Academic literature on the topic 'Radio wave propagation – Africa'

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Journal articles on the topic "Radio wave propagation – Africa"

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Girma, Solomon T., Dominic B. O. Konditi, and Ciira Maina. "A Novel Radio Wave Propagation Modeling Method Using System Identification Technique over Wireless Links in East Africa." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (November 26, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2162570.

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Transmission of a radio signal through a wireless radio channel is affected by refraction, diffraction and reflection, free space loss, object penetration, and absorption that corrupt the originally transmitted signal before radio wave arrives at a receiver antenna. Even though there are many factors affecting wireless radio channels, there are still a number of radio wave propagation models such as Okumura, Hata, free space model, and COST-231 to predict the received signal level at the receiver antenna. However, researchers in the field of radio wave propagation argue that there is no universally accepted propagation model to guarantee a universal recommendation. Thus, this research is aimed at determining the difference between the measured received signal levels and the received signal level calculated from the free space propagation model. System identification method has been proposed to determine this unknown difference. Measured received signal levels were collected from three randomly selected urban areas in Ethiopia using a computer, Nemo test tool, Actix software, Nokia phone, and GPS. The result from the simulations was validated against the received experimental signal level measurement taken in a different environment. From the simulation results, the mean square error (MSE) was 4.169 dB, which is much smaller than the minimum acceptable MSE value of 6 dB for good signal propagation, and 74.76% fit to the estimation data. The results clearly showed that the proposed radio wave propagation model predicts the received signal levels at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz in the study region.
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Altadill, David, Antoni Segarra, Estefania Blanch, José Miguel Juan, Vadym V. Paznukhov, Dalia Buresova, Ivan Galkin, Bodo W. Reinisch, and Anna Belehaki. "A method for real-time identification and tracking of traveling ionospheric disturbances using ionosonde data: first results." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 10 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019042.

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Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) are wave-like propagating irregularities that alter the electron density environment and play an important role spreading radio signals propagating through the ionosphere. A method combining spectral analysis and cross-correlation is applied to time series of ionospheric characteristics (i.e., MUF(3000)F2 or foF2) using data of the networks of ionosondes in Europe and South Africa to estimate the period, amplitude, velocity and direction of propagation of TIDs. The method is verified using synthetic data and is validated through comparison of TID detection results made with independent observational techniques. The method provides near real time capability of detection and tracking of Large-Scale TIDs (LSTIDs), usually associated with auroral activity.
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Modi, Vatsal. "Radio Wave Propagation." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 9, no. 1 (2014): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-09151719.

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DAVIES, K. "Wave Propagation: The Propagation of Radio Waves." Science 232, no. 4756 (June 13, 1986): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4756.1448.

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Goldman, J., and G. W. Swenson. "Radio wave propagation through woods." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 41, no. 5 (1999): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.801512.

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Africa, Aaron Don M. "Modes of Radio Wave Propagation: Troposcatter." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 1175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/36842020.

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Hoang, S., and J. L. Steinberg. "Radio Wave Propagation in the Heliosphere." Physica Scripta T18 (January 1, 1987): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1987/t18/005.

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Singal, S. P. "Radio wave propagation and acoustic sounding." Atmospheric Research 20, no. 2-4 (December 1986): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(86)90027-x.

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SAMI, Ghada M. "Radio Wave Propagation Characteristics in FMCW Radar." Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 01, no. 04 (2009): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2009.14042.

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Gong, J., and T. S. M. Maclean. "Radio wave propagation over finite size plateau." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 39, no. 8 (1991): 1152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.97350.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Radio wave propagation – Africa"

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Tshisaphungo, Mpho. "Validation of high frequency propagation prediction models over Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015239.

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The ionosphere is an important factor in high frequency (HF) radio propagation providing an opportunity to study ionospheric variability as well as the space weather conditions under which HF communication can take place. This thesis presents the validation of HF propagation conditions for the Ionospheric Communication Enhanced Profile Analysis and Circuit (ICEPAC) and Advanced Stand Alone Prediction System (ASAPS) models over Africa by comparing predictions with the measured data obtained from the International Beacon Project (IBP). Since these models were not developed using information on the African region, a more accurate HF propagation prediction tool is required. Two IBP transmitter stations are considered, Ruaraka, Kenya (1.24°S, 36.88°E) and Pretoria, South Africa (25.45°S, 28.10°E) with one beacon receiver station located in Hermanus, South Africa (34.27°S, 19.l2°E). The potential of these models in terms of HF propagation conditions is illustrated. An attempt to draw conclusions for future improvement of the models is also presented. Results show a low prediction accuracy for both ICEPAC and ASAPS models, although ICEPAC provided more accurate predictions for daily HF propagation conditions. This thesis suggests that the development of a new HF propagation prediction tool for the African region or the modification of one of the existing models to accommodate the African region, taking into account the importance of the African ionospheric region, should be considered as an option to ensure more accurate HF Propagation predictions over this region.
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Habarulema, John Bosco. "A contribution to TEC modelling over Southern Africa using GPS data." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005241.

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Modelling ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is an important area of interest for radio wave propagation, geodesy, surveying, the understanding of space weather dynamics and error correction in relation to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNNS) applications. With the utilisation of improved ionosonde technology coupled with the use of GNSS, the response of technological systems due to changes in the ionosphere during both quiet and disturbed conditions can be historically inferred. TEC values are usually derived from GNSS measurements using mathematically intensive algorithms. However, the techniques used to estimate these TEC values depend heavily on the availability of near-real time GNSS data, and therefore, are sometimes unable to generate complete datasets. This thesis investigated possibilities for the modelling of TEC values derived from the South African Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver network using linear regression methods and artificial neural networks (NNs). GPS TEC values were derived using the Adjusted Spherical Harmonic Analysis (ASHA) algorithm. Considering TEC and the factors that influence its variability as “dependent and independent variables” respectively, the capabilities of linear regression methods and NNs for TEC modelling were first investigated using a small dataset from two GPS receiver stations. NN and regression models were separately developed and used to reproduce TEC fluctuations at different stations not included in the models’ development. For this purpose, TEC was modelled as a function of diurnal variation, seasonal variation, solar and magnetic activities. Comparative analysis showed that NN models provide predictions of GPS TEC that were an improvement on those predicted by the regression models developed. A separate study to empirically investigate the effects of solar wind on GPS TEC was carried out. Quantitative results indicated that solar wind does not have a significant influence on TEC variability. The final TEC simulation model developed makes use of the NN technique to find the relationship between historical TEC data variations and factors that are known to influence TEC variability (such as solar and magnetic activities, diurnal and seasonal variations and the geographical locations of the respective GPS stations) for the purposes of regional TEC modelling and mapping. The NN technique in conjunction with interpolation and extrapolation methods makes it possible to construct ionospheric TEC maps and to analyse the spatial and temporal TEC behaviour over Southern Africa. For independent validation, modelled TEC values were compared to ionosonde TEC and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) generated TEC values during both quiet and disturbed conditions. This thesis provides a comprehensive guide on the development of TEC models for predicting ionospheric variability over the South African region, and forms a significant contribution to ionospheric modelling efforts in Africa.
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Opperman, B. D. L. "Reconstructing ionospheric TEC over South Africa using signals from a regional GPS network." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005273.

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Radio signals transmitted by GPS satellites orbiting the Earth are modulated as they propagate through the electrically charged plasmasphere and ionosphere in the near-Earth space environment. Through a linear combination of GPS range and phase measurements observed on two carrier frequencies by terrestrial-based GPS receivers, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along oblique GPS signal paths may be quantified. Simultaneous observations of signals transmitted by multiple GPS satellites and observed from a network of South African dual frequency GPS receivers, constitute a spatially dense ionospheric measurement source over the region. A new methodology, based on an adjusted spherical harmonic (ASHA) expansion, was developed to estimate diurnal vertical TEC over the region using GPS observations over the region. The performance of the ASHA methodology to estimate diurnal TEC and satellite and receiver differential clock biases (DCBs) for a single GPS receiver was first tested with simulation data and subsequently applied to observed GPS data. The resulting diurnal TEC profiles estimated from GPS observations compared favourably to measurements from three South African ionosondes and two other GPS-based methodologies for 2006 solstice and equinox dates. The ASHA methodology was applied to calculating diurnal two-dimensional TEC maps from multiple receivers in the South African GPS network. The space physics application of the newly developed methodology was demonstrated by investigating the ionosphere’s behaviour during a severe geomagnetic storm and investigating the long-term ionospheric stability in support of the proposed Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio astronomy project. The feasibility of employing the newly developed technique in an operational near real-time system for estimating and dissimenating TEC values over Southern Africa using observations from a regional GPS receiver network, was investigated.
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Xu, Hao. "Terrestrial radio wave propagation at millimeter-wave frequencies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27522.

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This research focuses on radio wave propagation at millimeter-wave frequencies. A measurement based channel characterization approach is taken in the investigation. First, measurement techniques are analyzed. Three types of measurement systems are designed, and implemented in measurement campaigns: a narrowband measurement system, a wideband measurement system based on Vector Network Analyzer, and sliding correlator systems at 5.8+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz}, 38+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz} and 60+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz}. The performances of these measurement systems are carefully compared both analytically and experimentally. Next, radio wave propagation research is performed at 38+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz} for Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS). Wideband measurements are taken on three cross-campus links at Virginia Tech. The goal is to determine weather effects on the wideband channel properties. The measurement results include multipath dispersion, short-term variation and signal attenuation under different weather conditions. A design technique is developed to estimate multipath characteristics based on antenna patterns and site-specific information. Finally, indoor propagation channels at 60+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz} are studied for Next Generation Internet (NGI) applications. The research mainly focuses on the characterization of space-time channel structure. Multipath components are resolved both in time of arrival (TOA) and angle of arrival (AOA). Results show an excellent correlation between the propagation environments and the channel multipath structure. The measurement results and models provide not only guidelines for wireless system design and installation, but also great insights in millimeter-wave propagation.
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Rehman, F. (Faisal). "Radio wave propagation studies through modern windows." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201709082871.

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Abstract. It is a growing trend in the modern housing construction especially in northern parts of Europe and America to use modern windows with selective glasses in order to achieve the adequate thermal isolation. The idea is to conserve the energy and discourage the excess use of it following the guidelines of European commission, which aims to achieve zero energy buildings by 2020. Even though the use of such windows do address the energy issue at hand, but on the other hand they cause problems to the radio wave propagation through these windows. The reason for this is the use of metallic coating made of titanium oxide or silver oxide in general on these windows because of their good properties to provide thermal isolation, but are susceptible to deterioration of radio wave propagation through them. Various solutions to this problem have been addressed in this thesis along with their tradeoffs. The previous and current research being carried out to address this issue also have been discussed thoroughly including the research that worked as the motivation to pursue this issue. Amongst others, one solution is the use of passive repeater to achieve the power gain which have been focused on. A prototype repeater antenna developed earlier at CWC and tested through measurements addresses the problem considerably well. Measurements were taken at EMC chamber, University of Oulu, within the frequency range of 700 MHz to 10 GHz, and the results have been compared and analyzed in this thesis. According to our findings, the repeater antenna under the test has shown promising results. In the future work, the proposed repeater can be tested in real life scenarios and its performance can be analyzed within the real life environmental constraints.
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Atefi, A. "An investigation of radio wave propagation in mobile radio frequency bands." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354537.

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Wang, Ying. "Site-specific modeling of indoor radio wave propagation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0020/NQ53522.pdf.

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Qing, Li. "GIS Aided Radio Wave Propagation Modeling and Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33287.

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The analysis of radio wave propagation is a crucial part in designing an efficient wireless communication system. The Geographic Information System (GIS) can be incorporated into this procedure because most of the factors in radio wave propagation are geographic features. In this research, a commercial wireless planning software is tested in a field driving test carried out in Montgomery County, VA. The performance of current wireless planning software is evaluated based on field measurement. The received signal strength data collected during this driving test are then analyzed in a GIS environment in a statistical approach. The effects of local geographic features are modeled in GIS by appropriate spatial analyses.
Master of Science
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Östlin, Erik. "On Radio Wave Propagation Measurements and Modelling for Cellular Mobile Radio Networks." Doctoral thesis, Karlskrona : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00443.

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To support the continuously increasing number of mobile telephone users around the world, mobile communication systems have become more advanced and sophisticated in their designs. As a result of the great success with the second generation mobile radio networks, deployment of the third and development of fourth generations, the demand for higher data rates to support available services, such as internet connection, video telephony and personal navigation systems, is ever growing. To be able to meet the requirements regarding bandwidth and number of users, enhancements of existing systems and introductions of conceptually new technologies and techniques have been researched and developed. Although new proposed technologies in theory provide increased network capacity, the backbone of a successful roll-out of a mobile telephone system is inevitably the planning of the network’s cellular structure. Hence, the fundamental aspect to a reliable cellular planning is the knowledge about the physical radio channel for wide sets of different propagation scenarios. Therefore, to study radio wave propagation in typical Australian environments, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian Telecommunications Cooperative Research Centre (ATcrc) in collaboration developed a cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) pilot scanner. The pilot scanner measurement equipment enables for radio wave propagation measurements in available commercial CDMA mobile radio networks, which in Australia are usually deployed for extensive rural areas. Over time, the collected measurement data has been used to characterise many different types of mobile radio environments and some of the results are presented in this thesis. The thesis is divided into an introduction section and four parts based on peer-reviewed international research publications. The introduction section presents the reader with some relevant background on channel and propagation modelling. Also, the CDMA scanner measurement system that was developed in parallel with the research results founding this thesis is presented. The first part presents work on the evaluation and development of the different revisions of the Recommendation ITU-R P.1546 point-to-area radio wave propagation prediction model. In particular, the modified application of the terrain clearance angle (TCA) and the calculation method of the effective antenna height are scrutinized. In the second part, the correlation between the smallscale fading characteristics, described by the Ricean K-factor, and the vegetation density in the vicinity of the mobile receiving antenna is investigated. The third part presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based technique incorporated to predict path loss in rural macrocell environments. Obtained results, such as prediction accuracy and training time, are presented for different sized ANNs and different training approaches. Finally, the fourth part proposes an extension of the path loss ANN enabling the model to also predict small-scale fading characteristics.
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Arshad, Kamran. "Modelling of radio wave propagation using Finite Element Analysis." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2007. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/9768/.

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Fourth generation (4G) wireless communication systems are intended to support high data rates which requires careful and accurate modelling of the radio environment. In this thesis, for the first time finite clement based accurate and computationally efficient models of wave propagation in different outdoor and indoor environments has been developed. Three different environments were considered: the troposphere, vegetation and tunnels and wave propagation in these environments were modelled using finite element analysis. Use of finite elements in wave propagation modelling is a novel idea although many propagation models and approaches were used in past. Coverage diagrams, path loss contours and power levels were calculated using developed models in the troposphere, vegetation and tunnels. Results obtained were compared with commercially available software Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction Software (AREPS) to validate the accuracy of the developed approach and it is shown that results were accurate with an accuracy of 3dB. The developed models were very flexible in handling complex geometries and similar analysis can be easily extended to other environments. A fully vectored finite element base propagation model was developed for straight and curved tunnels. An optimum range of values of different electrical parameters for tunnels of different shapes has been derived. The thesis delivered a novel approach to modelling radio channels that provided a fast and accurate solution of radio wave propagation in realistic environments. The results of this thesis will have a great impact in modelling and characterisation of future wireless communication systems.
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Books on the topic "Radio wave propagation – Africa"

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Boithias, Lucien. Radio wave propagation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

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Richards, John A. Radio Wave Propagation. Guildford: Springer London, 2008.

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Boithias, Lucien. Radio wave propagation. London: North Oxford Academic, 1987.

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Richards, John A., ed. Radio Wave Propagation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77125-8.

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Saakian, Artem S. Radio wave propagation fundamentals. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2011.

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Radio wave propagation: Principles and techniques. Chichester: John Wiley, 2000.

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Barclay, Les, ed. Propagation of radiowaves. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013.

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Radio antennas and propagation. Oxford: Newnes, 1998.

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Maclean, T. S. M. Radiowave propagation over ground. London: Chapman & Hall, 1993.

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Davies, Kenneth. Ionospheric radio. London, U.K: P. Peregrinus on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Radio wave propagation – Africa"

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Larsen, Trygve R. "Irregular Variations in the High Latitude Ionosphere and their Effects on Propagation." In ELF-VLF Radio Wave Propagation, 171–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2265-1_14.

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Gurevich, Alexsandr V., and Elena E. Tsedilina. "Radio Wave Propagation in the Magnetosphere." In Physics and Chemistry in Space, 239–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70249-5_8.

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Rawer, Karl. "Propagation of radio waves in a cold magnetoplasma." In Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere, 53–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3665-7_7.

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Steinberg, J. L., C. Lacombe, and S. Hoang. "Radio wave propagation in the Earth's magnetosphere." In Radio Astronomy at Long Wavelengths, 75–84. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm119p0075.

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Rawer, Karl. "Refraction of radio waves in a plasma. Simplest case." In Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere, 7–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3665-7_2.

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Wang, Jizhang, Yuli Peng, and Pingping Li. "Propagation Characteristics of Radio Wave in Plastic Greenhouse." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IX, 208–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48357-3_20.

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BURROWS, CHAS R., and STEPHEN S. ATTWOOD. "STANDARD PROPAGATION." In Radio Wave Propagation, 1–10. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-2778-8.50006-6.

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HOLKER, M. "Radio Wave Propagation." In The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference, 257–76. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-240-80748-5.50014-x.

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"Radio Wave Propagation." In An Introduction to Radio Astronomy, 58–68. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316987506.006.

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Straub, Gerhard J. "Radio Wave Propagation." In The RF Transmission Systems Handbook, 15–1. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420041132-15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Radio wave propagation – Africa"

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Venkatesh, S. "Radio Wave Propagation." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767029.

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Jaiswal, R. S., S. Uma, and M. V. A. Raj. "Radio Wave Propagation over Salem." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767037.

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Crampagne, R., M. Helier, and W. Tabbara. "Introducing Radio-Wave Propagation with Hypercard." In 22nd European Microwave Conference, 1992. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.1992.335883.

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Lim, Soo Yong, Anwuna Kingsley Awelemdy, Kah Phooi Seng, Zhengqing Yun, and Magdy F. Iskander. "Modeling radio wave propagation in drains." In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2013.6711627.

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Hemmakorn, Narong, Surasak Kitsadawanich, Nipha Leelaruji, and Kiyoshi Igarashi. "Satellite radio wave propagation experiments in Thailand." In 17th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1285.

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Yasukawa, Satoru, and Minseok Kim. "Intruder Detection Using Radio Wave Propagation Characteristics." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Asia (ICCE-Asia). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2018.8552128.

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Ozgun, Ozlem, Gokhan Apaydin, Mustafa Kuzuoglu, and Levent Sevgi. "Parabolic equation toolbox for radio wave propagation." In 2015 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi.2015.7303543.

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Gomez-Diaz, J. S., and A. Alu. "Wave propagation in hyperbolic metasurfaces." In 2015 1st URSI Atlantic Radio Science Conference (URSI AT-RASC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursi-at-rasc.2015.7303033.

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Nilson, M., S. Nordin, and M. Mizuno. "Radio wave propagation aspects for future digital mobile radio systems." In 8th European Conference on Electrotechnics, Conference Proceedings on Area Communication. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurcon.1988.11160.

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Schmitz, Arne, and Leif Kobbelt. "Efficient and accurate urban outdoor radio wave propagation." In Propagation in Wireless Communications (ICEAA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa.2011.6046362.

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Reports on the topic "Radio wave propagation – Africa"

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Tawk, Youssef, and Christopher Romero. Millimeter Wave Radio Frequency Propagation Model Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609960.

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Barrios, A. E. Radio Wave Propagation in Horizontally Inhomogeneous Environments by Using the Parabolic Equation Method. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada242082.

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Heinz, Brian J., David Richie, Song J. Park, and Dale R. Shires. Real-Time Radio Wave Propagation for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Emulation and Simulation Using General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601670.

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