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Journal articles on the topic 'Radioactive pollutants – adverse effects'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 July 2024

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Thompson, Lesa A., and Wageh S. Darwish. "Environmental Chemical Contaminants in Food: Review of a Global Problem." Journal of Toxicology 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2345283.

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Contamination by chemicals from the environment is a major global food safety issue, posing a serious threat to human health. These chemicals belong to many groups, including metals/metalloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), radioactive elements, electronic waste, plastics, and nanoparticles. Some of these occur naturally in the environment, whilst others are produced from anthropogenic sources. They may contaminate our food—crops, livestock, and seafood—and drinking water and exert adverse effects on our health. It is important to perform assessments of the associated potential risks. Monitoring contamination levels, enactment of control measures including remediation, and consideration of sociopolitical implications are vital to provide safer food globally.

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Walia, Smily, J. S. Dua, and D. N. Prasad. "A Novel Drug Delivery of Microspheres." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 6 (2021): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6.5059.

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Microspheres are multiparticulate drug delivery systems that distribute medications at a predetermined rate to a specific region. Microspheres are free-flowing powders manufactured from biodegradable proteins or synthetic polymers, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 micrometers. Benefits of using microspheres in medication delivery, bone tissue manufacture, and pollutant absorption and desorption by regeneration .The study demonstrates how microsphere parameters are planned and measured. Bioadhesive microspheres, polymeric microspheres, magnetic microspheres, floating microspheres, and radioactive microspheres are only a few examples of complicated microspheres. Cosmetics, oral medication administration, target drug delivery, ocular drug delivery, gene delivery, and other industries covered in the paper could all benefit from microspheres. To ensure best therapeutic effectiveness, the agent must be delivered to target tissue at an optimal amount during the appropriate timeframe, with low toxicity and adverse effects. There are several methods for delivering the therapeutic substance to the target site in a controlled manner. The use of microspheres as medication carriers is one such technique. The value of microspheres as a novel drug delivery carrier to accomplish site-specific drug delivery was discussed in this article. Keywords: Microspheres, method of preparations, polymer bioadhesion, types of microspheres.

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Curtis, Luke, William Rea, Patricia Smith-Willis, Ervin Fenyves, and Yaqin Pan. "Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants." Environment International 32, no. 6 (2006): 815–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.03.012.

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Chen, Zhixiong, Yi Ding, Rusty Laracuenti, and Bernard Lipat. "Modelling the Effects of Radioactive Effluent onThunnus orientalisandOncorhynchus gorbuscha." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/672171.

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The contamination of the Pacific Ocean by the radioactive pollutants released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant has raised legitimate concerns over the viability of marine wildlife. We develop a modified Crank-Nicholson method to approximate a solution to the diffusion-advection-decay equation in time and three spatial dimensions to explore the extent of the effects of the radioactive effluent on two marine species: the Pacific Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus orientalis) and the Pacific Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha).

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George, Ancy, Annapurna Y, Harilal P, and Anila Kumari. "High dose radioactive iodine therapy and its short term adverse effects." Journal of Community Health Management 9, no. 3 (2022): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jchm.2022.030.

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The disorders of the thyroid gland are on the rise. Radioactive iodine (RAI- I-131) is now used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. This helps in the destruction of the follicular cells and radiation help in annulling the cancer cells. RAI has many adverse effects; the short-term effects include – gastrointestinal, salivary dysfunction, and thyroiditis, and long-term adverse effects - secondary carcinomas. The facilities for giving radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) are less in the state of Kerala; also the adverse effects of RAIT are less studied in our population.To evaluate the pattern of short-term adverse effects following high doses of radioactive iodine therapy in patients with thyroid carcinomaThis study was designed as a prospective observational study conducted on patients attending the Department of Nuclear Medicine for high-dose radioiodine therapy in a tertiary care center. Patients were followed up for any occurrences of adverse effects for six months. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18 and an independent t-test was done to find the association between dose and adverse drug reactions (ADR).The study comprised 75 participants, of which, 59(79%) were females. The adverse reactions were reported by 59 participants (79%). Loss of taste and smell in 48 participants (64%), xerostomia in 30 patients (40%) were reported. After one month of RAIT, these subsided. The association of dose vs ADR was found to be significant (p=0.008). The complete blood counts (CBC) were done pre-and post- RAIT showed a statistically significant decrease in all parameters (p=0.00 each).Radioactive iodine produces short-term adverse effects which are self-limiting. However, there is a need to identify and manage it for better treatment and patient compliance.

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Qing Li, Qing, Annamalai Loganath, Yap Seng Chong, Jing Tan, and Jeffrey Philip Obbard. "Persistent Organic Pollutants and Adverse Health Effects in Humans." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 69, no. 21 (2006): 1987–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390600751447.

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Charalambous, Andreas. "Seeking optimal management for radioactive iodine therapy-induced adverse effects." Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing 4, no. 4 (2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_23_17.

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Pope, C. Arden. "Adverse health effects of air pollutants in a nonsmoking population." Toxicology 111, no. 1-3 (1996): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(96)03372-0.

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Fard-Esfahani, Armaghan, Alireza Emami-Ardekani, Babak Fallahi, et al. "Adverse effects of radioactive iodine-131 treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma." Nuclear Medicine Communications 35, no. 8 (2014): 808–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0000000000000132.

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Marini, Mauro, and T. Ángel DelValls. "Pollutants and Climate Change, Runoff, Behavior and Adverse Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems." Applied Sciences 14, no. 7 (2024): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072823.

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Rahim, Abdellatif, Fatma Aydoğmuş-Öztürk, Cansel Çakir, Abdelkhalid Essamadi, and Bouchra El Amiri. "Mitigating Fluoride, Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicities in Laboratory Animals and Ruminants through Natural Products." Records of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2, no. 1 (2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rfac.6.2202.2365.

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Environmental pollutants are considered a serious health problem for humans and animals mainly ruminants in several regions of the world. Previously, many studies have investigated the mechanisms of toxicity of these pollutants on laboratory animals. Afterward, other studies have demonstrated that exposure to environmental pollutants may cause several adverse effects on the ruminant organs, influencing its performance and leading to socio-economic problems for breeders. Fluoride, lead, arsenic, and cadmium are the most common poisonings in ruminants, they can cause several irreversible toxic effects in many organs depending on the mode of action. The adverse effects of fluoride, lead, arsenic, and cadmium toxicities in laboratory animals and ruminants have been clearly summarized in this review. In addition, several results on protective or ameliorative effects by means of natural products against these toxicities in laboratory animals and ruminants have been illustrated.

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O'Connor, J. C., and R. E. Chapin. "Critical evaluation of observed adverse effects of endocrine active substances on reproduction and development, the immune system, and the nervous system." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (2003): 2099–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112099.

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The last 40 years have seen many reports that man-made chemicals and environmental pollutants cause adverse effects in humans and wildlife; however, actually linking an exposure with a mechanism and an effect has yet to be done for endocrine disruption. Certainly, studies in experimental animals have shown that sufficient doses of select compounds can disrupt the endocrine system and produce the attendant adverse outcomes. The purpose of this contribution is to evaluate some of the recent reports of the adverse effects on reproduction and development, the immune system, and the nervous system that have been observed in experimental animals after treatment with man-made chemicals and environmental pollutants. Space limitations prevent us from presenting a comprehensive review of all reported endocrine active chemicals and their effects. Instead, we have focused on drawing conclusions as to the scope and etiology of the adverse effects in experimental animals using examples from the scientific literature, and on suggesting a path forward for further work.

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Martikainen, Maria-Viola, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Lenie van den Broek, et al. "TUBE Project: Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010311.

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The adverse effects of air pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unquestionable. However, in recent years, indications of effects beyond these organ systems have become more evident. Traffic-related air pollution has been linked with neurological diseases, exacerbated cognitive dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the exact air pollutant compositions and exposure scenarios leading to these adverse health effects are not known. Although several components of air pollution may be at play, recent experimental studies point to a key role of ultrafine particles (UFPs). While the importance of UFPs has been recognized, almost nothing is known about the smallest fraction of UFPs, and only >23 nm emissions are regulated in the EU. Moreover, the role of the semivolatile fraction of the emissions has been neglected. The Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects (TUBE) project will increase knowledge on harmful ultrafine air pollutants, as well as semivolatile compounds related to adverse health effects. By including all the major current combustion and emission control technologies, the TUBE project aims to provide new information on the adverse health effects of current traffic, as well as information for decision makers to develop more effective emission legislation. Most importantly, the TUBE project will include adverse health effects beyond the respiratory system; TUBE will assess how air pollution affects the brain and how air pollution particles might be removed from the brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the TUBE project, its background, and its goals.

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Mortazavi, Seyed Mohammad Javad, Saba Nowroozi, Masoud Haghani, Zinat Zarrini-Monfared, Farshid Gheisari, and Lembit Sihver. "Probiotic Bacteria Cannot Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Radioactive Iodine-131 Treatment." Cancers 15, no. 3 (2023): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030740.

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Thyroid carcinoma is the most common cancer of the endocrine system, accounting for 12% of all cancer cases in adolescents in the United States. Radioiodine therapy plays a key role in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) treatment. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was aimed at evaluating the effect of probiotics supplementation in reducing the acute side-effects of radioiodine therapy in PTC patients. Fifty-six patients were randomly divided into four groups: one placebo and three intervention groups. The probiotics product used in this study was LactoCare (ZistTakhmir Co., Iran), a multi-strain commercially available symbiotic containing 12 strains of probiotic species including Lactobacillus strains, Bifidobacteria strains, and Streptococcus thermophilus, plus Fructo-oligosaccharides as the prebiotic. Group 0 was our placebo group (no probiotics), while the other three groups received probiotics capsules for 2/4 days, starting only 2 days prior to radioiodine therapy, only 4 days after radioiodine therapy or 2 days prior and 4 days after radioiodine therapy. Six patients were withdrawn during the study because of poor compliance or at their own request. The symptoms reported by patients including data about the incidence and duration of each complication were recorded. The probiotics' effectiveness was confirmed for dry mouth and taste loss or change when it was administered prior to the radioiodine treatment. The benefit was not confirmed for other radiation-induced complications such as pain and swelling in the neck, nausea and vomiting, salivary gland swelling, and diarrhea. Further large-scale clinical trials are warranted to improve our knowledge in this quickly evolving field.

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Ooshiro, Masaru, Takaomi Kobayashi, and Shuji Uchida. "Compact Storage of Radioactive Cesium in Compressed Pellets of Zeolite Polymer Composite Fibers." Materials 11, no. 8 (2018): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081347.

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To facilitate the safe storage of radioactive Cs, a zeolite–poly(ethersulfone) composite fiber was fabricated to be a compact storage form of radioactive Cs, and an immobilization was investigated with respect to the effects of volume reduction and stability of the fiber’s adsorbent matrix. Using compressed heat treatment at 100–800 °C for a zeolite polymer composite fiber (ZPCF) containing Cs, the fabrication changed its form from a fiber into a pellet, which decreased the matrix volume to be about one-sixth of its original volume. The Cs leakage behavior of the ZPCF matrix was examined in its compact pellet form for non-radioactive Cs and radioactive Cs when different fabrication conditions were carried out in the immobilization. The elution ratio of non-radioactive Cs from the matrix was minimal, at 0.05%, when the ZPCF was compressed with heat treatment at 300 °C. When using radioactive Cs for the compression at below 300 °C, the pellet form also had no elution of the pollutants from the matrix. When the compressed treatment was at 500 °C, the matrix exhibited elution of radioactive Cs to the outside, meaning that the plastic component was burning and decomposed in the pellet. A comparison of ZPCF and natural zeolite indicated that the compressed heating process for ZPCF was useful in a less-volume-immobilized form of the compact adsorbent for radioactive Cs storage.

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Xiong, Lili, Zenghui Xu, Jie Tan, et al. "Acute effects of air pollutants on adverse birth outcomes in Changsha, China." Medicine 98, no. 3 (2019): e14127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000014127.

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Cheikh Rouhou, M., A. D. Karelis, D. H. St-Pierre, and L. Lamontagne. "Adverse effects of weight loss: Are persistent organic pollutants a potential culprit?" Diabetes & Metabolism 42, no. 4 (2016): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2016.05.009.

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Yang, I. A., K. M. Fong, P. V. Zimmerman, S. T. Holgate, and J. W. Holloway. "Genetic susceptibility to the respiratory effects of air pollution." Thorax 63, no. 6 (2008): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2007.079426.

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There is large variation between individuals in their response to air pollutants. This review summarises the existing evidence that genetic factors influence the mechanisms of lung injury caused by air pollutants. Genetic association studies have compared the adverse effects of air pollutants between subjects with specific genotypes in biologically relevant genes. In human studies of ozone exposure, polymorphisms in oxidative stress genes (NQO1, GSTM1, GSTP1) modify respiratory symptoms, lung function, biomarkers and risk of asthma. Inflammatory gene polymorphisms (TNF) influence the lung function response to ozone, and the effect of different levels of ozone on the development of asthma. Polymorphisms in oxidative stress genes (GSTM1, GSTP1) alter the response to combined exposure to ragweed pollen and diesel exhaust particles. Importantly, polymorphisms in an oxidative stress gene (GSTM1) have predicted patients with asthma who benefit from antioxidant supplementation in Mexico City, which has chronically high ozone exposure. Genetic linkage studies of families have not been feasible for studying the effects of air pollution in humans, but some progress has been made with pedigrees of specially bred mice, in identifying chromosomal regions linked to effects of ozone or particles. A high priority now, in addition to avoiding exposure in the most susceptible people, is to clearly identify the most effective and safe chemopreventive agents for individuals who are genetically susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution (eg, antioxidants to be taken during high ozone levels).

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Tutar, B., T. Özülker, G. Berkiten, et al. "Does the radioactive iodine dose affect smell, taste sensation and nose function?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 135, no. 1 (2021): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215120002571.

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AbstractObjectiveTo detect whether the adverse effects of post-operative radioactive iodine therapy following differentiated thyroid cancer on smell, taste and nasal functions were associated with radioactive iodine dose.MethodsFifty-one patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy because of differentiated thyroid cancer were divided into two groups depending on the post-operative radioactive iodine therapy dose: low dose group (50 mCi; 21 patients) and high dose group (100–150 mCi; 30 patients). The Sniffin’ Sticks smell test, the Taste Strips test and the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test were performed on all patients one week before therapy, and at two months and one year following therapy.ResultsStatistically significant differences were detected in the Sniffin’ Sticks test results, total odour scores, total taste scores and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test results between the assessment time points. There was no statistically significant difference between the low and high dose groups in terms of odour, taste or Sino-Nasal Outcome Test scores either before or after therapy.ConclusionRadioactive iodine therapy has some short- and long-term adverse effects on nasal functions and taste and odour sensations, which affect quality of life. These effects are not dose-dependent.

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Oksanen, Elina. "Impacts of Ozone on Forest Plants and Ecosystems." Forests 12, no. 10 (2021): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101345.

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Chaitanya, P., Era Upadhyay, Desh Deepak Singh, and Virendra Singh. "Effective Contribution of Air Pollutants to Physiological and Psychological Human Diseases: A Systematic Review." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 4 (2022): 1943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.049.

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Increasing globalization, industrialization, population, and burning of fossil fuels have been adversely affecting the environment for a long time. The consequences of the effects can be seen even within a short period of time in the current scenario. The air pollutants such as SO2, NO2, CO, and PM are the main contributors to the adverse health effects. Long-term and short-term exposure to pollutants may cause acute and chronic effects on the human body as they can enter deep into the organ and circulate in the bloodstream. The ultimate purpose of this review is to develop a quantitative perceptive of the existing state of facts about potential health effects concerning the dose-response relationship between exposure level of air pollutants and induced diseases. We have drawn around 376 scientific research papers on high-impact factors related to air pollution and health. These publications were analyzed with consideration of experimental methods, design, observations, and reports on the exposure through inhalation which may emulate the normal direction of exposure inside the human organs. The present study suggests the effects of epidemiological studies on associations between pollutant concentrations and human health. Most of the inferences evidenced the severe adverse effects of particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Our present investigation reveals the health risk due to pollutants’ exposure to the vulnerable population anguishing with asthma, COPD, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer (physiological diseases); dementia, depression, and stress (psychological diseases).

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Rom, William N., Homer Boushey, and Arthur Caplan. "Experimental Human Exposure to Air Pollutants Is Essential to Understand Adverse Health Effects." American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 49, no. 5 (2013): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2013-0253ps.

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Lee, Chien-Yu, Lian-Yu Lin, Hsiao-Chi Chuang, Kin-Fai Ho, and Kai-Jen Chuang. "Long-Term Exposure to Essential Oils and Cardiopulmonary Health from a Population-Based Study." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (2022): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040631.

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It is still unknown whether long-term inhalation of indoor air pollutants from ambient essential oil is associated with increased cardiopulmonary events. We recruited 200 healthy homemakers to conduct a prospective observation study in Northern Taiwan. We measured heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and indoor air pollutants four times per year for each participant between 2008 and 2018. Moreover, a questionnaire related to essential oil usage, home characteristics, and health status was filled out with each participant. The association between essential oil usage and cardiopulmonary health was determined using mixed-effects models. The mixed-effects models showed a significant association between essential oil usage and adverse cardiopulmonary effects including increased HR and BP and decreased % predicted PEFR among participants with heavy use of essential oils. No significant association between essential oils usage and adverse cardiopulmonary effects was observed among participants without essential oils usage or participants with mild use of essential oils (less than one hour per day). We concluded that exposure to indoor air pollution related to essential oils was associated with adverse cardiopulmonary effects among participants with essential oil usage more than one hour per day.

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Nawaz, Abdul Rehman, Usama Anwar, and Shafique Ahmad. "Assessing the Economic Impact of Tanneries’ Pollutants in Pakistan." Journal of Economic Impact 3, no. 2 (2021): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei30221035.

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The leather industry, which is dubbed "Noxious" around the world, is an essential element of Kasur's industrial heritage. Hundreds of individuals in Kasur are directly or indirectly involved in the tanning of leather. The study's goal is to determine the effects of the environmental deterioration caused by tanneries on the economic lives of Kasur residents. Crop output declines due to the detrimental impacts of waste emissions on the surrounding soil, posing economic hazards. The three most polluted areas of Kasur have been identified, and data from the study area is collected through In-depth Interviews from 30 potential respondents in those areas. The convenience sampling technique has been applied, while the Mix-method approach (qualitative and quantitative) is used for the analysis. It is found that toxic pollutants of tanneries have profound adverse effects on the animals’ health such as cattle, poultry, fisheries, and adverse effects have been found on the production of meat and milk. The study suggests that the dangers of chemicals have a negative impact on those who live near chemical plants, both physically and economically. It proposes relocating industries away from residential areas.

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Mar-Ortiz, A. F., J. J. Salazar-Rábago, M. Sánchez-Polo, M. Rozalen, F. J. Cerino-Córdova, and M. Loredo-Cancino. "Photodegradation of antihistamine chlorpheniramine using a novel iron-incorporated carbon material and solar radiation." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 9 (2020): 2607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00413h.

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Li, Yanlin, Jianyun Sun, Ruoyi Lei, et al. "The Interactive Effects between Drought and Air Pollutants on Children’s Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Time-Series Analysis in Gansu, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (2023): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031959.

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As a destructive and economic disaster in the world, drought shows an increasing trend under the continuous global climate change and adverse health effects have been reported. The interactive effects between drought and air pollutants, which may also be harmful to respiratory systems, remain to be discussed. We built the generalized additive model (GAM) and distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to estimate the effects of drought and air pollutants on daily upper respiratory infections (URTI) outpatient visits among children under 6 in three cities of Gansu province. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based on monthly precipitation (SPI-1) was used as an indicator of drought. A non-stratified model was established to explore the interaction effect of SPI-1 and air pollutants. We illustrated the number of daily pediatric URTI outpatient visits increased with the decrease in SPI-1. The interactive effects between air pollutants and the number of daily pediatric URTIs were significant. According to the non-stratified model, we revealed highly polluted and drought environments had the most significant impact on URTI in children. The occurrence of drought and air pollutants increased URTI in children and exhibited a significant interactive effect.

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Sharma, Sandeep, and Nitu Kumari. "Modeling the Impact of Rain on Population Exposed to Air Pollution." International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation 21, no. 3-4 (2020): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns-2017-0109.

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AbstractAir pollution is caused by contamination of air due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. The growing air pollution has diverse adverse effects on human health and other living species. However, a significant reduction in the concentration of air pollutants has been observed during the rainy season. Recently, a number of studies have been performed to understand the mechanism of removal of air pollutants due to the rain. These studies have found that rain is helpful in removing many air pollutants from the environment. In this paper, we proposed a mathematical model to investigate the role of rain in the removal of air pollutants and its subsequent impacts on the human population.

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Ambariyanto, Ambariyanto, and Alferd Y. Ko'ou. "Are Zooxanthellae Really Sensitive? Response of Zooxanthellae Size Exposed to Several Pollutants." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 22, no. 4 (2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.22.4.213-218.

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Pollution is one of the important issues faced by marine resources including zooxanthellae, which is known to be very sensitive to environmental changes. Some pollutants have been reported to have adverse effects on zooxanthellae, however, their sensitivity in regards to changes on cell size of these algae has not been widely explored. This study examined the effects of pollutants on the sensitivity of zooxanthellae through changes in size. Zooxanthellae were isolated from corals Porites lutea, Acropora aspera, and Montipora digitata collected from Panjang Island, Jepara, Indonesia. These algae were exposed to pollutants i.e. heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb) and nutrients (ammonium and phosphate) at concentrations of 5,10,15 ppb and 5,10,15 μM, respectively. Zooxanthellae size were measured five hours after pollutants exposure. The results showed that all treatments reduced the size of zooxanthellae. Algae isolated from P. lutea are the least affected by pollutants and the highest percentage cell size reduction was found in phosphate treatment. However, reduction on the size of algae were not statistically significant. These results indicate that in relation to reduction in the size, zooxanthellae are not sensitive to pollutants. Keywords: Zooxanthellae, pollutants, sensitivity, size reduction

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Ambariyanto, Ambariyanto, Diah Permata Wijayanti, Munasik Munasik, et al. "Are Zooxanthellae Really Sensitive? Response of Zooxanthellae Size Exposed to Several Pollutants." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 23, no. 1 (2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.23.1.19-24.

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Franchini, Massimo, and Pier Mannuccio Mannucci. "Thrombogenicity and cardiovascular effects of ambient air pollution." Blood 118, no. 9 (2011): 2405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-04-343111.

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Abstract Exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse effects on health. In particular, a strong epidemiologic association is observed between acute and chronic exposures to particulate matter and the occurrence of cardiovascular events, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and venous thromboembolism, especially among older people and people with diabetes and previous cardiovascular conditions. Multiple mechanisms have been postulated to cause the increase in atherothrombotic and thromboembolic events, including the activation by particulate matter of inflammatory pathways and hemostasis factors, production of reactive oxygen species through the oxidative stress pathway, alterations in vascular tone, and decreased heart rate variability (a marker of cardiac autonomic dysfunction and a predictor of sudden cardiac death and arrhythmias). Current knowledge on the biologic mechanisms and the clinical effect of short- and long-term exposure to particulate air pollutants is discussed, emphasizing that life expectancy improved significantly in sites where air pollutants were controlled.

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López-Ramón, María Victoria, José Rivera-Utrilla, and Manuel Sánchez-Polo. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Wastes in Water." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020114.

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Over recent years, public concerns have arisen about environmental pollution by so-called emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) in water sources and factory effluents, because of their potentially adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems [...]

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Bridle, Tristen G., Premkumari Kumarathasan, and Jürgen Gailer. "Toxic Metal Species and ‘Endogenous’ Metalloproteins at the Blood–Organ Interface: Analytical and Bioinorganic Aspects." Molecules 26, no. 11 (2021): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113408.

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Globally, human exposure to environmental pollutants causes an estimated 9 million deaths per year and it could also be implicated in the etiology of diseases that do not appear to have a genetic origin. Accordingly, there is a need to gain information about the biomolecular mechanisms that causally link exposure to inorganic environmental pollutants with distinct adverse health effects. Although the analysis of blood plasma and red blood cell (RBC) cytosol can provide important biochemical information about these mechanisms, the inherent complexity of these biological matrices can make this a difficult task. In this perspective, we will examine the use of metalloentities that are present in plasma and RBC cytosol as potential exposure biomarkers to assess human exposure to inorganic pollutants. Our primary objective is to explore the principal bioinorganic processes that contribute to increased or decreased metalloprotein concentrations in plasma and/or RBC cytosol. Furthermore, we will also identify metabolites which can form in the bloodstream and contain essential as well as toxic metals for use as exposure biomarkers. While the latter metal species represent useful biomarkers for short-term exposure, endogenous plasma metalloproteins represent indicators to assess the long-term exposure of an individual to inorganic pollutants. Based on these considerations, the quantification of metalloentities in blood plasma and/or RBC cytosol is identified as a feasible research avenue to better understand the adverse health effects that are associated with chronic exposure of various human populations to inorganic pollutants. Exposure to these pollutants will likely increase as a consequence of technological advances, including the fast-growing applications of metal-based engineering nanomaterials.

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Shim, Ha, Jung Yang, Sun-Wook Jeong, et al. "Silver Nanomaterial-Immobilized Desalination Systems for Efficient Removal of Radioactive Iodine Species in Water." Nanomaterials 8, no. 9 (2018): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8090660.

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Increasing concerns regarding the adverse effects of radioactive iodine waste have inspired the development of a highly efficient and sustainable desalination process for the treatment of radioactive iodine-contaminated water. Because of the high affinity of silver towards iodine species, silver nanoparticles immobilized on a cellulose acetate membrane (Ag-CAM) and biogenic silver nanoparticles containing the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans (Ag-DR) were developed and investigated for desalination performance in removing radioactive iodines from water. A simple filtration of radioactive iodine using Ag-CAM under continuous in-flow conditions (approximately 1.5 mL/s) provided an excellent removal efficiency (>99%) as well as iodide anion-selectivity. In the bioremediation study, the radioactive iodine was rapidly captured by Ag-DR in the presence of high concentration of competing anions in a short time. The results from both procedures can be visualized by using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning. This work presents a promising desalination method for the removal of radioactive iodine and a practical application model for remediating radioelement-contaminated waters.

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Korsakov, Anton V., Anna E. Kryukova, Vladislav P. Troshin, Olga Yu Milushkina, and Dmitry G. Lagerev. "Primary incidence of cervical cancer in the population living in ecologically disadvantaged areas (2000–2020)." Hygiene and sanitation 102, no. 1 (2023): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-1-14-21.

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Introduction. Thirty six years after the Chernobyl disaster about 5 million people live in the radioactively contaminated territories of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, and the density of radioactive contamination, determined mainly by long-lived Cesium-137 and Strontium-90, will remain radiologically significant for several decades. Purpose of the study. Based on official statistics for 2000-2020, to analyze the trend in the incidence of cervical cancer in females living in conditions of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination in the Bryansk region. Materials and methods. Poisson regression, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman test. Data sources - Bryansk Regional Oncological Dispensary, Rospotrebnadzor, Rostekhnadzor, Bryanskstat. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of the cervical cancer, regardless of the level of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination. Also, we have found no significant correlations between the frequency of primary morbidity of the cervical cancer with neither the density of 137Cs and 90Sr contamination, nor air pollution with gaseous pollutants (VOCs, SO2, CO and NOx). A statistically significant (p<0.00001) gain in the long-term trend in the incidence of the cervical cancer over 2000-2019 was revealed in all the studied groups, regardless of the environmental conditions of the residence. The forecast for the incidence of the cervical cancer on average in the Bryansk region during 2020 shows a decrease by 20.7% in real values compared to the forecast data. Limitations. Incidence of the cervical cancer without regard to age groups, distribution at the stage of the disease, histological, and immunohistochemical profile. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate to the need for further work to understand the trends in the presence/absence of independent and combined effects of pollutants on the growth of oncogynecological pathology from the standpoint of assessing distant and regional metastasis, the histological, and immunohistichemical profile of a specific cervical cancer with levels of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination.

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Nikic, Dragana, Dusica Stojanovic, and Maja Nikolic. "Effects of air pollution on children's health in Nis and Niska Banja." Vojnosanitetski pregled 62, no. 7-8 (2005): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0508537n.

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Background. Epidemiological studies point out that air pollution in the cities was a major risk for health of the exposed population. In particular, the effects of air pollutants were adverse to the respiratory tract. In Nis and Niska Banja, the concentrations of pollutants were mainly below the threshold values. However, according to the literature, even these concentrations could exert negative effects, especially the health of the most sensitive group, such as the preschool children. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of the current levels of air pollutants in the city of Nis on respiratory symptoms and diseases. Methods. A pilot, cohort, retrospective study included 1 385 children of 1-5 years of age from the zones with statistically significant concentrations of air pollutants, in the period after the birth of the children. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases was determined on the basis of a modified WHO standard questionnaire completed by the parents. Results. It was revealed that in the more polluted of the studied zones, the prevalence of some respiratory symptoms (cough with cold and phlegm), and the lower respiratory tract diseases was significantly higher. Conclusion. The results of our study showed that the current concentrations of air pollutants in Nis and Niska Banja could represent the important etiological factor for the development of respiratory symptoms and diseases. Our study showed that in the children of up to 5 years of age, the frequency of respiratory symptoms and diseases was significantly higher in more polluted than in less polluted environments.

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Saxena, Richa, and Sonal Jain. "Adverse Effects of Pollutants on Expectant Mothers— From Womb to Grave : A Retrospective Review." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 8, no. 2 (2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1408.

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ABSTRACT Aim The present state-of-art study is an attempt to decipher how adversely the air pollution and its constituents affect the fate of a developing fetus. This involves a detailed study on criteria pollutant and its impact on various pregnancy outcomes, i.e., low birth weight, premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and reduction in fetus size. Materials and methods All the concerned research and review papers from the virtual dataset were segregated and have been studied specifically. Results In relevance to the specific pollutants, the particulate matter (PM) seems to be greatly responsible for causing neonatal deaths and high infant mortality rates, whereas the exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reveals low-birth-weight fetus. Proceeding further, sulfur dioxide (SO2) greatly targets expectant mothers in the second and last trimesters of pregnancy, resulting in low-birth-weight fetuses. The impact of carbon monoxide (CO) during pregnancy was also studied and found to be responsible for structural malformations. Active and passive smoking both boost pregnancy complications in terms of ectopic pregnancy, low birth weight, and infant mortality. Discussion Very few studies have been reported that reveal the dependency of pollutant exposure and reproductive outcomes. One strong interpretation is not sufficient enough to meet the complexity related to plethora of information. Due to variation in the number of factors like spatial and temporal variation, maternal thresholds, period of pregnancy, period of exposure, etc., the extrapolation of result is multifaceted. Different epidemiological studies with different adaptation in methodology report diverse consequences. Conclusion The evidence is satisfactory enough to reveal that the most potent pollutant seems to be PM. The detailed biologic mechanism regarding how these pollutants find their way to placental membrane and disturb the fetal destiny is still vague. The review suggests that reproductive awareness programs should be initiated by the government and policy analysts should be done to lessen the increasing economic burden on human health. How to cite this article Saxena R, Jain S. Adverse Effects of Pollutants on Expectant Mothers—From Womb to Grave: A Retrospective Review. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(2):157-162.

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Boonphun, Jirat, Chalat Kaisornsawad, and Papis Wongchaisuwat. "Machine learning algorithms for predicting air pollutants." E3S Web of Conferences 120 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912003004.

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An atmospheric particular matter, commonly recognized as PM, contains solid particles and liquid droplets suspending in an ambient air. A high concentration of PM is known to seriously cause adverse health effects to humans especially a small-sized particle, known as PM2.5. Not only health effects, environmental effects are also obviously observed. This work aims to estimate a likelihood of PM2.5 exceeding a pre-defined safety threshold. Multiple machine learning models are explored in this work. Particularly, classification models are implemented based on meteorological data and air pollutant features measured at different altitudes above a ground level. These features are shifted back to various time steps resulting in more insightful time-lagged features. Furthermore, a feature selection technique is implemented to specify a desirable set of important features. A re-sampling technique is also employed to address an unbalancing level of the response value in an original data set. The proposed models are evaluated on a case study whose data set is collected from an air monitoring station located in Bangkok, Thailand.

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Westing, Arthur H. "The Ecological Dimension of Nuclear War." Environmental Conservation 14, no. 4 (1987): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900016817.

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This paper examines the widespread environmental effects, sensu stricto, that would result from a large-scale nuclear war and the resultant ecological impacts. Singled out for analysis are the effects of wildfires, radioactive fallout, enhanced ultraviolet radiation, loss of atmospheric oxygen, gain in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and reductions in sunlight and temperature; also of combinations and ramifications of these adverse phenomena.

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Chen, Zhanghua, Muhammad T. Salam, Claudia Toledo-Corral, et al. "Ambient Air Pollutants Have Adverse Effects on Insulin and Glucose Homeostasis in Mexican Americans." Diabetes Care 39, no. 4 (2016): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1795.

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Kim, Yewon, Yoon-Hyeong Choi, Mee Kum Kim, Hae Jung Paik, and Dong Hyun Kim. "Different adverse effects of air pollutants on dry eye disease: Ozone, PM2.5, and PM10." Environmental Pollution 265 (October 2020): 115039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115039.

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Adel, El-Afandy H., Mohamed G. El-Feky, Samia H. Taha та ін. "Natural Radionuclide Concentrations by γ-Ray Spectrometry in Granitic Rocks of the Sol Hamed Area, Southeastern Desert of Egypt, and Their Radiological Implications". Minerals 12, № 3 (2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030294.

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The occurrence of heavy radioactive minerals in construction supplies such as granite has drawn attention to the extraction of heavy radioactive minerals. Granitic rocks were identified to serve an essential economic role in the study area’s surrounding locations. As a result, the current study attempted to detect the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the granitic rock samples tested and estimate the radiological dangers associated with these rocks. The obtained data on activity concentrations for 238U (610 ± 1730 Bq kg−1), 232Th (110 ± 69 Bq kg−1) and 40K (1157 ± 467 Bq kg−1) in the granitic samples (GR) were higher than the recommended worldwide average. The radioactive levels found in the samples were caused by radioactive materials being altered and trapped inside granite faults. The exposure to gamma radiation from the granitic rocks were assessed via various radiological parameters, such as radium equivalent content (856 Bq kg−1), absorbed dose rate (Dair) in the air (396 nGy/h), and annual effective dose for either outdoor (0.48 mSv y−1) or indoor (1.9 mSv y−1). Statistical analysis was performed to detect the correlations between radioactive concentrations and radiological parameters. The radioactive effects contributed by the uranium minerals were associated with the granitic rocks. Based on the analysis, the radioactive levels in the examined granitic surpassed the acceptable limits; therefore, they are not safe to use in building and infrastructure applications and may cause adverse health effects.

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Sandhu, Ajay, Vladimir Ioffe, Daniel Karakla, et al. "Prospective Single-Arm Study of Radioprotection by Amifostine in High Dose Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Thyroid Cancer." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 46, no. 2 (2012): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1019.

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ABSTRACT Purpose Xerostomia, sialoadenitis, taste dysfunction and nausea are well known toxicities following high dose radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. This prospective study sought to determine the incidence rates for RAI adverse effects and to determine, whether the radioprotector, amifostine could decrease the duration of the adverse effects in single treatment patients. Materials and methods Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer received 150 mCi RAI after total thyroidectomy. All patients were pretreated with 1 mg granisetron and 4 mg dexamethasone. Patients in the amifostine arm (n = 27) were prospectively enrolled and received 500 mg amifostine subcutaneously. Adverse effects were scored based on the CTCAE at 1 month, 6 months, and yearly intervals using a physician administered questionnaire. The results were compared with a retrospective no amifostine cohort (n = 22) for whom data was collected with the identical questionnaire. Results The overall incidence of xerostomia, sialadenitis, taste dysfunction and nausea in the treatment group was 26, 22, 52 and 26% respectively. Only grades 1 and 2 adverse effects were observed. The mean duration (days) of xerostomia (control vs treatment)—37.3 vs 21.9 (F test, p = 0.016), taste dysfunction—45.5 vs 23.5 (F test, p = 0.001), sialadenitis— 16.8 vs 7.5 and nausea—18.7 vs 5.1. Conclusion In patients treated once with high dose RAI, who develop xerostomia, sialoadenitis, taste dysfunction, and/or nausea, the duration of symptoms appears to be reduced by pretreatment with 500 mg of subcutaneous amifostine without significant treatment related adverse effects. How to cite this article Sandhu A, Ioffe V, Karakla D, Wadsworth JT, Mendoza A, Rao N, Dignan K, Mason E, Goffman TE. Prospective Single-Arm Study of Radioprotection by Amifostine in High Dose Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Thyroid Cancer. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):90-94.

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Lee, Jong-Tae. "Review of epidemiological studies on air pollution and health effects in children." Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 64, no. 1 (2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00843.

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There is a growing body of literature on the adverse health effects of ambient air pollution. Children are more adversely affected by air pollution due to their biological susceptibility and exposure patterns. This review summarized the accumulated epidemiologic evidence with emphasis on studies conducted in Korea and heterogeneity in the literature. Based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is consistent evidence on the association between exposure to ambient air pollution and children’s health, especially respiratory health and adverse birth outcomes, and growing evidence on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Despite these existing studies, the mechanism of the adverse health effects of air pollution and the critical window of susceptibility remain unclear. There is also a need to identify causes of heterogeneity between studies in terms of measurement of exposure/outcome, study design, and the differential characteristics of air pollutants and population.

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Sharpe, Richard M. "Environmental/lifestyle effects on spermatogenesis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1546 (2010): 1697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0206.

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The high incidence of low sperm counts in young (European) men and evidence for declining sperm counts in recent decades mean that the environmental/lifestyle impact on spermatogenesis is an important health issue. This review assesses potential causes involving adverse effects on testis development in perinatal life (primarily effects on Sertoli cell number), which are probably irreversible, or effects on the process of spermatogenesis in adulthood, which are probably mainly reversible. Several lifestyle-related (obesity, smoking) and environmental (exposure to traffic exhaust fumes, dioxins, combustion products) factors appear to negatively affect both the perinatal and adult testes, emphasizing the importance of environmental/lifestyle impacts throughout the life course. Apart from this, public concern about adverse effects of environmental chemicals (ECs) (pesticides, food additives, persistent pollutants such as DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls) on spermatogenesis in adult men are, in general, not supported by the available data for humans. Where adverse effects of ECs have been shown, they are usually in an occupational setting rather than applying to the general population. In contrast, a modern Western lifestyle (sedentary work/lifestyle, obesity) is potentially damaging to sperm production. Spermatogenesis in normal men is poorly organized and inefficient so that men are poorly placed to cope with environmental/lifestyle insults.

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Jones, Elizabeth W., Limin Feng, Jane K. Dixon, John P. Dixon, Carolyn R. Hofe, and Lisa M. Gaetke. "Nutrition and Other Protective Behaviors Motivated by Environmental Health Risk Awareness." Open Nutrition Journal 10, no. 1 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874288201610010001.

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Background: Research findings have suggested that exposure to environmental pollutants contributes to increased health risks, which may be modulated by certain nutrition and other protective health behaviors. Nutrition professionals play an important role in effectively disseminating this information and in devising specific community-based nutrition education programs for audiences located in areas with environmental health issues. Objective: To assess awareness of environmental health problems and motivation to adopt protective health behaviors for use in planning nutrition education programs for communities exposed to environmental pollutants. Method: Data were collected from a modified, validated Environmental Health Engagement Profile (EHEP) survey instrument administered to adults (n=774) participating in community events in Kentucky based on location relative to hazardous waste sites. Results: The modified EHEP survey instrument showed good internal consistency reliability, and demographic characteristics were evaluated. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations in all groups, separately and combined, between awareness of environmental pollution in an individual’s surroundings and the extent of concern that pollutants cause adverse health effects (P < 0.01) and between concern that pollutants cause adverse health effects and taking personal actions to protect against such environmental insults (P < 0.01). The groups having the highest level of awareness posed by pollution are those residing near federally designated hazardous waste sites. Conclusion: These results suggest that determining and expanding an audience’s knowledge and perceptions of environmental health risks will enhance effective nutrition education program planning.

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Santiago, Evangeline. "Chemical Pollutants with Non-Communicable Disease Health Effects in the Philippines." Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 37, no. 2015 (2015): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2015.2834.

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Key Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) include autoimmune diseases, cancers, chronic cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney diseases and chronic pulmonary diseases. NCDs are usually chronic which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Among other factors like gender, genetics and lifestyle, exposure to environmental pollution has been identified as increasing the likelihood to develop NCDs. Some pollutants have been determined to cause adverse health effects to humans and wild life. Their sources, introduction to the environment, pathways to human contamination and metabolic effects have been studied. In this paper, trace metals and organic pollutants that have NCD effects and which are deemed important in terms of their sources and usage in the Philippines are discussed. Some monitoring data in the Philippine environment will be presented. Some suggestions to address a number of existing chemical pollution in the country that can contribute to the development of more NCDs are presented.

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Wang, Yue, Yi Huang, and Chen Li. "The Effects of Air Pollutants on Mortality in the Elderly at Different Ages: A Case of the Prefecture with Most Serious Aging in China." Sustainability 15, no. 22 (2023): 15821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152215821.

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The elderly population is the main group sensitive to air pollution; however, the risks of multiple air pollutants on the elderly at different ages are not very clear. For this study, daily concentrations of five major air pollutants (PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) and daily mortality information of 173,537 people who died between 2014 to 2017 in Nantong, a prefecture with the most serious aging rate in China in 2000, 2010, and 2020, were collected; the aging people were divided into 2–6 groups according to age. A generalized additive model with a thin-plate spline function was used to study the exposure–response relationship, the excess risk, and the lag period of various pollutants on each group of the elderly, and the synergistic effect between these pollutants and temperature was demonstrated. The results revealed that, after controlling confounding factors such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed, the lag period and relative risk of most pollutants increased with age, and the adverse effect of air pollutants on the elderly lasted for 2–3 days. Among the pollutants, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3 had a longer lag period compared with PM10. Linear and non-linear exposure–response relationships were observed between the pollutants and mortality. Women were at higher risk than men for the same pollutant concentrations. Synergistic effects were observed between the five pollutants and temperature. This study could contribute to the formulation of a strategy to mitigate the effects of air pollution on the elderly at different ages and play a positive role in reducing the negative impact of air pollution on aging societies.

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Farmer, Stephen A., Timothy D. Nelin, Michael J. Falvo, and Loren E. Wold. "Ambient and household air pollution: complex triggers of disease." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 307, no. 4 (2014): H467—H476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00235.2014.

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Concentrations of outdoor air pollution are on the rise, particularly due to rapid urbanization worldwide. Alternatively, poor ventilation, cigarette smoke, and other toxic chemicals contribute to rising concentrations of indoor air pollution. The World Health Organization recently reported that deaths attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollutant exposure are more than double what was originally documented. Epidemiological, clinical, and animal data have demonstrated a clear connection between rising concentrations of air pollution (both indoor and outdoor) and a host of adverse health effects. During the past five years, animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies have explored the adverse health effects associated with exposure to both indoor and outdoor air pollutants throughout the various stages of life. This review provides a summary of the detrimental effects of air pollution through examination of current animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies and exposure during three different periods: maternal (in utero), early life, and adulthood. Additionally, we recommend future lines of research while suggesting conceivable strategies to curb exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants.

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Hicks, Heraline E. "The Great Lakes: a Historical Overview." Toxicology and Industrial Health 12, no. 3-4 (1996): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379601200303.

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The Great Lakes are collectively the largest inland body of freshwater on this planet. For more than two hundred years, the Great Lakes basin has been used as a resource for industry, agriculture, shipping, and recreation. The physical characteristics of the basin and the long retention time of chemicals in the lakes combine to make this huge freshwater resource a repository for chemical by-products of these activities. Many of the more than one thousand chemicals detected in the waters, sediment, or biota of the Great Lakes have known toxic effects. This overview will identify the 11 most persistent toxic chemicals known as "critical" Great Lakes pollutants. It also will describe some of the adverse health effects that have been observed in fish and other wildlife because of exposure to these pollutants. Finally. it will discuss some of the early human health studies that 1) have demonstrated a correlation between increased body burdens and fish consumption, and 2) suggest an association between consumption of contaminated Great Lakes fish and adverse human health effects.

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Rodriguez-Villamizar, Laura A., Adam Magico, Alvaro Osornio-Vargas, and Brian H. Rowe. "The Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on the Respiratory Health of Canadian Children: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies." Canadian Respiratory Journal 22, no. 5 (2015): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/263427.

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BACKGROUND: Outdoor air pollution is a global problem with serious effects on human health, and children are considered to be highly susceptible to the effects of air pollution.OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comprehensive and updated systematic review of the literature reporting the effects of outdoor air pollution on the respiratory health of children in Canada.METHODS: Searches of four electronic databases between January 2004 and November 2014 were conducted to identify epidemiological studies evaluating the effect of exposure to outdoor air pollutants on respiratory symptoms, lung function measurements and the use of health services due to respiratory conditions in Canadian children. The selection process and quality assessment, using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, were conducted independently by two reviewers.RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies that were heterogeneous with regard to study design, population, respiratory outcome and air pollution exposure were identified. Overall, the included studies reported adverse effects of outdoor air pollution at concentrations that were below Canadian and United States standards. Heterogeneous effects of air pollutants were reported according to city, sex, socioeconomic status and seasonality. The present review also describes trends in research related to the effect of air pollution on Canadian children over the past 25 years.CONCLUSION: The present study reconfirms the adverse effects of outdoor air pollution on the respiratory health of children in Canada. It will help researchers, clinicians and environmental health authorities identify the available evidence of the adverse effect of outdoor air pollution, research gaps and the limitations for further research.

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