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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiation pyrometers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Shilin, A. N., B. V. Mac, and I. A. Koptelova. "DIGITAL PYROMETER OF SPECTRAL RATIO." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 285 (March 2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2022.03.pp.052-057.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the main optoelectronic pyrometers: radiation and spectral ratio. The main error of optoelectronic pyrometers is a methodological component, which is due to the inconstancy of the radiation coefficient of the surface of the material of the product, which depends on the material, the state of the surface of the material and temperature. When measuring temperature, it is difficult to take into account this dependence, since there are no analytical expressions. In practice, the radiation coefficient of the surface of the material of the product is determined approximately using reference books. From the analysis of the two main optoelectronic pyrometers, it follows that the methodological error of spectral ratio pyrometers is less than that of radiation pyrometers, and when measuring the temperature of gray bodies, this component of the error is absent. To substantiate the technical implementation, the analysis of existing information processing schemes of spectral ratio pyrometers - ratiometric converters was carried out. The analysis revealed that it is advisable to use a converter with push-pull integration to implement a digital pyrometer of spectral ratio. This digital pyrometer of spectral ratio, in comparison with the known implementation scheme, performs three functions, namely the functions of two analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and a digital ratiometric converter of the unit. In addition, such a digital pyrometer of spectral ratio has good protection against network interference and can significantly reduce the influence on the measurement error of factors having a multiplicative nature. A technique for selecting the wavelengths of light filters and radiation detectors with the required spectral characteristics for a given range of measured temperatures is presented.
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2

Tschudi, Hans Rudolf, and Gerd Morian. "Pyrometric Temperature Measurements in Solar Furnaces." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1355035.

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Surface temperatures are key parameters in many applications of concentrated solar radiation. Pyrometric temperature determination is, however, hampered by reflected solar radiation. Two approaches to solve this problem were experimentally tested on a solar reactor at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI): the flash assisted multi-wavelength pyrometry (FAMP) developed at PSI and a solar-blind pyrometer developed by the IMPAC Electronic GmbH in Frankfurt, Germany, in collaboration with PSI. Performance, advantages, and disadvantages of the two pyrometers are reported and discussed.
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3

Vashchenko, P. V., S. S. Boldova, and V. A. Labusov. "High-speed spectral pyrometer based on a «Kolibri-2» spectrometer." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 85, no. 1II) (February 15, 2019): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-1-ii-122-125.

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The operation speed of commercially available spectral-ratio pyrometers and brightness pyrometers often appears insufficient for control of fast-changing temperature (e.g., in a graphite cell of an AES electrothermal atomizer, the rate temperature change is 104°C/sec). An advantage of spectral pyrometers is high speed and ability to measure the temperature of objects with unknown emissivity. The goal of this study is to develop a high-speed spectral pyrometer based on a «Kolibri-2» spectrometer with BLPP-2000 photodetector array that provides a wide working wavelength range 400 – 1050 nm, and minimum basic exposure time of 0.4 msec. The temperature was calculated by plotting the emission spectrum of the object in Wien coordinates (with allowance for calibration of the spectral pyrometer using radiation source of the known temperature) and measuring slope of the obtained graph. The relative error of temperature measurements on a spectral pyrometer estimated by comparing measurement results and data obtained with a calibrated Termokont-TN5S1M (Termokont company) single-channel pyrometer was not more than 1.5% in a temperature range of 1000 — 2400°C and higher, and rapidity up to 2500 measurements/sec. The results of measuring temperature of the graphite cell of the electrothermal atomizer using a spectral pyrometer during sample atomization at a rate of temperature change up to 10 000°C/sec are presented.
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4

Kim, A. A., M. I. Podglazova, and K. S. Shatokhin. "Errors of non-contact temperature measurement." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 66, no. 2 (June 6, 2023): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-229-235.

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In recent years, there is a trend of improving the performance and efficiency of all existing measuring instruments due to a leap in technology. Almost every industry uses a variety of technologies that apply temperature control. Temperature of a heated body can be estimated by measuring the parameters of its thermal radiation, which are electromagnetic waves of different lengths. Temperature measurement is necessary for comfortable automatic control and management of production processes. The use of non-contact means makes it possible to measure the temperature of, firstly, moving objects, secondly, objects in inaccessible places, thirdly, to avoid damage to the measuring instruments when controlling large temperatures. High speed, the possibility of measuring temperature without disconnecting the object from the technological process, ensuring personnel safety, temperature measurement up to 3000 °C – these are the advantages of non-contact temperature measurement method. To obtain reliable values when measuring thermophysical quantities it is necessary to know the processes occurring in interaction of the measuring device or sensor with the object of measurement. These processes affect the magnitude of the measurement error, that is, magnitude of the result deviation from the true value of the measured parameter. This paper describes the errors of non-contact temperature measurement of pyrometers, namely total radiation pyrometer, partial radiation pyrometer, spectral ratio pyrometer, as well as shows the results of comparative calculations between them. Expressions for the evaluation of methodical errors of total radiation, partial radiation and spectral ratio pyrometers are given, as well as the results of comparative calculations of errors are shown.
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5

Shilin, A. N., B. V. Mac, and I. A. Koptelova. "ANALYSIS OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR USING THE INTEGRAL RADIATION COEFFICIENT IN ENERGY PYROMETERS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 303 (September 2023): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2023.09.pp.042-048.

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The principle of operation of energy pyrometers for measuring the temperature of heated products is based on measuring the radiation flux from a heated product, which depends not only on the temperature of the object, but also on the emissivity of the surface of the material. The main error of such pyrometers is the methodological component, which is due to the variability of the radiation coefficient of the surface of the product material. In practice, the radiation coefficient of the surface of the material of the product is determined approximately using reference books. It should be noted that the radiation coefficient theoretically depends on the wavelength and temperature, and reference books give dependences on only one parameter, and in different reference books for the same material, the dependences differ. In addition, when using spectral dependences, it is necessary to take into account the spectral characteristics of all elements of the optoelectronic path. So, the use of this method limits the accuracy of temperature measurement. For a more accurate determination of the radiation coefficient, a preliminary study is required, which requires more sophisticated equipment than a pyrometer. In the article, an analysis was made of the errors in determining the temperature using the average value of the radiation coefficient. To improve the accuracy of measuring the temperature of an object, a device was developed that implements the method of exemplary signals and uses the average value of the radiation coefficient. The developed device preliminarily determines the dependence of the average value of the emissivity on temperature, and when working, it determines the temperature of the part based on the results of measurements with a pyrometer and the dependence.
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6

Bruhaug, G., H. G. Rinderknecht, Y. E, M. S. Wei, R. B. Brannon, D. Guy, R. G. Peck, et al. "Development of a hardened THz energy meter for use on the kilojoule-scale, short-pulse OMEGA EP laser." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 123502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099328.

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A highly adaptable and robust terahertz (THz) energy meter is designed and implemented to detect energetic THz pulses from high-intensity (>1018 W/cm2) laser–plasma interactions on the OMEGA EP. THz radiation from the laser driven target is detected by a shielded pyrometer. A second identical pyrometer is used for background subtraction. The detector can be configured to detect THz pulses in the 1 mm to 30 μm (0.3- to 10-THz) range and pulse energies from joules to microjoules via changes in filtration, aperture size, and position. Additional polarization selective filtration can also be used to determine the THz pulse polarization. The design incorporates significant radiation and electromagnetic pulse shielding to survive and operate within the OMEGA EP radiation environment. We describe the design, operational principle, calibration, and testing of the THz energy meter. The pyrometers were calibrated using a benchtop laser and show linear sensitivity to up to 1000 nJ of absorbed energy. The initial results from four OMEGA EP THz experiments detected up to [Formula: see text] at the detector, which can correspond to hundreds of mJ depending on THz emission and reflection models.
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7

Khodunkov, V. P. "Reduced emissivity – a factor for the accuracy in pyrometric measurements." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 12 (2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2019-12-14-19.

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The problem of accuracy of pyrometric measurements connected with convergence of indications of various pyrometers is considered. Theoretically justified observed in the practice of pyrometric measurements over estimation of the measured temperature and the discrepancy between the readings of different pyrometers. The reason for the discrepancy in the readings is the use of an approximate calculation ratio for the reduced radiation coefficient in the pyrometric measurement equation. The conditions of application of this equation are formulated. The results of calculations of the reduced radiation coefficient are given and practical recommendations for improving the accuracy of pyrometric measurements are given.
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8

Zasimenko, V. M., Yu B. Obruchnikov, and V. T. Negrutsak. "Standardizing metrological characteristics for industrial radiation pyrometers." Measurement Techniques 35, no. 3 (March 1992): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00978020.

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9

Jones, T. P., J. L. Gardner, and A. J. Richards. "Radiation pyrometers for temperature measurement during aluminium processing." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 20, no. 6 (June 1987): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/6/007.

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10

Cherepaschuk, G., E. Kalashnikov, V. Siroklin, and О. Goptsiy. "Features of the Application of Radiation Pyrometers, which Influence on the Accuracy of Measurement." Metrology and instruments, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(3)2018.41-46.

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The factors influencing the accuracy of measuring the tempera­tures of the surfaces of research objects by radiation pyrometers are determined. The total methodical error from simultaneous influence of all influencing factors is estimated. Methods for reducing the methodical error by reducing the degree of influence of the relevant factors on the accuracy of the measurements are proposed.
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11

Zasimenko, V. M. "Some vital problems of metrological servicing of commercial radiation pyrometers." Measurement Techniques 35, no. 4 (April 1992): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00978962.

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12

Golobokov, M. V. "STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE SOURCE SIZE OF INFRARED THERMOMETERS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 282 (December 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.12.pp.020-026.

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Noncontact temperature measurement is based on the registration by the thermal receiver of the electromagnetic radiation flux collected by the optical system of the device. Due to the imperfection of practical designs of optical systems, the receiver receives radiation from objects outside the boundaries of the nominal field of view. There is an effect of the size of the source – a change in the readings of the device when the size of the object changes. This paper is devoted to the study of the effect of the source size of reference pyrometers of the first category TRT IV.82, PD-9-02, PD-4-06. In the course of the research, a quantitative assessment of the additional measurement error that occurs when checking blackbody models using these reference pyrometers was obtained. Proposed and justified measures to minimize the resulting additional measurement error. The analysis of the effect of the source size effect on the reliability of the results of verification of blackbody models, working infrared thermometers and thermal imagers is carried out. The results of the research can be useful when conducting tests for type approval, developing methods for verification infrafred thermometers, and developing reference emitters.
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13

Lappo, I., О. Chervotoka, M. Herashchenko, and S. Prykhodko. "BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY NON-CONTACT METHODS." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки 14, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.14.2022.12.

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Statement of the Problem. The development of methods and means for measuring temperature and improving the accuracy of measurement, as well as the study of thermal processes of temperature distribution is a promising and urgent scientific task. Analysis of recent research and publications. The analysis of professional literature has shown that at present the problem of studying the temperature distribution in a particular field of activity has already been studied to some extent. However, the practical implementation of methods and means to improve the accuracy of temperature measurement is not sufficiently developed. The purpose of the article is to determine the fundamental factors by analyzing the theoretical and experimental material related to improving the accuracy of temperature measurement and the study of thermal processes during temperature measurements by non-contact method. Non-contact methods allow temperature measurement at a distance without direct contact with the object of measurement and are based on measuring the surface temperature of the object using infrared devices: pyrometers and thermal imagers. A pyrometer allows to measure the temperature of a local point of the measurement object, a thermal imager is used to visualize temperature fields. It is established that pyrometric measurement methods are based on determining the parameters of thermal radiation of the object without disturbing its temperature field. High accuracy of measurement results is achieved due to individual selection of filters and narrow spectral range. Conclusions. The analysis made it possible to note that the main factors that affect the accuracy of the measurement results by the pyrometer include the following: the change in the emissivity of the measurement object depending on the wavelength in the spectral range and on the temperature in the measurement range; the presence of radiation absorption in the medium between the pyrometer and the measurement object (the presence of a significant amount of dust, smoke or steam in the air in front of the sample reduces the accuracy of the measurement); geometric parameters of the field of view (visibility index) of the pyrometer Taking into account these factors in practice will increase the accuracy of the temperature measurement results by the pyrometer.
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14

Battuello, M., and T. Ricolfi. "The effect of temperature gradients in blackbody cavities to be used for comparing radiation pyrometers." Measurement 5, no. 4 (October 1987): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2241(87)90041-8.

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15

Chrzanowski, K., and Z. Jankiewicz. "A method for influence correction of radiation emitted by the filters on MIR dualspectral pyrometers accuracy." Infrared Physics & Technology 37, no. 2 (March 1996): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4495(95)00049-6.

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16

Schwarzkopf, Karen, Richard Rothfelder, Michael Rasch, and Michael Schmidt. "Two-Color-Thermography for Temperature Determination in Laser Beam Welding of Low-Melting Materials." Sensors 23, no. 10 (May 19, 2023): 4908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104908.

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Spatial and temporal knowledge of temperature evolution is crucial in laser beam welding of low-melting materials such as aluminum alloys. Current temperature measurements are restricted to (i) one-dimensional temperature information (e.g., ratio-pyrometers), (ii) a priori knowledge of emissivity (e.g., thermography), and (iii) high-temperature regions (e.g., two-color-thermography). This study presents a ratio-based two-color-thermography system that enables acquiring spatially and temporally resolved temperature information for low-melting temperature ranges (<1200 K). The study demonstrates that temperature can be accurately determined despite variations in signal intensity and emissivity for objects emitting constant thermal radiation. The two-color-thermography system is further transferred into a commercial laser beam welding set-up. Experiments with varying process parameters are conducted, and the ability of the thermal imaging method to measure dynamic temperature behavior is assessed. Image artifacts presumably caused by internal reflections inside the optical beam path limit the direct application of the developed two-color-thermography system during dynamic temperature evolution.
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17

Ni, P. A., M. I. Kulish, V. Mintsev, D. N. Nikolaev, V. Ya Ternovoi, D. H. H. Hoffmann, S. Udrea, A. Hug, N. A. Tahir, and D. Varentsov. "Temperature measurement of warm-dense-matter generated by intense heavy-ion beams." Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 4 (October 31, 2008): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034608000645.

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AbstractThis paper describes a fast multi-channel radiation pyrometer that was developed for warm dense-matter experiments with intense heavy ion beams at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI). The pyrometer is capable of measuring brightness temperatures from 2000 K to 50,000 K, at six wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum, with 5 ns temporal resolution, and several micrometers spatial resolution. The pyrometer's spectral discrimination technique is based on interference filters, which also act as mirrors to allow for simultaneous spectral discrimination of the same ray at multiple wavelengths.
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18

Merkl, Christoph, and Rolf Bremensdorfer. "Model Based Measurement in Advanced Rapid Thermal Processing." Materials Science Forum 573-574 (March 2008): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.573-574.403.

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Temperature measurement by means of a pyrometer is affected by changes in the background illumination. Physical modeling is a very effective method to discern the origin of radiation contributions and separate the thermal radiation emitted by the object of interest from parasitic radiation. An observer algorithm making use of physical models was successfully applied to infrared pyrometry for rapid thermal processing. Rapid thermal processing is characterized by fast temperature changes in the range of several hundred degree per second. The heating source typically emits light within a broad wavelength band ranging from visible to infrared. Especially in rapid thermal processors that apply heat to both sides of a silicon wafer, this light is partially picked up by the pyrometer sensor. As a consequence these types of systems require methods to handle the fast changing radiation contribution of the heating source to the pyrometer signal.
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19

Biały, Witold. "Assessment of the technical state of mining machinery and devices with the use of diagnostic methods." Production Engineering Archives 30, no. 2 (May 26, 2024): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2024.30.26.

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Abstract In this article, one of the possible, effective methods of assessing the technical state of mining machinery and devices has been presented. The article's main goal is to show the possible methods and ways of measuring temperature, oscillations, and vibrations generated during the operation of mining equipment and machines’ gears, which are possible in underground conditions. Devices measuring temperatures without coming into contact with the given object are built based on different types of infrared radiation detectors or matrixes of such detectors. Thermal imaging devices picture the temperature distribution on the entire surface instead of pyrometers, which measure temperatures at a given point. However, vibrations and oscillations generated by the work of gears of devices and machinery have been made using a vibrometer pen and a machine condition tester, after which the obtained measurements were used to diagnose the degradation of individual elements of those machines. Such an assessment of the degradation of individual elements of machines in production conditions has been applied with positive results in one of the mines of the Polish Mining Group (Polska Grupa Górnicza – PGG).
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20

Hraniak, V. "METHOD AND MEANS FOR MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE POLE WINDINGS OF THE ELECTRIC MACHINE ROTOR." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 1, no. 63 (2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.1.63.2021.08.

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The temperature of the pole windings is one of the main informative parameters, the deviation of which may indicate the presence of a number of common defects of electrical machines. However, the implementation of high-precision means for measuring the temperature of the pole windings of the electric machine rotor is associated with a number of technical difficulties. The aim is to increase the accuracy of measuring the temperature of the pole windings of the rotor of an electric machine by developing a contactless method and means of measuring the temperature of the pole windings of the rotor in real time. The paper shows that the existing most common methods of temperature measurement have significant disadvantages that limit the possibility of their use for the implementation of means of measuring the pole windings of the rotor of an electric machine. A bispectral pyrometric method of temperature measurement is proposed, which provides simultaneous conversion into voltage of functionally temperature-dependent spectral densities of radiation for two spectrally close electromagnetic waves with subsequent finding of their ratio, which allowed to remove the most significant components of methodical measurement characteristic of classical pyrometers. The design of the bispectral pyrometric measuring system of temperature of pole windings of a rotor of rotating electric machines realized on the basis of the offered method of measurement, suitable for work in a real-time mode together with systems of control of a technical condition and diagnostics is developed.
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21

Pandit, Madhukar. "Integrated Extruder Plant Automation with Learning Control." Key Engineering Materials 424 (December 2009): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.424.273.

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Integrated automation in a manufacturing plant demands control of manufacturing and material and product flow processes. Efficient data archiving and retrieval, quality control and process automation facilities are essential components which should be deployed to form one coherent system. As managers of extruder plants running look for ways and means for meeting market requirements, the demand for such integrated automation systems is rising. Integrated Process automation involves: - Overall production and process control - Data acquisition, archiving evaluation with feed-back to production planning and process control - Decentral control in local control loops for achieving isothermal extrusion - On-line visualisation of process variables for tighter man-machine interaction Providing the facility for prescribing the ranges of relevant process variables viz. billet temperature, die temperature, profile temperature at die exit, rate of cooling of the profile and extrusion speed is part of the integrated automation system. At the heart of the system are processes for mastering the core task of management of the thermal processes in the extruder by employing sensors and control techniques. Goal is to minimise the time to extrude a billet and simultaneously keep the process variables within prescribed limits. Automation in extrusion plants is made possible by progress in sensor technology and enhanced possibilities of data processing and organisation, advanced control methods which require simple models and facilities of integration of hardware and software employing state-of-the-art networking and protocols. Crucial is the non-contact temperature measurement of the billet and the profile at die exit. Since about two decades there has been a continuous progress in temperature measurement technology based on multi-spectral radiation pyrometers. They perform well for a large number of alloys and surface finishes and are reliable for industrial use. Disturbances can be suppressed using adequate signal processing
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22

Lamien, B., T. Pierre, H. R. B. Orlande, P. Le Masson, D. Le Maux, M. Courtois, and C. Rodiet. "Sequential estimation of high temperatures of liquid metals by using particle filter methods." High Temperatures-High Pressures 53, no. 1-2 (2024): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.32908/hthp.v53.jsf01.

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This work follows up our previous studies dedicated to the estimation of the transient temperature of niobium and 100c6 steel samples, in ranges that include solid and liquid phases, as well as phase changes. In the experimental setup, a metallic sample of few millimeters is aerodynamically levitated and then heated by a powerful laser, while a collimator focused on the sample collects the radiative flux that is split towards five pyrometers of different wavelengths. The measured spectral fluxes are used in an inverse analysis to estimate the sample temperature. Difficulties in the inverse problem solution related to the dependence of the sample emittance with temperature and wavelength could be overcome by reducing the number of model parameters using a simple linear variation of the emittance with respect to the wavelength. In this work the transient temperature of the sample is estimated sequentially by solving a state estimation problem with two algorithms of the particle filter method, namely: the Sampling Importance Resampling (SIR) and Auxiliary Sampling Importance Resampling (ASIR) algorithms. Results obtained with these algorithms and the radiative spectral fluxes exhibited small discrepancies with respect to the temperature measurements of a reference bichromatic pyrometer.
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23

Kiprawi, M. A., A. Yassin, A. M. N. A. Kamaruddin, S. T. S. Shazali, M. S. Islam, and M. A. M. Said. "Development of a cutting edge temperature measurement of end mill tool by using infrared radiation technique." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 4661–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.1.2019.22.0392.

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This paper describes the development of cutting temperature measurement of end mill tool by using infrared radiation technique approach. Compared to conventional thermocouple technique, infrared radiation technique is an advance method of measuring temperature which featured high accuracy, high response rate, wide range of temperature scale detection and almost compatible with all materials used in the manufacturing industry. We measures the emission of infrared radiation from the source, which is cutting edge of tool by using photocells that contains InAs and InSb photovoltaic detectors. Photocells converts the infrared radiation to a voltage signal and then recorded by oscilloscope followed with a calibration with its corresponding temperature. This paper discussed about the calibration method, cutting experiment setup, the limit of infrared radiation level detected by photocells, signal correction of output signal, and relations of peak signal formation with rotation of end mill tool. The developed pyrometer is also capable to profile the cutting tool’s rotation based on the movements of infrared radiation’s emission at cutting tool’s edge. The conclusion was that the measurement of cutting temperature of high speed machining by using infrared radiation technique is possible. The developed pyrometer are capable to detect temperature changes at a span of 0.01 ms.
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Wang, Junlin, Zhi Xie, and Xunjian Che. "Development of a Novel Pyrometer by Eliminating the Uncertainty of Emissivity Using Reflector with Two Apertures in Medium Plate Rolling Process." Actuators 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2022): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11070188.

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The uncertainty of emissivity has a major effect on the accuracy of a pyrometer in billet temperature measurement. In order to eliminate the influence of emissivity, we place a reflector with two apertures at the front of a pyrometer. The two apertures on the reflector are used to measure intrinsic radiation and approximate blackbody radiation of the billet. The radiation is collected by two infrared dual-band detectors in the pyrometer. Then, the real-time emissivity of the billet can be measured with no assumptions, so the influence of emissivity is eliminated. In addition, the measurement uncertainty is analyzed based on the ray-tracing method. The pyrometer is developed and the accuracy verification of emissivity is implemented. Compared with the reference material at the same temperature, the measurement errors of the emissivity are 0.021 and 0.005 at two wavelengths. Then, we install the pyrometer in the medium plate rolling process for measurement. Compared with a thermal imager used in the rolling process, the measurement fluctuation is reduced obviously. It indicates that the method of emissivity measurement is very effective for billet temperature measurement.
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25

Sun, Bojun, Xiaogang Sun, Meisheng Luan, Jingmin Dai, and Shuanglong Cui. "Development of a Pyrometer That Measures the True Temperature Field of the Two-Dimensional Array." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 2888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082888.

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This paper develops a two-dimensional array pyrometer, which can measure the true temperature field of the two-dimensional array. The pyrometer consists of an optical part, a circuit part and a software part. In the optical part, the radiation energy of the two-dimensional array target is obtained by scanning with the rotating mirror. Then, the radiation signal is converted and amplified by the circuit part. The software component realizes the functions of the pyrometer calibration, signal acquisition and data processing. The data processing adopts the secondary measurement method to calculate the true temperature and uses the multi-threaded method to improve the operational efficiency. Experiments show that the uncertainty of the two-dimensional pyrometer array can reach 1.43%. Compared with the single-threaded method, the true temperature operation time of the two-dimensional pyrometer array is improved by 77%, which verifies that the software operational efficiency is greatly improved.
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26

SATO, Masahiko, Takashi UEDA, and Hisataka TANAKA. "Measurement of Binderless CBN Tool Tip Temperature in End Milling by Infrared Radiation Pyrometer." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2005.3 (2005): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2005.3.911.

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27

Petitgirard, Sylvain, Ashkan Salamat, Pierre Beck, Gunnar Weck, and Pierre Bouvier. "Strategies forin situlaser heating in the diamond anvil cell at an X-ray diffraction beamline." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 1 (November 8, 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577513027434.

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An overview of several innovations regardingin situlaser-heating techniques in the diamond anvil cell at the high-pressure beamline ID27 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is presented. Pyrometry measurements have been adapted to allow simultaneous double-sided temperature measurements with the installation of two additional online laser systems: a CO2and a pulsed Nd:YAG laser system. This reiteration of laser-heating advancements at ID27 is designed to pave the way for a new generation of state-of-the-art experiments that demand the need for synchrotron diffraction techniques. Experimental examples are provided for each major development. The capabilities of the double pyrometer have been tested with the Nd:YAG continuous-wave lasers but also in a time-resolved configuration using the nanosecond-pulsed Nd:YAG laser on a Fe sample up to 180 GPa and 2900 K. The combination of time-resolved X-ray diffraction within situCO2laser heating is shown with the crystallization of a high-pressure phase of the naturally found pyrite mineral MnS2(11 GPa, 1100–1650 K).
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Ejigu, Efrem K. "Characterizing a linear pyrometer at the National Metrology Institute of South Africa." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 14 (2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2023002.

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A linear pyrometer is used to realize the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) for temperature ranges above 961.78 °C in most National Metrology Institute (NMI) radiation thermometry labs. The different components of the linear pyrometer system working together to measure temperature may exhibit some errors which should be accounted for. The errors can be characterized by several equipment parameters that should be measured before the radiation thermometer is used to realize ITS-90 temperatures. Relative spectral responsivity (s), size of source effect (SSE), gain ratio (GR), non-linearity (NL), distance effect (DE), temperature coefficient and zero drift are all major equipment parameters that characterize the efficiency of a linear pyrometer in realizing ITS-90. In this work, an attempt was made to describe and demonstrate these major parameters by using actual measured characterization results of a linear pyrometer. Uncertainty contributions from some of the parameters considered in scale realizations was also demonstrated using the measurement results.
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29

Zakharenko, V. A., D. G. Lobov, A. G. Shkayev, and A. A. Valke. "Pyrometer with video monitoring of measurement area." Omsk Scientific Bulletin, no. 181 (2022): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2022-181-73-77.

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A pyrometer with non-parallel sighting is developed, which allows simultaneously with temperature measurement to perform video surveillance of the control object. Pyrometer has optically connected lens, signal meter, thermostat in which radiation receiver is placed, and video camera. The front surface of the thermostat is polished, directed at an angle of 45 ° to the optical axis of the lens and has a hole that acts as a field diaphragm. Video camera is directed to polished surface of thermostat perpendicular to optical axis of lens. Pyrometer operation, its design and functional diagram are described.
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30

A.V. Voronin, V.Yu. Goryainov, A.A. Kapralov, V.A. Tokarev, and G.Yu. Sotnikova. "Investigation of the surface temperature in contact with plasma by two-color pyrometry." Technical Physics 68, no. 5 (2023): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2023.05.56063.262-22.

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A high-speed two-color pyrometer has been developed that allows measuring the intensity of thermal radiation in temperature range of 100-3500oC with 2 μs time resolution. The analysis of the main factors affecting the measurement of surface temperature in the conditions of its interaction with plasma is carried out. It is shown that at plasma temperature of more than 10 eV and moderate concentration of particles, the wall plasma can be considered transparent to thermal radiation. Experimental studies on non-contact measurement of temperature of surface interacting with plasma on Globus-M2 tokamak and plasma gun test bench have been carried out. Sawtooth temperature fluctuations were detected on the wall of tokamak chamber near the exit of outer separatrix branch. The period of these flashes was 3-4 ms, and duration was 2 ms. The maximum wall temperature measured by a high-speed pyrometer exceeded the temperature measured by infrared camera. Measurements of temperature of the front surface of W-Li sample were carried out at plasma gun test bench under conditions of deuterium plasma jet cyclic action under loads simulating regimes of plasma current disruption in tokamak. The sample temperature reached more than 3000^oC during &lt;1 ms. The thermal conductivity of the sample degraded with an increase in number of plasma exposure cycles, which was expressed in progressive decrease in target cooling rate after the pulse. Using a high-speed pyrometer, it is proposed to control the formation of heat-insulating foils on surface interacting with plasma Keywords: two-color pyrometer, thermal radiation, surface temperature, materials irradiation.
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31

Dobrokhotov, A. V., and L. V. Kozyreva. "Influence of the biochar application on the thermal properties of soddy-podzolic soil and on the energy balance fluxes of spring wheat in the Leningrad region under various soil moisture conditions." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 116 (September 25, 2023): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2023-116-43-75.

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The article presents the results of a field experiment to assess the effect of pre-sowing application of the biochar on the thermal properties of the arable horizon of soddy-podzolic sandy loam soil, on the energy balance components, on the crop surface temperature and on the leaves temperature of spring wheat (variety “Daria”) under various conditions of soil moisture in 2022. The experiment took place at the Menkovo Experimental Station of the Agrophysical Research Institute, located in the Gatchinsky District of the Leningrad Region. The experiment included the plot with the biochar application at the dose of 21.9 t ha-1 and the control plot. The soil thermal properties were measured by the heat pulse method. The components of the energy balance were determined using agrometeorological measurements, radiation balance measurements, crop surface temperature, and phenological measurements. The crop surface temperature was measured by a non-contact method using pyrometers. The soil moisture conditions and available water for wheat were characterized by volumetric soil moisture and evapotranspiration. The volumetric soil moisture was measured using a capacitive soil moisture sensor. The evapotranspiration was determined using the residual term of the energy balance equation through the latent heat flux. According to the results of field experiments, a significant effect (p < 0.05) of the biochar application on the soil thermal properties was found, however, under different moisture conditions, the effect was multidirectional. At zero soil moisture, the biochar application reduced thermal conductivity by 29.7%, reduced volumetric heat capacity by 18.5%, reduced diffusivity by 13.7%, and reduced thermal inertia by 24.3%. Under the conditions of field capacity, the biochar application increased thermal conductivity by 9.4%, reduced volumetric heat capacity by 2.6%, increased diffusivity by 12.3%, and increased thermal inertia by 3.2%. The biochar application significantly (p < 0.05) increased the turbulent heat flux – by 35.5%, which is due to an increase in the crop surface temperature (by 6.4%). Resulting from the decrease in soil evaporation, the biochar application reduced the latent heat flux by 17.0%, and the evapotranspiration by 13.9%. Leaf temperature is related to transpiration. Transpiration can increase when biochar is applied on light-textured soils due to an increase in soil water capacity. The biochar application did not result in significant changes of leaf temperature. The study results are confirmed by numerous articles of both foreign and Russian researchers.
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32

Zhang, Ningchao, Duo Li, Yaqi Li, Zhaowei Gong, Peng Wang, and Fusheng Liu. "The Radiation Temperature Characteristics of Sapphire under Shock Loading." Crystals 12, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101364.

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A light gas gun was used to study the radiation temperature from the window material of sapphire. The luminescence characteristics were determined using a multi-wavelength pyrometer in the pressure range of 36–50 GPa. By improving the processing technology for the metal sample and assembly technology for the target, the eight-wavelength light radiation was measured from sapphire under shock pressure without phase transition. The experimental results showed that sapphire has luminous phenomenon from 36.5 GPa. The luminous intensity changes in a linear fashion, revealing the thickness of the radiating layer of shock-compressed sapphire with a constant absorption coefficient. The results indicated that the spectral distribution is a typical thermal radiation, which fits well with the grey-body spectrum. The radiation of sapphire under shock mostly came from the adiabatic shear banding, as determined by comparing the melting line of sapphire using a static high-pressure experiment and theoretical calculations with the radiation temperature. The study is an effective means to obtain the transparent material shock radiation temperature. Moreover, an effective approach is proposed to research the radiation mechanism of transparent material and the high pressure melting line.
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33

Sivathanu, Y. R., and J. P. Gore. "Effects of Surface Properties on Radiative Transfer in a Cylindrical Tube With a Nonparticipating Medium." Journal of Heat Transfer 119, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824123.

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Radiative heat transfer inside a cylindrical tube is modeled using a statistical method called the discrete probability function (DPF) method. The DPF method involves solution of the equation of radiative heat transfer using Lagrangian simulations of representative photon trajectories on a discrete spatial grid. The DPF method is different from the Markov Chain method in terms of associating a probability with each state of the photon rather than a transition from one state to another. The advantages and disadvantages of the DPF method in comparison to the Markov Chain method are demonstrated in this paper using two practical applications of the cylindrical tube radiative heat transfer problem. The cylindrical tube has a hot source at one end and a detector at the other end. The cylindrical wall absorbs and reflects (both diffusely and specularly) the radiation incident on it. The present calculations have applications in: (1) intrusive pyrometry with collimating light guides, and (2) measurement of the spectral absorption and reflection coefficients of coatings using two, coated cylindrical tubes as specimen. The results show that: (1) the effect of light guide surface properties on errors in pyrometry must be carefully assessed, and (2) the method can be used for a convenient evaluation of radiative properties of coatings.
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34

UEDA, Takashi, Yasuyuki KANADA, Masahiko SATOU, and Tadaaki SUGITA. "Measurement of Machining Temperature Using Infrared Radiation Pyrometer With Optical Fiber. Characteristics of Pyrometer." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 58, no. 545 (1992): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.58.302.

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35

Freid, Aaron P., Paul K. Johnson, Manuela Musella, Reto Mu¨ller, Julie E. Steinbrenner, and Robert D. Palumbo. "Solar Blind Pyrometer Temperature Measurements in High Temperature Solar Thermal Reactors: A Method for Correcting the System-Sensor Cavity Reflection Error." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1796992.

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We developed a method that enables one to correct solar blind pyrometer cavity temperature measurements for the system-sensor reflection error. The method is valid for measurements made on diffusely emitting and reflecting cavity surfaces when there is no participating medium between the pyrometer and the surface of interest. The surfaces’ emissivities must be known. The procedure gives the uncertainty interval associated with the correction. The procedure was validated by measuring surface temperatures in a solar reactor insulated with Yttria-stabilized Zirconia felt receiving concentrated solar radiation. The temperature range of the experimental study was from 1100–1600 K. Temperature measurements made with a pyrometer having a narrow band filter centered at 1.398 μm were compared to temperatures measured with Zirconia felt shielded thermocouples. Uncorrected pyrometer measurements differed from the thermocouple measurements by as much as 350 K. The thermocouple measurements mostly fell within the system-sensor uncertainty interval of the corrected temperature measurements. The uncertainty interval depends both on the number of surfaces probed with the pyrometer and the nature of the solar blind filter. A numerical simulation study showed that a UV filter centered at a wavelength near 0.285 μm gives tighter system-sensor uncertainty intervals than an IR filter centered at 1.398 μm.
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36

UEDA, Takashi. "Development of Infrared Radiation Pyrometer with Optical Fiber." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 81, no. 8 (2015): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.81.735.

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37

UEDA, Takashi, and Akira HOSOKAWA. "Development of infrared radiation pyrometer using optical fiber." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 36, no. 403 (1987): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.36.404.

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38

Shi, Shengxian, Linlin Sun, Yinsen Luan, Rui Wang, and T. H. New. "Design and evaluation of a light-field multi-wavelength pyrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 114901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0119009.

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This letter describes the design and implementation of a multi-wavelength light-field pyrometer, where six-channel radiation images were captured with one CMOS sensor. Such capability is achieved by placing a 2 × 3 filter array in front of the main lens of an unfocused light-field camera, such that discrete wavelength and radiation intensity can be simultaneously recorded. It demonstrates that through black-body furnace experiments, how multi-channel radiation images can be extracted from one raw light-field multispectral image, and how accurate 2D temperature distribution can be recovered by optimization algorithms.
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39

Valke, A. A., D. G. Lobov, and A. G. Shkaev. "Color sensor application in high-temperature spectral ratio pyrometer." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1211, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1211/1/012022.

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Abstract Contactless thermal control tools play an important role in solving the high-temperature technological processes improving energy efficiency problems. In order to create such controls, the authors analyzed the developing possibility of spectral ratio high-temperature pyrometer using a multispectral radiation receiver (color sensor) TCS34725. In the paper this receiver application coefficients are determined, signals ratio graphs in different spectral intervals on temperature are given for two applications: without additional filtration of the control object radiation infrared component and using an opaque in the infrared spectrum part external filter.
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40

Kottenstette, J. P. "Measuring Tool-Chip Interface Temperatures." Journal of Engineering for Industry 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187043.

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A two-color pyrometer was developed for monitoring the surface temperature of metal chips formed during high-speed machining processes. Optical access to the tool-chip interface was obtained by cementing a plastic light pipe into a 1/16-in. (1.6-mm) hole milled through the carbide tool insert. The light pipe serves to transmit radiation falling on the rake face of the insert to radiation detectors located elsewhere. Radiation captured by the light pipe is passed through a lens-beam splitter combination and imaged on two identical photodiode detectors. The diodes have integral operational amplifiers to achieve high detectivity and low-noise operation. Each photodiode is masked by an interference type narrow-band filter having spectral bandpass frequencies chosen to match the point where the emittance of several metals is constant for all temperatures. Thus, the temperature of the chip stream monitored by the diodes is a function of the intensity measured for each spectral band at the same instant in time. The functional relationship between true temperature and the ratio of signal amplitudes (the calibration curve) was established for pyrometer over the interval 1000–1750 K using standard laboratory methods.
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41

Ponomarev, D. B., A. A. Valke, D. G. Lobov, and A. G. Shkaev. "INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING A MULTISPECTRAL SENSOR FOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON BLACK." DYNAMICS OF SYSTEMS, MECHANISMS AND MACHINES 11, no. 4 (2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2310-9793-2023-11-4-29-36.

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The work is devoted to the study of the possibility of using the APDS-9960 sensor as a radiation receiver for a high-temperature pyrometer of spectral ratio. The results of calculations of the efficiency coefficients of the use of APDS-9960 and TCS34725 sensors are presented. The dependences of the ratio of signals of various channels of the APDS-9960 sensor on temperature and quantization errors are calculated. It was found that when using an additional IR filter, the APDS-9960 sensor has a higher efficiency coefficient and a quantization error 1.5 times less than TCS34725. The results of field tests of an experimental spectral ratio pyrometer with an APDS-9960 sensor are considered
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42

Ueda, T., M. Sato, A. Hosokawa, and M. Ozawa. "Development of infrared radiation pyrometer with optical fibers—Two-color pyrometer with non-contact fiber coupler." CIRP Annals 57, no. 1 (2008): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2008.03.056.

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43

Arakelyan, Sergei, Svetlana Zhirnova, Arkady Galkin, Dmitriy Kochuev, Elena Shamanskaya, and Kirill Khorkov. "The temperature characteristics of plasma induced by femtosecond laser radiation." EPJ Web of Conferences 220 (2019): 03034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922003034.

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In this work, the plasma temperature in an argon and nitrogen medium is measured at various pressure values. Such data can be used to calculate plasma parameters: electron concentration, collision frequency with atoms and molecules, etc. Two approaches are used to measure temperature: using a pyrometer and measuring the relative intensity of spectral lines.
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44

Cvetkoska, Dijana, and Filip Kochoski. "FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCE OF LASER POWER AND LAYUP SPEED FOR AUTOMATIC FIBRE PLACEMENT TEMPERATURE CONTROL." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 3 (October 4, 2019): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3403613c.

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Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) is a relatively new technology that has revolutionized the production of composite structures in the aerospace and space industries for more than two decades and is nowadays increasingly used in new industries such as the wind energy. Generally, the AFP machine consists of an automatic manipulator (robot) on which a layup head is fixed for laying multiple individual composite strips at once (certainly not excluding the possibility of laying a single wider tape when it comes to Automatic Tape Placement). The layup process is performed on a mandrel or tool with a certain geometric shape. The laying head should at least include a feeder, a cutting mechanism, a compaction mechanism (usually roller) and a certain type of heater (depending on the material type). Conventionally, three types of composite materials are used in combination with AFP technology: continuous fibers reinforced with thermoset resin (usually epoxy resin), same continuous fibers reinforced with thermoplastic resin as well as bonded continuous carbon fibers. Depending on the type of material this technology uses various types of heat sources in order to achieve a good adhesion to the individual fibers that are deposited in the laying process and the pre-laid composite layers. Thermoplastic pre-impregnated material requires high temperature to reach degree of melting of the resin used to achieve complete 'welding' with the previous layers. The melting temperature varies for different materials and ranges from 130°C to 200°C for low melting thermoplastics (such as Polyamide PA and Polypropylene PP), 280°C to 350°C for Polypropylene Sulfide (PPS) up to 400°C - 450oC for Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK). For more than two decades, hot gas torches have been used for thermoplastic layup - not a very expensive system but very difficult to control. One of the newer sources of heat close to infrared radiation (λ = 0.9-1.1 μm) is diode laser heating. This research presents a simple thermal model of the process which correlates the heater power and the layup speed with the temperature of the heating area. The deposition temperature was measured over a range of heater powers and layup speeds. The experimental data is used to define and validate a thermal model for thermoplastic material used in conjunction with a diode laser: carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastics PEEK. This enables open-loop, speed dependent heater power control, based on defining and programming the speed dependent heater power function in the machine controls. Obtained functional dependency was implemented in the AFP machine control system and tested for production of several plates with different layup angles. The achieved temperature during layup process is monitored on the thermal camera and through several pyrometers.
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45

de Lucia, M., and C. Lanfranchi. "An Infrared Pyrometry System for Monitoring Gas Turbine Blades: Development of a Computer Model and Experimental Results." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906788.

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This work describes the development of a computer modeling system for infrared pyrometry measurement of gas turbine blade temperature. The model accurately evaluates apparent target emissivity and temperature on the basis of the radiation heat fluxes exchanged at steady-state conditions. Experimental testing conducted on gas turbine models in a controlled-temperature furnace has shown that the reliability of the target emissivity prediction effectively reduces one of the major causes of error in infrared pyrometry.
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46

Lapshinov, B. A., and N. I. Timchenko. "Determination of the profile of the temperature field of material heated by continuous laser radiation." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment, no. 3 (2020): 51–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2020-3-5-10.

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Spectral pyrometry was used to determine the surface temperature distribution of Si, Nb, Cu, and graphite samples when they were locally heated by continuous radiation of an Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.064 μm). With prolonged exposure to radiation, a stationary temperature field was established in the samples. The thermal spectra were recorded with a small spectrometer in the visible range in the temperature range above 850 K. The optical fiber used to transmit the radiation spectrum to the spectrometer had an additional diaphragm with a diameter of 1 mm located at a certain distance from the fiber end, which ensured the locality of the recorded spectra. The optical fiber moved continuously along the sample, and the spectrometer recorded up to 100 spectra with a frequency of 5-10 Hz. The temperature profile of the samples was calculated based on the results of processing the spectra using the Spectral Pyrometry program.
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47

Воронин, А. В., В. Ю. Горяинов, А. А. Капралов, В. А. Токарев, and Г. Ю. Сотникова. "Исследование температуры поверхности, контактирующей с плазмой, методом двухцветной пирометрии." Журнал технической физики 93, no. 5 (2023): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2023.05.55456.262-22.

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A high-speed two-color pyrometer has been developed that allows measuring the intensity of thermal radiation in temperature range of 100-3500 0C with 2 µs time resolution. The analysis of the main factors affecting the measurement of surface temperature in the conditions of its interaction with plasma is carried out. It is shown that at plasma temperature of more than 10 eV and moderate concentration of particles, the wall plasma can be considered transparent to thermal radiation. Experimental studies on non-contact measurement of temperature of surface interacting with plasma on Globus-M2 tokamak and plasma gun test bench have been carried out. Sawtooth temperature fluctuations were detected on the wall of tokamak chamber near the exit of outer separatrix branch. The period of these flashes was 3-4 ms, and duration was 2 ms. The maximum wall temperature measured by a high-speed pyrometer exceeded the temperature measured by infrared camera. Measurements of temperature of the front surface of W-Li sample were carried out at plasma gun test bench under conditions of deuterium plasma jet cyclic action under loads simulating regimes of plasma current disruption in tokamak. The sample temperature reached more than 3000 0C during < 1 ms. The thermal conductivity of the sample degraded with an increase in number of plasma exposure cycles, which was expressed in progressive decrease in target cooling rate after the pulse. Using a high-speed pyrometer, it is proposed to control the formation of heat-insulating foils on surface interacting with plasma.
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48

Mingchun Luo. "Effects of Radiation on Temperature Measurement in a Fire Environment." Journal of Fire Sciences 15, no. 6 (November 1997): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419701500602.

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Thermocouples have been widely used to measure temperature in research and industry. For the purpose of building fire experiments, the thermo couple has been and will be a major instrument to obtain the temperature field of the fire environment, and hence to quantify the intensity of building fire. It has been found that the radiation error significantly affects the measured tempera ture using thermocouples. However, this issue has not been carefully investigated in the area of building fire research. A suction pyrometer was designed and applied to a series of fire experiments in a full-scale experimental building-fire facility to avoid the effect of radiation on the measured temperature. It was found that the reading from a bare thermocou ple could be more than 100°C higher than the gas temperature obtained from the suction pyrometer during the flaming fire stage and more than 200°C higher dur ing the flashover stage. For a steady-state fire environment obtained from a propane gas burner fire, the radiation error was negligible in the hot upper level near the ceiling. However, the thermocouple significantly overestimated the gas temperature by more than 80°C in the cool lower level near the floor because of the radiation error. The tem perature predicted by the computational fluid dynamics model, CESARE-CFD fire model, was in good agreement with the measured temperature after the ra diation correction in the lower level and deviated slightly in the upper level.
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49

Sposito, Alberto, Dave Lowe, and Gavin Sutton. "Towards an Ultra-High-Speed Combustion Pyrometer." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp5040031.

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Measuring reliably the correct temperature of a sooty flame in an internal combustion engine is important to optimise its efficiency; however, conventional contact thermometers, such as thermocouples, are not adequate in this context, due to drift, temperature limitation (≤2100 K) and slow response time (~10 ms). In this paper, we report on the progress towards the development of a novel ultra-high-speed combustion pyrometer, based on collection of thermal radiation via an optical fibre, traceably calibrated to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) over the temperature range T = (1073–2873) K, with residuals <1%, and capable of measuring at a sampling rate of 250 kHz.
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50

BRINK, ANDERS, TOR LAURÉN, MIKKO HUPA, RALF KOSCHACK, and CHRISTIAN MUELLER. "In-furnace temperature and heat flux mapping in a kraft recovery boiler." September 2010 9, no. 9 (October 1, 2010): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.9.7.

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Gas temperatures, incident heat flux, and surface temperatures were measured in a large kraft recovery boiler. The measurements were a part of an extensive campaign planned and carried out to support validation of models based on computational fluid dynamics. The gas temperatures were measured with three different techniques: infrared (IR) pyrometer, suction pyrometer, and unshielded thermocouples. In addition to the temperature measurements, the radiative heat flux was measured in a number of locations in the boiler using a portable heat flux probe, and the surface temperatures inside the boiler were measured using a portable single-band IR camera.
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