Relevant bibliographies by topics / Radio in rural development

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Radio in rural development'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Radio in rural development"

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Das, Rajesh. "Revitalizing Rural Development through Community Radio." Media Watch 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976091120110105.

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Fombad, Madeleine C., and Glenrose Veli Jiyane. "The role of community radios in information dissemination to rural women in South Africa." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 51, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000616668960.

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Rural women in South Africa are important role players in community development; to withhold information from them is to hold back the potential for rural development. However, obstacles such as poverty, illiteracy, fear, poor access to public agencies, and lack of knowledge about the right to information and how or where to ask for it has deprived women of access to information. Since post-apartheid South Africa, government has made progress toward empowering women. Community radio is the only accessible and readily affordable medium within the rural community and can play a significant role in rural development of women. This article adopts the case study research approach through the use of document analysis and interviews to investigate the role of two community radio stations in selected areas of the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa with regard to rural development and the dissemination of information to women listeners. It also suggests ways by which these radios may be used to enhance access to information by rural women in South Africa. The findings reveal that although community radio stations are recognised as support systems for information dissemination in rural communities, their role in information dissemination and the community development of women has not been fully explored. This article suggests ways in which the services of community radios may be enhanced by the provision of information to women for rural development.
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Timalsina, Mahanand, and Prajwal Man Pradhan. "Role of Local/Community Radio on Rural Development." Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies 16 (December 2, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdrs.v16i0.31570.

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This paper renders role of local/community radio on rural development in general and rural community development process in particular. By applying library based research method, necessary informations are generated through literature review. This paper highliths that community radio has brought positive impacts particularly in seven thematic areas (i.e. suitability, agricultural transformation, promoting participatory democracy, voice of voiceless, information/ discussion forum on local issues, empowering unprivileged rural people and contribution on good governance). Thus, better to offer radio programs by the local level authorities in such thematic areas for strengthning rural development process in general and rural community development process in particular.
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Mu-azu, Iddirisu Andani, and G. P. Shivram. "The Impact of Radio Broadcast in Local Dialect on Rural Community." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 3 (May 9, 2017): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i3.76.

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AbstractThe paper set out a platform to investigate the impact of FM radio broadcast in local dialects on rural community development in the Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana. The study adopts survey design and also employs probability proportional techniques to select communities for the study. The main thrust of this paper is on the impact of local dialect on rural community development, preferences of development programmes and the community’s participation in the production of radio programmes. Out of 400 questionnaires distributed, 392 was retrieved and analysed. From the results, it is established that local dialect broadcast on radio have an impact on development of rural communities. Also, it improves awareness and knowledge of solutions to community’s development problems in education, agriculture, environment, culture, politics and religion. The paper compare target audience’s preference for local dialect radio programmes to other similar content programmes that were not broadcast in local dialect. It concludes that radio broadcast in local dialect plays a pivotal role in bridging the communication gap between government and rural communities. It proved to be one of the effective mode of communication at the grass-root level. The study shows a positive role played by the indigenous dialect’s radio programmes and recommends that rural development programmes on radio should be packaged in local language. Thus, enhances listenership, interest and positive desired behavioural change.Key Words: Impact, FM Radio Broadcast, Local Dialect, Rural Development, Ghana.
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Likhi, Abhilaksh. "Challenges for community radio in India’s rural development." Media Asia 40, no. 2 (January 2013): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2013.11689957.

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Saleem, Anila, Wajiha Raza Rizvi, and Maria Saleem. "Role of Radio Pakistan in Advancing Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas." Global Regional Review IV, no. II (June 30, 2019): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-ii).38.

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This doctoral study examines the role of Radio Pakistan in influencing socio-economic development in Central Punjab through its radio stations situated in Lahore, Faisalabad, and Sargodha by analyzing the policy, content and the format of the programs related to socio-economic development focusing on the social indicators of religion, healthcare, education, culture, and politics as well as economic indicators of agriculture, trade & business, small & medium enterprise, infrastructure, and China Pakistan Economic Corridor during 2008-2013. The research design of this study included the qualitative approach of research. Survey method from radio listeners of Radio Pakistan Lahore, Faisalabad and Sargodha. Although a lot of appreciable work has done by the radio which is the biggest source of information in rural areas but still more work is needed to be done. Through radio Pakistan, it is now easier for women to get an education without making opponents to their parents and strict family heads.
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Julius-Adeoye, ‘Rantimi Jays. "Community radio: an instrument for good governance in Nigeria." EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts 7, no. 1-2 (April 15, 2020): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejotmas.v7i1-2.23.

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Decree No. 38 of 1992 enacted under the administration of General Ibrahim B. Babangida put a stop to fifty seven years of government’s exclusive ownership and operation of broadcasting in Nigeria. However, with the cost of setting-up, management and obtaining license for media station being prohibitively expensive, the system can only be accessed by the rich and powerful in the society, thereby depriving rural communities’ involvement in the development of the country. As part of the panoply of strategies to ensure rural communities’ participation in democratic governance, there is need for the establishment of rural community radio stations, which is very much different from educational institutions’ type currently being paraded as community radios but rather a training room for communication and theatre arts students. Using historical-analytic method, this article looks at the role community radio could play in making good governance in Nigeria accessible to every segment of society, especially the rural populace. Therefore, it is recommended that Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC) policy should consider the inclusion of community radio as the third in the sector of radio broadcasting in Nigeria after public and commercial ownership. Furthermore, since community radio is essentially non-for-profit, government should make the operation licence free or at a minimal cost to the host community. Keywords: Community radio, NBC, Good governance, People’s participation, Nigeria
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Backhaus, Bridget. "Community Radio as Amplification of Rural Knowledge Sharing." Asia Pacific Media Educator 29, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1326365x19864476.

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Community radio’s relationship with the farming communities has a long history in India. The earliest successful experiments in community broadcasting involved both farmers and agriculture. In terms of development communication, community radio in India represents a confluence of somewhat conflicting paradigms. While community radio is generally presented as a highly democratic, participatory medium, the way it is operationalized in India more closely aligns with the modernization/diffusion paradigm. In 1976, Joseph Ascroft observed the phenomenon of ‘interpersonal diffusion’ among farmers, whereby for each farmer trained in new techniques, three more would adopt the innovations. While this ‘interpersonal diffusion’ was by no means perfect, it was illustrative of the complex communication networks involved in the diffusion process. It also hints towards the ways in which community radio can act as a facilitator of these processes; as somewhat of an intersection between diffusion and participatory communication. Drawing on ethnographically inspired qualitative research conducted at a rural community radio station in South India, this article explores the role of community radio at the intersections of participatory development and diffusion. This article argues that community radio facilitates the sharing of technical information and innovations among farmers and contributes to amplifying existing knowledge communication systems. The implications of this article suggest that a focus on existing local knowledge communication and transfer systems could contribute to achieving broader development outcomes and further situating the role of community radio within development and social change initiatives.
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Cant, Anna. "“Vivir Mejor”:Radio Education in Rural Colombia (1960–80)." Americas 77, no. 4 (October 2020): 573–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2020.42.

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ABSTRACTFounded in 1947 by a Catholic priest, Acción Cultural Popular (ACPO) was a pioneer in radio education. Offering a radio station (Radio Sutatenza), study manuals, and a newspaper, ACPO provided basic education and encouraged campesinos to seek personal development and to “vivir mejor”--to live better. From 1947 to 1994, it attracted over four million subscribers and became a model in 13 Latin American countries. In this article I show how ACPO's approach to rural development and communication style evolved between 1960 and 1980. As a consequence of technological, economic, and cultural developments, Radio Sutatenza, a station with a more or less captive audience of illiterate peasants, changed as it was forced to respond to rural Colombians’ shifting aspirations and competition from commercial radio. While the organization's founding principles remained constant throughout this period, its articulation of what it meant to “live better” changed over time, reflecting the struggles of a religious organization to remain relevant in a rapidly changing world. While ACPO saw itself as the bearer of modernity, it was often confronted by independent processes of change already occurring in rural communities.
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Patil, Dhanraj A. "Participatory Communication Approach for RD: Evidence from Two Grassroots CR Stations in Rural India." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 1 (June 2019): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529119860623.

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The traditional approach of communication for rural development (RD) was greatly influenced by the dominant paradigm of development. The retort against this paradigm gave birth to the participatory approach of communication wherein the common people in rural areas were considered as the ‘subjects’ of development in conjunction with their active involvement. It is the era when alternative communication medium like community radio (CR) was accepted as a tool of participatory RD in developing counters like India. Based on case studies of India’s pioneer CRs (Sangam Radio and Radio Bundelkhand), using media ethnography tools, a qualitative enquiry was carried out to explore its role in the process of RD by inclusion of voices of rural subalterns in their own development.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Radio in rural development"

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Knowles, Sima Kaur. "Radio & development : access and uses of the radio public sphere by rural Baganda women." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434711.

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This thesis examines ways in which radio stations serve the development 'needs' of rural Baganda women in Uganda. The thesis argues that a new participatory public sphere has been created in Uganda with the rise of commercial radio stations, with important implications for social development. These conclusions are drawn from an analysis of media liberalisation and globalisation in Uganda, informed by communication development theories and the theory of the Public Sphere. The thesis, examines the African Public sphere and the way that Uganda's vibrant oral culture has fostered the rapid expansion of radio services in the region. It unpacks 'development' as a concept, exploring its relationship to radio services in Africa and Uganda in particular. The thesis concludes that as part of the push for 'development', media liberalisation has led to haphazard licensing of radio frequencies with no proper spectrum planning. It has also seen the growing influence of commercial radio stations like Radio Simba. Using content analysis of the programme schedules of Radio Simba and the publicly funded Radio Uganda, the thesis examines the quality and nature of radio programmes available to rural Baganda women. Drawing on interviews and participant observation with radio producers and government representatives, it concludes that in places like Uganda, where national broadcasters are too close to governments, their public service role is limited. The thesis asserts that Radio Simba partly fills this role. U sing focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, the study goes on to examine the access and uses of radio by rural Baganda women for development. It concludes that rural communities use radio to inform, enhance farming practices, health promotion and human rights campaigns. Radio also has a 'psychosocial' purpose, enabling a redefining of Ugandan identity through music and 'local' programming. The thesis ends by describing some of the moral panic created as a result of the presence of this new global public sphere in Uganda, and the limited nature of Ugandan academic debate about the changing nature of public service broadcasting.
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Fuel, Isaias Carlos. "Perceived usefulness of agricultural information sought on-line and broadcast in rural Mozambique: a case study of two Community Multimedia Centres (CMCs)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007240.

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The wealth of information available on the Internet holds the potential to aid development in Africa. In order to be effective, such information needs to be contextualised to respond to local needs and practices. The combination of old and new media can support uptake and improve acceptance of new technologies in developing countries. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the perceived usefulness of agricultural information sought on-line and broadcast via community radio in the two Community Multimedia Centres (CMCs) of Namaacha and Murrombene, in rural Mozambique. The data was generated from focus group discussion, individual interview, document analysis, and observation involving farmers and radio presenters. The study has shown that on-line agricultural information responds to the needs of the farmers because it contributes to eliminate pests and help farmers to make decisions about their activities. The study has also shown that there is a communication gap between farmers, extension workers, and volunteer reporters working at the community radios of the two CMCs. Volunteers have no agricultural knowledge. The problem this creates manifests itself primarily when they try to translate on-line agricultural information from Portuguese into local languages. Farmers have difficulties expressing their problems. Extension workers are not available to act as experts and mediators between volunteers and farmers. A collaborative website focusing on locally relevant content was suggested as a possible improvement.
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Gómez-Villavicencio, Diego-Antonio. "El impacto social de la radio comunitaria La Voz del Allincapac en Macusani." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad de Lima, 2016. http://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/handle/ulima/3702.

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La presente investigación tiene como objetivo conocer qué opinan los oyentes sobre una radio comunitaria y su impacto en el desarrollo local: La Voz del Allincapac del distrito de Macusani, provincia de Carabaya, región Puno, en Perú.
Trabajo de investigación
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van, Vuuren Catharina Cornelia Maria (Kitty), and n/a. "Community Participation in Australian Community Broadcasting: A Comparative Study of Rural, Regional and Remote Radio." Griffith University. School of Arts, Media and Culture, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040720.153812.

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This study investigates the relationship between media and democracy with a particular focus on Australian community broadcasting. I put forward the thesis that the value and purpose of community broadcasting are located in its community development function, rather than in its ability to transmit alternative information. This suggests that an analysis should emphasise community rather than media. Community development promotes the empowerment of ordinary people so that they can confidently participate in management and decision-making - that is, the procedures and norms that underpin democratic practices. In the case of community media, the relationship between democracy and media is located primarily in its volunteers. To understand this relationship, I link together concepts of the public sphere and social capital. The public sphere is understood as multiple and diverse and linked to other publics via the web of relationships forged among people with shared interests and norms. I argue that a community public sphere should be understood as a cultural resource and managed as a common property. The public sphere is thus conceived to have a more or less porous boundary that serves to regulate membership. Understood as a bounded domain, the public sphere can be analysed in terms of its ideological structure, its management practices and its alliances with other publics. This approach also allows for a comparison with other similar public spheres. The study identifies two main ideological constellations that have shaped the development of Australian community broadcasting - professionalism and community development, with the former gaining prominence as the sector expands into rural and regional communities. The ascendancy of professional and quasi-commercial practices is of concern as it can undermine the community development potential of community broadcasting, a function that appears to be little understood and one which has attracted little research. The study presents a case study of three regional and remote rural community radio stations and compares them from a social capital perspective. Social capital is a framework for understanding the relationship between the individual and the community and explores this relationship in terms of participation in networks, reciprocal benefits among groups and individuals and the nature of active participation. Demographic and organisational structures of the three stations are also compared. By taking this approach, each station's capacity for community development and empowerment is addressed. The results of the fieldwork reveal that the success of a community radio station is related to 'community spirit' and demographic structure. They reveal that the community radio station in the smallest community with the lowest per capita income was best able to meet the needs of its community and its volunteers.
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van, Vuuren Catharina Cornelia Maria (Kitty). "Community Participation in Australian Community Broadcasting: A Comparative Study of Rural, Regional and Remote Radio." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366371.

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This study investigates the relationship between media and democracy with a particular focus on Australian community broadcasting. I put forward the thesis that the value and purpose of community broadcasting are located in its community development function, rather than in its ability to transmit alternative information. This suggests that an analysis should emphasise community rather than media. Community development promotes the empowerment of ordinary people so that they can confidently participate in management and decision-making - that is, the procedures and norms that underpin democratic practices. In the case of community media, the relationship between democracy and media is located primarily in its volunteers. -- To understand this relationship, I link together concepts of the public sphere and social capital. The public sphere is understood as multiple and diverse and linked to other publics via the web of relationships forged among people with shared interests and norms. I argue that a community public sphere should be understood as a cultural resource and managed as a common property. The public sphere is thus conceived to have a more or less porous boundary that serves to regulate membership. Understood as a bounded domain, the public sphere can be analysed in terms of its ideological structure, its management practices and its alliances with other publics. This approach also allows for a comparison with other similar public spheres. -- The study identifies two main ideological constellations that have shaped the development of Australian community broadcasting - professionalism and community development, with the former gaining prominence as the sector expands into rural and regional communities. The ascendancy of professional and quasi-commercial practices is of concern as it can undermine the community development potential of community broadcasting, a function that appears to be little understood and one which has attracted little research. -- The study presents a case study of three regional and remote rural community radio stations and compares them from a social capital perspective. Social capital is a framework for understanding the relationship between the individual and the community and explores this relationship in terms of participation in networks, reciprocal benefits among groups and individuals and the nature of active participation. Demographic and organisational structures of the three stations are also compared. By taking this approach, each station's capacity for community development and empowerment is addressed. -- The results of the fieldwork reveal that the success of a community radio station is related to 'community spirit' and demographic structure. They reveal that the community radio station in the smallest community with the lowest per capita income was best able to meet the needs of its community and its volunteers.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Arts, Media and Culture
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Myers, Mary. "Educational and developmental radio for rural women : understanding broadcasters and listeners in a case study of Eritrea." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501312.

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Rural African women's disadvantaged position in relation to accessing developmental information and participating in education is well-known. It has been posited that radio broadcasting is potentially a tool which could help overcome some of their disadvantages. Through an empirical case-study of radio broadcasting in Eritrea, the research examines the extent to which radio is fulfilling this potential educational and developmental role in relation to rural women. The practical and socio-cultural factors influencing the production of educational and developmental programmes by broadcasters as well as the meaning and attraction that such programmes hold for listeners.
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Ogunlade, Abimbola Adegoke. "Comparative cost-benefit analysis of renewable energy resources for rural community development in Nigeria / A.A. Ogunlade." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2646.

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Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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LIMA, Ivanice Oliveira de. "Rádio comunitária, gênero e capital social: a experiência da Alternativa FM, emissora da Associação das Mulheres de Nazaré da Mata - Amunam." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6082.

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Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-06T12:01:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivanice Oliveira de Lima.pdf: 1153167 bytes, checksum: 6a9181dabbfcbf0d14a133b66bab9e37 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T12:01:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivanice Oliveira de Lima.pdf: 1153167 bytes, checksum: 6a9181dabbfcbf0d14a133b66bab9e37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-06
The aim of this study was to analyze the appropriation of the Alternativa FM Communitarian Radio by the women involved in the actions of the non-governmental organization Nazaré da Mata Women Association – Amunam. What was specifically wanted was to understand the point until which the work in the production of a communitarian radio contributes for the development of the human and social capitals of these women. Searching the communitarian radios as initiatives that are related to the local development constituted a possibility to think of the communication produced by the popular contexts and directed toward them. In the specific case of a work that evaluated the production of a communitarian radio by agricultural women, the condition to think of the construction of human and social capitals in these women came from this radio practice. The theoretical support for Communitarian Radio was based on authors as Cicília Perruzzo, Lílian Bahia and Dioclécio Luz. The question of Gender was brought by Joan Scott, Norma Sanchís, and Alma Espino; the Social Capital by Carlos Julio Jara, Robert Putnam and Heloiza Matos; and the perspective of communication directed to the local development was emphasized by the authoress Maria Salett Tauk Santos. It is a study of case that used combined techniques of data collection, such as: bibliographical research, documentary analysis and half-structuralized interview with the Amunam coordinators, the Alternativa FM directors, coordinators and female broadcasters of this radio station. During the work, it was observed that the Amunam, through the Alternativa FM Radio Station, develops a project directed to the local development using endogenous energies towards the attempt of accomplishing improvements in Nazaré da Mata, which are related to the human capital construction, when they make the formation and development of the female broadcasters‟ technical abilities possible, and the social capital‟s, as the work in the radio station stimulates contribution and political participation of these women who are involved in the radio practice, although it is perceived that the human and social capitals are still being formed and are part of a process that is not suddenly established.
O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as apropriações da Rádio Comunitária Alternativa FM pelas mulheres envolvidas nas ações da organização não- governamental Associação das Mulheres de Nazaré da Mata – Amunam. Especificamente o que se quer compreender é até que ponto o trabalho na produção de uma rádio comunitária contribui para o desenvolvimento do capital humano e do capital social dessas mulheres. Pesquisar as rádios comunitárias como iniciativas que se relacionam ao desenvolvimento local constitui uma possibilidade de refletir sobre a comunicação produzida pelos contextos populares e voltada para eles. No caso específico de um trabalho que avalia a produção de uma rádio comunitária por mulheres rurais, aparece a condição de refletir sobre a construção de capital humano e capital social nessas mulheres a partir dessa prática radiofônica. O aporte teórico sobre Rádio Comunitária fundamenta-se em autores como Cicilia Perruzzo, Lílian Bahia e Dioclécio Luz. A questão de Gênero é trazida por aportes de Joan Scott, Norma Sanchís, e Alma Espino. O Capital Social aparece através de Carlos Julio Jara, Robert Putnam e Heloiza Matos. E a perspectiva da comunicação voltada para o desenvolvimento local é fortalecida pela autora Maria Salett Tauk Santos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que utilizou técnicas combinadas de coleta de dados, como pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental e aplicação de entrevista semi-estruturada com a coordenação da Amunam, a direção e coordenação da Alternativa FM e com mulheres radialistas dessa emissora. No decorrer do trabalho, observou-se que a Amunam, por meio da Rádio Alternativa FM, desenvolve um projeto voltado ao desenvolvimento local ao utilizar energias endógenas na tentativa de melhorias em Nazaré da Mata. Melhorias que em muito se relacionam à construção do capital humano, ao possibilitar formação e desenvolvimento de habilidades técnicas pelas mulheres radialistas; e capital social, na medida em que o trabalho na rádio incentiva a colaboração e a participação política dessas mulheres envolvidas na prática radiofônica. Embora se perceba que o capital humano e o capital social ainda estão em formação e fazem parte de um processo que não se estabelece de forma repentina.
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Kafaar, Al-Ameen. "The efficacy of participatory communication training in farming communities : the case of Valley FM in the Cape Winelands District Region." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86361.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global economic conditions are forcing donor and development agencies to reduce aid to developing countries and communities. This reduction is resulting in less developmental programmes for disadvantaged communities. To ensure that developmental programmes are implemented successfully and cost effectively, implementing agents will have to ensure that they improve their developmental communication. It is also becoming important that those who are to benefit from developmental programmes convey or identify exactly what their needs are. There should be very little speculation from development agencies about what the needs of the disadvantaged are. It is becoming necessary to review current developmental tools, methods and systems, and also to explore what other measures can be applied to ensure that speculation or time and money wasting exercises are eliminated. This study attempts to look at two things that will influence effective development communication. The first is to examine if community radio is still as an efficient developmental communication tool as perhaps two decades ago. Secondly, it looks at the possibility to tailor-make information for those who need develop, especially in the context of evolving technology.
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Rahmani-Shirazi, Ashiyan Ian. "Gender Praxis| Rural Fiji Radio and Mobile Devices." Thesis, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13422469.

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This communications study looks at gender-based self-reflexive theoretically guided practice, “praxis,” to explore the way in which a women's community media organization, femLINKpacific, pursues its goals of enhancing women's participation in governance structures and resiliency to extreme weather conditions. This study contributes to the nascent literature on mobile device and radio interaction by exploring the way in which women in rural Fiji utilize mobile devices to interact with femTALK, the community radio station of femLINKpacific. The study is based on the theoretical frameworks of inclusive innovation, post-development theory, and participatory communications theory in the context of gender-based ICT4D. Two main platforms, Mobile Suitcase Radio (MSR), a portable radio platform, and Women’s Weather Watch (WWW), a mobile-phone based weather reporting network, and an additional non-mediated communication venue of monthly women’s gatherings were explored through a 3-phase study, utilizing interviews and focus groups, with radio station staff and women leader’s networks.

Main findings included the role of WWW to transmit information for preparedness for Tropical Cyclone Winston, and indigenous food practices shared through the various platforms, as well as the role of MSR, when used in conjunction with the issues shared at the monthly consultations, to bring greater awareness to the women’s “voice.” This study extends to understanding the role of mutually supportive, systematic processes to enhance women's participation in governance structures, including the role and effectiveness of inter-ethnic groups in addressing community issues, and capacity building through incremental acclimatizing activities.

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Books on the topic "Radio in rural development"

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Ebo, Stella-Joan. Broadcast mobilization for rural development. [Nigeria]: Nigerian Society for the Promotion of Indigenous Studies, 1997.

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Lowrey, Wilson Hugh. Radio in rural Guatemala: Three case studies. Athens: Cox Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, 1990.

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rurale, Office de radiodiffusion et télévision du Bénin Service radio. Appui à la radio rurale au Bénin. Cotonou: Le Service, 1994.

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Alternativa Consultoria em Educação, Cultura e Comunicação Social (Firm), ed. Na onda do progresso: O papel do rádio no desenvolvimento do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Brasil: Alternativa Consultoria em Educação, Cultura e Comunicação Social, 2001.

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Hein, Kurt. Radio Baháʼí, Ecuador: A Baháʼí development project. Oxford: G. Ronald, 1988.

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Rachmiatie, Atie. Radio komunitas: Eskalasi demokratisasi komunikasi. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2007.

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Tusamba, Raul. Radio-Cameroun et développement rural: Étude des émissions Le magazine du monde rural. Genève: IUED, 1986.

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Tusamba, Raul. Radio-Cameroun et développement rural: Étude des émissions, "Le Magazine du monde rural". Genève: Institut universitaire d'études du développement, Service des publications, 1986.

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Rosa, Tealdo Ana, Aliaga Sandra, and Instituto para América Latina, eds. Radio y democracia en América Latina. Lima, Perú: Instituto para América Latina, 1989.

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Cimadevilla, Gustavo. La bocina que parla: Antecedentes y perspectivas de los estudios de comunicación rural. Río Cuarto, República Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Radio in rural development"

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Heywood, Emma. "Radio, Women, and Inheritance." In Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change, 137–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35985-9_5.

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AbstractThe chapter examines how the issue of inheritance and the extent to which the allocation of that inheritance affects women, families, and communities, both rural and urban. It discusses how this is represented by a radio studio in Mali on one hand, and by its audiences on the other, and the extent to which, and how, the broadcasts raise awareness and promote women’s human rights and empowerment, not only among the women who are only too aware of the difficulties they face but also among men and extended family members who hold the power over the women. It further questions whether the broadcasts are in alignment with ‘imposed’ international development discourse while remaining culturally relevant and whether the radio broadcasts present women as individuals or within their societal web of relations.
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Hudson, Heather E. "Information Technologies for Rural Development in Africa: New Paradigms from Radio to Broadband." In Broadband as a Video Platform, 117–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03617-5_10.

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Lindenberg, Johannes, David Butler Manning, and Hartmut Schmidt. "The Bark to Wood Ratio of the Poplar Variety Populus maximowiczii × Populus nigra Grown in Short Rotation Coppice and the Calorific Properties of the Resultant Woodfuel." In Bioenergy from Dendromass for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas, 469–82. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527682973.ch34.

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Weik, Martin H. "rural radio service." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1509. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_16557.

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Atkinson, Christopher L. "Rural Development." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 5528–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_1014.

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Atkinson, Christopher L. "Rural Development." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_1014-1.

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Rodwell, Dennis. "Rural development." In The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific, 406–23. New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429486470-24.

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Ali, Tanvir, Babar Shahbaz, Muhammad Iftikhtar, Ijaz Ashraf, Shoukat Ali, Ghazanfar Ali Khan, Aqeela Saghir, and Muhammad Saleem Mohsin. "Rural Development." In Developing Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan, 703–29. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351208239-32.

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Atkinson, Christopher L. "Rural Development." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 11714–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_1014.

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Pavarala, Vinod, Kanchan K. Malik, and Aniruddha Jena. "Community radio as development radio." In The Routledge Companion to Radio and Podcast Studies, 287–97. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003002185-34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Radio in rural development"

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KUPCZYK, Adam, and Karol TUCKI. "EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND EXCESS AIR RATIO ON COMBUSTION PROCESS OF MIXTURES OF ERUCIC RAPESEED." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.019.

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The paper presents results of investigations into diesel engine fuelled with high erucic acid rapeseed oil and its mixture with diesel, petrol and ethanol at different proportions. The study was performed in a chamber with constant volume depending on temperature and air pressure and the coefficient of excess air. The main purpose of performed tests was to determine the effect of various parameters on processes of spontaneous combustion and combustion of fuels. During the study basic parameters of combustion, e.g. auto-ignition delay, greatest pressure and contractual time were compared. Studies show that increased pressure injection improves combustion process for all test fuels, and injection pressure most strongly affect the combustion process of rapeseed oil and its mixtures with ethanol.
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ŠPIČKA, Jindřich. "WHAT DETERMINES PROPENSITY TO GET PUBLIC INVESTMENT SUBSIDIES? A CASE STUDY OF THE CZECH FOOD INDUSTRY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.052.

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The aim of the paper is to is to quantify differences in structural and economic indicators between participants and nonparticipants of the investment support programmes in the Czech food industry at the beginning of the old programming period (2007). Research was conducted on a dataset of supported projects from the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Industry and Trade combined with structural and economic indicators of participating and nonparticipating companies provided by MagnusWeb database. Final database contained 1 225 companies. However, not all indicators were available for all companies. Original set of variables was selected through Principal Component Analysis. Propensity to be supported was calculated through probit regression. Public investment support has had pretensions to increase productivity of the food industry as well as the added value of agricultural production by supporting many operations in agricultural processing and marketing. Ex-post evaluation of the “old” programming period 2007–14 shows that companies with larger size, lower trade margin, optimal liquidity, lower debt ratio and higher credit debt ratio had higher propensity to be supported. Conclusions about size and credit debt ratio follow previous research by other authors that small companies had lower chance to be supported because of more difficult access to good advisory services and bank loans.
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KRUMINA-ZEMTURE, Gita, and Ilze BEITANE. "FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN BUCKWHEAT (FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM M.) FLOURS AND THEIR EXTRUDED PRODUCTS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.017.

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Lipids compose a small part of buckwheat seed, but they play an important role in the quality of food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition and content of fatty acids in different buckwheat flours (raw, roasted, white, black and germinated) and their extruded products. Fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography according to the BIOR-T-012-131-2011 method. The prevalence of unsaturated fatty acids was determined which varied between 78.7 and 82.0 g 100 g-1 of fat in buckwheat samples. Linoleic and oleic acids were the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids, whereas palmitic acid was the main saturated fatty acid in buckwheat flours and their extruded products. Unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio was determined within 3.69 and 4.56, whereas linoleic/α-linolenic acid ratio was between 13.54 and 16.04. No trans-fatty acids in buckwheat flours and their extruded products were observed. The results showed that germination and extrusion of buckwheat flours did not have any effect on the content and composition of fatty acids (p>0.05).
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Karps, Oskars, Aivars Aboltins, and Janis Palabinskis. "BIOMASS ASH UTILIZATION OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.083.

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In Latvia and in the world there are problems with utilization of wood ash from large fireboxes because it is a technologically complicated, time consuming and costly process. The methods used to dispose of the ash when it is deposited in waste landfills are unsustainable. Pollution-increasing solution is needed since pure wood ash is a valuable source of plant nutrients. Ash contains the macro and microelements needed for plants and can replace some of the precious mineral fertilizers in agriculture, especially in organic. Ash use in agriculture is little explored and implemented, the use of the technology is not resolved (ash collection and screening, fractionation, drilling, evaluation, etc.). The LUA studies of ash and slurry mixing problem to prepare ash with mechanized spreaders. Cattle slurry is used as a binder that helps create solid ash fractions that are subject to dispersion with centrifugal fertilizer dispersers with a sufficiently good spreading quality. The research examines the conditions for the creation of different size fractions and their dissolution. The experimental results showed that the best used ratio of the mixtures was 1000 ml of ash and 200 ml of liquid manure or 1000 ml of ash and 300 ml of liquid manure. In this ratio, the produced granule size was very close to the size of mineral fertilizers.
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SKORUPSKAITĖ, Virginija, Eglė SENDŽIKIENĖ, and Milda GUMBYTĖ. "POSSIBILITIES TO USE FISH WASTE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.073.

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The secondary raw materials of fish can be used for various purposes in food industry, agriculture, etc. No less important way for usage of secondary raw fish, dead fish and fish farming sludge is the utilization of mentioned feedstocks for energy purposes, i.e. biofuels production. In this reearch, the possibilities of the consumption of dead fish and fish farming sludge for biodiesel and biogas production has been studied. The influence of the basic biodiesel production parameters, including the methanol to oil molar ratio, amount of catalyst, temperature and process duration on transesterification yield was determined. The guantitative and gualitative research of biogas production using different substrates such as fish waste, fish farming sludge and substrates composed of fish waste (de-oiled and non de-oiled biomass)+fish farming sludge and fish farming sludge+wastewater sludge was performed. The biodiesel yield higher than 96.5% could be achieved under the following process conditions: methanol/oil molar ratio – 4:1, amount of enzyme content – 7% from oil mass, temperature – 40 ° C, reaction time – 24 hours. The highest biogas yield (1224 ml/gVS) was determined using wet fish waste biomass and mixed substrates consisted of fish waste and fish farming sludge. The results of qualitative biogas research revealed, that biogas produced from both homogeneous and heterogeneous substrates contained more than 60% of methane. The highest calorific value (app. 70% of methane) had biogas gained from fish waste biomass.
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Andersone, Anna, Alexander Arshanitsa, Lilija Jashina, Māris Lauberts, Tatiana Dizhbite, and Galina Telysheva. "EFFECTS OF CONTENTS AND COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF ASH AND ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS ON FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFTWOOD AND WHEAT STRAW HYDROLYTIC PROCESSING RESIDUES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.087.

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Processing of biomass for obtaining of liquid ethanol, platform chemicals and solid biofuel, is topical biorefinery schema intensively developing. Acid hydrolysis, separated hydrolysis and fermentation, and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation are integrated with other treatments for the advanced technology development. The aim of this work was estimation of effect of softwood and wheat straw hydrolysis type on fuel characteristics of rich-in-lignin residues with emphasis on content and component composition of ash and feedstock. Elemental Analysis; Atomic absorption spectroscopy; calorimetric method; Klason lignin determination were used. Laboratory scale pellet mill KAHL 14-175 and original small pilot-scale gasifier were used for study of residues granulation ability and combustion behavior of pellets obtained. The ash content in softwood residues slightly increase but does not exceed 1%, for wheat straw residues it is >14% (0,2% and 10% for feedstock, correspondingly). The ashing temperature of 650oC is experimentally established as optimal. Detection of ash component allows to foreseen possible contamination connected with materials of the devices and chemicals used in the technological stream. Combustion mechanism of solid residues differs from that of feedstock by increasing of ratio duration of glue combustion to flame combustion steps, that is more characteristic for coal. The efficiency of biomass combustion was regulated by changing the ratio of primary and secondary air supply. Direct correlation established between higher heating value and Klason lignin content for samples, allows to recommend these analyses for evaluation of biomass potential as a fuel. Residues under study meet the requirements of EU Standard CN/TS 335.
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SKOMINAS, Rytis, Linas ZVINAKEVIČIUS, Vincas GURSKIS, and Raimondas ŠADZEVIČIUS. "EVALUATION OF SUITABILITY TO USE PLASTIC WASTE IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.024.

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Nowadays one of the main tasks of environmental protection is the management and recycling of plastic waste. Plastic occupy the major part of all public waste and with this material is polluted all earth. In natural condition plastic decompose in 400 or even in 500 years. Therefore, it is important to solve this problem reusing plastic waste. One of the possible areas is construction industry. In the present paper were estimated how plastic waste impact the properties of concrete. During the research the part of coarse aggregates were changed with polyethylene (PE) pellets and cut polypropylene (PP) particles. The change of fresh concrete density, workability and hardened concrete density, compression strength, water absorbability were evaluated. The results show, that plastic waste has a positive effect on fresh concrete properties: the concrete become more workable and lighter. Unfortunately, on the main hardened concrete properties the increase plastic waste amount has the negative effect: the compression strength was decreasing and the water absorbability was increasing. However, generalizing all results, can be stated, that keeping the same level of concrete workability there are possibilities to reduce water and cement ratio and it will give strength loss and water absorbability growth compensation.
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CÂRDEI, Petru, and Dragoș MANEA. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE HEAT EXCHANGE OF GREENHOUSE AND SOLARIUM SOIL IN THE PLANT ROOT AREA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.001.

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This paper proposes a structural mathematical model of heat exchange into the soil of a solarium. The model investigates the possibility of a rational choice of the cooling water transit time through the pipeline network located in the plant root area. Also, the size of the cooled root area is roughly determined, according to the temperature of the cooling fluid. At the same time, the model provides information on the degree of soil cooling, meaning the ratio between the average soil temperature in the cooled root area and a reference temperature, for example the temperature indicated by a sensor into the soil, at a distance fixed to the root axis. The model considered is a plan one. Geometric is considered a section through the soil, perpendicular to the axis of the pipe carrying the cooling fluid. The soil, the copper pipe and the water are the components of the model. The finite elements for meshing are flat, triangular. This simple model prepares a three-dimensional complex approach and has, as a preparation, a unidimensional model. Obviously, this model provides some start-up indications for achieving the physical model and content of the process parameter set. After its realization, the physical model will be used for the optimal control of the cooling process in the radicular area, but also for the validation and the improvement of the theoretical model.
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SADZEVICIUS, Raimondas, Vincas GURSKIS, Tatjana SANKAUSKIENĖ, Vitas DAMULEVIČIUS, and Virginija GURSKIENĖ. "THE ANALYSIS OF CRACKS IN BEAMS OF QUAY NO. 80A AT KLAIPEDA PASSENGER AND CARGO TERMINAL." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.014.

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The cracks can be technological, appear during the usage time of construction, they can also be regular, and appear under the design load or they can also be unexpected and appear due to accidental impacts. Our research has shown that the cracks have appeared in reinforced concrete beams of the superstructure in quays No. 80 and 81 after the construction of Klaipeda Passenger and cargo terminal are caused by shrinkage strain, when the reinforced concrete beams has hardened. Normal hardening concrete shrinkage deformation is inevitable, but it depends on a number of factors, in particular, that in the present structures occurred because: - W/C ratio of concrete mixture exceeds the allowable values; - coarseness of selected aggregates (D = 16 mm) are too small for the construction of a massive wall; - concrete stratification and possible lack of care for hardening concrete (ambient temperature, etc.), this segregation could be affected by to big spread of concrete mixture (class of slump S3). The crack width at reinforced concrete beams in the superstructure of quay No.80 varies from 0.05 to 0.5 mm. This are a non-structural cracks, so they do not reduce significantly the mechanical strength and stability of the structure. Also, research has shown that the relationship between the crack width and the distance between the cracks is weak. Proposals for elimination of potential causes of cracking are presented according to the results.
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NOWAK, Anna, Artur KRUKOWSKI, and Hanna KLIKOCKA. "CHANGES IN THE PROFITABILITY OF FARMS IN EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES – CONVERGENCE OR DIVERGENCE?" In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.092.

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This paper aimed at evaluating the differences within the European Union (EU) regarding profitability of farms and answering the question whether in 2007-2015 any trends at convergence of their income position occurred between member states. The survey covered farms maintaining farm accounts under FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) in 27 member states of the EU. Convergence was evaluated based on the coefficient of variation (sigma convergence) and the relative index of variation in respective member states of the EU in comparison to the EU average in the analyzed period (beta convergence). The surveys point to large disparities in the level of profitability between farms in European Union member states. The highest profitability of work was recorded in countries such as Luxembourg, Netherlands, Ireland, Italy and Belgium. In all new member states the analyzed ratio was relatively low and none of them exceeded the average level for the EU. In 2015 the lowest profitability of land was characteristic of Slovakia, Estonia and Denmark, whereas the highest income per 1 ha was achieved by agricultural producers in Malta, Italy and Greece. In the analysed period no clear trends were observed in convergence or in profitability of work or profitability of land, which means that inequalities between countries with a different level of agricultural development did not disappear.
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Reports on the topic "Radio in rural development"

1

Severin, Eugenio, Ana Santiago, Julian P. Cristia, Pablo Ibarrarán, and Santiago Cueto. Technology and Child Development: Evidence from the One Laptop per Child Program. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012202.

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Although many countries are aggressively implementing the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) program, there is a lack of empirical evidence on its effects. This paper presents the impact of the first large-scale randomized evaluation of the OLPC program, using data collected after 15 months of implementation in 319 primary schools in rural Peru. The results indicate that the program increased the ratio of computers per student from 0.12 to 1.18 in treatment schools. This expansion in access translated into substantial increases in use both at school and at home. No evidence is found of effects on enrollment and test scores in Math and Language. Some positive effects are found, however, in general cognitive skills as measured by Raven's Progressive Matrices, a verbal fluency test and a Coding test.
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Ahmad, F., M. B. Gurung, and S. R. Joshi. Beekeeping and Rural Development. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.458.

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Ahmad, F., M. B. Gurung, and S. R. Joshi. Beekeeping and Rural Development. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.458.

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Bock, Bettina B. Rural Futures : Inclusive rural development in times of urbanisation. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/465253.

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Jiménez, Raúl. Development Effects of Rural Electrification. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000629.

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Pinnock, William. "Your information station": A Case study of rural radio in the 21st century. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2113.

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Hartman, Cathy L., and Edwin R. Stafford. Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1344313.

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Doss, Cheryl, and Agnes R. Quisumbing. Gender, household behavior, and rural development. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896293830_15.

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Duncan, Cynthia. Rural community development: A new paradigm? University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.2.

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Tawk, Youssef, and Christopher Romero. Millimeter Wave Radio Frequency Propagation Model Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609960.

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