To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Radioactive Air Pollutants.
Journal articles on the topic 'Radioactive Air Pollutants'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Radioactive Air Pollutants.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Chauhan, R. P., K. Kant, S. K. Sharma, and S. K. Chakarvarti. "Measurement of alpha radioactive air pollutants in fly ash brick dwellings." Radiation Measurements 36, no. 1-6 (June 2003): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(03)00196-3.
Full text
2
BILIAIEV, M., О. BERLOV, V. BILIAIEVA, V. KOZACHYNA, and P. MASHYKHINA. "FORECASTING OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN AN EXTREME SITUATION AT NPP." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 1 (013) (April 14, 2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.280223.15.914.
Full textAbstract:
Problem statement. The task of assessing the level of atmospheric air radioactive contamination in the case of an extreme situation on the territory of the Zaporizhzhya NPP, which leads to an instantaneous radioactive aerosol emission, is considered. An analysis of the dynamics for the zones’ formation of radioactive contamination in the wind direction towards Nikopol is conducted. For the prompt solution of this of this forecast issue, the creation of a multifactorial numerical model is required, which allows for prompt analysis of the size and intensity of radioactive contamination areas. The purpose of the article. Creation of a numerical model and computer code for the operational analysis of radioactive contamination areas formed during the instantaneous release of radioactive pollutants into the atmosphere. Methodology. The computer code is based on a numerical model, which is a differential analogue of the multifactor kinematic equation of mass transfer of a radioactive impurity in atmospheric air. The mass transfer equation takes into account the wind speed field, atmospheric turbulent diffusion, and the intensity of radioactive substances emission into the air. For the numerical integration of the mass transfer equation, the splitting method is used followed by the use of finite-difference schemes. Determination of the volumetric activity value at each splitting step is implemented by an explicit formula. Scientific novelty. An effective numerical model was developed and its software implementation was conducted for operational analysis of the formation of radioactive contamination areas in the atmosphere during an extreme situation at a nuclear power plant, accompanied by the emission of radioactive substances. The model takes into account a complex of factors that affect the process of radioactive impurities spread in the atmosphere. Practical value. A computer code was developed for calculating the dynamics of the formation of radioactive contamination zones in the atmosphere based on the developed numerical model. This makes it possible to analyze the consequences of emergency emissions on the territory of the NPP using the computational experiment method. Conclusions. A mathematical model was developed for the operational analysis of radioactive contamination level of the atmospheric air due to an extreme situation at the nuclear power plant, which leads to an intense instantaneous release of radioactive substances. The results of a computational experiment based on the developed numerical model are presented.
3
Kavach, Rakesh, Kiran Baderia, and Alok Goyal. ""INCREASING SCOPE OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION"." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3246.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental pollution is an occasional problem in which the difficulties of life for the bio-world including humans are increasing. Due to the qualitative degradation of the environmental elements, the natural properties of life-like elements such as air, water, soil, vegetation, etc. are getting diminished due to which the relationship between nature and organisms is deteriorating. It is well known that environmental pollution is a product of modernity. Although the phenomenon of pollution has been occurring even in ancient times, but nature was able to prevent it, due to which its outbreak was not as fierce as it is today. As the amount of pollution has exceeded the limits of nature today, its effect has started reaching near the crisis point. Environmental elements like water and air are losing their natural quality due to environmental pollution, the vegetation is getting destroyed, the nature of the weather is changing and human is getting trapped in the clutches of various diseases. It is detrimental to the bio-world, as it is oriented in the path of environmental degradation to ecological degradation. Scientists believe that if the same momentum of pollution continues for the next 50 years, a catastrophe can come. The Western Industrial Revolution has made man insensitive to such an extent that he is cutting the branch on which he is sitting. Some scientists of the developed countries have been forced to say that the progressive nations of the west are exporting pollution to poor developing countries.According to the National Environmental Research Institute, pollutants causing harmful changes in the natural environment are released from matter and energy releases in the form of wastes resulting from human activities. Pollutants that pollute the environment are placed in two groups on the basis of origin. Can be (a) natural pollutant and (b) man-made pollutant.
पर्यावरण प्रदूषण एक ऐसी सामयिक समस्या है जिसमें मानव सहित जैव जगत् के लिए जीवन की कठिनाईयाँ बढ़ती जा रही हैं। पर्यावरण के तत्त्वों में गुणात्मक ह्रास के कारण जीवनदायी तत्त्व यथा वायु, जल, मृदा, वनस्पति आदि के नैसर्गिक गुण ह्रसमान होते जा रहे हैं जिससे प्रकृति और जीवों का आपसी सम्बन्ध बिगड़ता जा रहा है। यह सर्वज्ञात है कि पर्यावरण प्रदूषण आधुनिकता की देन है। वैसे प्रदूषण की घटना प्राचीनकाल में भी होती रही है लेकिन प्रकृति इसका निवारण करने में सक्षम थी, जिससे इसका प्रकोप उतना भयंकर नहीं था, जितना आज है। चूँकि आज प्रदूषण की मात्रा प्रकृति की सहनसीमा को लाँघ गई है फलतः इसका प्रभाव संकट बिन्दु के समीप पहुँचने लगा है। पर्यावरण प्रदूषण से जल और वायु जैसे जीवनदायी तत्त्व अपनी नैसर्गिक गुणवत्ता खोते जा रहे हैं, वनस्पतियाँ विनष्ट होती जा रही हैं, मौसम का स्वभाव बदल रहा है और मानव विविध बीमारियों के चंगुल में फँसता जा रहा है। यह जैव जगत् के लिए अपषकुन है, क्योंकि पर्यावरण ह्रास से पारिस्थितिकी विनाष के राह में उन्मुख है। वैज्ञानिकों का मानना है कि अगले 50 वर्षों तक यदि प्रदूषण की यही गति बनी रही तो महाप्रलय आ सकता है। पष्चिमी औद्योगिक क्रान्ति ने मनुष्य को इस हद तक संवेदनहीन बना दिया है कि वह जिस डाल पर बैठा है उसी को काट रहा है। विकसित देषों के कुछ वैज्ञानिक यह कहने के लिए बाध्य हुए हैं कि पष्चिम के प्रगतिषील राष्ट्र, प्रदूषण का निर्यात गरीब विकासषील देषों में कर रहे हैं।राष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण शोध संस्थान के अनुसार मनुष्य के क्रिया-कलापों से उत्पन्न अपषिष्टों के रूप में पदार्थ एवं उर्जा विमोचन से प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण में होने वाले हानिकारक परिवर्तनों को प्रदूषण कहा जाता है।पर्यावरण को प्रदूषित करने वाले प्रदूषकों को उत्पत्ति के आधार पर दो समूहों मेें रखा जा सकता है- (क) प्राकृतिक प्रदूषक तथा (ख) मानव निर्मित प्रदूषक।
4
Korsakov, Anton V., Anna E. Kryukova, Vladislav P. Troshin, Olga Yu Milushkina, and Dmitry G. Lagerev. "Primary incidence of cervical cancer in the population living in ecologically disadvantaged areas (2000–2020)." Hygiene and sanitation 102, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-1-14-21.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Thirty six years after the Chernobyl disaster about 5 million people live in the radioactively contaminated territories of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, and the density of radioactive contamination, determined mainly by long-lived Cesium-137 and Strontium-90, will remain radiologically significant for several decades. Purpose of the study. Based on official statistics for 2000-2020, to analyze the trend in the incidence of cervical cancer in females living in conditions of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination in the Bryansk region. Materials and methods. Poisson regression, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman test. Data sources - Bryansk Regional Oncological Dispensary, Rospotrebnadzor, Rostekhnadzor, Bryanskstat. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of the cervical cancer, regardless of the level of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination. Also, we have found no significant correlations between the frequency of primary morbidity of the cervical cancer with neither the density of 137Cs and 90Sr contamination, nor air pollution with gaseous pollutants (VOCs, SO2, CO and NOx). A statistically significant (p<0.00001) gain in the long-term trend in the incidence of the cervical cancer over 2000-2019 was revealed in all the studied groups, regardless of the environmental conditions of the residence. The forecast for the incidence of the cervical cancer on average in the Bryansk region during 2020 shows a decrease by 20.7% in real values compared to the forecast data. Limitations. Incidence of the cervical cancer without regard to age groups, distribution at the stage of the disease, histological, and immunohistochemical profile. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate to the need for further work to understand the trends in the presence/absence of independent and combined effects of pollutants on the growth of oncogynecological pathology from the standpoint of assessing distant and regional metastasis, the histological, and immunohistichemical profile of a specific cervical cancer with levels of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination.
5
Alves, Carlos, and Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. "Geological Materials as Sources of Rn Emissions." Proceedings 24, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2019-06193.
Full textAbstract:
Geological materials are a potential source of pollutants, among which there is the radioactive isotope 222Rn, which result of radioactive decay of daughter radionuclides of uranium (238U). It is emitted as a gas that it can be released to the air to enter the human body, with the potential to affect internal organs (mostly the lungs) by alpha particles production. While the presence of uranium in the materials is a necessary condition for the production of Rn-222, the amount of gas emitted by the material depends on other characteristics that allow the migration of the gas. The main aim of this communication concerns a statistical analysis of results from diverse types of rocks.
6
Tripathy, Ashutosh, Ram Dev More, Sandeep Gupta, Jastin Samuel, Joginder Singh, and Ram Prasad. "Present and Future Prospect of Algae: A Potential Candidate for Sustainable Pollution Mitigation." Open Biotechnology Journal 15, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070702115010142.
Full textAbstract:
Pollution control and mitigation are critical to protect the ecosystem and make everyone's life safer and healthier. Different pollution mitigation strategies and measures are implemented to remove pollutants, which broadly involve physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biological methods are found to be more sustainable, effective, and eco-friendlier than the other two methods. These methods mainly use microbes like bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants, and their products like enzymes and metabolic products to remove pollutants. Due to their unique photosynthetic ability and simple growth requirements, Algae can be grown using simpler components like CO2, sunlight, and media, making them a potential candidate to be used as a pollution mitigator. Algae can indicate and remove pollutants like CO2, SO2, NO2, and particulate matter from the air; these pollutants and particulate matter are either used for their growth or these are accumulated inside them.. Algal species have shown the efficient removal of heavy metals, organic pollutants, explosives, petroleum contaminants, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and plastics from different water sources. There is a lot of scope in using algae to remove organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater treatment plants. Algae hold great potential to remove radioactive pollutants from natural resources and involve removal mechanisms like biosorption and bioaccumulation. Algae can be used with different adsorbent materials to develop adsorption systems for the adsorption of radionuclides and heavy metals. This review elucidates different algal species, their cultural conditions, the removal efficiency of different types of pollutants from the air, water, soil, and their role in genetic engineering and the algae's potential for waste mitigation.
7
Papastefanou, Constantin. "Paths of Air Pollutants Containing Radioactive Nuclides in the Suburban Area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 10, no. 4 (2010): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2010.02.0008.
Full text
8
الاسدي, كفاح, and كفاح البديري. "Spatial variation of the incidence of cancerous diseases in Al-Najaf Governorate for the period (2005-2011)." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 17 (February 4, 2013): 11–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2013/v1.i17.6452.
Full textAbstract:
The study showed that cancerous disease is a very serious health problem that was the product of the environment in both its natural and human branches to a large extent, especially the impact of the environmental pollution factor, which played an effective role in the emergence of the disease and the high incidence of it, especially after the years of wars that swept in Iraq since 1991 and the radioactive remnants of the last war of 2003, as the province of Najaf witnessed a dramatic increase in the percentage of people with cancerous diseases in Iraq in general and the study area in particular because it had radioactive pollutants that had a negative impact On the environment of the region with all its natural components (air, water, and soil)
9
Vukolova, A., A. Dolgikh, and A. Rusinkevich. "REGULATION STANDARDS FOR PERMISSIBLE DISCHARGES OF A FEW RADIONUCLIDES MIXTURE INTO ATMOSPHERIC AIR UNDER NPP NORMAL OPERATION." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2020, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2020-1-94-101.
Full textAbstract:
The article is focused on the description of the existing order for regulations of standards for permissible and maximum permissible discharges of radioactive pollutants into atmospheric air and (on) discussion of an alternative method for regulations of standards for permissible and maximum permissible discharges, basing on establishment of these standards for a mixture of radioactive materials and not for every radionuclide individually. This method is based on using the radionuclide vector concept and allows to significantly facilitate arrangements of radiation monitoring, to abandon spectrometric methods and to use more simple, cheap and speedy radiometric methods for discharge control. This result corresponds to internationally recognized ALARA principle. The procedure of the establishment of permissible discharge of noble gases mixture for atmospheric discharge of Rostov NPP site is shown in the article as an example. The results of the analysis of noble gases atmospheric discharges of 47 European NPPs with WWER and PWR power units, creation of nuclide vector and application of this vector for calculation of permissible discharge of noble gases mixture for the Rostov NPP are demonstrated.
10
Nikolova, Mariana, Ivanka Zheleva, and Margaritka Filipova. "Statistic Study of Gaseous Air Contamination in the City of Svishtov, Bulgaria." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2675, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2675/1/012006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Polluted air has a negative impact on human health and plant and animal life. There are two types of sources of air pollution: human activity (transport, heating, industry and others) and natural phenomena such as natural fires, volcanic activity, deforestation and others. Substances that are the most common air pollutants are dust particles, carbon and nitrogen dioxides, carbon and nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons; aldehydes; radioactive substances, heavy metals, sulfur dioxide, ozone, etc. Gaseous air pollutants of primary concern in urban environments include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas that is a product of volcanic eruptions and various industrial processes. It’s usually released when coal and oil are burned. Nitrogen oxides, especially nitrogen dioxide, are poisonous gases with a pungent, suffocating odor. There are many regulations aimed at air pollution and pollution monitoring for all European countries. Bulgaria, as part of the EU, must comply with all these regulations. There are still many places and periods of time in Bulgaria over the years with air pollution greater than daily norms. The present study is dedicated to the study of air pollution with gaseous substances in the area of Svishtov, Bulgaria. The town of Svishtov is located in Northern Bulgaria, on the banks of the Danube River, where the southernmost point of the river along its entire length is located. A statistical analysis of the level of air pollution in Svishtov based on official data from the monitoring station in the city is presented. The measurements cover the period 2021 - 2023. All research results are presented graphically and commented.
11
Essa, Khaled S. M., Ahmed M. Mosallem, and H. M. Taha. "Analytical solution of diffusion equation under chemical reaction and wet deposition from line Source." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2304, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2304/1/012004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The pollutants from the environment are absorbed by wet deposition which increases the pollutants transport. To create and produce different substances, the constituent atoms of the reactants should be rearranged by the chemical reaction. The introduced theoretical model demonstrate the dispersal of pollutants inherited from point and line source without and with both wet deposition and chemical reaction, respectively. The advection-diffusion equation is solved. Taking the wind speed is a function of downwind distance, lateral eddy diffusivity is a function of wind speed and vertical eddy diffusivity is a function of both wind speed and vertical height of power “z”. In this paper the variable separable method and Hankel transform are used to get the concentration from point and line source. Predicted concentration of pollutants in unstable condition is done. Variation concentrations of both observed and predicted of radioactive Iodine135 (I-135), inside Research Reactor at Inshas Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, in unstable condition is shown without chemical reaction and wet deposition. It is discovered that the proposed model is a good harmony with observed concentrations data and the proposed data inside a factor of two. Also, studying the effect of wet deposition and chemical reaction on concentration of air contaminants of line source is analysed.
12
Grządziel, Dominik, Krzysztof Kozak, Jadwiga Mazur, Bernard Połednik, Marzenna R. Dudzińska, and Izabela Bilska. "The influence of air conditioning changes on the effective dose due to radon and its short-lived decay products." Nukleonika 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2016-0040.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Most people spend the majority of their time in indoor environments where the level of harmful pollutants is often significantly higher than outdoors. Radon (222Rn) and its decay products are the example of radioactive pollutants. These radioisotopes are the main source of ionizing radiation in non-industrial buildings. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of air-conditioning system on radon and its progeny concentrations and thus on the effective dose. The measurements were carried out in the auditorium at the Environmental Engineering Faculty (Lublin University of Technology, Poland). Measurements of radon and its progeny (in attached and unattached fractions) as well as measurements of the following indoor air parameters were performed in two air-conditioning (AC) operation modes: AC ON and AC ON/OFF. The air supply rate and air recirculation were taken into consideration. The separation of radon progeny into attached and unattached fractions allowed for determining, respectively, the dose conversion factor (DCF) and the inhalation dose for teachers and students in the auditorium. A considerable increase of the mean radon progeny concentrations from 1.2 Bq/m3 to 5.0 Bq/m3 was observed in the AC ON/OFF mode compared to the AC ON mode. This also resulted in the increase of the inhalation dose from 0.005 mSv/y to 0.016 mSv/y (for 200 h/year). Furthermore, the change of the air recirculation rate from 0% to 80% resulted in a decrease of the mean radon concentration from 30 Bq/m3 to 12 Bq/m3 and the reduction of the mean radon progeny concentration from 1.4 Bq/m3 to 0.8 Bq/m3. This resulted in the reduction of the inhalation dose from 0.006 mSv/y to 0.003 mSv/y.
13
Mazur, Andrzej, Jerzy Bartnicki, and Jerzy Zwoździak. "Operational Model for Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Air Pollution/ Operacyjny Model Atmosferycznego Transportu I Depozycji Zanieczyszczeń." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0028.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract An assessment of the current state of natural environment affected by air pollution, as well as, forecasts of pro-ecologic, economic and social activities are very often performed using models for atmospheric transport and deposition of air pollutants. In the present paper, we present an operational dispersion model developed at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Warsaw. The basic assumptions and principles of the model are described together with the operational domain and examples of model applications. Two examples of model application are described and discussed here. The first, application is a simulation of the atmospheric transport and deposition of the radioactive isotopes released into the atmosphere during the Chernobyl Accident in 1998. The second example is related to simulation of atmospheric transport of the tracer released into the air during the ETEX experiment. These two examples and previous applications of the model showed that presented dispersion model is fully operational, not only for long term applications, but especially for emergency situations, like nuclear accidents or volcanic eruptions affecting Polish territory
14
Korsakov, Anton V., Alexandra A. Golovleva, Vladislav P. Troshin, Dmitry G. Lagerev, and Leonid I. Pugach. "Ovarian Malignancies Frequency in the Female Population from the Bryansk Region Living in Conditions of Radioactive, Chemical and Combine Contamination (2000–2020)." Life 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11111272.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Radioactive contamination and chemical pollution of the environment can affect the processes of carcinogenesis, including the formation of malignant neoplasms of the ovaries in women. We used the data of official state statistics for 2000–2020 to test the hypothesis about the effect of radioactive contamination (following the Chernobyl disaster) and chemical pollutants on the incidence of ovarian malignancies in the female population of the Bryansk region. Methods: A variety of statistical approaches were used to estimate the incidence of ovarian malignancies, including the Shapiro–Wilk test, Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman’s rank correlation test and linear regression. Results: We did not establish statistically significant differences in the frequency of primary morbidity of women with malignant neoplasms of the ovaries, regardless of the environmental conditions of living. Furthermore, no significant correlations were found between the frequency of primary morbidity of ovarian malignancies, both with the level of contamination by Cesium-137 and Strontium-90, and air pollution with volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. A statistically significant increase in the long-term trend in the frequency of ovarian malignant neoplasms was revealed in the areas of chemical pollution (p = 0.02), however, in other territories, no statistically significant regularities were established. The forecast of the frequency of newly diagnosed malignant neoplasms of the ovaries on average in the Bryansk region shows an increase of 12.4% in 2020 in comparison with the real data for 2020, while the largest increase in predicted values is recorded in the territories of radioactive contamination (by 79.6%), and the least in the combined territories (by 6.9%). Conclusions: The results obtained indicate the need for further work to understand the trends in the presence/absence of independent and combined effects of pollutants and the growth of oncogynecological pathology from the perspective of assessing the distant and regional metastasis, histological and immunohistochemical profile of a specific malignant ovarian neoplasm with levels of environmental contamination.
15
Synkevych, R. O. "Methods and information systems for identification of sources of radioactive air pollution by inverse modeling." Mathematical machines and systems 4 (2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2021-4-78-90.
Full textAbstract:
The paper reviews the methods for identifying an unknown source of pollution by inverse mod-eling and information systems for air pollution forecasting and analysis. Several different for-eign and Ukrainian air pollution forecasting systems, such as the European Union's Nuclear Emergency Response System RODOS, have been developed on the basis of atmospheric transport models. However, the key data that determine the quality of forecasting in such sys-tems are the characteristics of the emission sources. In the case of detection of pollution from an unknown emission source, there should be performed inverse simulation. The use of the RODOS system, as well as other existing forecasting systems for such a task is possible but it requires multiple manual start of calculations of atmospheric transfer models in the reverse mode. Presented in the paper results of the application of inverse modeling methods during ra-diation incidents of the last decade demonstrate that modern methods of inverse modeling are sufficiently developed to set the task of automating inverse modeling in information systems for air pollution analysis and forecasting. Even though these methods not always can exactly identify the source of emissions due to the lack of measurements and poor conditioning of the inverse atmospheric transport problem, their application always leads to a significant reduction (by an order of magnitude or more) in the search for unknown sources compared to the detec-tion of pollutants. At present, in the existing forecasting systems the methods of inverse model-ing are only partially automated, namely for the case of known location and unknown emissions of the source of pollution. Therefore, this paper proposes the architecture of the future system for identifying unknown sources of emissions by inverse modeling.
16
La Verde, Giuseppe, Valeria Artiola, Marco La Commara, Vittoria D’Avino, Leopoldo Angrisani, Giuseppe Sabatino, and Mariagabriella Pugliese. "COVID-19 and the Additional Radiological Risk during the Lockdown Period in the Province of Naples City (South Italy)." Life 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020246.
Full textAbstract:
The lockdown restrictions, as a first solution to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, have affected everyone’s life and habits, including the time spent at home. The latter factor has drawn attention to indoor air quality and the impact on human health, particularly for chemical pollutants. This study investigated how the increasing time indoor influenced exposure to natural radioactive substances, such as radon gas. To calculate the radiological risk, we considered the most consolidated indices used for radiation protection: annual effective dose, excess lifetime cancer risk, and the lung cancer case. Furthermore, two different exposure times were considered: pre-lockdown and post-lockdown. The lockdown increased the indoor exposure time by 4% and, consequently, the radiological risk factors by 9%. Furthermore, the reference value of 300 Bq/m3, considered acceptable for human radiation protection, may need to be lowered further in the case of conditions similar to those of the lockdown period.
17
Al-jarakh, Taha E., Osama Abbas Hussein, Alaa Khamees Al-azzawi, and Mahmood Farhan Mosleh. "Performance Evaluation for Related Techniques of the Proposed Environment Pollution Monitoring System for an Iraqi Case Study." Journal of Techniques 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v3i2.304.
Full textAbstract:
The main challenge of this research is to scale the IoT platform aspects related to exchanging, processing, and archiving messages at the lowest cost compute-wise, through evaluating and selecting the most appropriate techniques that can be used in the design of the environment pollution monitoring system for a case study of Iraq. The entirety of the optimization process aims to provide a nation-wide community-oriented service via the scalable platform. The platform provides an intake for a huge number of sensing nodes. Compute-operations following the form of data analysis, aggregation, sensors’ monitoring for the five air pollutants (SO2, CO, O3, NO2, and PM), in addition to radioactive contamination. Thus system-level performance evaluation takes place on the major compute-intensive operations. Thus, proposals are made to optimize the performance in terms of reducing the scripts execution time and the size of data and messages transmitted and stored in the system.
18
Rizo Maestre, Carlos, Víctor Echarri-Iribarren, and Antonio Galiano-Garrigós. "Ventilation as an Indispensable Tool for Healthy Constructions: Comparison of Alicante’s Urban Railway Tunnels." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 6205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226205.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of scientific agencies in the field of medicine and health, including the World Health Organization, consider radon gas a very harmful element for humans. This element, in its gaseous state, is radioactive and is present in almost all land in which buildings are implanted, especially in granitic soils, which present higher levels of radon gas. Nongranitic soils have traditionally been considered to have low radon levels. In addition to the contributions made by this article, it is very relevant that there are many countries, including Spain, in which the technical codes for their construction regulations do not include the maximum radon dose that a building can hold so that it is not harmful to humans nor do they hold the measures necessary to remedy excessive accumulation. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the need for ventilation in buried works. To do this, a comparison is made between two railway tunnels in the urban fabric of the city of Alicante: one of them is in operation (Benacantil Mount) and the other is in the excavation phase (Serra Grossa). When underground railway installations are planned, they are equipped with large air ventilation systems due to the pollutants generated by ground exposure. These mechanical systems consist of suction turbines that expel the air to the outside. Research shows that radon gas is an indicator of an area’s air quality. In addition, ventilation in railway tunnels (mechanical and natural) allows for air renewal and improves the air quality.
19
Geger, Emiliya V., G. P. Zolotnikova, and V. A. Kaptsov. "METHODS OF EVALUATION OF SANITARY-ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF TERRITORIES." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 1338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-12-1338-1341.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. On the basis of monitoring data for 2005-2017, the analysis of the ecological and hygienic situation in the territory of the Bryansk region was carried out and the integral index of pollution of territories was derived. Ranking of territories was carried out taking into account pollution of air, water, food by chemical and radioactive substances. Material and methods. Monitoring of environmental pollution, method of expert estimations, the coefficient of concordance, integral index of pollution. Results. The study identified anthropogenic pollutants of the areas, the most disadvantaged areas, and relatively clean areas. The degree of pollution of each territory was established on the basis of an integral index. The proposed method for ecological and hygienic ranking of territories allowed systematically assessing the state of the environment. Conclusion. According to the results of the research, it can be confirmed that the main sources of impact on the environment of the region are vehicles and construction enterprises, as well as the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. Risk assessment for public health was carried out taking into account the real risk of human exposure to ecotoxicants coming from all objects of the environment, using the method of expert assessments and an integral index assessing the total pollution and taking into account the level of pollution of air, water, food chemicals, and radioactive substances. New approaches to the ecological and hygienic characteristics of the territories can be recommended for a comprehensive assessment of the environment, the development of predictive assessments of the negative impact of man-made environmental pollution on public health, management of risk factors for the development of environmentally-dependent pathology in the population in areas with different levels of man-made pollution.
20
Mazur, Andrzej. "Hypothetical Accident in Polish Nuclear Power Plant. Worst Case Scenario for Main Polish Cities." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Poland is under threat of potential accidents in nuclear power plants located in its close vicinity, in almost all neighboring countries. Moreover, there are plans to establish a new nuclear power plant in Polish coast. In this paper the analysis of atmospheric transport of radioactive material released during a potential accident in the future nuclear power plant is presented. In the first part of study transport of radioactivity as seen from the long time perspective is analyzed. This involves trajectory analysis as a tool for describing the statistics of air pollution transport pattern and screening the meteorological situations for episode studies. Large sets of meteorological data for selected episodes were stored as a result of this process. Estimation of risk includes both analysis of the consequences and probability analysis of an occurrence of such situation. Episodes then were comprehensively studied in the second phase of the study, using the Eulerian dispersion model for simulation of atmospheric transport of pollutants. This study has proven that the time needed for reaction in case of (hypothetical) accident is enormously short.
21
Lim, Youngsu, Dongwoo Kim, Jiseon Jang, Bolam Kim, and Dae Sung Lee. "Adsorptive Removal of Cesium Ions Using Prussian Blue Immobilized Coffee Ground Biochar." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.5.336.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: Among various radioactive contaminants, radioactive cesium is one of the most harmful radionuclides that causes human health issues due to its high emission of gamma-ray, high solubility, high mobility, high fission yield, and long half-life. Different kinds of adsorbents have been developed for the removal of cesium from radioactive wastewater. Especially, biochar has attracted great attention as a potential adsorbent in the treatment of pollutants and for water purification. In addition, Prussian blue is a cubic lattice structure that contains a cage size similar to the hydrated cesium ionic radius, indicating it can selectively remove cesium ions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the cesium adsorption performance of synthesized Prussian blue-immobilized coffee ground biochar (PB-CGBC) under various experimental conditions for cesium removal from radioactive wastewater.Methods: After wasted coffee ground was washed and dried, it was heated at 400℃ with 10℃/min of heating rate and 5 h of retention time in a furnace with little or no available air. The PB-CGBC was synthesized using a facile co-precipitation method. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, field emission-transmission electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and zeta potential analyzer were used to analyze physico-chemical characteristics and surface structure of the synthesized adsorbents. The kinetic and equilibrium experiments of cesium adsorption on PB-CGBC were carried out and the effect of pH, temperature, initial cesium concentration, and contact time were also investigated in a batch system.Results and Discussion: The characteristic analysis clearly confirmed the successful synthesis of PB-CGBC, indicating its abundant functional groups and special surface structure. In the batch study, it was found that the cesium adsorption onto the PB-CGBC was exothermic nature. The Elovich kinetic model and Temkin isotherm also provided a good correlation with the cesium adsorption reaction onto the PB-CGBC. The maximum adsorption capacity of PB-CGBC for cesium was 129.57 mg/g at 15℃ and pH 8 at 40 mM of an initial cesium concentration, which was one of the highest values among those of previously reported adsorbents.Conclusions: In this study, the PB-CGBC was synthesized by immobilizing Prussian blue to the surface of coffee ground biochar and successfully applied for the adsorptive removal of cesium ions. Based on the experimental results, the synthesized PB-CGBC can be served as a great adsorbent for treatment of wastewater polluted with radioactive cesium.
22
Baró, Rocío, Christian Maurer, Jerome Brioude, Delia Arnold, and Marcus Hirtl. "The Environmental Effects of the April 2020 Wildfires and the Cs-137 Re-Suspension in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: A Multi-Hazard Threat." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040467.
Full textAbstract:
This paper demonstrates the environmental impacts of the wildfires occurring at the beginning of April 2020 in and around the highly contaminated Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Due to the critical fire location, concerns arose about secondary radioactive contamination potentially spreading over Europe. The impact of the fire was assessed through the evaluation of fire plume dispersion and re-suspension of the radionuclide Cs-137, whereas, to assess the smoke plume effect, a WRF-Chem simulation was performed and compared to Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite columns. The results show agreement of the simulated black carbon and carbon monoxide plumes with the plumes as observed by TROPOMI, where pollutants were also transported to Belarus. From an air quality and health perspective, the wildfires caused extremely bad air quality over Kiev, where the WRF-Chem model simulated mean values of PM2.5 up to 300 µg/m3 (during the first fire outbreak) over CEZ. The re-suspension of Cs-137 was assessed by a Bayesian inverse modelling approach using FLEXPART as the atmospheric transport model and Ukraine observations, yielding a total release of 600 ± 200 GBq. The increase in both smoke and Cs-137 emissions was only well correlated on the 9 April, likely related to a shift of the focus area of the fires. From a radiological point of view even the highest Cs-137 values (average measured or modelled air concentrations and modelled deposition) at the measurement site closest to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, i.e., Kiev, posed no health risk.
23
Jońca, Justyna, Marcin Pawnuk, Yaroslav Bezyk, Adalbert Arsen, and Izabela Sówka. "Drone-Assisted Monitoring of Atmospheric Pollution—A Comprehensive Review." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 11516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811516.
Full textAbstract:
Ambient air quality is a complex issue that depends on multiple interacting factors related to emissions coming from energy production and use, transportation, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste and wastewater treatment sectors. It is also impacted by adverse meteorological conditions, pollutants concentrations, their transport and dispersion in the atmosphere, and topographic constraints. Therefore, air pollutants distribution is not uniform and their monitoring at proper temporal and spatial resolution is necessary. Drone-borne analytical instrumentation can fulfill these requirements. Thanks to the rapid development in the drone manufacturing sector as well as in the field of portable detectors construction, applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for atmospheric pollution monitoring are growing. The purpose of this work is to give an overview of this matter. Therefore, this paper contains basic information on UAVs (i.e., description of different types of drones with their advantages and disadvantages) and analytical instrumentation (i.e., low-cost gas sensors, multi-sensor systems, electronic noses, high-accuracy optical analyzers, optical particle counters, radiation detectors) used for the monitoring of airborne pollution. Different ways of payload integration are addressed and examples of commercially available solutions are given. Examples of applications of drone-borne analytical systems for pollution monitoring coming from natural (i.e., volcanoes, thawing permafrost, wildfires) and anthropological (i.e., urbanization and industrialization; extraction, transport and storage of fossil fuels; exploitation of radioactive materials; waste and wastewater treatment; agriculture) sources are also described. Finally, the current limitations and future perspectives are discussed. Although there is a great potential for drones applications in the field of atmospheric pollution monitoring, several limitations should be addressed in the coming years. Future research should focus on improving performances of available analytical instrumentation and solving problems related to insufficient payload capacity and limited flight time of commonly used drones. We predict that applications of drone-assisted measurements will grow in the following years, especially in the field of odor pollution monitoring.
24
Mancini, Simona, Martins Vilnitis, and Michele Guida. "A Novel Strategy for the Assessment of Radon Risk Based on Indicators." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 8089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158089.
Full textAbstract:
Among the physical pollutants affecting indoor air, the radioactive gas radon may turn out to be the most hazardous. Health effects related to radon exposure have been investigated for several decades, providing major scientific evidence to conclude that chronic exposures can cause lung cancer. Additionally, an association with other diseases, such as leukemia and cancers of the extra-thoracic airways, has been advanced. The implementation of a strategy to reduce the exposure of the population and minimize the health risk, according to the European Directive 59/2013/Euratom on ionizing radiations, is a new challenge in public health management. Starting from an understanding of the general state-of-the-art, a critical analysis of existing approaches has been conducted, identifying strengths and weaknesses. Then, a strategy for assessing the radon exposure of the general population, in a new comprehensive way, is proposed. It identifies three main areas of intervention and provides a list of hazard indicators and operative solutions to control human exposure. The strategy has been conceived to provide a supporting tool to authorities in the introduction of effective measures to assess population health risks due to radon exposure.
25
Baranovska, Olha, and Mykola Baranovskyi. "Geoecological analysis and assessment of the Chernihiv region territory." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 44, no. 1 (2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2021.1-3.02.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of the geoecological research of Chernihiv region is a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the ecological state of geosystems in terms of human needs. Based on the analysis of natural features of geosystems of Chernihiv region and their geochemical properties, differences in self-cleaning ability of landscapes were revealed. The relatively high potential for removal of hazardous substances is peculiar to the elevated dissected landscapes of the southeastern and northeastern parts of the region. The landscapes of the Dnieper and Desna Polissya and the Northern region of the Dnieper terrace plain account for the greatest share of areas with low potential for pollutants removal. Anthropogenic impact on the environment of Chernihiv region is quite significant and diverse in type, intensity, and territorial distribution. The consequences of this impact are radioactive contamination of the western and northeastern parts of the region, high level of air pollution in cities, unsatisfactory ecological state of groundwater, especially in Chernihiv Polissya, degradation of land resources. Based on the analysis of the ecological state of individual natural components, the integrated indicator of pollution of geosystems of the administrative districts (as of the year 2019) of Chernihiv region was determined and its western and northeastern territories are defined to have the most severe ecological situation in the region. As a result of a correlation analysis between the indicators of environmental pollution of Chernihiv region and the state of public health, it was found that the radioactive contamination of the territory by 137Cs has the greatest influence on the morbidity of the region’s population. It causes high incidence rates of the endocrine system, blood and hematopoietic organs diseases. This feature should be considered when developing environmental policy of the region.
26
Tso, TC. "Tobacco Research and Its Relevance to Science, Medicine and Industry." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 22, no. 3 (October 1, 2006): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0824.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article is a historical review and a vision for the future of tobacco plant research. This is the perspective of an experienced tobacco scientist who devoted his total professional career to tobacco research. From the very beginning, pioneering tobacco research was the foundation of plant science at the dawn of modern development, in such areas as light, nutrition, genetics, growth control, disorders and metabolism. Tobacco research led to current advancements in plant biotechnology. In addition, tobacco plant research contributed significantly to public health research in radioactive elements, mycotoxins, and air pollutants. However, public support for tobacco research has today greatly declined to almost total elimination because of a sense of political correctness. This author points out that tobacco is one of the most valuable research tools, and is a most abundant source of scientific information. Research with tobacco plants will contribute far beyond the frontiers of agricultural science: tobacco can be a source of food supply with nutrition value similar to that of milk; tobacco can be a source of health supplies including medical chemicals and various vaccines; tobacco can be a source of biofuel. All we need is to treat tobacco with respect; the use of tobacco is only in its initial stages.
27
Lindqvist, Roland. "Facilitated Degradation." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0113.
Full textAbstract:
Dissolved organic macromolecules have been found to facilitate the transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in the soil. The facilitated transport increases the speed with which toxic and carcinogenic compounds reach the ground water drinking supply. The bacterial degradation of hydrophobic pollutants attached to the dissolved organic macromolecules is unknown. A better understanding is crucial for assessing the importance of the facilitated transport concept for drinking water quality. The degradation of C-14 labelled hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in a saturated soil, with and without 500 mg Blue Dextran/l (BD, model macromolecule) was measured by the amount of radioactive carbon dioxide produced. The soil was contained in stainless steel columns which were purged continuously with sterile air. The lag phase was much shorter in the columns with BD and at the end of the experiment all BD was consumed. In a current batch study with HCB-adapted bacteria the possibility of differentiating between degradation of HCB free in solution and HCB associated with the macromolecule is examined by evaluating three different mathematical models. Model 1 assumes only HCB free in solution is degraded, only by bacteria in solution. Model 2 assumes only HCB associated to BD is degraded, only by associated bacteria. Model 3 assumes associated HCB is degraded by associated bacteria and HCB free in solution is degraded in solution.
28
Aït Abderrahim, Hamid, Peter Baeten, Alain Sneyers, Marc Schyns, Paul Schuurmans, Anatoly Kochetkov, Gert Van den Eynde, and Jean-Luc Biarrotte. "Partitioning and transmutation contribution of MYRRHA to an EU strategy for HLW management and main achievements of MYRRHA related FP7 and H2020 projects: MYRTE, MARISA, MAXSIMA, SEARCH, MAX, FREYA, ARCAS." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 6 (2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2019038.
Full textAbstract:
Today, nuclear power produces 11% of the world's electricity. Nuclear power plants produce virtually no greenhouse gases or air pollutants during their operation. Emissions over their entire life cycle are very low. Nuclear energy's potential is essential to achieving a deeply decarbonized energy future in many regions of the world as of today and for decades to come, the main value of nuclear energy lies in its potential contribution to decarbonizing the power sector. Nuclear energy's future role, however, is highly uncertain for several reasons: chiefly, escalating costs and, the persistence of historical challenges such as spent fuel and radioactive waste management. Advanced nuclear fuel recycling technologies can enable full use of natural energy resources while minimizing proliferation concerns as well as the volume and longevity of nuclear waste. Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T) has been pointed out in numerous studies as the strategy that can relax constraints on geological disposal, e.g. by reducing the waste radiotoxicity and the footprint of the underground facility. Therefore, a special effort has been made to investigate the potential role of P&T and the related options for waste management all along the fuel cycle. Transmutation based on critical or sub-critical fast spectrum transmuters should be evaluated in order to assess its technical and economic feasibility and capacity, which could ease deep geological disposal implementation.
29
Godswill, Awuchi Chinaza, Awuchi Chibueze Gospel, Amagwula Ikechukwu Otuosorochi, and Igwe Victory Somtochukwu. "Industrial And Community Waste Management: Global Perspective." American Journal of Physical Sciences 1, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ajps.1043.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose:The review focused on the management of industrial and communal wastes. Industrial and communal waste management practices are not uniform among countries; urban and rural areas, residential, and industrial sectors, all take different approaches.
Methodology: Industrial wastes can be classified on basis of their characteristics; Waste in dissolved and pollutant is in liquid form, e.g. dairy industry; Waste in solid form, but a number of pollutants within are in the liquid or fluid form, e.g. washing of minerals or crockery industry or coal.
Results: Industrial waste is produced as a result of industrial activities, including materials rendered useless during manufacturing process such as that of food and chemical industries, mills, factories, and mining operations. Dirt and gravel, concrete and masonry, solvents, chemicals, scrap lumber, scrap metal, oil, etc. are types of industrial waste. Industrial or community waste may be liquid, solid, or gaseous. It may be absolutely hazardous, mirror entry, or non-hazardous waste. Hazardous waste can be toxic, ignitable, corrosive, radioactive, or reactive. Industrial waste may pollute the soil, the air, or nearby water bodies, ending up in the sea.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Waste management is important component in a business' ability to maintain the ISO14001 accreditation. The ISO14001 standard encourages companies to ensure green environment and improve their environmental efficiencies every year by eliminating waste through the resource recovery practices. The principles of waste management puts some factors into consideration such as waste hierarchy, life-cycle of a product, resource efficiency, and polluter-pays principle. Common waste disposal and management methods include incineration, landfill, recycling, re-use, pyrolysis, resource recovery, composting, among others. An important method of waste management in industries and communities is the prevention of waste materials being created, better known as waste reduction. The waste management industry has adopted new technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, GPS, etc., which enable the collection of better quality data without the using estimation or manual data entry.
30
Thirumal valavan, S., P. Malliga, P. Arulraj, and G. Udayakumar. "Emission characteristics of single cylinder 4 stroke SI engine using cobalt scrubber." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 27, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-06-2015-0116.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – Automobiles have always been a major cause of air pollution. The vehicular emission contains several harmful pollutants that affect the surroundings and living beings. Mild CO exposure leads to headaches or unconsciousness. CO is also responsible for the global warming as well. CO is mainly generated in the IC engine due to incomplete combustion of the fuel. The purpose of this paper is to implement a CO absorption mechanism inside the exhaust pipe of vehicle. Design/methodology/approach – In this research work the single cylinder four stroke spark-ignition engine is intended to run on petroleum and petroleum blended fuels. A new post-combustion emission control device called cobalt scrubber is employed to reduce the emission of CO during idling which absorb and later release it under transient conditions. Findings – The emission of CO when the engine runs at petroleum is reduced from 6.24 to 3.02 per cent. Methanol 40 per cent+petrol 60 per cent gives a better emission result of 0.98 per cent of CO emission. So, the authors can implement the cobalt scrubber in automobiles to avoid CO emission during idling. Practical implications – The scrubber clearly overcomes the drawbacks of the existing control techniques. The cobalt scrubber is a cheap, non-radioactive. It can be employed in any kind of vehicle irrespective of its engine. Originality/value – The use of the scrubber design presented in this article, effectively reduces the emission of CO.
31
Kåberger, Tomas. "Swedish Nuclear Power and Economic Rationalities." Energy & Environment 13, no. 2 (May 2002): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305021501173.
Full textAbstract:
The economic characteristics of nuclear power, with high investment cost and fuel costs lower than conventional fuels, make it possible to achieve low electricity prices when reactors supply marginal electricity. The support for nuclear power by the Swedish electricity consuming industry may be understood as efforts to create and defend a situation of over-capacity in the electricity production sector rather than as support for nuclear power as such. Politically the external costs of routine emissions of radioactive materials are difficult to internalise because they, like carbon dioxide, have global long-term effects. However, like the air pollutants already regulated, costs of reactor accidents, as well as the motives for taking on management costs of nuclear waste, are regional and within a generation in time. The market evaluation of accident risks has been deliberately destroyed by legislation set to favour nuclear power reactors. Societal economic rationality may be successfully applied in the energy sector. This paper describes how climate change risks were internalised in Sweden using carbon taxes under favourable political conditions. The resulting development of biofuels was surprisingly successful, indicating a potential for further modernisation of the energy supply system. Possible ways to restore the nuclear risk market in order to internalise nuclear reactor accident risks and waste costs by legislation are described. This may be done without the difficult quantification of environmental costs. Appropriate legislation may internalise the cost while creating conditions for market evaluation of these uncertain costs.
32
Goto, Daisuke, Yu Morino, Toshimasa Ohara, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Junya Uchida, and Teruyuki Nakajima. "Application of linear minimum variance estimation to the multi-model ensemble of atmospheric radioactive Cs-137 with observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 6 (March 25, 2020): 3589–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3589-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Great efforts have been made to simulate atmospheric pollutants, but their spatial and temporal distributions are still highly uncertain. Observations can measure their concentrations with high accuracy but cannot estimate their spatial distributions due to the sporadic locations of sites. Here, we propose an ensemble method by applying a linear minimum variance estimation (LMVE) between multi-model ensemble (MME) simulations and measurements to derive a more realistic distribution of atmospheric pollutants. The LMVE is a classical and basic version of data assimilation, although the estimation itself is still useful for obtaining the best estimates by combining simulations and observations without a large amount of computer resources, even for high-resolution models. In this study, we adopt the proposed methodology for atmospheric radioactive caesium (Cs-137) in atmospheric particles emitted from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) accident in March 2011. The uniqueness of this approach includes (1) the availability of observed Cs-137 concentrations near the surface at approximately 100 sites, thus providing dense coverage over eastern Japan; (2) the simplicity of identifying the emission source of Cs-137 due to the point source of FDNPS; (3) the novelty of MME with the high-resolution model (3 km horizontal grid) over complex terrain in eastern Japan; and (4) the strong need to better estimate the Cs-137 distribution due to its inhalation exposure among residents in Japan. The ensemble size is six, including two atmospheric transport models: the Weather Research and Forecasting – Community Multi-scale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model and non-hydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM). The results showed that the MME that estimated Cs-137 concentrations using all available sites had the lowest geometric mean bias (GMB) against the observations (GMB =1.53), the lowest uncertainties based on the root mean square error (RMSE) against the observations (RMSE =9.12 Bq m−3), the highest Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) with the observations (PCC =0.59) and the highest fraction of data within a factor of 2 (FAC2) with the observations (FAC2 =54 %) compared to the single-model members, which provided higher biases (GMB =1.83–4.29, except for 1.20 obtained from one member), higher uncertainties (RMSE =19.2–51.2 Bq m−3), lower correlation coefficients (PCC =0.29–0.45) and lower precision (FAC2 =10 %–29 %). At the model grid, excluding the measurements, the MME-estimated Cs-137 concentration was estimated by a spatial interpolation of the variance used in the LMVE equation using the inverse distance weights between the nearest two sites. To test this assumption, the available measurements were divided into two categories, i.e. learning and validation data; thus, the assumption for the spatial interpolation was found to guarantee a moderate PCC value (> 0.4) within an approximate distance of at least 70 km. Extra sensitivity tests for several parameters, i.e. the site number and the weighting coefficients in the spatial interpolation, the time window in the LMVE and the ensemble size, were performed. In conclusion, the important assumptions were the time window and the ensemble size; i.e. a shorter time window (the minimum in this study was 1 h, which is the observation interval) and a larger ensemble size (the maximum in this study was six, but five is also acceptable if the members are effectively selected) generated better results.
33
Purbasari, Diana, Rosihan Pebrianto, and Edwin Harsiga. "POTENSI LOGAM TANAH JARANG DI DALAM ABU BATUBARA." MINERAL 8, no. 2 (December 8, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/mineral.v8i2.4364.
Full textAbstract:
Coal is a fossil fuel that is still used as fuel for Steam Power Plants (PLTU). The greater the demand for electrical energy, the greater the need for coal to meet the fuel needs of the PLTU. The combustion of PLTU produces combustion residue in the form of fly ash and solid ash. Fly ash has its own problem level compared to solid ash. The issue of air pollution, sources of disease and radioactive pollutants are the negative impacts of fly ash left over from burning coal. Coal ash is formed from compounds that do not burn in the coal combustion process including the presence of rare earth metals (LTJ). LTJ is a valuable element which in certain levels can be processed into valuable goods. Separation of LTJ in coal can reduce the ash content and improve the quality of coal, so it is necessary to know the potential of LTJ contained in coal ash. The coal sample tested was coal from PT Bukit Asam Tanjung Enim Mining Unit. Identification of LTJ elements in the ash at the PLTU using XRD, ICP and SEM analysis. There is element Cerium (Ce) 55.3 ppm in fly ash and 22.6 ppm in bottom ash, element yttrium (Y) 36 ppm in fly ash and 10.7 ppm in bottom ash, element Lanthanum (La) 27.3 ppm on fly ash and 10.5 ppm on bottom ash. Neodymium (Nd) 26.1 ppm in fly ash and 6.9 ppm in bottom ash. Finally, there is an element of Samarium (Sm) 1.4 ppm in fly ash and 0.7 ppm in bottom ash. There is a promising potential for rare earths in coal ash, but for levels below 500 ppm it is still not feasible to manage, so it is necessary to enrich the rare earths first.
34
Xie, Dong, Chenhua Wang, Chuck W. Yu, and Hanqing Wang. "Numerical investigation of radon dispersion and dose assessment for typical ventilation schemes with an air purifier." Indoor and Built Environment 30, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19893748.
Full textAbstract:
Radon is a radioactive pollutant that could pose hazards to the surrounding environment and people due to its radioactive decay progenies. In this study, numerical simulations of radon dispersion were conducted under natural and mechanical ventilation with an air-purifier for radon. Factors such as the air supply speed, position and air supply angles of the purifier were considered. Results showed that the increase in the air supply speed from the purifier was an effective solution to reduce indoor radon pollution. The effect was better when the purifier was in the middle of the room. The purification effect was similar when the air supply changed under natural ventilation, while purification function was more effective when the air supply angle was 60° under the mechanical ventilation condition. An effective dose estimation involving typical ventilation schemes with radon purifier was evaluated. Using this approach, the radiation effect on occupants was computed. The calculated effective dose was 0.9 mSv y−1 when the air supply speed of the purifier was 0.2 m s−1 under natural ventilation. As a result, the effective dose calculated was under the annual effective dose limit of 3–10 mSv y−1 recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for public exposure.
35
Gerasimenko, A. S., S. V. Dorokhov, and V. V. Krivorotova. "Features of direct measurements for evaluation of the volume activity of radionuclides in the air of the working area." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 24, no. 3 (June 12, 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2022-24-3-3-14.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECT. To consider problematic issues related to measurements of radionuclides in the air of the working area released during repackaging of bulk solid radioactive waste during decommissioning of nuclear energy facilities. To develop a method of direct measurements for operational control of the concentration of radioactive aerosols in the air of the working area, ensuring that the control level is not exceeded by the annual effective dose of personnel.METHODS. To solve this problem, the method of calculating the maximum possible number of alpha particles on the selected sample of the analytical filter AFA-RSP20 was used.RESULTS. A method of operational control of the radiation situation in the workplaces of personnel using direct measurements by portable radiation monitoring devices of the alpha particle flux density from the exposed AFA-RSP20 filter is proposed. The use of this method makes it possible to provide control in cases where the use of standard installations for measuring the volumetric activity of radioactive aerosols is unavailable or impossible. The article describes the relevance of the topic, the calculation of the reference level of the alpha particle flux density from the surface of the AFA-RSP20 filter is given.CONCLUSIONS. Passport characteristics of personal respiratory protection equipment do not provide convincing data on the operation of the filter with a specific pollutant. For the correct decision-making on the use of certain types of personal respiratory protection by personnel working with radioactive waste containing transuranium radionuclides, it is necessary to control the volumetric activity of radionuclides in the air. Based on calculations and direct measurements, it is shown that the use of an operational method for measuring the alpha particle flux density from an exposed AFA-RSP20 filter makes it possible to monitor the radiation situation at personnel workplaces during decommissioning of nuclear energy facilities.
36
He, Zhi-yu, Yin-Tao Li, Quan-ping Zhang, Ying-jun Li, Dong-liang Liu, Zhi-qiang Xiao, Shi-feng Zhang, Yuan-Lin Zhou, and De li Luo. "Study on the Influencing Factors in the Process of Surface Strippable Decontaminant." Coatings 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2020): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070649.
Full textAbstract:
One effective measure of radioactive material purification is the use of strippable decontaminants, which effectively coat the pollutant, capture suspended particles in the air, and deposit them onto the surfaces of objects. However, there are some shortcomings in terms of film formation and peelability, such as a brittle coating and poor peelability. Therefore, in order to meet future military and emergency needs, this research investigated the influencing factors in the process of surface strippable decontamination. Experiments included tests for wettability, potential, particle size, strippable performance, tensile performance, ultraviolet transmittance reflectance, and film formation as well as image analysis of photomicrographs from an optical microscope system. These experiments indicate that the strippable decontaminant is a viable means of contamination removal.
37
Suric Mihic, Marija, Ivan Beslic, Silvije Davila, Gordana Marovic, Luka Pavelić, and Jasminka Sencar. "ESTIMATION OF AIRBORNE 106RU ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION FROM TOTAL BETA ACTIVITY OF PM10 PARTICLE FRACTIONS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 189, no. 4 (May 2020): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa067.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Airborne radioruthenium, as a result of an accidental release, presents a risk for occupational and public exposure. In fall 2017, a detection of 106Ru was reported by the European atmospheric radioactive contamination monitoring networks. We investigated the daily specific total beta activity of PM10 particle fractions samples. The presented method enables indirect determination of airborne 106Ru activity concentration from total beta activity, in case 106Ru was confirmed as single excess radiological pollutant. This allows for daily measurements and time-resolved 106Ru activity concentration data. We estimated the indicative committed effective dose due to 106Ru inhalation for the Croatian population during the exposure period. Although the estimated dose value of ~169.7 nSv, for ~6-d duration of ruthenium air pollution, was very low, it was ~40 times higher than the value for Hinh from inhalation of other radionuclides (90Sr + 137Cs + 40K + 7Be).
38
Shady, R., and A. E. A. Elzain. "Analytical Studies on the Radionuclide Levels of Sediment and Water in an Agricultural Environment in the Egyptian Delta." Atom Indonesia 49, no. 3 (December 14, 2023): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/aij.2023.1187.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is an environmental investigation of the concentration values of radioisotopes and hazardous elements, aimed to shed light on industrial pollution and the effect of using fertilizers in the period of irrigation water drainage from cultivated lands, especially in the River Nile, irrigated, and draining channels in the middle portion of the Egyptian river delta. Different samples were analyzed, both for water and sediment. Many physical and chemical characteristics of samples were investigated. Among them are the quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions (pH), grain size, and the total organic matter content (TOM) have been determined for sediments. pH and TDS, beside other types of pollutants, were determined for water samples. The water and sediment samples pH are slightly alkaline. The mean value of TDS for water samples is 488 mg/l, while he usual TDS value in river is 500 mg/l. The TOM values show that the sediment samples are poor in organic matter content. The bicarbonate range in the water samples is smaller than the same range in river water. The levels of Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 activity in sediments are highly correlated. Natural radionuclides seem to correlate with the artificial Cs-137 in sediment. For this peruse, a 240 cm3 high-purity germanium reagent Type-B was used to quantify the levels in each sample with a relative accuracy of 50 %. The radioactive element K-40 is having a typical value of 12.5 Bq/kg. The concentrations of both Cu beside Zn in water samples is smaller if compared with values that quoted by the WHO, the US-EPA, and the EC. It was also found that the average levels for both Cd and Mn are found to be close to the internationally recommended levels. The water and sediments in the southern part of the canal contain higher concentrations of heavy metals and radioactive isotopes than in the rest of the canal.
39
Nilova, E. K., and K. N. Buzdalkin. "Methods for express assessment of the radiation situation using a mobile laboratory in emergency situations." Medical and Biological Problems of Life Activity, no. 1 (May 22, 2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.58708/2074-2088.2023-1(29)-35-42.
Full textAbstract:
Methods for express assessment of the radiation situation in situ with the use of a mobile laboratory have been developed. During making decisions on protective measures application in the acute period of a radiological accident, the proposed methods make it possible to promptly assess the values of the volumetric activity of air in the breathing zone (Bq·m-3) and the contamination density of the territory with gamma-emitting radionuclides (Bq·m-2). These methods also allow to determine the activity (Bq) of the detected local radiation source. The scope of application has been expanded and the uncertainty of the previously developed method used for radiological survey of agricultural lands contaminated with cesium-137 without sampling has been reduced. It has been established that in the presence of not only caesium-137, but also caesium-134, cobalt-60, and iodine-131 on the radioactive trace, the proposed methodological approach makes it possible to quickly select the appropriate spectral regions for each pollutant and calibrate the detection units for the current radionuclide composition.
40
Rey, Joan F., Stéphane Goyette, and Joëlle Goyette Pernot. "Weather Impacts on Indoor Radon Short-Term Measurements in Switzerland." Atmosphere 14, no. 7 (July 18, 2023): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071163.
Full textAbstract:
Radon is a natural and radioactively well-known carcinogenic indoor air pollutant. Since 2020, a radon short-term proactive methodology has been proposed by Swiss authorities, which aims to evaluate the probability of overpassing the national reference value. This study aims to assess the influence of different weather parameters on indoor radon levels monitored using this methodology. To this end, different statistical tools are used, such as correlations, auto-correlations, cross-correlations, and multiple linear regressions between meteorological parameters and indoor radon levels. We show a strong influence of weather conditions on indoor radon levels in occupied, but especially unoccupied spaces. Outdoor air temperature, followed by atmospheric pressure, was identified as the most significant parameter impacting indoor radon levels. Moreover, meteorological conditions monitored five days prior to the beginning of the radon measurements might affect radon levels. We come to the conclusion that it is of paramount importance to take these meteorological conditions into account when analyzing the results of short-term measurements, and more specifically, to consider the evolution of the weather conditions five days prior to the radon measurement. This paper helps to ensure the relevance of this short-term measurement method available in Switzerland.
41
Eruvaram, Neela Priya, Satyanarayana S.V, and Rajesh Lakshmi Narayana. "Air Quality Modeling of Non Radioactive Pollutant Emissions from Uranium Mine in a Complex Terrain Using WRF-CALPUFF Model in India - A Case Study." i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering 5, no. 4 (November 15, 2015): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.5.4.3641.
Full text
42
Lebed, O. O., M. O. Klymenko, A. V. Lysytsya, and V. O. Myslinchuk. "Effect of Radon on oncological morbidity of the population: comparative analysis of some regions of Ukraine and France." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_253.
Full textAbstract:
<p><span lang="EN-US">Radon contributes about 50% to the total annual effective dose of human radioactive irradiation. This gas is the main radiological pollutant of ecosystems. The question of studying the effect of radon on increasing the risk of the incidence of lung cancer is relevant in the context of European sanitary and hygienic research. We give in this article a comparative description of the results of experimental studies of volumetric activity of radon inside the air of the first floors of residential premises in Corsica island (France) and town of Rivne (Ukraine). «Kodak-alpha» integrated solid-state track detectors were used in France for three measurement campaigns between 1990 and 1999 (152 measurements in residential buildings and 638 in the schools of the island). In Ukraine, we did research using the “Alfarad Plus” Express Radon meter from 2013 to 2017 (200 measurements in the apartments of the first floors of buildings). The regions studied are similar in several parameters, which affect the increase in the percentage of cancer diseases: geology of underlying soils, the structure of housing and building material, the number of people and incidence of lung cancer, smoking factor, etc. We found that the volume activity (VA) of radon in indoor air in-house compared regions have close in value. The main reason is the similarity of the underlying granites in terms of radon emanation power. The average geometric value of radon VA in living quarters for various measurement campaigns in Corsica is in the range from 81 to 152 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> (the average of them is 134 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>). This value for Rivne is 127 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. VA of radon in residential areas of Rivne have a lognormal distribution. Building norms for equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity (EEVA) of radon in the premises of Rivne are exceeded in 6.6% of buildings, Corsica - from 6 to 10% (this depends on the measurement campaign). Here, the average concentration of radon in housing is over 400 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. We calculated the relative risk of lung cancer incidence due to radon for the population of the studied regions. The Jacobi and BEIR-VI models were used for Rivne for 70 years of exposure, and the BEIR-VI model was taken for Corsica for 110 years of exposure. The proportion of deaths from lung cancer is in Corsica from 30 to 48%, while for Rivne - about 50%. Consequently, the percentages of deaths from lung cancer caused by radon with an average value of VA in housing 134 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>, for men and women Corsica are 21.3% and 22.6% respectively (21.5% for the entire population) of the total number of deaths from this disease. In the quantitative form it is 33 people (men - 28, women - 5) out of 155 people died for a year from lung cancer. For residents of Rivne, the percentage of deaths from lung cancer is 25.1%, average value of VA in housing is 127 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. 53 people die on average for a year from lung cancer caused by radon (men - 47, women - 6) of 214 deaths per year lung cancer lot. A preliminary assessment of the synergistic interaction between smoking and radon showed that there could be a 50% increase in morbidity due to radon for smokers, compared to non-smokers. However, these data are not sufficiently representative and therefore further research is needed.</span><span lang="EN-US">Rivne; Corsica; living rooms; volumetric activity of radon; lung cancer</span></p>
43
Graça, Cláudio de Oliviera. "Evaluation of accidental radioactive 'atmospheric discharges by nuclear reactors." Ciência e Natura, January 18, 2002, 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x63629.
Full textAbstract:
The primary consideration concerning the safety of a nuclear installation refers to the protection of operators and the surrounding public both during normal operation as well as during an accidental release of radioactive contaminants into the atmosphere. The nuclear electricity generation has proved to be a safe technology, despite the generation of an enormous quantity of radioactive isotopes, both actinides and products of activation, considering the small number of accidental atmospheric dispersion events. In modern reactor installations like that of Angra I in Brazil, the monitoring of radioactivity has not lead to radioactive levels higher than normal accepted environmental levels. This is a consequence of safety features built into the plant in order that, should there be a radioactive release, no members of the public would be subjected to unacceptable levels of risk. Since there have been a very few number of reported reactor accidents, the design of a nuclear plant must resort to theoretical calculations and simulations of hypothetical releases to study the consequences of accidental dispersion of radioactive effluents. In this paper we consider the various stages related with the release of radioactivity from the irradiated nuclear fuel to the calculation of doses, starting from the radioactive inventory calculation followed with the model of radioactive release and the standard treatment for the effluents behavior in the atmosphere suggesting the gamma doses calculation to the public based in the use of the adjoint flux calculations, used as importance function, instead of the direct calculation. This new methodology will be more effective, considering the inherent large uncertainties in each stage of the radioactive release and dispersion computations. It is also necessary to remember that the system of dose limitation is based on maximum allowed levels of accidental release and maximum pollutants concentration (MCP) on air or on water and in this case the adjoint flux takes the function of the Importance of a particular radioactive release for the dose received by each irradiated individual, or for any other integral response.
44
Jabbar Ashour, Assistant Lecturer Ameel, and Dr Harlida Abdul Wahab. "Legal Protection Of Air Pollution In IRAQ." Journal of Juridical and Political Science 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.55716/jjps.2016.5.1.12.
Full textAbstract:
One of the major challenges to protect the environment in Iraq is air pollution. As it has become a great problem in Iraq and is of great concern due to its negative effects on the quality of life. Air pollution reduces renewable and non-renewable natural sources and is a major threat to the life of the coming generations. Environmental experts agree that the current environmental problems in Iraq are the result of three great wars; all kinds of internationally prohibited weapons were used by, Saddam Hussein, the previous Iraqi regime. Needless to say, the effect of the Second Gulf War on the environment in Iraq and other neighboring countries in 1991 is equal to the great environmental pollution resulting from the explosion of the Nuclear Chernobyl Reactor in the Soviet Union in 1986. That war damaged the coastal areas in some countries, led to the increase of earth’s temperature and the pollution of water and air due to a massive oil leak and widespread fires in the oil wells. The estimated leak from the shipping stations and sinking ships was about 8.4 million barrels. It is worth noting that the environment was not just affected by one kind of pollutant, but also involved radiological, chemical and other electromagnetic pollutants. This accident negatively affected the lives of people, especially those residing in the affected area. Furthermore, the United States' occupation to Iraq in 2003 had a crucial role in increasing the problem of environmental air pollution; they used internationally prohibited weapons, e.g., radioactive uranium and chemical weapons. The use of such weapons led to fatal health problems for the Iraqi people, evidenced mainly by the occurrence of cancerous diseases, distorted new born babies and infertility. Hence, this paper proposes the adoption of the Iraqi criminal law represented by the Iraqi Punishments Law No. 111 of 1969, is a law governing all crimes without exception, whether they are environmental or ordinary crimes. Additionally, the special law of the environment represented by the law of protecting and improving the environment No. 13 in 1997 was amended by Law No. 27 in 2009.
45
Geger, Emilia, Aleksandr Podvesovskii, Oksana Mikhaleva, and Anton Korsakov. "Intelligent Analysis of the Ecological State of Environment with Application of Distributed Expertise (on the Example of Bryansk Region)." Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Machine Vision (GraphiCon 2020). Part 2, December 17, 2020, paper77–1—paper77–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51130/graphicon-2020-2-3-77.
Full textAbstract:
The paper considers the problem of assessing the ecological state of the environment in the region. An approach to the intelligent analysis and estimation of anthropo-technogenic pollution of a territory with the application of integral indicators which take into account environmental pollution is proposed. To estimate the integral indicator parameters, distributed group expertise technology is used, supporting a mechanism for control of expert estimates consistency, taking into account experts’ competency in the relevant subject areas. Using the proposed approach, the problem of risk assessment of environmental impact of chemical air pollutants has been solved. Methods for control of expert estimates consistency based on the procedure of feedback with experts made it possible to increase the reliability of evaluation results and also to decrease the influence of a random expert error on the final assessment. The obtained aggregated risk estimates were used to construct, calculate and visualize the integral indicator of radioactive and chemical contamination of the districts of Bryansk region.
46
Al-Shammari, Ahmed Majeed. "Environmental pollutions associated to conflicts in Iraq and related health problems." Reviews on Environmental Health 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0024.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSeveral wars and a 13-year embargo as well as several years of civil war with the recent war on terrorism have cumulatively damaged Iraq’s land, air, water, and health infrastructure. The sand particles in Iraq contain toxic substances, which dates back to the pollution caused by military actions that disassemble the desert sands and turn it into light dust. This dust reaches cities as dust storms that effect most Iraqi cities. The presence of depleted uranium (DU) in the Iraqi food chain is documented by measuring the uranium in animals organs in different Iraqi cities with the highest concentration in the south of Iraq. One of the major sites of pollution in Iraq is the Al-twaitha nuclear research site. The nuclear research reactors were destroyed in the 1991 Gulf War. Barrels containing radioactive materials and sources were stolen from the site in the 2003 war. This resulted in considerable radioactive pollution at the site and in its surrounding areas. Soil sample have been found to be contaminated by Cs-137and Co-60. Cancer and birth defects are most associated with the environmental pollution caused by the conflicts. All studies related to this by Iraqi researchers are discussed in this review. From studying the Iraqi scientific publications, we can conclude that Basrah, Baghdad, Faluja, Mosul and Thi-Qar are the most effected cities in Iraq. This review concludes that the presence of a heavily contaminated environment with war related pollutants in most of the Iraqi cities needs much attention and huge effort to reduce the related health problems.
47
Bourrous, S., L. Bouilloux, P. Nerisson, D. Thomas, and J. C. Appert-Collin. "Influence of Pleat Deformation on Pressure Drop for a High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter: A Small-Scale Experimental Approach." Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 3, no. 1 (December 20, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4034711.
Full textAbstract:
For industrial or domestic applications, the wide range of use of pleated filters makes the understanding of their airflow behavior a major issue for designer and users. In all industrial installations dealing with radioactive matter, the containment of pollutants must be ensured. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are used as the last purification stage before the air is rejected in the environment. These filters can be used either alone, in the case of nonsensible installation, or coupled with other filtration devices disposed before it where contamination level could be important. The prediction of their pressure drop is very important in nuclear safety to be able to anticipate any dysfunction or rupture of these devices. It has been observed that geometry of the medium has an influence on the pressure drop of a pleated filter. In the case of HEPA filters, no convincing explanation has been brought to explain their airflow behavior. The pressure drop evolution of the filter during the clogging remains difficult to explain by assuming constant pleat geometry. Some studies show that deformation occurs during the filter use, which could induce an increase of the available volume in the pleat and a reduction of the efficient filtration surface. The increase in computation capacity introduces nowadays the possibility to perform complex simulation, taking into account the effect of fluids on sensible devices. This can be the case for simple structural analysis or for more complex analysis such as vibration induced by gas or fluid flow. It is mostly applied to avoid breaking or deformation of safety devices, and this can also be applied to anticipate the fluid behavior of some special devices such as filters. In classical filtration application, properties of the filter are coupled with particle deposition (e.g., changes in geometry and permeability depend on the thickness of the deposit). The studies concerning mechanical properties of filters are mainly performed for liquid filtration and clean filters. For pleated filters, the complexity of this kind of analysis remains the modification of the link between geometry, pressure drop, mechanical strength, and particle transport and accumulation inside the pleat. As a first approach, it has been chosen to combine an experimental and a numerical approach to improve the understanding of filter behavior. In this paper, the pleat deformation will be investigated using a direct nonintrusive laser measurement performed on a single pleat experiment. The rate of filtration surface lost will be estimated using these data and taken into account to evaluate the pressure drop against the filtration velocity. Results obtained show that the pleat deformation is an important parameter, which influences the geometry of the pleat.
48
Malić, Nenad. "Soil in Terms of Industrialization and Mining - Consequences and Soil Recovery." ОДРЖИВИ РАЗВОЈ И УПРАВЉАЊЕ ПРИРОДНИМ РЕСУРСИМА РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ 9, no. 9 (December 16, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/eoru2309323m.
Full textAbstract:
The land resource of Republic of Srpska is subject to damage impact caused by four basic groups of soil process: microbiological contamination, chemical contamination, anthropogenic degradation, and physical destruction or soil disappearance. The most common causes of soil contamination are heavy metals, sulphur solutions, organic pollutants, acid rains, pesticides, mineral fertilizers, radioactive radiation, mineral raw material deposits, various waste dump sites and other. Degradation of soil is reflected in the process of land sliding (erosion) and degradation of soil within the soil profile itself (in situ). Destruction of soil is the heaviest form of soil damage and loss. Surface mining of mineral raw materials appears to have the biggest impact resulting in soil loss. Temporary soil loss is usually defined by surface mining of mineral raw materials. Mining activities have most noticeable impacts on environment (soil, water, air, organisms). Technogenic soils are formed by overburden and interbred disposal and development of mineral raw material mining activities. Soil reclamation and other preventive environmental measures are to be taken to decrease adverse impact of mining activities and improve reclamation of degraded surfaces. Reclamation process covers approximately 10% of technogenic soil in Republic of Srpska at three coal basin locations (Gacko, Ugljevik and Stanari). Technogenic soil falls under VII class and I subclass of automorphic soils. Two types of soil belong to this subclass: Deposol and Rekultisol. Deposol represents interburden material moved to storage area before starting reclamation process. Rekultisol defines technogenic soil in different level and intensity of reclamation. The fertility of deposol, same as most other types of technogenic soil is generally poor. The basic goal of technogenic soil reclamation is surface stabilization and improvement of soil fertility. One of the most important properties of soil in the process of reclamation is organic matter content. Regular monitoring is important for collecting information on state of soils, application of reclamation measures, biogenic and other elements content in crop residue at reclaimed surfaces at the locations nearby mining and industrial utilities.
49
Ghali, Hela, Asma Ben Cheikh, Sana Bhiri, Lamia Bouzgarrou, Mohamed Ben Rejeb, Imed Gargouri, and Houyem Said Latiri. "Health and Environmental Impact of Hospital Wastes: Systematic Review." Dubai Medical Journal, March 15, 2023, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000529432.
Full textAbstract:
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Healthcare activities are generally associated with the production of healthcare waste, a large part of which is assimilated to household waste (packaging, kitchen waste, green waste, etc.) and another category of waste which may have a risk to health and the environment given its nature and typology. This category of waste at risk includes waste at risk of infection such as stinging, sharp waste (needles, blade, scalpel, etc.), and waste at chemical risk. Poor management of hospital waste is a problem in most countries and especially in developing countries. We aimed to determine the health and environmental impacts of the poor management of healthcare waste. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We carried out a systematic review of the French and English literature on the scientific research sites Medline/PubMed and Embase. This research was carried out over 3 months (April–June 2020). The search strategy was used by combining keywords and Boolean operators: Health, Health impact assessment, Hospitals, Medical waste, Waste disposal facilities, Environment, Environment/Epidemiology, Hospital waste, impact, workplace, Environment hazards, Healthcare works, Waste management. <b><i>Results:</i></b> It has been clear that the current management of healthcare waste is not capable of adequately preserving human health and environmental contamination from infection. The surveys analyzed showed that if incineration is properly treated, it would be an appropriate treatment method to deal with healthcare waste. However, exposure to pollutants produced by the incineration is still a public health problem. If incineration is seen as a practical solution for dealing with healthcare waste, low-temperature incinerators should be banned and replaced by modern incinerators equipped with air pollution control units. These problems are typical for any developing country which does not have the means to purchase incinerators which are more protective for the environment and equipped with the latest technologies. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Thus, autoclaving and microwaves are considered better alternatives for treating healthcare waste. However, these methods are generally not adequate for the disposal of pathological, radioactive, laboratory, and chemotherapy wastes. Therefore, the specific management of healthcare waste is a major concern due to the potentially high risks for human health and the environment.
50
Tang, Bowen, Hao Wang, Jianjun Xu, Jiazhen Lin, Jinxing Hu, and Rongliang Chen. "High-Resolution Simulation of the Near-Field Pollutant Dispersion in a Nuclear Power Plant Community with High-Performance Computing." Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44198-024-00171-7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study aims to employ numerical simulations to understand the dynamics of wind fields and air pollutant dispersion in the proximity of a nuclear plant, situated within a specified urban environment. By leveraging computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combined with geographical information system (GIS) data, the research comprehensively models atmospheric interactions in terms of wind flow patterns, building-induced pressure variances, and pollutant trajectories. The computational domain extends over an area of $$8.8\,\textrm{km} \times 8.4\,\textrm{km}$$ 8.8 km × 8.4 km , vertically stretching to 0.5 km. The wind and pollutant distribution equations are discretized using the finite volume method, providing detailed insights into fluid interactions with urban topographies. Key findings highlight the profound influences of terrain, urban structures, and wind flow behavior on the dispersion of radioactive aerosols, shedding light on potential risks and safety protocols for nuclear plant environments.