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1
Ma, Shu Qing, and Chuan Jun Wang. "Design of Laboratory Management System Based on RFID." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2689.
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RFID (Radio Frequency Identification, RFID) technology is developed in the eighty s of the 20th century a automatic Identification technology. Using radio frequency way between non-contact rf card reader and two-way data transmission, in order to achieve the purpose of target recognition and data exchange. Article from the traditional type of code, compared magnetic card and IC card, rf card has a non-contact, fast reading, no wear, is not affected by the environment, the characteristics of long service life, easy to use and have anti-collision function, can handle multiple CARDS at the same time. Abroad, rfid technology has been widely used in industrial automation, business automation, transportation control management, and many other fields.
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Wang, Hong Yi, Qing Yang, Jian Fei Wu, and Jian Cheng Li. "A Novel Implementation of UHF RFID Reader." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.642.
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The radio frequency identification technology is a kind of emerging non-contact identification technology. In the study of radio frequency identification reader, the traditional microcontroller-based architecture can’t meet the system requirements due to the limited processing ability. In this paper, the author designs a UHF RFID reader based on the ARM processor and FPGA, compared to the microcontroller-based architecture, the reader deals faster. The reader consists of three parts, namely, the protocol processing module, the digital baseband module and the RF module.
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Kim, Sangkil. "Inkjet-Printed Electronics on Paper for RF Identification (RFID) and Sensing." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101636.
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The newly developed research area of inkjet-printed radio frequency (RF) electronics on cellulose-based and synthetic paper substrates is introduced in this paper. This review paper presents the electrical properties of the paper substrates, the printed silver nanoparticle-based thin films, the dielectric layers, and the catalyst-based metallization process. Numerous inkjet-printed microwave passive/ative systems on paper, such as a printed radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an RFID-enabled sensor utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW), fully printed vias, an autonomous solar-powered beacon oscillator (active antenna), and artificial magnetic conductors (AMC), are discussed. The reported technology could potentially act as the foundation for true “green” low-cost scalable wireless topologies for autonomous Internet-of-Things (IoT), bio-monitoring, and “smart skin” applications.
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Olla, Patrisius Kusi. "PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI RFID (RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION) DALAM LAYANAN REGISTRASI REKAM MEDIS PASIEN." Simetris : Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v7i1.510.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan sebuah aplikasi yang memanfaatkan teknologi RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) dalam layanan rumah sakit untuk pengelolaan layanan pendaftaran dan pencatatan rekam medis pasien. Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan mengenai layanan registrasi rekam medis pada rumah sakit, ditemukan permasalahan yaitu tugas staf pengelolaan unit pendaftaran lebih rumit karena pendataan pasien masih dilakukan secara manual, masih terdapat kesalahan pencatatan karena human error, penelusuran pasien membutuhkan waktu yang lama dan kurang efektif. Untuk mengurangi permasalahan tersebut, dikembangkan aplikasi RFID dalam layanan pencatatan dan registrasi rekam medis. Penelitian ini diawali dengan melakukan analisis sistem yang saat ini berjalan. Pengembangan aplikasi menggunakan perangkat RFID Read/Write yang terdiri dari RF Reader CV6600-USB SDK dengan frekuensi 13,56 MHz dan RFID Tag menggunakan MIFARE Standard Card MF1 ICS50. Sedangkan perangkat lunak aplikasi yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan bahasa pemrograman visual Borland Delphi 7. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa RFID Tag jenis MIFARE standard card 1Kbyte termasuk tipe read or write mampu menyimpan informasi riwayat medis pasien. Penerapan sistem layanan rumah sakit dengan memanfaatkan teknologi identifikasi berbasis RFID memiliki indikasi perkembangan yang baik terhadap upaya peningkatan kualitas pelayanan, khususnya bagian pendaftaran dan unit pencatatan rekam medis. Kata kunci: registrasi pasien, RFID, reader, tag, rekam medis, penelusuran pasien.
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Xia, Ling Ming, Jian Dong Zhang, and Jun Zhao Wu. "Design and Realization of Smart Objects-Search System Based on RFID." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 3226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.3226.
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RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a new technology of auto identification. This paper just begins to introduce how to design a Smart Objects-search system by the use of the RF chip NRF24L01 on the basis of RFID. A method of hardware and software designation in RF wireless transceiver and a simple way of power supply are proposed. This paper also analyze the strongpoint and shortcoming of these methods, and point out the area for further improvement. In the end, this paper illustrates how the system works. The results show that modular design method is workable and reliable for RF Circuit designation.
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Ni, Wei-Ning, Ji-Bo Li, Shan-Guo Li, and Wei Zhang. "Feasibility Study of While-drilling Data Transmission Technology Based on Radio Frequency Identification." Open Petroleum Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (August 19, 2015): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874834101508010293.
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Downhole data transmission methods based on mud-pulse and low-frequency electromagnetic waves can’t satisfy the need of large amount and high speed data uploading during drilling. In this paper, a novel data transmission technique based on releasing RFID tags by LWD tools is designed and validated. As the memory and transmission media, RFID tags are pre-mounted tactfully in cavities of the downhole releasing tool which can transmits/write LWD data to these tags. By releasing regularly or irregularly into the annulus fluids, RFID tags can be carried to the surface by mud circulation. To finish data transportation function, LWD data can be read out on the surface. Wireless charging high capacity (1Mbits) RFID tags are designed, which contains microprocessor and memory, to expand the storage capacity of RFID tags. The power supply for microprocessor and memory in the tag is electromagnetic waves from RF Reader/Writer module. The equivalent data transmission speed of this system can be up to 278 bit/s (1 tag/h is assumed), which is more much faster than the traditional mud pulser (<10 bit/s).
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Mondal, Saikat, Deepak Kumar, and Premjeet Chahal. "Recent Advances and Applications of Passive Harmonic RFID Systems: A Review." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040420.
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Harmonic Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems have attracted significant interest over the last decade as it provides many benefits over the conventional RFID systems. Harmonic RFID is desired over conventional RFID systems due to reduced self-jamming, location accuracy from dual frequency, and higher phase noise immunity. In a harmonic RFID system, the tag receives instructions from the reader at an RF carrier frequency and replies back at the harmonic of the RF frequency. A nonlinear element consuming very low power at the tag is required to generate the harmonic carrier for the battery-less system. In this review article, a detailed contrast between conventional and harmonic RFID systems is presented. This is followed by different circuit design techniques to generate harmonics and integration techniques to form a fully operable passive harmonic RFID tag. Also, a wide range of applications, especially sensor integration with harmonic RFID’s, along with the future trends are presented.
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Raheem Esmail Alselwi, Mohammed Abdul, Yan Chiew Wong, and Zul Atfyi Fauzan Mohammed Napiah. "Integrated cmos rectifier for rf-powered wireless sensor network nodes." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1579.
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This article presents a review of the CMOS rectifier for radio frequency energy harvesting application. The on-chip rectifier converts the ambient low-power radio frequency signal coming to antenna to useable DC voltage that recharges energy to wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes and radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags, therefore the rectifier is the most important part of the radio frequency energy harvesting system. The impedance matching network maximizes power transfer from antenna to rectifier. The design and comparison between the simulation results of one- and multi-stage differential drive cross connected rectifier (DDCCR) at the operating frequencies of 2.44GHz, and 28GHz show the output voltage of the multi-stage rectifier doubles at each added stage and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of rectifier at 2.44GHz was higher than 28GHz. The (DDCCR) rectifier is the most efficient rectifier topology to date and is used widely for passive WSN nodes and RFID tags.
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Ji, Wusheng, Li Li, and Weiwei Zhou. "Design and Implementation of a RFID Reader/Router in RFID-WSN Hybrid System." Future Internet 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi10110106.
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In order to put Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in a hybrid system, this paper presents the design and implementation of a RFID reader/router that can obtain information of both RFID tags and WSN sensor nodes and transmit the information through the WSN to the PC server. The RFID reader and WSN router are combined with both hardware and software. In hardware structure, CC2530 is used as micro controller and RF module for ZigBee wireless communication, and MF RC522 is used as reader RF chip. The software deals with both identity and sensing information and controls the routing. Experiment results show that the RFID reader/router achieves long distance identification, flexibility, scalability, and low cost. It also provides reliable and secured data transmission and broadens the communication range and application scope of RFID readers.
10
Tahir, Muhammad, Borja Ramis Ferrer, and Jose Martinez Lastra. "An Approach for Managing Manufacturing Assets through Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030438.
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The manufacturing industry requests novel solutions that will permit enterprises to stay competitive in the market. This leads to decisions being made based on different technologies that are focused on real-time accurate measurement and monitoring of manufacturing assets. In the context of traceability, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags have been traditionally used for tracking, monitoring, and collecting data of various manufacturing resources operating along the value chain. RFID tags and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors enable the monitoring of manufacturing assets by providing real-time data. Such devices are usually powered by batteries that need regular maintenance, which in turn leads to delays that affect the overall manufacturing process time. This article presents a low-cost approach to detect and measure radio frequency (RF) signals in assembly lines for optimizing the manufacturing operations in the manufacturing industry. Through the detection and measurement of RF signals, the RF energy can be harvested at certain locations on the assembly line. Then, the harvested energy can be supplied to the MEMS sensors, minimizing the regular maintenance for checking and replacing batteries. This leads to an increase in the operational efficiency and an overall reduction in operational and maintenance costs.
11
Li, Zhen, and Zhaozong Meng. "A Review of the Radio Frequency Non-destructive Testing for Carbon-fibre Composites." Measurement Science Review 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2016-0010.
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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the applications of existing non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, especially radio frequency (RF) NDT, for carbon-fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) composites. Electromagnetic properties of CFRP composites that are associated with RF NDT are discussed first. The anisotropic characteristic of the conductivity and the relationship between the penetration depth and conductivity should be paid much attention. Then, the well-established RF NDT including eddy current technique, microwave technique and RF-based thermography are well categorised into four types (i.e. electromagnetic induction, resonance, RF-based thermography and RF wave propagation) and demonstrated in detail. The example of impact damage detection using the induction and resonance methods is given. Some discussions on the development (like industrial-scale automated scanning, three-dimensional imaging, short-range ultra-wideband (UWB) imaging and the radio frequency identification technology (RFID)-based NDT) are presented.
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Shyamala, C. K., and Anand K. Rajagopalan. "A lightweight inter-zonal authentication protocol for moving objects in low powered RF systems." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34306/csit.v2i3.72.
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Automatic identification systems represent a wide classification of devices used primarily in commercialsettings for inventory/logistics control. Familiar examples of such devices are bar codes, magnetic strips, smartcards, RFID (Radio frequency identification) and biometric and voice recognition. Security is especially lax in low powered RF (radio frequency) systems communicating through an unsecured radio wave channel. Security represents a critical component for enabling the large scale adoption of automatic identification systems. Providing an effective security solution for low powered systems is a major area of concern; it directs research towards ‘power consumption aware’ computations in security solutions. This paper proposes a Lightweight Inter-Zonal Authentication Protocol for moving objects in low powered RF systems. Formal validation and a thorough analysis of the protocol in SPAN security tool reveals its effectiveness and resiliency to attacks–eaves dropping, reader and tag impersonation, replay and desynchronization.
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Zahid, Muhammad Noaman, Jianliang Jiang, Heng Lu, and Hengli Zhang. "A Modified Design of Class-E Power Amplifier with Balanced FETs and High Output Power for RFID Applications." Proceedings of Engineering and Technology Innovation 19 (July 9, 2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/peti.2021.7442.
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In Radio Frequency (RF) communication, a Power Amplifier (PA) is used to amplify the signal at the required power level with less utilization of Direct Current (DC) power. The main characteristic of class-E PA is sturdy nonlinearity due to the switching mode action. In this study, a modified design of class-E PA with balanced Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) and high output power for Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) application is presented. MOSFETs are adjusted to have high output performance of about 80% for RFID-based EAS system. A matching network is also proposed for accurate matching because there are differences in the behavior between RF waves and low frequency waves. The design of a matching network is a tradeoff among the complexity, adjustability, implementation, and bandwidth for the required output power and frequency. The implemented PA is capable of providing 44.8 dBm output power with Power-Added Efficiency (PAE) of 78.5% at 7.7 MHz to 8.7 MHz.
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Wang, Gang, and Xiao Qiang Jia. "The WSID Circuit Design Based on Arduino." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.866.
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This paper combine Zigbee technology and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification ) technology together in order to design a controler circuit scheme that can flexible networking, RF drive, environmental parameters data acquisition, industrial control in one of WSID equipment. Described in detail the main circuit board Arduino, active RFID reader module Nrf24LE1 and CC2530 Zigbee module circuit design and the embedded software design and PC software design, the experimental results show the effectiveness of the system.
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Shyamala, C. K., and Anand K Rajagopalan. "A Lightweight Inter-Zonal Authentication Protocol for Moving Objects in Low Powered RF Systems." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/aptikom.j.csit.69.
Full textAbstract:
Automatic identification systems represent a wide classification of devices used primarily in commercial settings for inventory/logistics control. Familiar examples of such devices are bar codes, magnetic strips, smart cards, RFID (Radio frequency identification) and biometric and voice recognition. Security is especially lax in low powered RF (radio frequency) systems communicating through an unsecured radio wave channel. Security represents a critical component for enabling the large scale adoption of automatic identification systems. Providing an effective security solution for low powered systems is a major area of concern; it directs research towards ‘power consumption aware’ computations in security solutions. This paper proposes a Lightweight Inter-Zonal Authentication Protocol for moving objects in low powered RF systems. Formal validation and a thorough analysis of the protocol in SPAN security tool reveals its effectiveness and resiliency to attacks – eaves dropping, reader and tag impersonation, replay and desynchronization.
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Ting, Ssu-Han, Chih-Kuang Wu, and Ching-Hsing Luo. "Design of Dual Mode RFID Antenna for Inventory Management and IV Fluid Level Warning System." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2470291.
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Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers are powered RF devices that communicate with an RFID tag to read necessary information. Using this capability, a dual use system for short distance inventory management and moderate distance automatic warning system for low intravenous (IV) fluid levels is designed. The RFID is affixed on the IV drip bag; the fluid in bag affects the antenna transmission distance by fluid dielectric conditions. This allows for two different operational modes (moderate and short distance). For pharmaceutical management, a handheld RFID reader can be used for short distance application. Another stationary RFID system can serve as a warning system for long distance application such as hospital care.
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Sheikh, Hussain Saleem, Fahim Gohar Awan, and Asima Kiran. "A Novel Method for Cluster Detection of RFID-Tags using Multilinear Polarized Antenna." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 20 (July 16, 2021): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2021.20.11.
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Product identification using barcodes has gained good astounding, especially at the point of sale, where different products are being scanned individually before making the payment receipt. These products when at the warehouse meets issues like individual scanning demands significant time and labor to be involved in the human error. Barcodes have been in a process of replacement by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). RFID is a technology that enables data transfer wirelessly and provides several advantages over barcodes which mandatory requires line of sight. Much of the work has been done on RFID tag antenna design, but efficient reader antenna design has been a major need of the hour for big warehouses, that came across bulk data to manage on daily basis. RFID reader antennas are unable to focus their RF energy on a desired zone. This paper proposes a novel multi-linear polarized RFID reader antenna design that utilizes the RF energy efficiently to meet the bulk reading application that will help in managing the tagged stock for industrial application.
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Parada, Raúl, Joan Melià-Seguí, and Rafael Pous. "Anomaly Detection Using RFID-Based Information Management in an IoT Context." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 30, no. 3 (July 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2018070101.
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IoT-based environments may infer anomalies based on the data processed from their heterogeneous sensors. Within the technologies evolving the IoT concept, nowadays the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is a de facto standard in areas like retail or logistics. For instance, most retailers attach RFID-labels to their items to avoid stock-out in the inventory or speed up cash processes. Besides identification, RFID provides further RF data which can be used for information management like anomaly detection (i.e. a shoplifting in a RFID loss prevention system). This manuscript presents two IoT scenarios to detect anomalies using multivariate outlier detection methods, uniquely using RFID data. This research empirically evaluates the authors' proposed methods by reproducing a RFID-enabled store, and the two proposed scenarios. The evaluation achieved a False Positive Rate around 0.1% and a True Positive Rate around 87%.
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Cui, Lei, Zonghua Zhang, Nan Gao, Zhaozong Meng, and Zhen Li. "Radio Frequency Identification and Sensing Techniques and Their Applications—A Review of the State-of-the-Art." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 4012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19184012.
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors, integrating the features of Wireless Information and Power Transfer (WIPT), object identification and energy efficient sensing capabilities, have been considered a new paradigm of sensing and communication for the futuristic information systems. RFID sensor tags featuring contactless sensing, wireless information transfer, wireless powered, light weight, non-line-of-sight transmission, flexible and pasteable are a critical enabling technology for future Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, such as manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, agriculture and food. They have attracted numerous research efforts due to their innovative potential in the various application fields. However, there has been a gap between the in-lab investigations and the practical IoT application scenarios, which has motivated this survey of this research to identify the promising enabling techniques and the underlying challenges. This study aims to provide an exhaustive review on the state-of-art RFID sensor technologies from the system implementation perspective by focusing on the fundamental RF energy harvesting theories, the recent technical progresses and commercial solutions, innovative applications and some RFID sensor based IoT solutions, identify the underlying technological challenges at the time being, and give the future research trends and promising application fields in the rich sensing applications of the forthcoming IoT era.
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Chen, Chen Xi, and Dong Wang. "Performance Improvement of Group Coding with RF Tags on Missing Objects Detection and Data Recovery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3305.
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) provides a non-line-of-sight and contactless approach for object identification. In the supply chain, objects are usually assembled into a group and RFID system enables us to quickly identify a group of objects. However, RFID system only provide the identified objects ID, unable to provide the missing objects IDs. This paper concerns the problem of missing objects detection and missing unique IDs recovery. In supply chain, a traditional method of items lost detection is encoding a group of objects ID before the shipment, and decoding when examine the integrity of the objects. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for missing objects detection and missing IDs recovery, which is called Linearly Independent Vectors Based Group Coding, abbreviated LIVGC. A numerical simulation reveals that the proposed method have higher recovery rate (>20%) than the EGC scheme in the same length of redundancy code.
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PARK, JAHNG HYON, and YONG-KWAN JI. "LOCATION ESTIMATION OF MOBILE SYSTEMS USING PASSIVE RFID TAGS IN AN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics C 20, no. 04 (April 2009): 619–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183109013844.
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This paper presents methods of localization of mobile systems using recent Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. We consider an indoor environment where RFID tags are implanted along the wall or in objects in the room. If the absolute position and orientation of a tag are read by an RF reader, a mobile system can estimate its location using the information saved in the tags. A reader-tag model is obtained through experiments in order to derive relative positions and orientations between an antenna and an RFID tag. To estimate the location, we propose two estimation methods. One uses a single RFID tag and the other uses multi-RFID tags. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can provide good performance for mobile system localization in an indoor environment.
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You, Bin, Bo Yang, Xuan Wen, and Liangyu Qu. "Implementation of Low-Cost UHF RFID Reader Front-Ends with Carrier Leakage Suppression Circuit." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/135203.
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A new ultrahigh frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) reader’s front-end circuit which is based on zero-IF, single antenna structure and composed of discrete components has been designed. The proposed design brings a significant improvement of the reading performance by adopting a carrier leakage suppression (CLS) circuit instead of a circulator which is utilized by most of the conventional RF front-end circuit. Experimental results show that the proposed design improves both the sensitivity and detection range compared to the conventional designs.
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Ojaroudi Parchin, Naser, Haleh Jahanbakhsh Basherlou, Raed Abd-Alhameed, and James Noras. "Dual-Band Monopole Antenna for RFID Applications." Future Internet 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11020031.
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Over the past decade, radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has attracted significant attention and become very popular in different applications, such as identification, management, and monitoring. In this study, a dual-band microstrip-fed monopole antenna has been introduced for RFID applications. The antenna is designed to work at the frequency ranges of 2.2–2.6 GHz and 5.3–6.8 GHz, covering 2.4/5.8 GHz RFID operation bands. The antenna structure is like a modified F-shaped radiator. It is printed on an FR-4 dielectric with an overall size of 38 × 45 × 1.6 mm3. Fundamental characteristics of the antenna in terms of return loss, Smith Chart, phase, radiation pattern, and antenna gain are investigated and good results are obtained. Simulations have been carried out using computer simulation technology (CST) software. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated and its characteristics were measured. The measured results show good agreement with simulations. The structure of the antenna is planar, simple to design and fabricate, easy to integrate with RF circuit, and suitable for use in RFID systems.
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Wang, Yan Liang, Gui Tang Wang, and Wen Juan Liu. "Design and Implementation of the RF Front-End All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop in the UHF RFID Reader." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.63.
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PLL is an important part of the RF front-end module,its performance is directly related to stability and accuracy of the RF base-band signal extracted. A FPGA-based all-digital PLL is implemented in this thesis, Hilbert digital phase detector (HDPD) ,Numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) and FIR digital loop filter module implemented using Verilog language ensure accuracy and stability to Sample input Baseband signal modulated. The experiments confirmed that the all-digital PLL designed in this thesis can overcome the defects of DPLL based on semi-analog circuits; and has high Operating frequency, exact capture time, precision adjustable, simple interface, and so on; can be widely used in radio frequency identification (RFID) and automatic control system.
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Hussein, Issam, Ramzy Ali, and Basil Jasim. "Design and Implementation of RFID Active Tags and Mutual Authentication Protocol with Ownership Transfer Stage." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.13.1.11.
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Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is being used widely in the last few years. Its applications classifies into auto identification and data capturing issues. The purpose of this paper is to design and implement RFID active tags and reader using microcontroller ATmega328 and 433 MHz RF links. The paper also includes a proposed mutual authentication protocol between RFID reader and active tags with ownership transfer stage. Our protocol is a mutual authentication protocol with tag’s identifier updating mechanism. The updating mechanism has the purpose of providing forward security which is important in any authentication protocol to prevent the attackers from tracking the past transactions of the compromised tags. The proposed protocol gives the privacy and security against all famous attacks that RFID system subjected for due to the transfer of data through unsecure wireless channel, such as replay, denial of service, tracking and cloning attacks. It also ensures ownership privacy when the ownership of the tag moves to a new owner.
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Zhang, Yan Zheng, Shi Lin Zhang, Lu Hong Mao, and Sheng Xie. "A Fully Integrated 2.45G Semi-Active RFID Tag IC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1586.
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In recent years, radio frequency identification (RFID) microwave technology receives great attention because of its advantages, e.g. long identification distance, small size of antenna, high identification speed and strong anti-collision ability. RFID tag plays one of the most important roles in logistics, and therefore special attention should be paid to tag design. In this paper, we present a 2.45G semi-active tag design, which is compatible with ISO 18000-4. The proposed tag can switch the manners of working between active and passive. When the generated RF-power is sufficient to operate, the tag works as a passive tag, and low noise amplifier (LNA), oscillator (OSC) and power amplifier (PA) are cut off to save the whole chip power consumption mostly. Otherwise it operates in active mode using battery power, and the working distance is greatly increased as a result of using PA.
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Zhao, Jumin, Fangfang Xue, and Deng-ao Li. "Intelligent Management of Chemical Warehouses with RFID Systems." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010123.
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At present, most chemical warehouses rely on human management, which is a time-consuming and laborious process. Therefore, it is very meaningful to use radio frequency identification (RFID) systems for the intelligent management of chemicals. Detecting the remaining amount of chemicals is an important process in the management of a chemical warehouse. It helps managers find the chemicals that are going to run out and replenish them in time. However, in a traditional chemical warehouse, managers usually inspect each chemical on the shelf in turn manually, which is a waste of time and labor. Although some solutions using RFID technology have been proposed, they are expensive and difficult to deploy in a real environment. In order to solve this problem, we propose an intelligent system called the RF-Detector in this paper, which combines robotics and RFID technology. An RFID reader and an antenna are installed on the robot, which achieves automatic scanning of the chemicals. The RF-Detector can achieve two functions: One function is to detect the remaining amount of chemicals using the changes in received signal strength indication (RSSI) and read rate, and the other is to locate chemicals using the phase curve, so that managers can quickly find the chemicals with an insufficient amount remaining. In this paper we implement the RF-Detector and evaluate its performance. The experimental results show that the RF-Detector achieves about 93% detection accuracy and 92% positioning accuracy for chemicals.
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Han, Peiqing, Zhaofeng Zhang, Yajun Xia, and Niansong Mei. "A 920-MHz Dual-Mode Receiver with Energy Harvesting for UHF RFID Tag and IoT." Electronics 9, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9061042.
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A low-power dual-mode receiver is presented for ultra-high-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. The reconfigurable architecture of the tag is proposed to be compatible with low-power and high-sensitivity operating modes. The read range of RFID system and the lifetime of the tag are increased by photovoltaic, thermoelectric and RF energy-harvesting topology. The receiver is implemented in a 0.18-μm standard CMOS process and occupies an active area of 0.65 mm × 0.7 mm. For low-power mode, the tag is powered by the rectifier and the sensitivity is −18 dBm. For high-sensitivity mode, the maximum PCE of the fully on-chip energy harvester is 46.5% with over 1-μW output power and the sensitivity is −40 dBm with 880 nW power consumption under the supply voltage of 0.8 V.
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He, Youliang. "Wireless Corrosion Monitoring Sensors Based on Electromagnetic Interference Shielding of RFID Transponders." Corrosion 76, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3384.
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Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is a common technology used to protect electronic devices from the interference of environmental noise or to prevent the radiation of electromagnetic waves from electronic devices to the environment. In this research, the EMI shielding principle was utilized to develop a simple and cost-effective wireless corrosion-monitoring sensor. A thin metal sheet (e.g., a steel foil) similar to the material to be monitored was attached onto the surface of a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder and served as an RF shielding layer to block the communication between the RFID transponder and the transceiver. The shielded transponder (the sensor) was then subjected to corrosion exposure, which caused the corrosion of the shielding metal sheet and led to the degradation of the shielding effectiveness. By chronically recording the change of the RF signal strength and the amount of corrosion that occurred, a correlation could be established between the signal strength and the corrosion rate. In this way, a simple wireless corrosion-monitoring sensor was developed. Steel sheets with various thicknesses (50 μm to 250 μm) were used as shielding layers on ultra-high-frequency RFID transponders, and the sensors covered by these various sheets behaved differently during corrosion exposure. The microstructure change of the shielding material was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, which revealed the uneven thinning and final damage of the shielding layer, leading to the (partial) restoration of the RF signal.
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Habaebi, Mohamed Hadi, Rashid Khamis Omar, and Md Rafiqul Islam. "Mobile Drone Localization in Indoor Environment Based on Passive RFID." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 14, no. 05 (April 7, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i05.13309.
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<p class="AEEEAbstract">Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an information exchange technology based on RF communication. It provides solution to track and localize mobile objects in the indoor environment. Localization of mobile objects in an indoor environment garnered a significant attention due to the variety of applications needing higher degree of localization accuracy. RSS-based localization techniques are the major tools for tracking applications due to their simplicity. In this paper, a trilateration method for indoor localization is proposed. This method provides a solution for the drone tracking problem by collecting the RSS values between RFID tagged drone and reader, and estimate its location. The localization method is implemented in MATLAB by multiple readers; 4 RFID readers and 8 RFID readers. The performance of the localization method is also compared with other RFID localization previously reported in the literature. The simulation results in the case of 8 RFID readers demonstrate more accurate results than 4 RFID readers by minimizing the localization error from 0.84606 to 0.40079m. The results also indicate an improved localization performance of tracking a tagged drone in indoor environment by 42.8% when 8RFID readers are placed in the localization area.</p>
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Hassouni, Smail, and Hassan Qjidaa. "A design of analog VDD generator for passive UHF RFID Tag in 90 nm CMOS." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 7, no. 5 (June 20, 2014): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078714000841.
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This paper introduces a VDD generator for the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) passive Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, consisting of an RF-limiter, an NMOS rectifier, a DC-limiter, and a regulator. The proposed NMOS rectifier utilizes diode-connected native NMOS transistors with ultralow-threshold voltage instead of Schottky diodes. The theoretical equations for predicting the performance of the VDD generator are provided and verified by both simulation results in 90 nm CMOS process. The proposed VDD generator generates a 1.19-V stable output voltage with low-power dissipation and a 26.96% larger power conversion efficiency under conditions of 50 Ω antenna, 900 MHz, −23 dBm input power and 1 M DC output load. The chip area of the proposed VDD generator is only 105 × 85 μm. The simulation results indicated that the presented novel VDD generator is capable to provide efficient, stable, and input-independent power supply for Passive UHF RFID tag
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Zhu, Quan Yin, Hong Zhou, Xiao Chun Shi, and Rong Jing Hu. "The UML Model for Access Management System of Intelligent Warehouse Based on RFID." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5855.
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As the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies developing fast, it is used widely on application domain nowadays. The UML model design for Data Access Layer (DAL), Business Logic Layer (BLL), and Service Layer are introduced in detail. The SOA architecture selected for the access management system design is applied for the service program and integrated into Web service applications. The MyEclipse 8.5 and MySQL5.0 database are opted to be the development environment. The C/S design pattern is used to achieve data collection from RF tag and store the synchronization service program. Furthermore, the godown entry and the outbound order are automatically produced respectively. On the other hand, the B/S model is selected for Web services applications.
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Azmi, Noraini, Latifah Munirah Kamarudin, Ammar Zakaria, David Lorater Ndzi, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, Syed Muhammad Mamduh Syed Zakaria, and Latifah Mohamed. "RF-Based Moisture Content Determination in Rice Using Machine Learning Techniques." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051875.
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Seasonal crops require reliable storage conditions to protect the yield once harvested. For long term storage, controlling the moisture content level in grains is challenging because existing moisture measuring techniques are time-consuming and laborious as measurements are carried out manually. The measurements are carried out using a sample and moisture may be unevenly distributed inside the silo/bin. Numerous studies have been conducted to measure the moisture content in grains utilising dielectric properties. To the best of authors’ knowledge, the utilisation of low-cost wireless technology operating in the 2.4 GHz and 915 MHz ISM bands such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have not been widely investigated. This study focuses on the characterisation of 2.4 GHz Radio Frequency (RF) transceivers using ZigBee Standard and 868 to 915 MHz UHF RFID transceiver for moisture content classification and prediction using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) from the wireless transceivers is used for moisture content prediction in rice. Four samples (2 kg of rice each) were conditioned to 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% moisture contents. The RSSI from both systems were obtained and processed. The processed data is used as input to different ANNs models such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Random Forest, and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP). The results show that the Random Forest method with one input feature (RSSI_WSN) provides the highest accuracy of 87% compared to the other four models. All models show more than 98% accuracy when two input features (RSSI_WSN and RSSI_TAG2) are used. Hence, Random Forest is a reliable model that can be used to predict the moisture content level in rice as it gives a high accuracy even when only one input feature is used.
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Rmili, Oussama, Yousaf, Hakim, Mittra, Aguili, and Tedjini. "Robust Detection for Chipless RFID Tags Based on Compact Printable Alphabets." Sensors 19, no. 21 (November 3, 2019): 4785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214785.
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This work presents a novel technique for designing chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tags which, unlike the traditional tags with complex geometries, are both compact and printable. The tags themselves are alphabets, which offers the advantage of efficient visual recognition of the transmitted data in real-time via radio frequency (RF) waves. In this study, the alphabets (e.g., a, b and c) are realized by using copper etching on a thin dielectric substrate (TLX-8) backed by a ground plane. It is shown that the original signature of the frequency response of the backscattered radar cross-section (RCS) of the letter, displays dips that are unique to the individual letters. The tags have been simulated, fabricated and their monostatic cross-sections have been measured by using a dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna in the frequency band ranging from 6 to 13 GHz. The study also includes, for the first time, a detailed analysis of the impact of changing the shape of the tag owing to variation in the font type, size, spacing, and orientation. The proposed letters of the alphabet are easily printable on the tag and provide an efficient way to visually recognized them and, hence, to detect them in a robust way, even with a low coding density of 2.63 bit/cm2. The advantages of the proposed novel identification method, i.e., utilization of the both co- and cross-polar RCS characteristics for the printable clipless RFID tags are the enhancement of the coding density, security and better detection of the alphabet tags with different fonts by capturing the tag characteristics with better signal to noise ratio (SNR). Good agreement has been achieved between the measured and simulated results for both co- and cross-polarized cases.
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Xu, He, Weiwei Shen, Peng Li, Daniele Sgandurra, and Ruchuan Wang. "VSMURF: A Novel Sliding Window Cleaning Algorithm for RFID Networks." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3186482.
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the key technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) and is used in many areas, such as mobile payments, public transportation, smart lock, and environment protection. However, the performance of RFID equipment can be easily affected by the surrounding environment, such as electronic productions and metal appliances. These can impose an impact on the RF signal, which makes the collection of RFID data unreliable. Usually, the unreliability of RFID source data includes three aspects: false negatives, false positives, and dirty data. False negatives are the key problem, as the probability of false positives and dirty data occurrence is relatively small. This paper proposes a novel sliding window cleaning algorithm called VSMURF, which is based on the traditional SMURF algorithm which combines the dynamic change of tags and the value analysis of confidence. Experimental results show that VSMURF algorithm performs better in most conditions and when the tag’s speed is low or high. In particular, if the velocity parameter is set to 2 m/epoch, our proposed VSMURF algorithm performs better than SMURF. The results also show that VSMURF algorithm has better performance than other algorithms in solving the problem of false negatives for RFID networks.
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Estrela, Vania V. "SDR-Based High-Definition Video Transmission for Biomedical Engineering." Medical Technologies Journal 4, no. 3 (December 7, 2020): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26415/2572-004x-vol4iss3p584-585.
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Background: Software-Defined Radio (SDR) frameworks from cellular telephone base stations, e.g., Multiservice Distributed Access System (MDAS) and small cells, employ extensively integrated RF agile transceivers. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the collection of medical devices and applications that connect to healthcare IT systems through online computer networks. Medical devices equipped with Wi-Fi allow M2M communication, which is the backbone of IoMT and associated devices linked to cloud platforms containing stored data to be analyzed. Examples of IoMT include remote patient monitoring of people with chronic or long-term conditions, tracking patient medication orders and the location of patients admitted to hospitals, and patients' wearables to send info to caregivers. Infusion pumps connected to dashboards and hospital beds rigged with sensors measuring patients' vital signs are medical devices that can be converted to or deployed as IoMT technology.
Methods: This work proposes an SDR architecture to allow wireless High-Definition (HD) video broadcast for biomedical applications. This text examines a Wideband Wireless Video (WWV) signal chain implementation using the transceivers, the data transmitted volume, the matching occupied RF bandwidth, the communication distance, the transmitter’s power, and the implementation of the PHY layer as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with test results to evade RF interference.
Results: As the IoMT grows, the amount of possible IoMT uses increases. Many mobile devices employ Near Field Communication (NFC) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags allowing them to share data with IT systems. RFID tags in medical equipment and supplies allow hospital staff can remain aware of the quantities they have in stock. The practice of using IoMT devices to observe patients in their homes remotely is also known as telemedicine. This kind of treatment spares patients from traveling to healthcare facilities whenever they have a medical question or change in their condition.
Conclusion: An SDR-based HD biomedical video transmission is proposed, with its benefits and disadvantages for biomedical WWV are discussed. The security of IoMT sensitive data is a developing concern for healthcare providers.
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Aebischer, H. A. "Inductance Formula for Square Spiral Inductors with Rectangular Conductor Cross Section." Advanced Electromagnetics 8, no. 4 (September 10, 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v8i4.1074.
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Planar spiral coils are used as inductors in radio frequency (RF) microelectronic integrated circuits (IC’s) and as antennas in both radio frequency identification (RFID) and telemetry systems. They must be designed to a specified inductance. From the literature, approximate analytical formulae for the inductance of such coils with rectangular conductor cross section are known. They yield the direct current (DC) inductance, which is considered as a good approximation for inductors in RF IC’s up to the GHz range. In principle, these formulae can simplify coil design considerably. But a recent comparative study of the most cited formulae revealed that their maximum relative error is often much larger than claimed by the author, and too large to be useful in circuit design.
This paper presents a more accurate formula for the DC inductance of square planar spiral coils than was known so far. It is applicable to any design of such coils with up to windings. Owing to its scalability, this holds irrespectively of the coil size and the inductance range. It lowers the maximum error over the whole domain of definition from so far down to . This has been tested by the same method used in the comparative study mentioned above, where the precise reference inductances were computed with the help of the free standard software FastHenry2. A comparison to measurements is included. Moreover, the source code of a MATLAB® function to implement the formula is given in the appendix.
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Shahzad, Aamir, Jae-young Choi, Naixue Xiong, Young-Gab Kim, and Malrey Lee. "Centralized Connectivity for Multiwireless Edge Computing and Cellular Platform: A Smart Vehicle Parking System." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7243875.
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This study takes an intuitive step to develop the user-convenient smart vehicle parking system (SVPS), a smart system able to manage the massive crowd of vehicles during parking searching and do the better jobs of parking reservation and management, with the shorter-path processing tactics. For that, this study inclusively employed the mapping strategy, where the system parking points are prevalent, to assist the users to get the parking information fast and conveniently. This study is comprised of the several parking points systematically spread over the several locations and traceable over the available graphical map, and the overall information is easily accessible using smart devices. For parking information, a smart web application which is another important module of this study is designed, with which the SVPS system’s registered users are able to access all the services provided for smart vehicle parking searching and reservation in efficient and reliable ways. An integrated network approach, RFID (radio frequency identification) and wireless sensors network (WSN), called RF-WSN, is employed to retrieve the real-time information from the installed and configured sensor devices in RFID-WSN network.
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Wang, Jing, and Fei Wang. "An Advanced Verification Platform Based on UVM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1441.
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An advanced verification platfrom based on UVM architecture is implemented in this paper. This paper presents a hierarchical verification environment that is portable, reusable, and easy to extend, which is constructed based on an object oriented language named System Verilog. The verification platform is applied to verify a RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tag chip which is compliant with the ISO/IEC15693 standard, communicates with a reader outside through a RF analog circuitry, completes anti-collision flow, selects card, authenticates based on SM7 algorithm and controls the writing and reading of EEPROM inside. According to the instruction supported by the tag chip is wide and variety, and further more it’s very rich in the command frame contents, the advanced verification platform which achieves the constraint-random stimulus generation, functional coverage and self-check mechanism, reduces the verification cycle, improves verification efficiency and ensures verification adequacy.
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Colella, Riccardo, Francesco Paolo Chietera, and Luca Catarinucci. "Analysis of FDM and DLP 3D-Printing Technologies to Prototype Electromagnetic Devices for RFID Applications." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030897.
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In this work, the application in Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) of different additive manufacturing (AM) 3D-printing technologies is discussed. In particular, the well-known Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology is compared with the promising Digital Light Processing (DLP), which is based on the photopolymerization of liquid resins. Based on the research activity of the authors on this topic, a brief introduction to the fundamentals of 3D-printing in electromagnetics as well as to the different applications of both FDM and DLP in realizing Radio Frequency (RF) devices, is firstly given. Then, a comparison of the two technologies is deeply faced. Finally, after evaluated the rugosity of substrates produced with both techniques to verify the potential impact on the design of electromagnetic structures, the two techniques are both exploited for the realization of the dielectric parts of a tunable RFID tag with unconventional shape. It consists of two elements interlinked one each other. The movement between them enables tuning of the resonance frequency as well as the impedance of the antenna. Despite the differences in terms of losses, rugosity, resolution, and dielectric constant, both techniques guaranteed satisfactory values of tag sensitivity, maximum reading range, and tunability. Nevertheless, the careful analysis of the results proposed at the end of the paper suggests how the selection of one technique over the other must be taken considering the specific application constraints.
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Chen, Wen, Wu, Xu, Jiang, Song, and Chen. "Radio Frequency Fingerprint-Based Intelligent Mobile Edge Computing for Internet of Things Authentication." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163610.
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In this paper, a light-weight radio frequency fingerprinting identification (RFFID) scheme that combines with a two-layer model is proposed to realize authentications for a large number of resource-constrained terminals under the mobile edge computing (MEC) scenario without relying on encryption-based methods. In the first layer, signal collection, extraction of RF fingerprint features, dynamic feature database storage, and access authentication decision are carried out by the MEC devices. In the second layer, learning features, generating decision models, and implementing machine learning algorithms for recognition are performed by the remote cloud. By this means, the authentication rate can be improved by taking advantage of the machine-learning training methods and computing resource support of the cloud. Extensive simulations are performed under the IoT application scenario. The results show that the novel method can achieve higher recognition rate than that of traditional RFFID method by using wavelet feature effectively, which demonstrates the efficiency of our proposed method.
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Aebischer, H. A. "Comparative Study of the Accuracy of Analytical Inductance Formulae for Square Planar Spiral Inductors." Advanced Electromagnetics 7, no. 5 (September 19, 2018): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i5.862.
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In the design of radio frequency (RF) microelectronic integrated circuits (IC’s) and of antennas for short-wave radio frequency identification (RFID) and telemetry systems, planar spiral coils are important components. Many approximate analytical formulae for calculating the inductance of such coils can be found in the literature. They can simplify the problem of designing inductors to a predefined inductance considerably. But the error statistics given by different authors cannot be compared because they are based on different or unknown domains of definition. Hence, it is not possible to decide which formula is best in a given case by merely studying the literature. This paper compares the maximum relative errors of six of some of the most cited formulae in the literature. To all formulae, the same domains of definition are applied. Each of them spans all four dimensions of the parameter space. Precise inductances are obtained numerically with the help of the free scientific and industrial standard software FastHenry2 and used as reference values to calculate the errors of the formulae. It has been found that the alleged maximum errors reported by some authors are far too optimistic. Only two formulae feature small enough errors to be useful in circuit design. The method and the domains of definition applied in the present study may also prove useful for the assessment of future formulae.
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Sombrin, Jacques B. "Optimization criteria for power amplifiers." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 1 (February 2011): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000863.
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This paper describes existing and new criteria for comparison and optimization of non-linear power amplifiers such as RF or microwave transmitters. In addition to intermodulation, receiver noise, and losses in the transmission system, the proposed new criteria take into account efficiency or consumed power. This results in the global optimization of a combined signal-to-noise-plus-intermodulation ratio as a function of saturated or nominal power but also consumed or dissipated power. Saturated power is limited by available technology. Consumed power and dissipated power are some of the main constraints in telecommunication satellite payloads, mobile phone handsets, and RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification). Another constraint comes from the limited size of antennas, which limits the system equivalent isotropic radiated power and gain-to-temperature ratio. With the proposed criteria the designer will be able to compare different amplifier technologies and to optimize the design and operating point of each stage of a multistage amplifier or a linearizer for a given amplifier. Interference from same or other systems is also introduced in the optimization through the use of signal-to-noise-plus-IM-plus-interference ratio criteria.
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Korošak, Žiga, Nejc Suhadolnik, and Anton Pleteršek. "Design of Multi Standard Near Field Communication Outphasing Transmitter with Modulation Wave Shaping." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020188.
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The aim of this work is to tackle the problem of modulation wave shaping in the field of near field communication (NFC) radio frequency identification (RFID). For this purpose, a high-efficiency transmitter circuit was developed to comply with the strict requirements of the newest EMVCo and NFC Forum specifications for pulse shapes. The proposed circuit uses an outphasing modulator that is based on a digital-to-time converter (DTC). The DTC based outphasing modulator supports amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation, operates at four times the 13.56 MHz carrier frequency and is made fully differential in order to remove the parasitic phase modulation components. The accompanying transmitter logic includes lookup tables with programmable modulation pulse wave shapes. The modulator solution uses a 64-cell tapped current controlled fully differential delay locked loop (DLL), which produces a 360° delay at 54.24 MHz, and a glitch-free multiplexor to select the individual taps. The outphased output from the modulator is mixed to create an RF pulse width modulated (PWM) output, which drives the antenna. Additionally, this implementation is fully compatible with D-class amplifiers enabling high efficiency. A test circuit of the proposed differential multi-standard reader’s transmitter was simulated in 40 nm CMOS technology. Stricter pulse shape requirements were easily satisfied, while achieving an output linearity of 0.2 bits and maximum power consumption under 7.5 mW.
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Roselli, Luca, Valeria Palazzari, Federico Alimenti, Paolo Mezzanotte, Matteo Comez, and Nicola Porzi. "Robust road-to-car communications by means of an active Ku-band RF Self-IDentification (RFSID) system." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 2, no. 2 (April 2010): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000243.
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This paper deals with a robust RFSID (Radio Frequency Self IDentification) system for road-to-car communications. The RFSID-based system operates in Ku-band and consists of a fixed transmitter, located at the road side, and of a receiver unit placed on the moving target, i.e. a car in its first proposed application. A slotted waveguide antenna array is used to illuminate the moving object at the desired position, whereas a four-patch array antenna is adopted at the receiver side. Both the antennas have been designed using numerical simulations based on a Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) algorithm. When the moving object crosses the antenna beam a triggering pulse is generated by the receiver; such a pulse can be used to reset or update the electronics aboard the vehicle and to log specific information coming from location-based systems (LBSs), into the car equipments. A digital transmission of gold sequences and a post-processing unit have been exploited so far to increase the robustness and the accuracy of the system. At this stage of the development the system benefit of extensive field tests, being adopted for some years by many top Formula 1 racing teams as a lap trigger system, used to reset the on-board electronics when the car crosses either the finishing line and peculiar path reference points. The temporal accuracy exhibited is better than 1 ms with a coverage of about 90 m.
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Javan-Khoshkholgh, Amir, and Aydin Farajidavar. "An Implantable Inductive Near-Field Communication System with 64 Channels for Acquisition of Gastrointestinal Bioelectrical Activity." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122810.
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High-resolution (HR) mapping of the gastrointestinal (GI) bioelectrical activity is an emerging method to define the GI dysrhythmias such as gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia. Currently, there is no solution available to conduct HR mapping in long-term studies. We have developed an implantable 64-channel closed-loop near-field communication system for real-time monitoring of gastric electrical activity. The system is composed of an implantable unit (IU), a wearable unit (WU), and a stationary unit (SU) connected to a computer. Simultaneous data telemetry and power transfer between the IU and WU is carried out through a radio-frequency identification (RFID) link operating at 13.56 MHz. Data at the IU are encoded according to a self-clocking differential pulse position algorithm, and load shift keying modulated with only 6.25% duty cycle to be back scattered to the WU over the inductive path. The retrieved data at the WU are then either transmitted to the SU for real-time monitoring through an ISM-band RF transceiver or stored locally on a micro SD memory card. The measurement results demonstrated successful data communication at the rate of 125 kb/s when the distance between the IU and WU is less than 5 cm. The signals recorded in vitro at IU and received by SU were verified by a graphical user interface.
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Zeibig, Stefan. "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)." Controlling 18, no. 1 (2006): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0935-0381-2006-1-51.
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Rundh, Bo. "Radio frequency identification (RFID)." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 26, no. 1 (February 8, 2008): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500810847174.
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Melski, Adam, Lars Thoroe, and Matthias Schumann. "RFID – Radio Frequency Identification." Informatik-Spektrum 31, no. 5 (August 5, 2008): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00287-008-0267-8.
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Roberts, C. M. "Radio frequency identification (RFID)." Computers & Security 25, no. 1 (February 2006): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2005.12.003.
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