the most important factors that contribute to the lens fouling process. Particles moving at low speed can be deposited on the lens by means of electrostatic and Van der Waals forces. Conversely, particles with very high velocity can be deposited on the lens through the same mechanisms involved in the cold spraying process, which is a technique commonly used for coating deposition. A local melting can occur at the interface between the lens and the contaminants due to the high stresses created by the asperities and high sliding velocity of the particles. As a result, while large particles bounce back, debris remains bonded to the lens surface. Last but not least, the findings of the several steps of the present research have been brought together in order to produce guidelines to be followed by engineers engaged in the redesign of more efficient pyrometer purge systems.
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MacKay, James D. "Analytical method for turbine blade temperature mapping to estimate a pyrometer input signal." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45797.

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The purpose of this thesis is to develop a method to estimate local blade temperatures in a gas turbine for comparison with the output signal of an experimental pyrometer. The goal of the method is to provide a temperature measurement benchmark based on a knowledge of blade geometry and engine operating conditions. A survey of currently available methods is discussed including both experimental and analytical techniques.The purpose of this thesis is to develop a method to estimate local blade temperatures in a gas turbine for comparison with the output signal of an experimental pyrometer. The goal of the method is to provide a temperature measurement benchmark based on a knowledge of blade geometry and engine operating conditions. A survey of currently available methods is discussed including both experimental and analytical techniques.

An analytical approach is presented as an example, using the output from a cascade flow solver to estimate local blade temperatures from local flow conditions. With the local blade temperatures, a grid is constructed which maps the temperatures onto the blade. A predicted pyrometer trace path is then used to interpolate temperature values from the grid, predicting the temperature history a pyrometer would record as the blade rotates through the pyrometer line of sight. Plotting the temperature history models a pyrometer input signal. An analytical approach is presented as an example, using the output from a cascade flow solver to estimate local blade temperatures from local flow conditions. With the local blade temperatures, a grid is constructed which maps the temperatures onto the blade. A predicted pyrometer trace path is then used to interpolate temperature values from the grid, predicting the temperature history a pyrometer would record as the blade rotates through the pyrometer line of sight. Plotting the temperature history models a pyrometer input signal.


Master of Science
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Williams, David A. "A 3-d model for the operation of a radiation pyrometer in an axial flow turbine." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80097.

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An accurate knowledge of turbine blade surface temperature is desired in order to obtain maximum performance from turbine engines. A limited spectrum radiation pyrometer can be used for blade temperature measurement. A model is presented which predicts the output signal from the detector unit of a pyrometer in a turbine engine application. Six inputs are required for the model. The inputs are the turbine blade geometry, location of the pyrometer with respect to the blades being viewed, focusing parameters of the pyrometer, type of detector, transmission curve of the optical system, and an estimate of the blade surface temperature. The model uses Fortran 77 and IBM CADAM to create a three dimensional representation of the pyrometer path across the blades along with the intercepted target spots. Once the target spot areas are determined, the photocurrent output signal of the detector is predicted as a function of percent blade chord and time. Results are shown for different detectors and temperature distributions. Experimental data is also included, and a comparison is made between the data and the model. Any of the model input parameters can be varied so that different pyrometer schemes can be evaluated at either the initial design phase or after installation.
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Jordan, Jorge J. "UNDERSTANDING THE NON-CONTACT TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605042.

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ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The ability to accurately measure the temperature of different materials has always been a challenge for the Instrumentation Engineer. The use the classic contact type temperature detector such as thermocouples or RTD’s (Resistance Temperature Detectors) has not always shown to be the best approach to obtain the expected measurement. When not used carefully in closed environments, thermocouples and RTD’s could report the environmental temperature rather than the temperature from the product under examination. They are also temperature limited and when needed for applications above those limits, very expensive and low reliable materials are necessary to do the job. The use of non-contact thermometers has become the preferred choice for such applications. They have also come as a solution for the difficulties involved in the temperature measurements of moving targets. The industry has used portable and spot type infrared thermometers for some time, but the demand for better and more precise measurements has brought an incredible number of new products to the market. By means of advanced electronics and new software developments these products are used to cope with the difficulties of acquiring challenging measurements. Some of the same demands have made necessary the use of non-contact temperature measurement devices on aircraft instrumentation applications. The use of these capabilities has allowed the data acquisition community to get valuable data that was very difficult if not impossible to obtain before. In spite of all these facts, this promising emerging technology demands very careful attention before it is put to good use. The many products and solutions available do not accurately address every problem and the selection of the wrong technology for a specific task can prove to be fatal. The use of non-contact temperature devices is not an easy “off the shelf” pick but rather an option that demands knowledge of the infrared measurement theory as well as a complete understanding of the material under observation. The intention of this paper is to provide a practical understanding on the non-contact temperature measurement methods to the Aircraft Instrumentation Engineer who has not benefited from the use of this exiting technology.
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Villalta, Lara David. "RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114793.

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En las últimas décadas, la investigación en motores de combustión ha estado enfocada fundamentalmente en la reducción de las emisiones contaminantes y la eficiencia de los mismos. Estos hechos junto con un aumento de la concienciación sobre el cambio climático han llevado a un aumento en la importancia de la eficiencia térmica respecto a otros criterios en el diseño de motores de combustión interna (MCIA). Para alcanzar este objetivo, existen diferentes estrategias a aplicar. En concreto, la transferencia de calor a las paredes de la cámara de combustión puede ser considerada como una de las principales fuentes de disminución de la eficiencia indicada. En particular, en los modernos motores diésel de inyección directa, la emisión de radiación de las partículas de hollín puede constituir un componente importante de las pérdidas de eficiencia. En este contexto se enmarca el objetivo principal de la tesis: contribuir a la comprensión de la transferencia de calor por radiación en la combustión diésel de inyección directa junto con la mejora del conocimiento en el proceso de formación-oxidación de hollín. El trabajo se ha basado tanto en resultados experimentales mediante la aplicación de técnicas ópticas en diversas tipologías de motor como en resultados simulados a partir de modelos unidimensionales validados. En la primera parte de resultados experimentales, se ha evaluado la cantidad de energía por radiación respecto a la energía química del combustible mediante la aplicación de una sonda optoelectrónica (basada en la técnica del 2-Colores) tanto en un motor óptico DI como en motor poli-cilíndrico DI de producción. En este estudio se han obtenido valores de intensidad espectral emitida por el hollín y posteriormente, la radiación total emitida por las partículas de hollín en todo el espectro. Como se ha citado anteriormente, las partículas de hollín son las principales responsables de la transferencia de calor por radiación, además de uno de los principales agentes contaminantes emitidos por los motores diésel. Las emisiones de hollín son el resultado de dos procesos antagonistas: la formación y oxidación del hollín. Los mecanismos de formación de hollín se discuten extensamente en la literatura. Sin embargo, existen deficiencias en cuanto al conocimiento de la oxidación de hollín. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta sección ha sido evaluar el impacto del proceso de mezcla y la temperatura del gas sobre el proceso de oxidación de hollín durante la última parte de la combustión bajo condiciones reales de operación. Finalmente, y en base a los resultados y conocimientos adquiridos hasta el momento, se ha desarrollado un modelo capaz de predecir las pérdidas de calor por radiación para un chorro diésel. El modelo está basado en tres sub-modelos: modelo de chorro, el cual analiza y caracteriza la estructura interna del chorro en términos de mezcla y combustión en un proceso de inyección con resolución temporal y espacial. Un modelo de hollín, en el que los resultados se justifican en función de procesos de formación y oxidación del hollín. La cohesión de estos dos sub-modelos se utiliza para obtener los valores de entrada al modelo de radiación, con el que se obtiene los valores de transferencia de calor por radiación para una llama diésel.
En els últims anys, la recerca en motors de combustió ha estat focalitzada principalment en la reducció de les emissions contaminants i la millora de la eficiència. Aquests fets afegits al fet del augment de la conscienciació del canvi climàtic han impulsat el interés per incrementar la eficiència tèrmica per damunt de altres criteris en el disseny de motors de combustió interna alternatius (MCIA). Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, existixen diferents estratègies a aplicar. Concretament, la transferència de calor a les parets de la càmera de combustió pot ser considerada un dels principals focs de reducció de eficiència indicada. En particular, en els moderns motors dièsel de injecció directa, la emissió de radiació de les partícules de sutja pot constituir un component important de les pèrdues de eficiència. En aquest context s'emmarca el objectiu principal de la tesis: contribuir a la comprensió de la transferència de calor per radiació en la combustió dièsel de injecció directa i la millora del coneixement del procés de formació-oxidació de la sutja. El treball esta basat tant en resultats experimentals mediant l'aplicació de tècniques òptiques en diverses tipologies de motor com en resultants simulats a partir de models unidimensionals validats. En la primera part dels resultats experimentals, s'ha avaluat la quantitat de energia per radiació respecte a la energia química del combustible mediant la aplicació de una sonda optoelectrònica (basada en la tècnica del 2-Colors) tant en un motor òptic DI com en un motor poli-cilíndric DI de producció en serie. En aquest estudi s'han obtingut valors de intensitat espectral emesa per la sutja i posteriorment, la radiació total emesa per les partícules de sutja en tot el espectre. Com s'ha citat amb anterioritat, les partícules de sutja son les principals responsables de la transferència de calor per radiació, a més de un del principals agents contaminants emès per els motors dièsel. Les emissions de sutja son el resultat de dos processos antagonistes: la formació i la oxidació de sutja. Els mecanismes de formació de sutja es discuteixen àmpliament en la literatura. No obstant això, existeixen deficiències pel que fa al coneixement de l'oxidació de sutja. Per tant, l'objectiu d'aquesta secció ha sigut avaluar l'impacte del procés de mescla i la temperatura del gas sobre el procés d'oxidació de sutja durant l'última part de la combustió sota condicions reals d'operació. Finalment, i en base als resultats i coneixements adquirits fins aquest moment, s'ha desenvolupat un model que permet predir les perdudes de calor però radiació per a un raig dièsel. El model esta basat en tres sub-models: model de raig, el qual analitza i caracteritza la estructura interna del raig en termes de mescla i combustió en un procés de injecció amb resolució temporal i espacial. Un model de sutja, en el qual els resultats es justifiquen en funció del procés de formació i oxidació de la sutja. La cohesió d'aquests dos sub-models s'utilitza per obtindre els valors d'entrada al model de radiació, amb el que s'obté els valors de transferència de calor per radiació per a una flama dièsel.
In the last two decades engine research has been mainly focused on reducing pollutant emissions and increasing efficiency. These facts together with growing awareness about the impacts of climate change are leading to an increase in the importance of thermal efficiency over other criteria in the design of internal combustion engines (ICE). To achieve the objective, there are different strategies to apply. The heat transfer to the combustion chamber walls can be considered as one of the main sources of indicated efficiency diminution. In particular, in modern direct-injection diesel engines, the radiation emission from soot particles can constitute a significant component of the efficiency losses. In this context, the main objective of the thesis is framed: to contribute to the understanding of the radiation heat transfer in DI diesel combustion together with the improvement of the knowledge in the soot formation-oxidation processes. The work has been based on experimental results through the optical technique application in different types of engine and on simulated results from validated one-dimensional models. In the first part of experimental results, the amount of energy lost to soot radiation relative to the input fuel chemical energy has been evaluated by means of the optoelectronic probe application (based on the 2-Color technique) in both an optical engine DI and a production 4-cylinder DI engine. In this study, the values of soot spectral intensity emitted have been obtained and later, the total radiation emitted by the soot particles in the whole spectrum. As mentioned above, soot particles are the main responsible for the radiation heat transfer, in addition to one of the important concern in meeting emissions regulations. Soot emissions are the result of two competing processes: soot formation and soot oxidation. Mechanisms of soot formation are discussed extensively in the literature. However, there are deficiencies in the knowledge of soot oxidation. Therefore, the objective of this section has been to evaluate the impact of mixing process and bulk gas temperature on late-cycle soot oxidation process under real operating conditions. Finally, based on the results and knowledge acquired, a model able to predict heat losses by radiation for a spray diesel has been developed. The model is based on three sub-models: spray model, which analyzes and characterizes the internal spray structure in terms of mixing and combustion process with temporal and spatial resolution. A soot model, in which the results have been justified according to soot formation and oxidation processes. The link of these two sub-models has been used to obtain the input values to the radiation model, which the radiation heat transfer values for a diesel flame are obtained.
Villalta Lara, D. (2018). RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/114793
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Dilhac, Jean-Marie. "Evaluation des traitements thermiques rapides infrarouges en microelectronique silicium." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30164.

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Le contenu de ce memoire porte sur la mise en oeuvre du recuit thermique rapide infrarouge au silicium. Apres un rappel de l'evolution des moyens de recuit en general, les aspects materiels de cette technique sont tout d'abord presentes. Les problemes de mesure et de controle de la temperature sont developpes: utilisation des thermocouples sous vide, influence de la convection, utilisation des pyrometres optiques a basse temperature. Deux exemples d'application sont ensuite abordes: le recuit post-implantation et l'oxydation rapide. Enfin, les utilisations futures possibles du recuit rapide sont discutees
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Navello, Lorris. "Développement d’un pyromètre bichromatique impulsionnel pour mesures de températures de surfaces solides et liquides en milieux perturbés." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100143/document.

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Les méthodes optiques passives de mesures de température comme la thermographie ou la pyrométrie optique sont intéressantes car elles permettent une mesure non intrusive de l’objet cible à condition de connaître le facteur d’émission. La connaissance de ce facteur est critique pour déterminer la température de surface par le rayonnement thermique émis dans un domaine spectral. Le pyromètre bichromatique impulsionnel permet de surmonter la connaissance de ce paramètre à condition que le choix des valeurs de longueurs d’onde soit fait avec précautions. Lorsque l’objet à mesurer est situé dans un environnement industriel, de telles méthodes optiques sont fortement perturbées par la présence d’un milieu optiquement absorbant. C’est également le cas pour des objets situés dans des environnements très chauds qui émettent d’intenses radiations interférentes. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une méthode radiométrique active bichromatique pour mesurer la température d’une surface en milieu industriel. Cette méthode est basée sur une excitation locale par une source laser modulée dans l’infrarouge. La détection de la température qui est corrélé avec l’excitation permet d’extraire par détection synchrone le signal modulé noyé dans un bruit jusqu’à un million de fois supérieur. Travailler à courtes longueurs d’onde (domaine visible et proche infrarouge) offre une grande dynamique et minimise l’erreur induite par les variations d’émissivité avec la longueur d’onde. Ce système collecte le rayonnement émis par l’objet à distance, de quelques mètres à plusieurs dizaines de mètres selon la configuration du système optique. Le principe de la méthode de mesure, le système optique et l’appareillage sont présentés dans ce rapport ainsi que les études théoriques et expérimentales sur la sensibilité, sa calibration et les résultats obtenus sur différents sites industriels
Optical passive methods of temperature measurements such as thermography or optical pyrometry are very interesting because they allow a non-intrusive measurement with the target object provided to know the emission factor. The knowledge of this factor is critical for determining the actual temperature of a surface from the thermal radiation emitted in a wavelength band. The bichromatic pulsed pyrometer allows to overcome the knowledge of this parameter provided that precautions are taken in the choice of the values of wavelengths. When the object to be measured is placed in industrial environments, such passive optical methods are greatly disturbed by the presence of an optically absorbing medium. It is also distorted for objects located in very hot environments emitting intense interfering radiation. In this thesis, we present an active bichromatic radiometric method for measuring the temperature of a surface in harsh environments. The method is based on a localized excitation by a modulated laser source in the infrared range. Detecting the temperature range which is correlated with the excitation allows a synchronous detection to extract the signal embedded in a noise up to 106 times superior. Working at short wavelengths (visible range and near infrared range) offers a large dynamic range and minimizes the error due to variations in emissivity with the wavelength. This system collects the radiation emitted by the object at a distance from a few meters up to dozens of meters depending on the configuration of the optical system. The principle of the measurement method, the optical wavelength separation system and the telemetry apparatus are presented in this report as well as the theoretical and experimental study of the sensitivity of the device, its calibration and the results obtained in different industrial sites
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Macé, Olivier. "Etude des champs de températures dans des écoulements hétérogènes : applications aux flammes de charbon pulverisé et aux lits fluidisés circulants." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES032.

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Développement d'une méthode de mesure, basée sur l'émission-absorption du rayonnement thermique dans le proche infrarouge entre 1 et 5 microns, permettant de déterminer des valeurs ponctuelles sur toute l'épaisseur visée pour pouvoir établir les champs radiaux aussi bien qu'axiaux des températures et tester les modèles à deux dimensions
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Books on the topic "Radiation pyrometers"

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Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale. Total radiation pyrometers =: Pyromètres à radiation totale. Troyes: Grande Imprimerie de Troyes, 1996.

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1934-, DeWitt David P., and Nutter Gene D, eds. Theory and practice of radiation thermometry. New York: Wiley, 1988.

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C, Richmond Joseph, DeWitt David P. 1934-, ASTM Committee E-20 on Temperature Measurement., United States. National Bureau of Standards., and Symposium on Applications of Radiation Thermometry (1984 : National Bureau of Standards), eds. Applications of radiation thermometry: A symposium. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1985.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Seven-wavelength pyrometer for determining surface temperature of ablation materials. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Seven-wavelength pyrometer for determining surface temperature of ablation materials. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Multiwavelength pyrometry to correct for reflected radiation. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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M, Zhang Zhuomin, Tsai Benjamin K, and Machin Graham, eds. Radiometric temperature measurements. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2009.

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Saunders, Peter. Radiation thermometry in the petrochemical industry. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press, 2007.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Temperature measurement of a glass material using a multiwavelength pyrometer. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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C, Fralick Gustave, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Temperature measurement of ceramic materials using a multiwavelength pyrometer. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Radiation pyrometers"

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Claggett, T. J., R. W. Worrall, and B. G. Lipták. "Radiation and Infrared Pyrometers." In Temperature Measurement, 59–72. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003063919-11.

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Müller, W., H. Piazena, A. R. Thomsen, and Peter Vaupel. "Thermography and Thermometry in wIRA-Hyperthermia." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 55–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_4.

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AbstractContact-free temperature determination is based on the measurements of electromagnetic radiation. The corresponding physical laws are related to the properties of black bodies. This background allows for the development of thermometric and thermographic systems for remote temperature measurements. Precise absolute temperature data, required in hyperthermia, do not only depend on the technical quality of the systems (hardware and software) and their calibration, but also depend on accurate determination of the emissivity of human skin. Pyrometers are restricted to temperature measurements within a small area (measurement spot), while thermographic cameras allow measurements across a relatively large region on the target area in real time. The subdivision of the IR image into spatially separated pixels allows access to temperature data of small areas on the skin and thus combines thermometry and thermography. Quality assurance standards of the European Society of Hyperthermic Oncology for water-filtered IR-A-hyperthermia (wIRA-HT) are met, except for the accuracy of the absolute temperature. Since the relation between the temperatures at the skin surface and in deeper tissue layers, considering irradiation and heating time, in wIRA-HT can be assessed, the temperature needed for efficient thermal treatment of superficial tumors within superficial tissue layers can therefore be achieved in a controlled manner.
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de Lemos, L. Teixeira, and R. Bouriannes. "A New Infrared Emission-Absorption Pyrometer for Dust-Air Explosions Temperature Measurements." In Heat Transfer in Radiating and Combusting Systems, 287–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84637-3_17.

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"Front Matter." In Applications of Radiation Thermometry, FM1—FM18. ASTM International100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp38702s.

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Methods of temperature measurement using radiation thermometers, also referred to as optical or infrared pyrometers, are becoming more attractive for industrial applications. In addition to the noncontact and remote sensing advantages, the methods can be realized by a wide selection of thermometer types. With the growing use of computers for control purposes and the increased opportunity for improving process productivity and product quality, it has become essential to understand better the performance of radiation thermometers in the industrial environments where they are applied.
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"Radiation pyrometers: infrared (IR), Total, and optical." In Measurement and Safety, 1022–39. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315370330-86.

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Jones, H. R. N. "Measurement of temperature." In Radiation Heat Transfer. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198564553.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses general types of techniques used for the measurement of temperature. It describes intrusive methods, such as thermometers and thermocouples, that involve the introduction into the system of a probe or detector whose output signal gives an indication of the temperature. It also mentions non-intrusive methods, such as pyrometers, radiometers, and modern laser-based systems, that are normally used where the temperatures are too high or the environment too hostile for a probe. The chapter considers methods of temperature measurement that are based on the emission or absorption of thermal radiation. It uses some form of heat transfer analysis in order to extract correct temperature information, which involves a combination of all heat transfer mechanisms.
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"Radiation Pyrometry." In High Temperature Experiments in Chemistry and Materials Science, 93–128. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118457795.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Radiation pyrometers"

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Moulla, L., Z. Salhi, M. P. Planche, M. Cherigui, and C. Coddet. "On the Measurement of Substrate Temperature During Thermal Spraying." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p0679.

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Abstract Substrate temperature is nowadays recognized as a key parameter to optimise the coating quality in the thermal spraying process. Generally parts being processed are in motion and therefore non contact temperature measurement devices are appropriate. In contrast to thermocouples, optical pyrometers have several advantages. First, they are easy to install and second they do not bring any disturbance to the measured system. Meanwhile, several problems may arise with those devices which are not always considered as they should be and in particular the variation of material emissivity temperature, the effect of the reflection of the external radiation or the attenuation of the optical signal due to the variable transmissivity of the optical path. The aim of this work was to develop algorithms for correcting optical pyrometer temperature measurements during thermal spraying by taking into account emissivity variations and radiation reflexion on the components. Emissivity of some materials with respect to the specific spectral band of the pyrometer and the influence of reflected radiations were measured. Results are discussed in order to point out the influence of each parameter on the temperature value.
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Klein, D., Z. Salhi, and C. Coddet. "Influence of Reflected Radiations on in Flight Particle Temperature Measurements." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p1304.

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Abstract Characteristics of in flight particles before they impact on the substrate influence strongly the quality of coating obtained by plasma spraying. Various optical techniques can be used to measure the in-flight particle characteristics; some of these techniques require the use of high- speed two-color pyrometers to collect the light emitted by the particle during the in-flight period when they pass through the measurement volume. However, the intense radiation coming from the plasma can affect the particle thermal radiation and lead to erroneous measurements. This work was dedicated to the study of reflected light coming from the plasma and scattered by the injected particles. To achieve this goal, sprayed particles were analyzed by optical emission spectrometry. The light scattered by the particles was found to influence significantly the measured temperature. This work allows thus the estimation of the accuracy of temperature measurements on particle surface for the thermal spraying process. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.
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Moon, H. K., B. Glezer, B. Mink, and W. Marvin. "Development of a Wide Range Temperature Pyrometer for Gas Turbine Application." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-126.

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The applications of optical pyrometry in gas turbines are diverse. Optical pyrometry provides many advantages over other techniques for temperature measurement. The inherent problems associated with low temperature measurement have limited optical pyrometry equipment for the hot cascade and low temperature turbine component applications. Traditional uses of this type of equipment have been limited to high temperature (>600°C) measurements. A wide range temperature pyrometer (>230°C) with unique design concepts was developed to address these issues. The pyrometer effectively operated in a long wavelength (2.00 to 2.25 mm) radiation to measure a relatively low temperature, as well as avoid the absorption bands of the gases commonly present in gas turbines. It was analytically and experimentally proven that the pyrometer was practically insensitive to the distance and view angle. The pyrometer was calibrated in a controlled-temperature model, and its reliability and applicability were demonstrated in a hot cascade environment.
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Frank, Stefan L. F., Tim O. Holt, Holger Eisenlohr, and Dieter Raake. "Application of a High Resolution Turbine Pyrometer to Heavy Duty Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0577.

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This paper describes the application of high resolution pyrometry for surface temperature measurements of the blading in heavy duty gas turbines. First of all, it is essential to know the actual loading, since the cylindrical pyrometer probes are traversed into the hot gas path. Therefore, analytical methods for the calculation of the heat transfer, equivalent stresses and natural frequencies of the probes are described here. The second part presents results of measurements from the latest model V84.3A 60Hz 180 MW gas turbine in the Berlin full load test bed. Emphasis is put on the effect of combustor radiation, limited resolution of the pyrometer and 3D presentations of the data.
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Vladimirov, V. I., Yu A. Gorshkov, V. S. Dozhdikov, and V. N. Senchenko. "A BRIGHTNESS PYROMETER TECHNIQUE FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN THE FLAMES OF HYDROCARBON FUELS." In Radiative Transfer I. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Radiation Transfer. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.1995.radtransfproc.450.

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Kerr, Clive, Paul Ivey, and Neil Oxley. "Computational Comparison of the RB199 and GE90 Pyrometer Purging Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30049.

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At present, one of the most problematic topics associated with the application of optical pyrometry to in-service use on gas turbine aeroengines is the fouling of the system optics. Even though only one optical surface is, in general, exposed to the turbine environment the resulting deposition of particulates, from the combustion process or atmospheric ingestion, can greatly inhibit the benefits of utilising such an instrument for direct temperature measurement. The particulates that deposit on the pyrometer lens act as an interference filter by absorbing a portion of the thermal radiation from the target, for example the turbine blades. As a control function input, this will then bias the indicated temperature low and thus permit higher turbine temperature operation resulting in blade temperatures in excess of their intended limits. In practice, a purge air system is therefore incorporated into turbine pyrometer designs in order to minimise the number of particulates that can potentially deposit and build-up on the exposed system optics. This paper examines and compares the flow fields in two purge air designs that have already gained acceptance in-service, namely the military RB199 and civil GE90 pyrometer purging systems. This study of the airflow within actual purge designs will allow gas turbine engineers develop an understanding of the fluid flow structures and how they presently impede the achievement of sufficient lens cleanliness.
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Li, Hejie, Guanghua Wang, Nirm Nirmalan, Samhita Dasgupta, and Edward R. Furlong. "Passive Absorption/Emission Spectroscopy for Gas Temperature Measurements in Gas Turbine Engines." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45152.

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A novel technique is developed to simultaneously measure hot surface and gas temperatures based on passive absorption/emission spectroscopy (PAS). This non-intrusive, in situ technique is the extension of multi-wavelength pyrometry to also measure gas temperature. The PAS technique uses hot surface (e.g., turbine blade) as the radiation source, and measures radiation signals at multiple wavelengths. Radiation signals at wavelengths with minimum interference from gas (mostly from water vapor and CO2) can be used to determine the hot surface temperature, while signals at wavelengths with gas absorption/emission can be used to determine the gas temperature in the line-of-sight. The detection wavelengths are optimized for accuracy and sensitivity for gas temperature measurements. Simulation results also show the effect of non-uniform gas temperature profile on measurement results. High pressure/temperature tests are conducted in single nozzle combustor rig to demonstrate sensor proof-of-concept. Preliminary engine measurement results shows the potential of this measurement technique. The PAS technique only requires one optical port, e.g., existing pyrometer or borescope port, to collect the emission signal, and thus provide practical solution for gas temperature measurement in gas turbine engines.
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Rav, Amit S., A. K. Saxena, K. D. Joshi, T. C. Kaushik, Satish C. Gupta, Alka B. Garg, R. Mittal, and R. Mukhopadhyay. "Time Resolved Radiation Pyrometer For Transient Temperature Measurement." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 55TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2010. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3605928.

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Berthet, O., and J. J. Greffet. "Pyrometry using a photothermal effect." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.wg43.

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Pyrometry is a widely used nonintrusive technique to measure surface temperature. The signal received by the detector results from both intrinsic emission and ambient radiation reflected from the sample. The first problem is to measure quantitatively the emission only. This being achieved, the problem of the generally unknown emissivity remains. We propose a new technique using a photothermal effect for which the emission is modulated. Emission is then separated from extraneous radiation using a lock-in detection system.
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Moulla, L., M. P. Planche, and C. Coddet. "Effective Spectral Emissivity Measurement of Thermally Sprayed YSZ Thermal Barrier Coating at High Temperature Using a Wide-Band Single Wavelength Pyrometer." In ITSC2006, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima, and J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p1005.

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Abstract Single-wavelength pyrometers are widely used as a noncontact temperature measurement tool in material processing, petrochemical and laser-machining industries. In addition, these intensity-based IR sensors are used extensively as a diagnostic and health monitoring in the development and research of advanced high-temperature military and commercial gas turbine engines. In contrast to thermocouples, optical pyrometers have several advantages. First, they are easy to install and second they do not bring any disturbance to the measured system. However, they suffer from some problems, in particular the variation of the material emissivity and perturbations introduced by extraneous radiations. Yttria stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) thermal barriers are known to be more emissive and opaque in the 8-14 µm spectral band, therefore we can take advantage using this spectral band in temperature measurement. Spectral emissivities of an YSZ sample were measured using two commercial pyrometers. And a method for adapting commercial wide-band pyrometers (generally used for low temperature measurements) for high temperature measurements of thermal barrier coatings was tested.
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