Journal articles: 'Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ)'

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Kropachev, Gennady N., Aleksey L. Sitnikov, and Timur V. Kulevoy. "The parameters of radio frequency quadrupole linear accelerator for DARIA project." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 11, 2022, Number 4 (December 30, 2022): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2022-11-4-205-209.

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The new proton linear accelerator (linac) with output energy 13 MeV and 100 mA current is under development at NRC “Kurchatov Institute” - ITEP for DARIA project. The linac consists of Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and Drift Tube Linac (DTL) with operating frequency 162.5 MHz. The RFQ is based on 4-vanes structure with shifted coupling windows. DTL has a modular structure and consists of separated individually phased cavities with focusing magnetic quadrupoles located between the cavities. The DTL is based on interdigital H-mode (IHDTL) 5-gaps cavities. The 6D beam matching between RFQ and DTL is provided by magnetic quadrupole lenses and RF-bunchers. The paper presents results of the radio-frequency (RF) design, thermal analyses and RF tuning of RFQ linac accelerating structure.

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Wang, Z., Q. Y. Tan, Y. R. Lu, S. L. Gao, Y. Xia, S. Liu, M. Y. Han, and J. Zhao. "Design and cold measurements of a coupled RFQ-SFRFQ cavity." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): T02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/t02008.

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Abstract Based on the previous research on 26 MHz coupled RFQ-SFRFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole-Separated-function Radio Frequency Quadrupole) cavity, we propose a higher frequency coupled RFQ-SFRFQ structure to accelerate proton beam from 35 keV to 2.5 MeV in continuous wave (CW) mode. RFQ and SFRFQ are placed in a single cavity, which greatly reduces the size of the accelerator. Instead of two RF amplifiers, only one RF amplifier is needed with this structure, as a result, this structure becomes more compact. The beam dynamic design and electromagnetic simulation have been accomplished. A 104 MHz coupled RFQ-SFRFQ aluminum model cavity has been constructed and tested at low power successfully, and the results show good agreement with the simulations.

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Tan, Qiuyun, Kun Zhu, Pingping Gan, Qi Fu, Haipeng Li, Matt Easton, Shuo Liu, et al. "Beam commissioning and analysis of a continuous-wave window-type deuteron radio-frequency quadrupole." International Journal of Modern Physics E 29, no. 02 (February 2020): 1950111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301319501118.

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As high-intensity beams are required for various applications, high-power, high-current, continuous-wave (CW) radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerators have become a research focus in recent years and also a direction for development in the future. To master and accumulate the advanced technology in design, fabrication and operation of high-current CW RFQs, the RFQ group at Peking University has built a window-type CW RFQ, operating at 162.5[Formula: see text]MHz, to accelerate a 50-mA deuteron beam from 50[Formula: see text]keV to 1[Formula: see text]MeV. It is the first relatively high-frequency window-type CW RFQ in the world. A [Formula: see text] ion beam extracted from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source was used for the beam commissioning because deuteron beam acceleration will produce a serious radiation risk. We compared and analyzed the measurement results obtained during the beam commissioning with simulations. The data show good consistency in many respects. For the discrepancies, we explain the issues in detail. We achieved stable and robust acceleration of about 1.5[Formula: see text]mA CW [Formula: see text] for 1[Formula: see text]h. Finally, we discuss the differences between [Formula: see text] ion beam acceleration and deuteron beam acceleration.

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Torims, Toms, Guntis Pikurs, Samira Gruber, Maurizio Vretenar, Andris Ratkus, Maurizio Vedani, Elena López, and Frank Brückner. "First Proof-of-Concept Prototype of an Additive Manufactured Radio Frequency Quadrupole." Instruments 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5040035.

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Continuous developments in additive manufacturing (AM) technology are opening up opportunities in novel machining, and improving design alternatives for modern particle accelerator components. One of the most critical, complex, and delicate accelerator elements to manufacture and assemble is the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linear accelerator, which is used as an injector for all large modern proton and ion accelerator systems. For this reason, the RFQ has been selected by a wide European collaboration participating in the AM developments of the I.FAST (Innovation Fostering in Accelerator Science and Technology) Horizon 2020 project. The RFQ is as an excellent candidate to show how sophisticated pure copper accelerator components can be manufactured by AM and how their functionalities can be boosted by this evolving technology. To show the feasibility of the AM process, a prototype RFQ section has been designed, corresponding to one-quarter of a 750 MHz 4-vane RFQ, which was optimised for production with state-of-the-art laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technology, and then manufactured in pure copper. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first RFQ section manufactured in the world by AM. Subsequently, geometrical precision and surface roughness of the prototype were measured. The results obtained are encouraging and confirm the feasibility of AM manufactured high-tech accelerator components. It has been also confirmed that the RFQ geometry, particularly the critical electrode modulation and the complex cooling channels, can be successfully realised thanks to the opportunities provided by the AM technology. Further prototypes will aim to improve surface roughness and to test vacuum properties. In parallel, laboratory measurements will start to test and improve the voltage holding properties of AM manufactured electrode samples.

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Heimrich, B., H. J. Laue, and H. Wollnik. "RFQ final-focusing lens at the GSI." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 4 (December 1991): 863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600006601.

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For first investigations of hot dense matter produced by intense heavy-ion beams we built an electrostatic quadrupole doublet that focused Ar+and Kr+ ions of 45 keV/amu after acceleration through the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator at the GSI onto a small spot of approximate area 1 mm2. This beam then deposited a specific beam power of about 1.5 GW/g to targets.

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Laface, E., C. G. Maiano, R. Zeng, and O. Piquet. "X-Rays energy measurements during the RFQ conditioning at the European Spallation Source." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012091.

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Abstract The Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) was conditioned at the European Spallation Source during spring 2021. We used part of the conditioning time to estimate the accelerating potential within the RFQ analyzing the x-rays bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by the electrons released and accelerated in the RFQ. The results of these measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.

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Kaizer, B., A. Barak, Y. Buzaglo, H. Dafna, E. Farber, I. Gavish, N. Goldberger, et al. "Upgrade of the 4-rod radio frequency quadrupole for SARAF Phase II Linac." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): T08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/t08008.

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Abstract The 176 MHz 4-rod radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) is the crucial part of the Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF) injector and must be able to operate at RF powers up to 190 kW continuous wave and transport 5 mA proton and deuteron beams. The SARAF Phase I RFQ is planned for use in Phase II. The period between the termination of Phase I and the installation of Phase II provided an opportunity to introduce RFQ improvements to fully meet the Phase II requirements. These upgrades and improvements are presented in this report together with the results of the recent conditioning campaigns.

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Wang, Chao, Weiping Dou, Zhijun Wang, Chi Feng, Wangsheng Wang, Weilong Chen, Yongzhi Jia, et al. "Research of beam matching on RFQ for CADS proton linac." International Journal of Modern Physics E 30, no. 04 (April 2021): 2150027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301321500270.

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For a high-power Radio Frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator, it is often necessary to design a large acceptance to decrease the beam loss inside the RFQ cavity. This could allow a mismatched beam to transmit to downstream cavities, which causes beam loss along the downstream linac. Finding the matching condition of beam and RFQ is of great significance. The matching point of RFQ can be confirmed by measuring the emittance at the upstream and downstream of RFQ, which takes a long time, so the transmission efficiency scanning method is supposed to find. This paper compares the relationship among emittance, transmission efficiency, and matching point on CADS[Formula: see text] RFQ. The results show that the weighted average point of high transmission efficiency could be regarded as the matching point of RFQ. This conclusion can be widely used in beam commissioning, and the Transmission Efficiency Scanning-matching (TESM) code has been developed on other RFQs.

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Kropachev, Gennady N., Timur V. Kulevoy, Alexei L. Sitnikov, Ekaterina R. Khabibullina, and Stanislav V. Vinogradov. "Beam dynamics of the project DARIA RFQ." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Applied Mathematics. Computer Science. Control Processes 18, no. 4 (2022): 568–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu10.2022.411.

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The project DARIA (neutron source dedicated to applied research and industrial applications) directed to the development of compact neutron generators for universities, scientific centers and industry. In framework of the DARIA project, the 3 MeV, 162.5 MHz and 100mA pulse proton Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) is under development at National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute". In this article the main aspects of the beam dynamics design of this RFQ are described, namely the choice of RFQ parameters, the optimization of the transport and the transmission. Results of beam dynamic simulation in RFQ are presented.

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Gaur, Rahul, and Vinit Kumar. "Beam dynamics and electromagnetic studies of a 3 MeV, 325 MHz radio frequency quadrupole accelerator." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 4 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2018004.

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We present the beam dynamics and electromagnetic studies of a 3 MeV, 325 MHz H− radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator for the proposed Indian Spallation Neutron Source project. We have followed a design approach, where the emittance growth and the losses are minimized by keeping the tune depression ratio larger than 0.5. The transverse cross-section of RFQ is designed at a frequency lower than the operating frequency, so that the tuners have their nominal position inside the RFQ cavity. This has resulted in an improvement of the tuning range, and the efficiency of tuners to correct the field errors in the RFQ. The vane-tip modulations have been modelled in CST-MWS code, and its effect on the field flatness and the resonant frequency has been studied. The deterioration in the field flatness due to vane-tip modulations is reduced to an acceptable level with the help of tuners. Details of the error study and the higher order mode study along with mode stabilization technique are also described in the paper.

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Torims, T., A. Cherif, N. Delerue, M. Foppa Pedretti, D. Krogere, T. Otto, G. Pikurs, et al. "Evaluation of geometrical precision and surface roughness quality for the additively manufactured radio frequency quadrupole prototype." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012089.

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Abstract A multidisciplinary collaboration within the I.FAST project teamed-up to develop additive manufacturing (AM) technology solutions for accelerators. The first prototype of an AM pure-copper Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) has been produced, corresponding to ¼ of a 4-vane RFQ. It was optimised for production with state-of-the-art laser powder bed fusion technology. Geometrical precision and roughness of the critical surfaces were measured. Although the obtained values were beyond standard RFQ specifications, these first results are promising and confirmed the feasibility of AM manufactured complex copper accelerator cavities. Therefore, further post-processing trials have been conducted with the sample RFQ to improve surface roughness. Algorithms for the AM technological processes have also been improved, allowing for higher geometrical precision. This resulted in the design of a full 4-vane RFQ prototype. At the time of the paper submission the full-size RFQ is being manufactured and will undergo through the stringent surface quality measurements. This paper is discussing novel technological developments, is providing an evaluation of the obtained surface roughness and geometrical precision as well as outlining the potential post-processing scenarios along with future tests plans.

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Liu, Shuo, Yaxia Wei, Yuanrong Lu, Zhi Wang, Meiyun Han, Tianhao Wei, Yin Xia, Haipeng Li, Shuli Gao, and Pengfei Zheng. "Development of a Radio-Frequency Quadrupole Accelerator for the HL-2A/2M Tokamak Diagnostic System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 4031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12084031.

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In order to figure out the migration and deposition of impurities on the first wall of HL-2A/2M tokamak, Peking University and Southwestern Institute of Physics are co-developing a deuteron RFQ as part of the in situ ion-beam diagnostic for the material. The RFQ, which operates at 162.5 MHz, is designed to accelerate a 10-mA deuteron beam from 40 keV up to 1.5 MeV. Key design considerations and the final design parameters are presented. The RFQ has been conditioned at a 1% duty factor for 80 h at RF cavity power of 55 kW. The specific shunt impedance of the cavity is 221 kΩ·m by measuring the bremsstrahlung spectrum. The intrinsic Q-value after the high-power tests measured by the Ring-Down method is 13,780. Beam commissioning has been taken place during the first half of 2021, and the beam measurements include beam current and energy of 2H+ ion. A 10 mA 2H+ beam was successfully accelerated through the RFQ.

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Muñoz, Juan Luis, Ibon Bustinduy, Igor Rueda, and David de Cos. "Development of the radio frequency quadrupole proton linac for ESS-Bilbao." EPJ Web of Conferences 231 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023102001.

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The Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) linear accelerator for ESS-Bilbao is described. This device will complete ESS-Bilbao injection chain after the ion source and the LEBT. The design was finished in 2015 and machining of the accelerator cavity started in 2016. The RFQ is a 4-vane structure, aimed to accelerate protons from 45 keV to 3:0MeV and operating at 352:2MHz in pulsed mode with a duty cycle up to 10%. Total length is about 3:1m divided in 4 segments. Each segment is itself assembled from four components, named vanes, by using polymeric vacuum gaskets with no brazing among them. Notable aspects of the design are the constant mean aperture R0, vane radius ρ and thus ρ/R0 ratio and also uniform inter vane voltage. Novel procedures for the design of the modulation and integrated beam dynamics and electromagnetic design have been developed for this task. In this paper, the complete design procedure and its results are presented, including beam dynamics, RF cavity design, field flatness and frequency tuning, cooling and thermo-mechanical design.

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Svistunov, Yury, Nikolai Edamenko, and Alexander Ovsyannikov. "Choice of accelerator type for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy system." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 8, 2019, Number 2 (September 30, 2019): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2019-8-2-69-72.

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There are briefly considered physical and medical aspects contemporary development of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) system. Choice of accelerator for neutron produce is discussed. Three of accelerator types are compared: electrostatic accelerator, compact cyclotron and RFQ with working frequency of P-diapason. A few factors determine choice: providing required neutron flux, compactness of accelerator and whole BNCT system, economical power consumption. Our choice is radio-frequency quadrupole. Two of RFQ variants are considered: compact RFQ and universal one, which has possibility to accelerate two of types particles (proton and deuteron) and to use two of types targets (Lithium and Beryllium) for neutron production.

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Liu, S., Q. Bai, Y. X. Wei, Y. R. Lu, Z. Wang, M. Y. Han, H. P. Li, et al. "RF design and tuning of a deuteron RFQ for detecting impurity deposition on a tokamak." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): P01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/p01030.

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Abstract Peking University and Southwestern Institute of Physics are jointly developing a new deuteron Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator to study the migration and deposition of impurities on the first wall of a tokamak facility. The RFQ operates at 162.5 MHz with the duty factor of 1%, which can accelerate 10 mA deuteron beam from 40 keV up to 1.5 MeV within 2.2 m length. Such four-vane RFQ is divided into two segments and equipped with 40 tuners in total. In the electromagnetic (EM) design, the dipole stabilizer rods (DSRs) were optimized to obtain a mode separation of 3.1 MHz. The tuners and undercuts were also designed and optimized to fulfill the requirements of the resonant frequency, flat longitudinal field distribution and field tuning. Following the EM design, multi-physics analysis and structure error analysis was carried out. The cavity was fabricated with 99.9% oxygen-free electronic (OFE) copper. The assembly and braze of each RFQ module have been completed, the results of metrological measurements via coordinate measuring machine (CMM) indicate that there was no unexpected deformation. The intrinsic Q-value of the whole cavity is 12834 in the low level radio frequency (RF) measurements, which is 87% of the theoretical simulation with electrical conductivity of 5.8 × 107 S/m. After tuning, the quadrupole perturbative component decreased from 2.6% to 0.6%, and the dipole perturbative components decreased from 6.1% to 1%.

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Zhu, X., C. Marchand, O. Piquet, and M. Desmons. "Coupled multiphysics analysis of a 4-vane RFQ accelerator under high power operation." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): P03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/03/p03011.

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Abstract The radiofrequency resonant four-quadrant mechanical structure of a 4-Vane Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) has a high quality factor and narrow bandwidth, resulting in high sensitivity to frequency detuning caused by thermal expansion under high power operation, so minimization of frequency errors and affording dynamic tuning are very important design issues. Here we describe an optimization approach to figure out a suitable cooling design for a 4-vane RFQ in steady state. Besides, we investigate how the accelerator responds in transient thermal analysis that could help to guide commissioning and reduce frequency detuning. Multiphysics analysis utilized with CST and ANSYS for a recently developed 176 MHz 4-vane RFQ is taken as an example. This RFQ will dissipate 211 kW when reaching an inter-vane voltage of 80 kV, which is required for an acceleration of an 80-mA proton from 65 keV to 2.5 MeV in 5.3 meters.

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Pandey, H. K., S. Dechoudhury, and V. Naik. "Theoretical and experimental studies of multi-port RF power feeding in rod-type radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linac." AIP Advances 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 085028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100266.

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An analytical and experimental study of multi-port RF power feeding in a four rod-type radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) has been discussed. First, we have derived generalized relations for multi-coupler power feeding based on S-parameters for n balanced couplers. Using simulation and measurements on a prototype, the optimum position and orientation of two and four couplers in an 80 MHz extended vane rod type RFQ have been determined. A low power RF test has been carried out to show the phase and power balancing using S parameter analysis for two and four mock-up couplers for the RFQ. As a corroborative study, the vane tip voltage measured with a vector voltmeter showed that voltage corresponding to power fed through a single coupler (β = 1) agrees with the value when the same power is fed using two or four couplers.

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Adıgüzel, A., S. Açıksöz, A. Çağlar, H. Çetinkaya, Ş. Esen, D. Halis, A. Hamparsunoğlu, et al. "Ion source and LEBT of KAHVELab proton beamline." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): T01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/t01002.

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Abstract The KAHVE Laboratory, at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey is home to an educational proton linac project. The proton beam will originate from a 20 keV H+ source and will be delivered to a two module Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) operating at 800 MHz via a low energy beam transport (LEBT) line. Currently, the design phase being over, commissioning and stability tests are ongoing for the proton beamline which is already produced and installed except the RFQ which is being manufactured. This work summarizes the design, production and test phases of the ion source and LEBT line components.

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Jameson, Robert A., and Bruce Yee-Rendon. "Improved bunching and longitudinal emittance control in an RFQ." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): P12011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/12/p12011.

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Abstract A new application of vane modulation variation in a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) cell has been applied that significantly improves beam bunching and longitudinal emittance control to achieve lower longitudinal rms emittance at the RFQ output. This procedure occurs in the individual cells, is independent of the overall design, and therefore is general, affording an extra parameter for beam manipulation. It can be applied besides the usual goals of vane modulation variation, e.g., to achieve higher acceleration efficiency. Examples of the cumulative effects on the overall design are provided to point out further exploration avenues for the designer.

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Soulimenkov, I. V., V. I. Kozlovski, A. R. Pikhtelev, V. V. Raznikov, E. V. Chardakova, and A. F. Dodonov. "A New Method to Study the Kinetics of Ion Decay in a Radio Frequency Quadrupole with Resonance Rotational Excitation." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 8, no. 2 (April 2002): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.477.

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A new method to study the kinetics of ion decay reactions in a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) with resonance rotational excitation is described. The decay reaction occurs while ions move through the RFQ and the resulting precursor-ion consumption, as well as the appearance of fragment ions, are monitored using high-resolution orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry (o-ToF MS). The developed method enables one to extract absolute values of the decay rate constants using the ion drift motion under the uniform DC electrical field along the RFQ created by the segmented structure. The ion dwell time, as well as its internal temperature are calculated using the ion mobility measured under the same experimental conditions as the kinetic investigations. The values of the decay rate constants, activation energies and preexponential factors for three substances under investigation are reported.

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Angert, N., and RW Müller. "Heavy ion radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerators, a new tool for ion implantation." Vacuum 36, no. 11-12 (November 1986): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(86)90149-1.

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Bellan, L., T. Akagi, B. Bolzon, P. Cara, Y. Carin, M. Cavenago, N. Chauvin, et al. "Extraction and low energy beam transport models used for the IFMIF/EVEDA RFQ commissioning." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012078.

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Abstract The Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) is a high intensity D+ linear accelerator; demonstrator of the International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility (IFMIF). In summer 2019 the IFMIF/EVEDA Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerated its nominal 125 mA deuteron (D+) beam current up to 5 MeV, with 90% transmission for pulses of 1 ms at 1 Hz. This success was possible thanks to an intense previous campaign of modelization and measurements in order to characterize the RFQ input beam, which is affected by the ECR ion source extraction and the low energy beam transport. The simulation models used with the measurement benchmarks are here presented.

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Collier, J., G. Hall, H. Haseroth, H. Kugler, A. Kuttenberger, K. Langbein, R. Scrivens, et al. "The CERN laser–ion source." Laser and Particle Beams 14, no. 3 (September 1996): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600010041.

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This paper describes the first results of a feasibility study undertaken at CERN to determine whether a laser-produced plasma can be used as a source of intense highly charged heavy ion beams. A variety of important measurements have been made, and the results are encouraging. Furthermore, a beam of highly charged light ions produced by the laser ion source has been accelerated successfully in a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) structure.

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Zhang, Z. Y., W. Ma, N. Yuan, Y. B. Sun, Y. L. Ge, Z. P. Zou, Z. L. Zhang, L. P. Zou, Z. Yang, and L. Lu. "Physical design and multi-physics analysis of a 200 MHz continuous wave radio frequency quadrupole accelerator for a proton accelerator facility." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): P05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/05/p05015.

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Abstract Based on the platform of a proton accelerator facility, a 200 MHz high intensity continuous wave (CW) radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator has been designed at the Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology of Sun Yat-Sen University, China. Employing the conventional four-vane structure, the RFQ can accelerate 20 mA proton beam from 20 keV to 2.5 MeV. In the beam dynamics design, the simulated transmission efficiency reaches 99.5% and the vane length is less than 4 m. In the electromagnetic design, for the long-term stable operation, Pi-mode Stabilizer Loops (PISLs) are utilized to achieve more than 10 MHz mode frequency separation and to decrease the effects of dipole modes. The 48 tuners are optimized to provide a range of ± 2 MHz frequency tuning. Additionally, the undercuts are optimized to ensure a good field flatness along the longitudinal direction. Based on the coolant channel design, the multi-physics analysis is performed to investigate the deformation and stress resulting from the dissipation of RF power within the cavity, as well as determine the temperature tuning coefficients of the coolants within the vane and wall. The entire design and analysis of PAFA-RFQ has been completed, and the scheme of the design can also be applied to the design of other RFQ cavities.

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Li, Haipeng, Pingping Gan, Qi Fu, Qiuyun Tan, Yuanrong Lu, Zhi Wang, Kun Zhu, and Matt Easton. "Beam dynamics design for a compact accelerator-driven neutron source." International Journal of Modern Physics E 27, no. 04 (April 2018): 1850031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301318500313.

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A compact accelerator-driven neutron source (CANS) has been proposed and designed by the Peking University (PKU) RFQ group. The source is based on a compact deuteron RF accelerator that delivers an average current of a few mA of deuterons at 11[Formula: see text]MeV to the target. The accelerator consists of a short radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) followed by efficient interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) structure. The total length of the whole accelerator structure is 4.96[Formula: see text]m, including 1.76[Formula: see text]m for the 4-vane RFQ and 2.70[Formula: see text]m for the IH-DTL. The dynamic simulation results show that the beam has excellent quality, with transmission efficiency higher than 99%. The transverse and longitudinal normalized rms emittance at the DTL exit is 0.29[Formula: see text]mm⋅mrad and 0.12 MeV⋅deg, respectively. Details of the beam dynamics of the RFQ and IH-DTL are presented in this paper.

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Moon, S. H., J. Y. Jeong, D. Kwak, J. H. Jang, K. B. Chai, and M. Chung. "Design study of a single bunch selection method for neutron TOF experiment at RAON heavy ion accelerator." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): T07007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/t07007.

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Abstract To enable neutron time-of-flight (TOF) experiments at the RAON heavy-ion accelerator facility, we propose a single bunch beam selection method by combining a fast chopper and double gap buncher in the low-energy beam transport (LEBT) section. The fast chopper operates with switching times of tens of ns to convert a CW beam into a pulsed beam. Then, the double gap buncher performs bunching to shorten the beam pulse duration to less than one radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) cycle. Ideally, a single isolated bunch can be achieved after the RFQ. In this study, we discuss the system design of the proposed single bunch selection scheme and present detailed beam dynamics simulations.

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Shin, Ki R., Yoon W. Kang, and Aly E. Fathy. "Feasibility of Folded and Double Dipole Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) Cavities for Particle Accelerators." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 61, no. 2 (April 2014): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2014.2301596.

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Altsybeyev, Vladislav, Yuri Svistunov, Alexander Durkin, and Dmitri Ovsyannikov. "Preacceleration of the multicharged ions with the different A/Z ratios in single RFQ channel." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 7, 2018, Number 2 (September 18, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2018-7-2-49-56.

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The preacceleration of multicharged ions with the different A/Z ratios extracted from electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) sources is discussed in this report. The capture ratio, emittances and current values of multicharged ions may be better if the ions are preaccelerated before their injection into a booster synchrotron. There is a considerable possibility of separate preacceleration of multicharged ions with different A/Z ratios in a single radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) channel. The magnitude of the injection energy into RFQ is about a few keV/u whereas the magnitudes of the injection energy into booster or following linac cascade are 300 keV/u. In addition in this paper we discuss the approach of the fast channel parameter optimization technique by using swarm computations and gradient descend for improving the capture ratio. The optimizations aimed at changing the regular part of the RFQ or matching section profile to improve the matching of the arbitrary oriented in phase space input beam.

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Han, Meiyun, Yuanrong Lu, Zhi Wang, Zhaohua Peng, Shuo Liu, Tianhao Wei, and Ying Xia. "Design of a CW BISOL RFQ for Three Kinds of High-Charge-State Ions Simultaneous Acceleration." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 7761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157761.

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Based on the latest design requirements proposed by the Beijing On-Line Isotope Separation (BISOL) project, a new Sn22+-based, 81.25 MHz CW radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) with external bunching has been designed. This RFQ can accelerate Sn22+ to 0.5 MeV/u with an output longitudinal-normalized rms emittance of 0.20 keV/u·ns over a length of 5.6 m. The tolerance and error analysis results indicate that this RFQ can handle a wide range of non-ideal beams while maintaining relatively lower longitudinal emittance growth and higher transmission efficiency. To maintain the beam intensity, the RFQ will simultaneously accelerate three kinds of high-charge-state mixed ions (132Sn21+, 132Sn22+ and 132Sn23+), the simulation results given by Impact-T show that the RFQ can achieve high transmission of the mixed beam. Compared with the previous Sn21+-based internal bunching RFQ scheme, this RFQ has a shorter length and smaller output emittance, which is beneficial to the designs of subsequent Medium-energy Beam Transport (MEBT) and Drift Tube Linac (DTL). In electromagnetic design, a four-vane structure with 48 tuners and 16 π-mode stabilizers (PSLs) were chosen. The results of the multi-physics analysis show that the maximum temperature rise and the maximum deformation of the cavity are 13.6 K and 40.3 µm, respectively. The results simulated with CST Microwave Studio (CST) and HFSS software were consistent.

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Firjahn-Andersch, A., A. Schempp, J. Madlung, and C. Staschok. "A two-beam radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) for funnelling of ion beams at low energies." Fusion Engineering and Design 32-33 (November 1996): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(96)00473-5.

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Yan, Xinsheng, Lianmin Zhao, Bojiang Ding, Weiye Xu, Hua Jia, Zege Wu, and Fukun Liu. "Design of a 324 MHz 200 kW CW Waveguide-to-Coaxial Adaptor for Radio Frequency Quadrupole Microwave System." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (December 10, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8828046.

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A 324 MHz 200 kW waveguide-to-coaxial adaptor has been designed and fabricated for a microwave coupler in a radio frequency quadrupole system. Optimization of the adaptor is performed by the numerical study and experimental test. High-power measurements show that the reflection coefficient of the adaptor is less than −30 dB at the RFQ operating frequency, and there is no breakdown in the 228 kW pulse test. The measurement results are consistent with the simulation results, indicating that the adaptor has good high-power transmission performance. This work provides theoretical and experimental bases for a rectangular-to-coaxial adaptor design, especially in high-power steady-state operation.

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Bustinduy, Ibon, Juan Luis Muñoz, Pedro González, Rosalba Miracoli, Ángel Rodríguez, Nagore Garmendia, Seadat Varnasseri, et al. "Advances in the ESS-Bilbao injector." Journal of Neutron Research 24, no. 3-4 (January 18, 2023): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jnr-220043.

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This paper describes advances performed towards the realization of the ARGITU compact neutron source. The first part of the accelerator developed by ESS-BILBAO is made of a 2.7 GHz ECR proton source, a two-solenoid Low Energy Transport Section (LEBT) and a 352.2 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ). We describe the main advances performed over the last year. The Ion source and LEBT have been in operation since 2019. On the installed part, some improvements have been implemented in the ion source such as a new RF coupler, RF stability loop, and a new RF source based on Solid State technology. On the RFQ side, the tuning algorithm has been validated in the cold model, the new coupler is being manufactured, the RF testing facility is being installed and the machining of the remaining segments is in good progress.

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Shin, Ki R., Yoon W. Kang, Sang-Ho Kim, and Aly E. Fathy. "Investigation of Electromagnetic Field Perturbation With Respect to Mechanical Imperfections in Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) Structure." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 59, no. 5 (October 2012): 2428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2012.2206052.

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Zemlyanoy, Sergey, Batsuren Zuzaan, K. Avvakumov, G. Myshinsky, V. Zhemenik, Цэрэнсамбуу Т, Yu Kudryavtsev, V. Fedosseev, and R. Bark. "Ion guide simulation for GALS setup." Физик сэтгүүл 34, no. 577 (December 13, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/physics.v34i577.1226.

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A new setup is under construction at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), JINR, Dubna, to study heavy neutron-rich nuclei along a closed neutron shell N=126. One of the important parts of the setup is the ion guide system. From several ion guide options, a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) ion guiding system was chosen. This special ion guiding system was developed and optimized using SIMION simulation software. Also, precise comparison with the alternative Sextupole ion guide (SPIG) system was performed. Along with ion guide simulation, modernization of reference cell was completed and it is ready for offline experiments to find optimal laser ionization scheme.

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Maebara, Sunao, Shinichi Moriyama, Mikio Saigusa, Masayoshi Sugimoto, Tsuyoshi Imai, and Hiroshi Takeuchi. "Power-Balance Control by Slug Tuner for the 175MHz Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) Linac in IFMIF Project." Fusion Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (May 1, 2005): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst05-a810.

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Li, H. P., H. Q. Su, Y. Q. Chen, G. Q. Kong, F. Y. Wang, S. Wang, and Y. R. Lu. "Beam dynamic design and study of a linac with variable output energy for an AB-BNCT facility." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): P07032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/p07032.

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Abstract The Accelerator-based Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (AB-BNCT) is being established worldwide as a future modality to start an era of in-hospital facilities. The most popular reaction for AB-BNCT is 7Li(p, n)7Be and high-flux neutron beams can be produced by bombarding lithium targets with low-energy proton beams. We chose the combined acceleration structure of Radio Frequency Quadrupole linac (RFQ) and Cross-bar H-mode DTL (CH-DTL) considering the compactness of the structure and the adjustment of output energy. The CW proton beam could be accelerated to 1.8 MeV by one RFQ cavity, and then to the final energy by one CH-DTL cavity. The output beam energy can be adjusted in the range of 2.2 MeV to 3.0 MeV with small beam loss and high beam quality, which could be achieved by controlling the feed power and RF phase of the CH-DTL. The variation of beam energy can meet requirements of the BNCT in treating tumors of different depths without adjusting structure of beam shaping assembly (BSA). The beam dynamics of the RFQ and DTL were completed to meet all requirements and the energy stability and adjustment method of output beam were investigated. In addition, we also performed the start-to-end beam tracking and error sensitivity analysis at last.

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Shibata, T., K. Ohkoshi, K. Shinto, K. Nanmo, K. Ikegami, and H. Oguri. "Soundness evaluation of J-PARC RF ion source after 5-month continuous operation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012041.

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Abstract In the J-PARC user operation from Nov. 2020 – Apr. 2021, continuous operation of J-PARC Radio Frequency (RF) negative hydrogen ion (H-) source up to 3,651 hours (5 months) has been achieved. The ion source was operated with the output H- current of 60 mA, the duty factor (for plasma generation) 2% and the input RF power up to 30 kW. After the operation, phase space diagrams at the Radio Frequency Quadrupole linac (RFQ) entrance were measured by the emittance monitor at the ion source test stand (IS-TS) under the same operation condition as in the J-PARC Linac. Comparison of the phase spaces and the beam emittances between the ion sources in the present and the previous operations shows slight difference. From the direct observation of the antenna coil, no exhaustion or the decrease in the thickness of the enamel coating of the coil have been confirmed. The results indicate the possibility of the next goal of the long-run up to 7 months, which is the same as the full duration of the J-PARC user operation in 1 year.

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38

Dickel, T., I. Mardor, H. Wilsenach, J. Ashkenazy, W. R. Plaß, C. Scheidenberger, and M. I. Yavor. "NG-TRAP: Measuring neutron capture cross-sections of short-lived fission fragments." EPJ Web of Conferences 260 (2022): 11021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226011021.

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We lack significant nuclear physics input to understand the rapid-neutron capture (r-)process fully. The r-process is the source of half the elements heavier than iron and the only way to produce the long-lived actinides we find on earth. This process’s key nuclear physics inputs are nuclear masses, cross-sections of (n,γ) and (γ,n), and decay half-lives and branching ratios of neutron-rich isotopes. However, there is currently no method to directly measure neutron-induced reaction rates on short-lived nuclides, so there is no experimental data for the primary nuclear reaction that drives the r-process. We show here a conceptual design of a novel approach to access this information experimentally. The idea is to form a target of short-lived isotopes by confining them as ions in a radio-frequency (RF) trap. Next, they are irradiated with an intense neutron flux, and the reaction products are identified by mass spectrometry. The chosen method is a two-stage process in the presence of high neutron fluxes. The first process is neutron-induced fission in a thin actinide foil to create fission fragments. These fragments are slowed down in a cryogenic stopping cell before being filtered through a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) system. The RFQ system selects fission fragments of a specific atomic mass number A and confines them to a small volume in an RF trap, where they are irradiated for a second time in a controlled manner. The resultant A+1 isotopes are mass-selectively transported to a multiple-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer, where the reaction products are identified and counted.

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Teotia, Vikas, Sanjay Malhotra, Prashant Kumar, Elina Mishra, Sumit Meshram, and Rajesh Chimurkar. "11–20 MeV Alvarez Drift Tube Linac for low energy proton accelerator." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): P06020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/p06020.

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Abstract Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is developing Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) as a pre-injector for proposed Accelerator Driven Sub-Critical Reactor Systems (ADSS). Drift Tube Linac is one of the two major accelerating structures of LEHIPA, the other being the Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ). Like all particle accelerating structures, DTL needs multi-disciplinary expertise for design, production, qualification, and installation. This paper describes the comprehensive design, production, qualification, and installation of the ∼ 11–20 MeV section of DTL. It details the design of all sub-components which form part of the DTL RF cavity. Several novel concepts were implemented in course of this development. Important among them are DT-DTL alignment, referencing methodology, robust vacuum design and hermetically sealed DTs. This paper is a comprehensive coverage of design, development and installation aspects of Alvarez DTL. At present, the DTL is ready for beam commissioning.

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40

Carneiro, J. P., B. Hanna, L. Prost, A. Saini, A. Shemyakin, and D. Sun. "Longitudinal beam dynamics studies at the PIP-II injector test facility." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 36 (December 30, 2019): 1942013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19420132.

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The Proton Improvement Plan, Stage Two (PIP-II), is a program of upgrades proposed for the Fermilab injection complex, the central part of which is an 800 MeV, 2 mA CW-compatible SRF linac. A prototype of the PIP-II linac front-end called the PIP-II Injector Test (PIP2IT) is being built at Fermilab. As of now, a 15 mA DC, 30 keV H[Formula: see text] ion source, a 2 m long Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), a 2.1 MeV CW Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), followed by a 10 m Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) have been installed and tested. A Fast Faraday Cup (FFC) installed in the MEBT measures the length of a beamlet cut out of the bunch by a small-size entrance hole of the FFC. The information about the bunch length measured at various settings allows for the reconstruction of the longitudinal beam dynamics and optimization of injection into the first cryomodule.

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Martschini, Martin, Johannes Lachner, Silke Merchel, Alfred Priller, Peter Steier, Anton Wallner, Alexander Wieser, and Robin Golser. "The quest for AMS of 182Hf – why poor gas gives pure beams." EPJ Web of Conferences 232 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023202003.

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The long-lived radioisotope 182Hf (T1/2 = 8.9 Ma) is of high astrophysical interest as its potential abundance in environmental archives would provide insight into recent r-process nucleosynthesis in the vicinity of our solar system. Despite substantial efforts, it could not be measured at natural abundances with conventional AMS so far due to strong isobaric interference from stable 182W. Equally important is an increase in ion source efficiency for the anions of interest. The new Ion Laser InterAction Mass Spectrometry (ILIAMS) technique at VERA tackles the problem of elemental selectivity in AMS with a novel approach. It achieves near-complete suppression of isobar contaminants via selective laser photodetachment of decelerated anion beams in a gas-filled radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) ion cooler. The technique exploits differences in electron affinities (EA) within elemental or molecular isobaric systems neutralizing anions with EAs smaller than the photon energy. Alternatively, these differences in EA can also facilitate anion separation via chemical reactions with the buffer gas. We present first results with this approach on AMS-detection of 182Hf. With He +O2 mixtures as buffer gas in the RFQ, suppression of 182WF5− vs 180HfF 5− by >105 has been demonstrated. Mass analysis of the ejected anion beam identified the formation of oxyfluorides as an important reaction channel. The overall Hf-detection efficiency at VERA presently is 1.4% and the W-corrected blank value is 182Hf/180Hf = (3.4 ± 2.1)×10−14. In addition, a survey of different sample materials for highest negative ion yields of HfF 5− with Cs-sputtering has been conducted.

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Penttilä, Heikki, Olga Beliuskina, Laetitia Canete, Antoine de Roubin, Tommi Eronen, Marjut Hukkanen, Anu Kankainen, et al. "Radioactive ion beam manipulation at the IGISOL-4 facility." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 17002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023917002.

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The IGISOL-4 facility in the JYFL Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyvaskyla (JYFL-ACCLAB) produces low-energy radioactive ion beams, primarily for nuclear spectroscopy, utilizing an ion guide-based, ISOL-type mass separator. Recently, new ion manipulation techniques have been introduced at the IGISOL-4 including the application of the PI-ICR (Phase-Imaging Ion Cyclotron Resonance) technique at the JYFLTRAP Penning trap, as well as commissioning of a Multi-Reflection Time-Of-Flight (MR-TOF) separator/spectrometer. The successful operation of the MR-TOF also required significant improvement of the Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) cooler and buncher device beam pulse time structure. In addition, laser ionization techniques have been developed for particular cases, for example, a hot cavity laser ion source for silver production. A new stable isotope ion source and a beam line has been introduced for tuning and calibration purposes. In addition to the installations at the IGISOL-4 facility, the extension of the vacuum-mode recoil separator MARA (Mass Analysing Recoil Apparatus), MARA-LEB (MARA Low Energy Branch) has been under development. MARA-LEB will utilize the gas-cell technique and laser ionization to convert MeV-scale radioactive beams to low-energy ones.

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OKAMURA, M., T. KATAYAMA, R. A. JAMESON, T. TAKEUCHI, T. HATTORI, and H. KASHIWAGI. "Scheme for direct plasma injection into an RFQ linac." Laser and Particle Beams 20, no. 3 (July 2002): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602203171.

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A new efficient injection method from a laser ion source to a Radio Frequency Quadropole (RFQ) was proposed and is being tested in RIKEN, Japan. A laser plasma is induced just before the entrance of the RFQ and is injected directly into the RFQ channel. Using an existing RFQ, first verification tests have been completed successfully. Finally, the preliminary specifications for the first RFQ dedicated to the new injection scheme are presented.

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Peng, Shixiang, Jia Chen, Haitao Ren, Jie Zhao, Yuan Xu, Tao Zhang, Ailing Zhang, et al. "Commissioning of helium injector for coupled radio frequency quadrupole and separated function radio frequency quadrupole accelerator." Review of Scientific Instruments 85, no. 2 (February 2014): 02A712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4828375.

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45

Kuo, Yu-Yun. "Wall effect in a radio frequency quadrupole." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 10-11 (May 1985): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(85)90114-4.

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Sun Liepeng, 孙列鹏, 张周礼 Zhang Zhouli, 赵红卫 Zhao Hongwei, 许哲 Xu Zhe, 石爱民 Shi Aimin, and 丛岩 Cong Yan. "Radio frequency characteristic measurements and power conditioning of DPIS-RFQ at IMP." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 4 (2013): 989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20132504.0989.

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Li, Chenxing, Yuan He, Fengfeng Wang, Peiyan Yu, Lei Yang, Chunlong Li, Wenbin Wang, et al. "Radio frequency measurements and tuning of the China Material Irradiation Facility RFQ." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 890 (May 2018): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.02.047.

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Zeng, Hong-Jin, Ge Liu, Yuan-Rong Lu, Wei Chen, Quan-Feng Zhou, Kun Zhu, Wen-Long Xia, et al. "Radio-Frequency Power Test of a Four-Rod RFQ Accelerator for PKUNIFTY." Chinese Physics Letters 29, no. 6 (June 2012): 062901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/29/6/062901.

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49

Lunney, M. David N., J. P. Webb, and R. B. Moore. "Finite‐element analysis of radio‐frequency quadrupole traps." Journal of Applied Physics 65, no. 8 (April 15, 1989): 2883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342733.

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50

Turemen, G., G. Unel, and B. Yasatekin. "A graphical approach to radio frequency quadrupole design." Computer Physics Communications 192 (July 2015): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2015.03.001.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ)'

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