Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Radioactivitat natural'
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Costa, Garangou Eduard. "Processos de sedimentació i distribució de radioactivitat natural i artificial en sistemes aquàtics continentals de Catalunya (Embassaments de Flix i tram català del riu Ebre, Camarasa i llacs pirinencs)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3360.
Full textThe aim of this Doctoral Thesis in the Flix reservoir and the lower part of Ebro river part was to determine the Naturally Occurring Radioactivity waste materials (NORM) contained in Flix Reservoir sediments due to the dicalcium phosphate (DCP) production of a factory located in the reservoir vicinity, and evaluate the potential remobilization of the NORM waste materials downstream, along the 95 km of Ebro river until its river mouth delta (Ebro Delta). The results display an evident radiological impact in the waste materials dumped in Flix reservoir with maximum values of values 11723±198 Bq kg-1 238U, 9361± 181 Bq kg-1 226Ra, 3500±157 Bq kg-1 210Pb, 308 (238U), 92 (226Ra) and 38 (210Pb) times higher than the activity of these radionuclides in the Ebro sediments, that show an average activity of 20 Bq kg-1. In order to determine the mobilization of the radioactivity, 226Ra (dissolve) was studied. An enhancement of the 226Ra levels in water was detected in the Flix water (8.00.4 Bq m-3) and specially in the Flix meanders with a value of 37.5 ±1.2 Bq m-3, typical of the contaminated NORM rivers. However the rest of the lower part of the river water samples display non contaminated levels of 226Ra, with an average value of 5.9 ±1.6 Bq m-3.
In Camarasa reservoir the aim of the research was to establish the sedimentation rates by 210Pb models (CFCS) and 137Cs dating mark, that allows us to date the last 100-150 years. The highest sedimentation rate in the central and lower part of the reservoir was 3.3 ± 0.2 cm yr-1 (14.1 kg m-2 a-1), close to the dam, due to the dam barrier effect that block the water stream. The central part of the reservoir displays a lower sedimentation rate of 1.370.14 cm yr-1. We have to take into account the effect of the flood events in the assessment of the sedimentation rates. In this study a punctual flood event in November 1982 was registered in the sediments depositing from 30 to 40 cm of material in 1 week, equivalent to 25 years of normal sedimentation in the central part of the reservoir.
In the Pyrenees lake study, the distribution of 210Pb (0 to 5178 ± 1300 Bq·kg-1) and 137Cs (8 to 2970 ± 101 Bq·kg-1) displays a wide variation activity ranges, typical of remote lakes. 210Pb was used as a normalizer of the heavy metal (Zn and Cd) contaminations and some organochlorate compounds (Hexachlorobenzen and Hexachlorociclohexan) in order to detected contamination sources. The metal results display an evident Zn and Cd contamination in some lakes of Vall d'Aran area (Pica Palomera and Montoliu lakes) due to the mining activity during the period from 1740 to 1968. On the other hand, the normalized organochlorinate compounds display a source of contamination close to Sabiñanigo village (Aragon Pyrenees) probably due to the presence in the past of an Hexachlorociclohexan factory.
Font, Guiteras Lluís. "Radon generation, entry and accumulation indoors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3397.
Full textCortés, Guillem. "Aportaciones al estudio de los campos de radiación ionizante ambiental." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6602.
Full textS'aporten les tècniques necessàries per a determinar els factors de dosi que relacionen la concentració de radionúclids d'origen artificial depositats (per l'acció de la pluja) sobre el terreny que envolta l'estació ESCRA, amb la taxa de dosi mitjana en diverses posicions de la torre meteorològica de la estació. Per a la determinació dels factors de dosi s'han utilitzat tècniques de simulació Monte Carlo (MC) i diverses tècniques de reducció de variança per a minimitzar el temps de simulació. En concret, s'ha utilitzat un paquet de rutines de simulació denominat PENELOPE
Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi indiquen que cada emplaçament a on s'ubica una estació de vigilància s'ha de caracteritzar meteorològicament i radiològiocament abans de la seva explotació, per tal de determinar de forma precisa els principals elements d'influència de la dosi ambiental.
La modelització de les variacions de la taxa de dosi ambiental d'origen natural en episodis secs i humits permetrà discriminar els increments de dosi deguts a causes artificials de les exclusivament naturals que són registrats per les estacions de vigilància radiològica ambiental. D'aquesta forma es podrà optimitzar la gestió de les alertes i reduir el nombre de falses alarmes.
En referència als episodis de pluja, l'equip SARAC és de gran utilitat, donat que a més de registrar els descendents de radó emissors gamma, també permet determinar de forma continua i in situ altres emissors gamma que puguin tenir un origen artificial.
Con esta tesis se pretende aportar la información necesaria para mejorar el conocimiento de los campos de radiación ionizante ambiental de origen natural y contribuir así a una mejor gestión de las estaciones de vigilancia radiológica ambiental. Se hace especial énfasis en las variaciones de la tasa de dosis ambiental y su relación con diversas variables meteorológicas tales como la presión atmosférica, la concentración de radón en el aire, y la presencia de descendientes del radón (214Pb y 214Bi) en la lluvia. De este modo, se han modelizado las oscilaciones de la radiación ionizante ambiental durante los episodios secos (ausencia de lluvia) y durante ciertos episodios húmedos (presencia de lluvia). Los parámetros de dicho modelo se han obtenido mediante los datos experimentales obtenidos durante varios años (1995 a 1998) en la estación ESCRA. Posteriormente se ha utilizado el modelo para reproducir la variación de la tasa de dosis natural durante el año 1999 obteniéndose resultados muy satisfactorios. Por lo que respecta a los episodios húmedos, también se han reproducido los incrementos de dosis ambiental natural durante y después de periodos de lluvia, empleando los datos registrados con el equipo SARAC. Dicho equipo, que ha sido desarrollado íntegramente en el marco de esta tesis y se ha instalado en la estación ESCRA, permite determinar la concentración de emisores de radiación gamma de vida corta, presentes en el agua de lluvia. La ventaja de dicho dispositivo consiste en que ofrece resultados de forma continua ya que se encuentra totalmente automatizado. Para la identificación de radionuicleidos emisores gamma utiliza un sistema de espectrometría gamma de germanio intrínseco de alta pureza refrigerado con nitrógeno líquido. La operación del equipo SARAC ha permitido determinar la concentración de los descendientes del radón emisores gamma 214Pb y 214Bi en el agua de lluvia y observar su variación temporal a lo largo de todo un episodio de lluvia a intervalos de 10 minutos.
Se aportan las técnicas necesarias para determinar los factores de dosis que relacionan la concentración de radionucleidos de origen artificial depositados (por la acción de la lluvia) en el terreno que rodea la estación ESCRA, con la tasa de dosis medida en distintas posiciones de la torre meteorológica de la estación. Para la determinación de los factores de dosis se han utilizado técnicas de simulación Monte Carlo (MC) y ciertas técnicas de reducción de varianza para minimizar el tiempo de simulación. En concreto se ha utilizado un paquete de rutinas de simulación denominado PENELOPE.
Los resultados obtenidos con esta tesis indican que cada emplazamiento donde se ubica una estación de vigilancia debe ser caracterizado meteorológicamente y radiológicamente con anterioridad a su explotación para determinar de forma precisa los principales elementos de influencia en la dosis ambiental.
La modelización las variaciones de la tasa de dosis ambiental de origen natural en episodios secos y húmedos permite discriminar los incrementos de dosis debidos a causas artificiales de los exclusivamente naturales que son registrados por las estaciones de vigilancia radiológica ambiental. De esta forma se podrá optimizar la gestión de las alertas y reducir el número de falsas alarmas.
En lo que se refiere a los episodios de lluvia, el equipo SARAC es de gran utilidad ya que además de registrar los descendientes de radón emisores gamma permite determinar de forma continua e in situ otros emisores gamma que pueden tener un origen artificial.
This thesis contributes to the knowledge of environmental ionizing radiation fields from natural origin. It is focused on the characterization of stations for the environmental ionizing radiation surveillance. We have modeled time variations of the environmental doserate related with the atmospheric pressure, the radon concentration in air, and rain precipitation. The presence of the radon progeny (214Pb and 214Bi - gamma emitters) in rain implies an increase on the environmental doserate. The model has been validated by means of experimental data, measured at the ESCRA Station (located in Barcelona) during several years (1995 to 1999). At wet (rain) periods, we have reproduced the increments of natural environmental doserate, using data collected with the SARAC device. This device has been developed entirely in the mark of this thesis and has been settled in the station ESCRA; it allows the measurement of short lived gamma emitters in rainwater. One of the goals of this device is that it is automated allowing the measurement of gamma emitters "in situ" each 10 minutes. Gamma emitters in rainwater are detected by mains of a High Purity Germanium Detector cooled with liquid nitrogen. The operation of the SARAC device has allowed the measurement of natural gamma emitter concentration in rainwater along rain episodes at intervals of 10 minutes.
To model the environmental doserate variations with time, is required to know some dose factors which relates the gamma emitters deposited on the soil, in the surroundings of the ESCRA Station, with the doserate measured at a point (the position of a gamma probe). These dose factors have been obtained by means of the simulation of the transport of the gamma and beta radiation emitted by the soil, and their interaction with gamma probes and the surroundings of the ESCRA Station. These simulations have been done with techniques of Monte Carlo (MC) for the transport of gamma and beta radiation, and also techniques of variance reduction to minimize the time of the simulations. To perform these simulations, we have used the simulation package PENELOPE.
The results obtained with this thesis shows that each station for the surveillance of environmental ionizing radiation should be meteorological and radiological characterized prior to its exploitation. It also implies the knowledge of the dose factors (at each probe location) of the main radionuclides (gamma emitters) presents in the soil and buildings surrounding the surveillance station. Monte Carlo simulation techniques described in this thesis could be used. The knowledge of the origin of natural variations of environmental doserate in dry and wet episodes allows discriminate those variations from artificial origin. This allows to optimize the administration of alerts and to reduce the number of false alarms.
The successful operation of the SARAC device is a goal that allows us to increase our knowledge of the environmental ionizing radiation fields during rain episodes.
Oyedepo, Aderonke Caroline. "Human skeletal uptake of natural alpha radioactivity from '2'1'0Pb-supported '2'1'0Po." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297922.
Full textKaouache, Abdelhakim. "Défiabilisation des composants nanoélectroniques par des éléments radioactifs naturels." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20166/document.
Full textThe increasing miniaturisation of MOS transistors has made RAM memories more and more sensitive to alpha particles emitted by radioactive elements naturally present in the materials used for memory fabrication. Indeed, at ground level, the soft error rate triggered by these particles is comparable to that triggered by neutrons from cosmic rays. The main purpose of this work aims to develop methods to evaluate this rate allowing thereafter suggesting technologies mitigations. Thus, in the context of a theoretical approach, we have developed models to estimate soft errors rate triggered by uranium and thorium chains in secular equilibrium but also disequilibrium state. This requires identification of critical radionuclides those are able to increase the emissivity (and thus the soft error rate) to unacceptable levels during device lifetime. Taking into account disequilibrium state of decay chains in theoretical study provides a realistic approach to the contamination. We have also proposed an experimental method to analyze the radioactive state evolution in materials used for memory fabrication. In this experimental approach, we have combined three complementary measurement techniques: alpha spectroscopy, gamma spectroscopy and ICPMS
Botha, Ryno. "Characterisation of natural radioactivity in Karoo Basin groundwater prior to shale gas exploration." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5448.
Full textThe prospect of unconventional shale-gas development in the Karoo Basin (South Africa) has created the need to obtain baseline data on natural radioactivity in Karoo groundwaters. The Karoo Basin groundwater radiological baseline developed through this study could serve as a reference to research potential future radiological contamination effects due to hydraulic fracturing. The major naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) studied was radon (222Rn), in particular in-water activity concentrations; however, supplementary radium (226Ra and 228Ra) in-water activity concentrations and uranium (238U) in-water concentrations measurements were also made. A total of 53 aquifers across three provinces were sampled for groundwater and measured, with three measurement series from 2014 to 2016. The aquifers were categorized as shallow, mixed, or deep source. The radon-in-water baseline of the Karoo Basin can be characterised by a minimum of 0.6 ± 0.9 Bq/L, a maximum of 183 ± 18 Bq/L and mean of 41 ± 5 Bq/L. The radon-in-water levels from shallow sources (with water temperature < 20 °C) were systematically higher (40 Bq/L) than for deep sources (with water temperature > 20 °C). The natural fluctuations in radon-in-water levels were predominantly associated with shallow aquifers compared to almost none observed in the deep sources. The uranium in-water baseline can be characterised by a minimum of below detection level, a maximum of 41 μg/L, and the mean of 5.10 ± 0.80 μg/L. Similar to radon-in-water levels, uranium in-water levels for shallow sources were systematically higher than for deep sources. The limited (six aquifers) radium (228Ra and 226Ra) in-water activity-concentration measurement results were very low, with a maximum of 0.008 Bq/L (226Ra) and 0.015 Bq/L (228Ra). The 228Ra/226Ra ratio baseline were characterised by a minimum of 0.93, a mean of 3.3 ± 1.3, and a maximum of 6.5. The radium isotopes’ activity concentration ratio is an isotopic tracer for hydraulic fracturing wastewater. Pollution and contamination (radiological), due to unconventional shale gas development, in water resources has been noticed in the Marcellus Basin (United States). Consequently, developing and improving continuous baseline monitoring are of importance to study the environmental radiological effect of hydraulic fracturing.
SILVA, NETO Paulo Correia Da. "Interação solo-vegetação na avaliação de impactos ambientais em fragmento florestal de Mata Atlântica." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17820.
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As atividades industriais e agrícolas contribuem para os mais complexos impactos ambientais e alteram a disponibilidade de elementos químicos para os produtores primários que, por sua vez, promovem a acumulação de substâncias na teia alimentar. Desse modo, é essencial a compreensão dos efeitos e distribuição de elementos químicos que tenham sido liberados direta ou indiretamente pelas atividades antrópicas ou naturais e incorporados por processos ecológicos nos ecossistemas, principalmente unidades de conservação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar o solo e a vegetação do fragmento de Mata Atlântica Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin para avaliação da transferência de elementos químicos no ecossistema. Folhas de árvores nativas e exóticas foram coletadas, assim como o solo na profundidade de 0-15 cm sob a projeção das copas das árvores. Todas as amostras foram secas em estufa à 60ºC com conseguinte redução do tamanho de partículas (< 0,5 mm) em almofariz de porcelana para o material geológico, enquanto que o material biológico foi cominuido utilizando-se de moinho com lâminas de titânio para evitar contaminação com elementos químicos metálicos. Concentrações de Al, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, P, Sb, Si, Sr, Ti, Th, U e Zn, assim como concentrações de atividade de 40K, 214Pb, 214Bi e 228Ac, foram determinadas nos solos do Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin. Todavia, apenas Al, Ca, Cd, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P, S, Sb, Sr, Th, U e Zn foram quantificados nas folhas de árvores, possibilitando avaliar a transferência no sistema solo-vegetação para os elementos químicos Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Th, U e Zn. Os resultados indicaram acumulação considerável na vegetação da unidade de conservação de alguns elementos químicos, contudo, a espécie Pachira aquatica acumulou principalmente Ca nas folhas. Tal fenômeno pode ter implicações ecológicas com relação à disponibilidade deste elemento químico. Além disso, essa espécie é considerada invasora. Mesmo assim, plena caracterização de elementos químicos foi realizada na unidade conservação, proporcionando valores indicativos para futuros estudos ambientais da Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco.
The industrial and agricultural activities contribute to the most complex environmental impacts and alter the availability of chemical elements for primary producers, in which accumulated substances in the food web. Therefore, it is essential to understand the effects and distribution of chemical elements that have been direct or indirectly released by anthropogenic or natural activities and incorporate by ecological processes in ecosystems, mainly conservation units. The objective of this study was to characterize the soil and the vegetation of the Atlantic Forest fragment Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin for the evaluation of the chemical element transfer in the ecosystem. Exotic and native tree leaves were collected, as well as the 0-15 cm depth soil under tree crown projection. All samples were oven-dried at 60 °C with consequent reduction of the particle size (<0.5 mm) in porcelain mortar for geological material, while the biological material was comminuted using titanium mill for preventing metallic contamination. Concentrations of Al, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, P, Sb, Si, Sr, Ti, Th, U and Zn, as well as activity concentrations of 40K, 214Pb, 214Bi and 228Ac, were determined in the Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin soils. Nevertheless, only Al, Ca, Cd, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P, S, Sb, Sr, Th, U and Zn were quantified in the tree leaves, thereby assessing the soil-vegetation system transfer for the chemical elements Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Th, U and Zn. The results indicated considerable accumulation in the conservation unit vegetation of some chemical elements, however, the species Pachira aquatica mainly accumulated Ca in the leaves. Such phenomenon might cause ecological implications related to the Ca availability. Besides, this species is considered invasive. Even though, a full characterization of chemical elements was carried out in conservation unit, providing indicative values for further environmental studies in the Pernambuco Atlantic Forest.
Maphoto, Katse Piet. "Determination of natural radioactivity concentrations in soil: a comparative study of Windows and Full Spectrum Analysis." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full text-ray peaks associated with the decay of U, Th and K. In the FSA method, the full energy spectrum is considered and the measured spectrum is described as the sum of the three standard spectra (associated with U, Th and K, respectively), each multiplied by an unknown concentration. The concentrations are determined from the FSA and correspond to the activity concentrations of U, Th and K in the soil. The standard spectra derived from separate calibration measurements using the HPGe detector, represents the response of the HPGe to a Marinelli sample beaker containing an activity concentration of 1 Bq/kg.
Al-Sulaiti, Huda Abdulrahman. "Determination of natural radioactivity levels in the State of Qatar using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543271.
Full textCARNEIRO, Paula Frassinetti Pereira. "Levantamento dos níveis de radioatividade natural no estuário do complexo industrial de Suape no estado de Pernambuco." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/20272.
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CAPES
Atualmente tem-se evidenciado um aumento dos níveis da radioatividade ambiental, em decorrência de atividades antrópicas, tendo como exemplo as indústrias de petróleo que produzem por ano cerca de 2,5x104 a 2,25x105 toneladas de materiais contaminados, que contêm níveis elevados de elementos das séries radioativas naturais do 238U,235U, 232Th e 40K, contribuindo para a formação do “TENORM” (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Ocurring Radioactive Material). Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar as concentrações do 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K e 210Pb em amostras de solos, sedimentos, peixes e folhas de mangue coletadas no percurso dos rios Ipojuca Massangana e Tatuoca localizados na Região Estuarina do Complexo Industrial de SUAPE, devido à instalação de uma refinaria de petróleo e à consequente introdução no meio ambiente de materiais radioativos naturais oriundos de outras regiões. Para isto, foram determinadas as concentrações do 238U, 226Ra, 232 Th, 40K em amostras de solos, sedimentos, peixes e folhas, utilizando o método da espectrometria gama. Além disso, determinou-se também as concentrações de 210Pb em amostras de peixes e folhas de mangue também pelo método da espectrometria gama e em amostras de solos e sedimentos pela técnica da troca iônica. As concentrações de 238U, 226Ra, 232 Th, 40K e 210Pb em solos, sedimentos, peixes e folhas de mangue variaram respectivamente de < LD – 622,89 Bq.kg-1; 13,57 – 872,62 Bq.kg-1; 16,6 – 989,17 Bq.kg-1; < LD – 992,35 Bq.kg-1. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a área relativa à situação pré-operacional encontra-se com valores acima dos estimados pela UNSCEAR para regiões consideradas naturais, apresentando interferência antropogênica.
Now a days it has been evidenced increase in environmental radioactivity levels, as a result of human activities, taking as an example the petroleum industry that produces annually 2,5x104 the 2,25x105 tons of contaminated materials which contain high levels of natural radioactive elements from the 238U, 235U, 232Th and 40K natural series, contributing to the formation of "TENORM" (Technologically Enhanced Naturally ocurring radioactive Material). Then, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations 238U, 226 Ra, 232Th, 40K and 210Pb in soil samples, sediments, fish and mangrove leaves collected in the course of Ipojuca, Massangana and Tatuoca rivers located in the estuarine region of the Industrial Complex of SUAPE, due to the installation of an oil refinery and the consequent introduction into the environment of natural radioactive materials from other regions. With this purpose the concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were determined in soil samples, sludge, leaves and fish, using gamma spectrometry. Also concentrations were determined 210 Pb in samples of fish and mangrove leaves were determined by the method of gamma spectrometry and in soil and sediment samples by the technique of ion exchange. The concentrations in soils , sediments, fish and mangrove leaves obtained for 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40 K and 210Pb ranged respectively from < LD - 622.89 Bq.kg-1; 13.57 to 872.62 Bq.kg-1; 16.6 to 989.17 Bq.kg-1; < LD - 992.35 Bq.kg-1. The results showed that the area studied presented radioactivity concentration values estimated by UNSCEAR to regions considered natural, with anthropogenic interference.
Pérez, Ancaya Bertin Andrés. "Estudio de la contaminación ambiental debido a elementos radiactivos naturales." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6658.
Full textTesis
Bajoga, Abubakar D. "Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in environmental samples from Kuwait using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/809932/.
Full textWatson, David Justin. "Variability and uncertainty in radiation doses to members of the U.S. population from naturally-occurring radionuclides in the body." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2009/d_watson_073109.pdf.
Full textTitle from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 4, 2010). "School of Earth and Environmental Science." Includes bibliographical references (p.59-67).
SILVA, LUCIANA S. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em águas potáveis de superfície e subterrâneas da Região de Caetité, BA." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10065.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Cinelli, Giorgia <1983>. "Indoor and Outdoor Natural Radioactivity in the Vulsini Volcanic District (Central Italy): Estimation of Doses and Radiological Risks." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4458/.
Full textMartin, Loïc. "Caractérisation et modélisation d'objets archéologiques en vue de leur datation par des méthodes paléo-dosimétriques : simulation des paramètres dosimétriques sous Geant4." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30055/document.
Full textThe paleodosimetric dating methods allow to obtain the age of some mineral materials which behave as natural dosimeters, the age being derived as the ratio of the dose accumulated from the dated event and the natural dose rate to which the sample was subjected.. The determination of the dose rate is usually based on simple models which only allow explicit calculations, but these models reproduce very imperfectly the diversity of situations encountered. Computer modeling allows to represent more complex and more realistic models, which lead to numerically simulate the dose rate. In this work, the toolbox Geant4, allowing to simulate particle-matter interactions by the Monte-Carlo method, was used to create complex models , as well as modeling tools accessible and adaptable to different types of samples and dosimetric situations. Simulations were first made with basic models in order to study the origin of dose rate variations in sediments, highlighting the limits of the simple models commonly used. This information was used to guide the development of modeling tools based on the Geant4 codes, and also to specify the protocols of samples analysis for gathering the data needed for numerical simulations. The DosiVox software allows to easily model a wide variety of samples through a voxelised representation of the object and its environment, and to simulate the radioactivity for calculating the spatial distribution of the dose rate. It was developed with a view of accessibility and current use. Comparisons with dosimetric situations previously studied or measured showed the relevance of the modelings, and the possibilities of this computer tool are exposed through a series of examples and applications. The characterization of the beta dose rate distribution in heterogeneous sediment is one of the most complex problems to be treated. In addition to a study aims at assessing the potential of DosiVox to consider these situations, the DosiSed software was developed specifically for modeling poly-mineral sets of grains. This tool was used to study the heterogeneity of the dose rate in real samples and allowed to include some of the results in a dating problematic
Aquino, Reginaldo Ribeiro de. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em mármores e granitos comerciais do estado do Espírito Santo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-25042016-145921/.
Full textIn this work, the concentrations of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in granite and marble samples were determined, considering the main extraction mining of Espirito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. For all study sites, three samples were sealed in 100 ml high density polyethylene bottles. Each sample rested for 4 weeks to reach the secular equilibrium of 238U and 232Th series before measured by high resolution gamma spectrometry, and the acquired spectra were analyzed with the software WinnerGamma. The self-absorption correction was considered for all samples, using an expression and method specially developed for this purpose. The concentration of 226Ra was determined by the weighted arithmetic mean of the concentrations of 214Pb and 214Bi, the concentration of 232Th by the weighted arithmetic mean of the concentrations of 228Ac, 212Pb and 212Bi and the concentration of 40K by its single 1460 keV transition. The radium equivalent and gamma index were calculated from the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K. The emanated radon was measured using an exhalation chamber and the passive detector technique, with a solid state nuclear tracks detectors (SSNTD) being exposed in NRPB/SSI-H dosimeters. During exposure, a commercial detector CR-39® and a national plastic called Durolon® were used, the last was characterized for this purpose using a technique called double exposure and sensitivity intrinsic factor. The characterized plastic was efficient for the application and the calibration factor corresponded to 1.60 ± 0.10 trackscm²(kBqm³day)¹ in relation to the CR-39 factor, equivalent to 2.8 ± 0.2 trackscm²(kBqm³day)¹. The detector showed a higher efficiency at a higher dose. The activities determined by passive detection varyed from 100 ± 10 Bqm-³ up to 2400 ± 300 Bqm-³, highlighting the biggest exhalation rates for granite Iberê Mombasa. Considering the marbles, activity values varyed from 80 ± 10 Bqm-³ up to 200 ± 25 Bqm-³ highlighting only the Cintilante and Branco Extra with higher values. The values obtained for surface exhalation rate were approximately equal, except for granites Iberê Mombasa and Iberê Prado with values above 1 Bqm-2h-1. The measures by gamma spectrometry showed that the 226Ra concentrations varyed from 1.9±0.2 Bq.kg-1 up to 483±55 Bq.kg-1, with the highest value for granite Iberê Mombasa. The 232Th concentrations ranged from 3.2±0.4 Bq.kg-1 to 224±6 Bq.kg-1, whose largest value was observed for the gray granite Corumbá. The 40K concentrations ranged from 8.8±1.8Bq.kg-1 up to 1642±67 Bq.kg-1, with the largest value observed for granite Iberê Vitara. The radio equivalent value showed that most samples can be defined as category I, below 370 Bq.kg-1, except for the granites Cinza Corumbá, Iberê Crema Bordeaux and Iberê Mombasa that can be classified as class II (up to 740 Bq.kg-1). The evaluated granites show internal and external exposure rates below 1.0 mSv·y¹ except the granites Cinza Corumbá, Iberê Crema Bordeaux and Iberê Mombasa that exceed the value range of 1.0 to 3.2 mSv·y¹ for this index. For the annual exposure dose, only the granites Gray Corumbá, Iberê Crema Bordeaux and Iberê Mombasa exceeded the 1.5 mSv·y¹. For the alpha exposure index only the Iberê Crema Bordeaux and Iberê Mombasa granites indicate limitations when applying as surface material. However, considering the gamma exposure index, the granites Cinza Corumbá, Cinza Andorinha, Amarelo Icarai, Cinza Ocre, Iberê Crema Bordeaux and Iberê Mombasa have controlled application. In conclusion, the evaluated granites and all marbles evaluated have viable applications in different activity sectors and for different purposes and the granites that exceeded the proposed limits should not be applied in the interior of residences
Lucas, Fabio de Oliveira. "\" Atividades do 226 Ra águas subterrâneas extraídas de dois poços localizados no plúton meridional, granitóides de Morungaba, SP\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14132/tde-14022007-103603/.
Full textSpecifc activities of dissolved 226Ra isotope were measured and 226Ra isotope activities associated to suspended solids were estimated in ground waters drawn from two wells drilled in a fracturated granitic aquifer of the Meridional Pluton, Morungaba Granitoids, eastern São Paulo State.
Ferreira, Ademar de Oliveira. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em algumas rochas graníticas do Estado do Paraná e sua utilização na construção civil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-29042013-092059/.
Full textPrimordial, or terrestrial natural radionuclides, are found in dierent amounts in the environment. In dwellings, an important dose increment is due to building materials, which contribute for both the external gamma dose from the radionuclides of the 238U, 235U and 232Th series and the natural 40K and the internal dose, due mainly to 222Rn inhalation. Once granitic rocks are widely used both as construction materials or structural flooring, those rocks can become an important dose source, depending on the content of concentrations of radioactivity, and the construction application. In this work, a database for granitic rocks of the crystalline shield of Paraná (mainly in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, RMC), used in civil construction, was generated, evaluating in terms of radiological protection the external and internal dose increments, caused by the use of these materials. Also, possible correlations between the 226Ra activity concentration, the 222Rn exhalation rate, density, porosity and chemical composition (oxide content) in these samples had been studied. The external dose was assessed by gamma-ray spectrometry with High-Purity Germanium detectors, where the activity concentration of the radionuclides 232Th, 226Ra and 40K are the parameters used in dosimetric models (Dosimetric Indexes), which established limits in accordance with the form, amount and application of material of construction. For the calculation of the annual eective external dose it was assumed a room model with dimensions of 4 m x 5 m x 2.8 m and all walls internally covered with 2 cm thickness of granite and an annual exposure time of 7000 h as suggested by the European Commission of Radiological Protection for internal supercial coating materials. The internal exposure was assessed from the radon concentration in the air of the room model, simulated from the supercial exhalation rate of 222Rn. The exhalation rate was determined by the passive detection technique with the Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (CR-39) and the sealed can technique, assuming a ventilation rate of 0.5 h-1 and an annual exposure time of 7000 h. The results for this studies show that the annual eective dose ranged from (62 ± 3) μSv.y1 to (138 ± 1) μSv.y-1 and the internal annual eective dose ranged from (0,39 ± 0,04) μSv.y-1 to (70 ± 4) μSv.y-1. These values are below the maximum limit of 1 mSv.y-1 suggested by the European Commission of Radiological Protection, meaning that the granitic rocks evaluated can be used without radiological implications since the considered scenario is obeyed. The values obtained for the contribution due to the internal dose ranged from 1 % to 78 % of the values obtained for the respective external dose showing the radon contribution varies strongly with the rock type. The results of the correlations between 222Rn supercial exhalation rate, 226Ra activity concentration, density, porosity and major oxides of the samples, showed that, in terms of inuence in the emanation fraction of radon, the most important parameter is the density, due to low porosity and similarity in terms of chemical composition amid the studied samples.
Galhardi, Juliana Aparecida [UNESP]. "Geoquímica de radionuclídeos naturais e biomonitoramento em área de mineração de carvão no sul do Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138616.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O carvão mineral representa a maior fonte de combustível não renovável no Brasil para geração de energia elétrica. Em Figueira, Paraná, o carvão extraído pela Companhia Carbonífera do Cambuí abastece a termelétrica do município e faz parte da maior reserva ainda em exploração no estado, tendo sido lá registrada a ocorrência anômala de urânio. Para a avaliação de impactos radiológicos associados às atividades de extração, beneficiamento e queima do carvão mineral na área, foi realizada uma avaliação da composição das águas e solos amostrados na área em termos químicos e radiométricos, além do uso de organismos como biomonitores para a verificação dos níveis de contaminação atmosférica e dos solos. Por meio das análises, realizadas no Laboratório de Isótopos e Hidroquímica - Unesp, Rio Claro, Brasil, e no Laboratório de Física Nuclear Aplicada - Universidade de Sevilha, Sevilha, Espanha, foi observado que efluentes ácidos são originados a partir da oxidação de minerais de sulfeto e resultam em um acréscimo da taxa de solubilização de radionuclídeos nas águas subterrâneas e superficiais da região. À jusante da área da mineração, o pH nas águas dos rios foi mais ácido e o teor de algumas espécies químicas mais elevado, o que pode ser devido à descarga de efluentes ácidos provenientes da mineração. O mesmo comportamento foi verificado para os solos. Nas águas subterrâneas, as concentrações de atividade dos radionuclídeos foram notavelmente mais elevadas nas áreas de processamento do carvão, de disposição dos rejeitos e à jusante da planta da mina. Por meio do biomonitoramento, a eficácia de algumas espécies de líquens e musgos como bioindicadores da qualidade do ar em áreas afetadas por mina de carvão e termelétrica foi testada e comprovada, sendo que o 210Po foi o radionuclídeo que apresentou as maiores concentrações de atividade nas espécies investigadas. Por meio das razões 234U/238U foi possível verificar a infiltração de efluentes ácidos nas águas subterrâneas, assim como uma contribuição das cinzas lançadas pela termelétrica para o conteúdo dos radionuclídeos nos solos, sedimentos e também para os líquens, musgos, soja e trigo. O transporte dos radionuclídeos reflete a importância do monitoramento da concentração de suas atividades nas águas naturais, solos e na biota, devido aos riscos que a radioatividade pode representar para a saúde humana.
Coal represents the largest source of non-renewable fuels in Brazil for electric power generation. In the city of Figueira, Paraná State, the coal extracted by Cambuí Company supplies the thermal power plant in the city and is part of the largest reserve that is nowadays being exploited in the area, where it was registered anomalous occurrence of uranium. For the evaluation of radiological impacts associated with the extraction, processing and burning of coal in the area, it was carried out an investigation of the water and soil chemical and radiological composition and some organisms were evaluated as biomonitors for the investigation of the air and soil pollution. Through the analysis, carried out in the Laboratório de Isótopos e Hidroquímica - Unesp, Rio Claro, Brazil, and Laboratorio de Física Nuclear Aplicada - Universidad de Sevilla, Spain, it was observed that acid effluents are generated from the oxidation of sulfide minerals and can result in an increase in the solubilization rate of radionuclides, enhancing the possibility of groundwater and soil contamination at levels of difficult treatment and recovery. Downstream of the mining area, the pH in the rivers waters was more acidic and the content of some chemical species was higher, probably due to the discharge of acid effluent from the mine. The same behavior was observed for the soils. In groundwater, the radionuclides activity concentrations were significantly higher in the areas of the coal industrial processing and in the tailings pile and downstream of the mine. Through the biomonitoring, the efficiency of some species of lichens and mosses as bioindicators of the air quality in areas affected by coal mine and thermal power plant has been tested and proven. 210Po was the radionuclide that showed the highest activity concentration in the investigated species. Through the 234U/ 238U rates it was observed the infiltration of acidic effluents into the groundwater, as well as a contribution of the fly ashes from the thermal plant for the radionuclides content in soils, sediments and also in lichens, mosses, soybeans and wheat. The radionuclides transport reflects the importance of monitoring the concentration of its activities in natural waters, soil and also in the biota due to the risks that radioactivity can represents to human health.
JESUS, SUELI C. de. "Levantamento dos niveis de radioatividade natural em aguas do Alto Vale do Ribeira a planicie costeira do litoral Sul do estado de Sao Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9598.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
VIEIRA, LUCIA H. "Aplicacao dos isotopos naturais de Ra e do Th-234 como tracadores do carbono organico exportado para o estreito de bransfield, Antartica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11533.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
TEIXEIRA, WASHINGTON E. "Determinacao das concentracoes dos isotopos naturais de Ra em amostras costeiras do litoral norte do estado de Sao Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11173.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
AMARAL, ROMILTON dos S. "Dose na populacao da regiao urano-fosfatica pernambucana devido a presenca de uranio e Rasup226 nos cultivares." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1994. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10409.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Silva, Luciana Sousa. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em águas potáveis de superfície e subterrâneas da região de Caetité,BA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-01032012-100446/.
Full textBrazil has the seventh greatest geological uranium reserve in the world with approximately 310 thousand tons. The Lagoa Real Uranium Province, in the region of Caetité and Lagoa Real, situated in South Center Bahia, is considered the most important monomineralic province in Brazil. Urban population who lives in the uranium district in the cities of Caetité, Lagoa Real and Livramento de Nossa Senhora uses drinking water originated from public supply. In the rural area, characterized by frequent draughts, residents receive water from digged and drilled wells and from small dams and reservoirs, as well, which are supplied by the rains. This work determined the levels of total alpha and beta radioactivity and the uranium concentrations in several kinds of water consumed by urban and rural population from the Lagoa Real Uranium Province. Total α e β activities were determined with a low-level gas flow proportional detector. The uranium concentrations were determined with an inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results obtained were confronted with the latest World Health Organizations recommendations from 2011, the ordinance number 2914 of December 12 2011 from the Health Ministry and CONAMAs resolutions. Natural radiation levels varied from 0,0041 ± 0,0004 Bq.L-1 to 0,80 ± 0,04 Bq.L-1 for total alpha activity and from 0,045 ± 0,003 to 3,00 ± 0,2 Bq.L-1 for total beta activity. Having the WHO and the HM as parameter, just two underground water samples, one located in the city of Lagoa Real and the other in the city of Caetité presented total alpha concentration above the value of 0,5 Bq.L-1 described in its recommendations, 0,80 ± 0,040 Bq.L-1 and 0,57 ± 0,03 Bq.L-1 respectively. For total beta three samples presented radioactivity levels above the 1 Bq.L-1 limit recommended by the WHO and established by the Health Ministry; 3,00 ± 0,2 Bq.L-1; 1,63 ± 0,13 Bq.L-1 and 1,19 ± 0,07 Bq.L-1., all of them situated in the Lagoa Real town. Two samples of underground water from Caetité presented uranium concentrations above the value of 15 μg.L-1 determined by CONAMA, 20,3 ± 0,3 μg.L-1 and 17,1± 0,3 μg.L-1. In Lagoa Real one sample presented uranium levels six times over the limit established by the Environment National Council 89,5 ± 1,5 μg.L-1. In 2004 the World Health Organization established in its recommendations the 15 μg.L-1 limit as the maximum uranium concentration in drinking water. In 2011 the WHO increased that limit to 30 μg.L-1. Taking into account the current WHO recommendations only the concentration of one water sample presented uranium levels above the recommended, 89,5 ± 1,5 μg.L-1 in Lagoa Real.
SILVA, PAULO S. C. da. "Caracterizacao quimica e radiologica dos sedimentos do estuario de Santos, Sao Vicente e Baia de Santos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11215.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:99/06952-4
ROSA, MYCHELLE M. L. "Avaliação dos teores de U, Th, sup(226)Ra, sup(228)Ra, sup(210)Pb e outros elementos de interesse presentes em cogumelos em uma região de elevada radioatividade natural no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9932.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
CASTRO, LILIAN P. de. "Radionuclídeos naturais e sup(137)Cs em cogumelos comestíveis comercializados em São Paulo - Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11664.
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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
AQUINO, REGINALDO R. de. "Avaliacao da radioatividade natural em areias das praias da Grande Vitoria, Espirito Santo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9612.
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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Cordero, Luisa Mariutti. "Estudo dos processos sedimentológicos na Margem Continental Sudeste do Brasil pelo uso de radionuclídeos naturais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21133/tde-03082011-154909/.
Full textRecently, Oceanography has been using a variety of radionuclides as tracers to understand ocean dynamic processes, handling and disposal of sediments in seabed. In Brazil, there is little information about the contents of natural radionuclides on the coast and deep ocean and few studies using radionuclides as tools to comprehend oceanic processes. In this context, this work determined grain size and activities of 238U, 232Th and 40K using gamma spectrometry in marine sediments from shelf and upper slope off Southeast Brazil. The levels ranged from 1,48 to 52,76 Bq kg-1 for 238U, from 10,63 to 49,45 Bq kg-1 for 232Th and, from 65,45 to 873,28 Bq kg-1 for 40K. 40K and 232Th showed good correlation with grain size (mud and clay content) and 238U/232Th ratios appeared to be good indicators of sediment redox conditions. There was a difference in levels of radionuclides between sectors northward and southward of São Sebastião Island, with higher values in south sector. These differences were related to differences in sedimentary processes in each sector and to the hydrodynamic agents responsible for these processes.
CAMARGO, IARA M. C. de. "Determinacao da concentracao dos isotopos naturais de uranio e torio em amostras de agua." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1994. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10405.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
SILVA, CAROLINA F. da. "Avaliação da concentração dos radionuclídeos naturais das séries do 238U e 232Th nas variedades Burley e Virgínia da Nicotiana tabacum L." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23914.
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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Silva, Almy Anacleto Rodrigues da. "Radônio e filhos em residências da cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-24042009-113144/.
Full textThere are several discussions among scientists about the actual biological effects that doses due to radon and progeny contamination in residences can cause. Radiation rotection agencies adopted the model proposed by various scientists, that any dose, with no threshold, might produce biological damage. On the other hand, other scientists believe that very restrict laws are excessive, because damages would be possible only for doses higher than those received in dwellings. Regardless of the dose-effect relation, data about radon concentration in residences are important and are a base for epidemiological studies that improve the knowledge about biological effects of low doses. The aim of this work is to contribute to radon and daughters dosimetry by the assessment of radon and progeny (alpha emitters) concentration in dwellings of the city of São Paulo. Radon concentration was measured separately from total alpha emission concentration in air. Also, gamma doses were evaluated during this study. With the measured concentrations it was possible to estimate the concentration of radon progeny (218Po and 214Po), the radionuclides which most contribute to the human dose. Monitoring was carried out using time-integrated passive 222Rn monitors with LR115 and CR39 plastic detectors, and thermoluminescent detectors. Three methods of radon concentration measurements were tested, two based on LR115 and the third with CR39. Plastic detectors were analyzed with a semi-automatic image analysis system. Two exposures were made during approximately six months (in 2003 and 2004) in dwellings in the city of São Paulo. 170 residences were monitored. Results show a geometric mean of 25 Bq.m-3 for 222Rn concentration. Values ranged from 11 to 109 Bq.m-3. The result is lower than the world average, it is approximately 1/3 of the average concentration in the Europe, and it is comparable to other results in South America. An analysis of radon and progeny concentrations in relation to residence characteristics and geographic position was made. Results point that places with good ventilation, second floor constructions and carpet or wood floor covering present lower concentrations. On the other hand, low ventilation rate, ground floor construction, and cement or ceramics covering contribute to higher radon and progeny concentration. There was low variation of levels with the geographic position in the city, and the higher concentrations were found in the south of the city, in Parelheiros and Grajaú districts. No correlation was found between total alpha emission concentration and gamma dose rate. Results of progeny concentration in the air show geometric mean of 77 Bq.m-3. The contribution of radon daughters to the total alpha emission oncentration is very significant, approximately 70%, higher than the value found in a similar work. No strong correlation was found between 222Rn concentration and progeny concentration in the air, indicating that the determination of both the concentrations is necessary for a more adequate dosimetry.
FONSECA, LEANDRO M. da. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em tintas de uso comercial no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26616.
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A radioatividade natural presente em solos, rochas e materiais de construção, devida ao 40K e às séries radioativas do 232Th e 238U é a principal contribuição à exposição externa aos seres humanos. Neste trabalho, determinou-se as concentrações de atividade de 226Ra (da série do 238U), 232Th e 40K presentes em 50 amostras de tintas látex de cor branca comercializadas no Brasil, especificamente, 15 do tipo econômico, 15 do tipo standard, 20 do tipo premium e em uma amostra de dióxido de titânio. As amostras foram seladas e armazenadas por um período mínimo de 30 dias para se alcançar o equilíbrio radioativo secular nas séries do 238U e do 232Th e medidas pela técnica analítica de espectrometria gama de alta resolução. As concentrações de atividade foram calculadas utilizando-se as médias ponderadas pelas incertezas do 214Pb e 214Bi para o 226Ra e médias ponderadas pelas incertezas do 228Ac, 212Pb e 212Bi para o 232Th. A concentração de atividade do 40K foi determinada pela sua transição única de 1460,8 keV. Fatores de autoatenuação gama foram calculados e utilizados para correção da concentração de atividade das amostras com densidade maior que 1,0 g.cm-3. Os índices radiológicos equivalente em rádio (Raeq), índice de concentração de atividade (Iγ), índice de risco à exposição gama interna (Hin), o índice de risco à exposição gama externa (Hex) e a taxa de dose (D) e dose efetiva anual (Def) foram calculados a partir das concentrações de atividade do 226Ra, 232Th e 40K. As concentrações de atividade de 226Ra das tintas variaram entre valores abaixo da atividade mínima detectável e 38,7 Bq.kg-1, as de 232Th variaram entre valores abaixo da atividade mínima detectável e 101,2 Bq.kg-1 e as de 40K variaram entre valores abaixo da atividade mínima detectável e 256 Bq.kg-1. O Raeq variou entre 1,41 Bq.kg-1 e 203 Bq.kg-1, o Iγ variou entre 0,0047 e 0,720, o Hin variou entre 0,0076 e 0,653 e o Hex variou entre 0,0038 e 0,549. A taxa de dose variou de 0,170 nGy.h-1 a 21,3 nGy.h-1 e a dose efetiva anual variou entre 0,83 μSv.a-1 e 104,2 μSv.a-1. Estes resultados mostram que as concentrações de atividades das tintas utilizadas neste estudo estão abaixo dos limites recomendados por Hassan et al. para Raeq (370 Bq.kg-1), pela Comissão Européia para o Iγ (limite de 2 para materiais superficiais) e pela Organização para Cooperação Econômica e Desenvolvimento para Hin e para Hex (ambos com limite de 1), para todas as 50 amostras estudadas, mostrando assim a segurança destas tintas com relação a proteção radiológica.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
CAVALCANTE, FERNANDA. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural e artificial em rações comerciais para animais domésticos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2017. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/27966.
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Os níveis de radioatividade natural do planeta e suas eventuais consequencias são objeto de estudo da radioproteção ambiental. Nos últimos anos, as agências internacionais ligadas à proteção radiológica têm debatido as práticas até então estipuladas, no que diz respeito à proteção da fauna e flora, cuja filosofia acreditava que as recomendações sugeridas para a proteção do homem asseguravam que outras espécies estariam também protegidas. Assim, são necessários estudos sobre as concentrações de atividade dos radionuclídeos dispersos no meio ambiente, assim como as doses absorvidas por organismos de diferentes ecossistemas, pela exposição interna e externa. O Brasil possui a segunda maior população de cães e gatos do mundo e produz anualmente mais de 2 milhões de toneladas de rações. O presente trabalho investigou os níveis de radioatividade presentes em rações comerciais para cães e gatos, por meio da espectrometria gama de alta resolução. Os resultados mostraram concentrações abaixo da MDA para radionuclídeos artificiais e baixas concentrações para radionuclídeos naturais, cujos valores variaram de 0,9 ± 0,3 Bq/kg a 5,1 ± 0,7 Bq/kg para o 226Ra, de 1,2 ± 0,4 Bq/kg a 11,1 ± 1,0 Bq/kg para o 232Th e de 156 ± 7 Bq/kg a 410 ± 19 Bq/kg para o 40K. Para verificar a composição de alguns minerais, foi empregada a técnica por EDXRF e, utilizando estatística multivariada, foi possível verificar as correlações entre os radionuclídeos e o conteúdo mineral encontrado. A boa correlação que foi observada entre as concentrações de 226Ra, 232Th e cálcio, pode estar associada ao uso de farinhas de carne e ossos na fabricação das rações. As doses internas para alguns órgãos foram inferidas pelo método de Monte Carlo, obtendo valores menores que 1 μGy/dia. Em síntese, os resultados mostraram que os níveis de atividade encontrados nas rações são baixos o suficiente para concluir que as marcas de ração canina avaliadas não fornecem riscos radiológicos para os animais que as consomem.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Oliveira, Aline Sebastiane Gonçales Ramos de. "Radioatividade natural, elementos maiores e traços determinados em produtos nacionais derivados da Nicotiana tabacum L." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-13122017-105430/.
Full textTobacco use is one of the leading causes of premature illness and death in the world; is the second most consumed drug among Brazilian adolescents, being considered an important gateway to the use of illicit drugs. Brazil is the second largest tobacco producer in the world and since 1993 it has been the largest exporter. The natural radionuclides from the 232Th and 238U series are found in tobacco at low concentrations absorbed directly from the soil or by foliar deposition. In the act of smoking occurs the transference of these radionuclides through the burning of the tobacco to the human tissues and organs and they can generate carcinogenic lesions, being the lung cancer the most relevant. There are few data on the elemental and radiological characterization of Brazilian tobacco products, which makes relevant the present study that had as objectives the determination of the natural radioactivity and the concentration of major and trace elements in tobacco products produced and marketed in Brazil. The analytical techniques employed were gross alpha and beta, after radiochemical separation for the radionuclides 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb with determination in a gaseous flow proportional detector of low background radiation, alpha spectrometry after radiochemical separation for the radionuclide 210Po, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray scattering fluorescence (EDXRF) for determination of 238U, 232Th, major and trace elements. Nicotine tabacum L. products from different brands acquired in cigar stores were analyzed: non-flavored cigarettes, flavored cigarettes, cigar, snuff, straw cigarettes and rope smoke. Using the INAA technique, it was possible to determine the concentration of 19 elements and with the EDXRF technique 31 elements, which enabled a wide multielementar characterization; the analytical techniques employed were complementary. The elements that presented the highest concentration values were Ca and K among all the samples and among all the natural radionuclides determined the 228Ra presented higher values of activity concentration. The estimated annual dose and annual effective dose for the 210Pb and 210Po radionuclides were calculated from the determined activity concentration, taking into account an annual consumption of 3.65 kg of tobacco per year. The effective annual dose ranged from 69.5 μSv y-1 to 121 μSv y-1. The products with the highest concentration values and hence the highest annual effective dose for the majority of the radionuclides analyzed were straw cigarettes and rope smoke.
Faria, Lígia Santana de. "Determinação da radioatividade natural de águas subterrânea e superficial de Brumadinho e Nova Lima, Brasil." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2013. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=296.
Full textOs municípios de Brumadinho e Nova Lima estão localizados na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. São municípios importantes por pertencer a uma Área de Proteção Ambiental inserida no Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Além da riqueza mineral, a região apresenta características geológicas que inclui conglomerados quartzítico associados ao urânio e um expressivo potencial hídrico subterrâneo com características hidrogeológicas bastante particulares e complexas como o aquífero quartzítico, pertencente à Formação Moeda. No presente trabalho foram realizadas medidas radiométricas em 44 amostras de água coletadas durante treze meses em quatro pontos distintos, três pontos situados em Brumadinho de natureza superficial e um ponto pertencente à Nova Lima de natureza subterrânea. Essas amostras tiveram o conteúdo de urânio e tório determinados a partir de um Espectrômetro de Massa com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente. Foram avaliados as atividades de alfa total, beta total, radio 226, radio 228 e chumbo 210 usando a técnica de Espectrometria de Cintilação em Líquido no qual foi necessário a calibração do mesmo usando padrões de 241Am e 90Sr/90Y, de maneira a obter uma melhor discriminação / para determinação de alfa total e beta total. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde e o Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Os níveis máximos de radioatividade natural da água encontrados foram 0,275 0,052 Bq.L-1 para alfa total, 0,130 0,046 Bq.L-1 para 226Ra e 0,096 0,005 Bq.L-1 para 228Ra. As concentrações de betal total e 210Pb ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção. Para as concentrações de urânio e tório os valores máximos encontrados foram 0,068 μg.L-1 e 0,027 μg.L-1 respectivamente. Palavras-chave: água, radioatividade natural, Espectrômetro de Massa com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente, Espectrometria de Cintilação em Líquido.
The municipalities of Brumadinho and Nova Lima are located in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte city. They are of ecological interest since they belong to an Environmental Protection Area, which is located on a very important deposit of iron ore. In addition of mineral wealth, the region has a geological characteristic that includes quartzitic conglomerates associated with uranium and significant potential underground water with hydrogeological characteristics very particular and complex, as the Quartzite Aquifer, which belongs to a geological formation called the Moeda Formation. In the present work radiometric measurements were performed for 44 water samples. The samples were collected in four geographical points, three of them situated in Brumadinho (surface water) and one point situated in Nova Lima municipality (underground water). The period of sampling extended for a thirteen months period. Some of these locations was used as an alternative sampling point. Uranium and thorium concentrations of the samples were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. The content of gross alpha and gross beta activity, and the concentration of the radionuclides 226Ra,228Ra e 210Pb were determinate by using Spectrometer Liquid Scintillation. In this case was necessary to calibrate the spectrometer using 241Am e 90Sr/90Y standards. The resultants values were compared with those recommended by the World Health Organization, Ministry of Health and the National Council of the Environment. The maximum level of water natural radioactivity found was 0,275 0,052 Bq.L-1 for gross alpha radioation, 0,130 0,046 Bq.L-1 for 226Ra and 0,096 0,005 Bq.L-1 for 228Ra. The levels of gross beta activity and 210Pb were below the detection limit. The maximum concentrations of uranium and thorium found were 0,068 μg.L-1 and 0.027 μg.L-1 respectively.
COSTA, LUCAS J. P. da. "Estudo da exalação de randônio em placas e tijolos de fosfogesso de diferentes procedências." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10079.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
SZELES, MARLENE S. M. F. "Avaliacao da contaminacao radiologica de um solo agricola nas proximidades de uma mina de uranio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1994. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10434.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
Doering, Che. "Measurements of the distribution and behaviour of Beryllium-7 in the natural environment." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16513/.
Full textCazula, Camila Dias. "Dosimetria de Rn-222 no ar em ambientes localizados acima e abaixo do nível do solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-20052015-143351/.
Full textExposure of the general population to ionizing radiation comes mainly from natural sources. The main contribution is due to inhalation of radon (Rn-222), a gas that occurs naturally (UNSCEAR, 2000). The Rn-222 concentration in the environment is controlled by factors such as soil permeability and water content, the weather variability, materials used in the foundation and the usual positive pressure differential between the soil and the internal environment. Studies indicate that the concentration of radon shows a wide variation in the basement, ground floor and upper floors of buildings. The objective of this study is to determine radon levels in basements, ground floor and floors above ground level, at a university in the city of São Paulo and in one residential building in the city of Peruíbe. Rn-222 measurements were performed using the method with nuclear track of solid state detectors (CR-39). The studied environments present Rn-222 concentration well below the values recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, published in the 2009 document, of 300 Bq/m3 for homes and 1000 Bq/m3 for the workplace. In the residential building, the concentration of Ra-266, Th-232 and K-40 in the materials used in the building construction was also analyzed, by gamma spectrometry. The effective total dose for the resident due to external exposure was 0.8 mSv y-1, lower than the annual dose limit for the general public of 1 mSv y-1.
DAMATTO, SANDRA R. "Radionuclideos naturais da series do sup(238)U e sup(232)Th, elementos traco e maiores determinados em perfis de sedimento da Baixada Santista para avaliacao de areas impactadas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9574.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
NEGRAO, SERGIO G. "Determinação dos isótopos naturais de rádio de meias-vidas longas, Ra-226 e Ra-228, em águas minerais utilizadas nos Balneários de Caxambú (MG) e Águas de Lindóia (SP)." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10084.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
FERREIRA, ADEMAR de O. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em algumas rochas graníticas do Estado do Paraná e sua utilização na construção civil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10204.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
AQUINO, REGINALDO R. de. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em mármores e granitos comerciais do estado do Espírito Santo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26389.
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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
BARROS, LIVIA F. "Avaliação da variação da radioatividade natural em areias da Praia de Camburi-Vitória-Espírito Santo com fatores climatológicos e geológicos da região." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10591.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
LEONARDO, LUCIO. "Utilizacao de liquens como bioindicadores de contaminacao atmosferica por radionuclideos naturais e metais em regiao impactada por tenorm." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9555.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Negrão, Sergio Garcia. "Determinação dos isótopos naturais de Rádio de meias-vidas longas, 226Ra e 228Ra, em águas minerais utilizadas nos balneários de Caxambú (MG) e Águas de Lindóia (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-03042012-083738/.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study the long-lived Ra isotopes, 226Ra and 228Ra, natural distribution in mineral and spring waters from Caxambu (MG) and Águas de Lindóia (SP) waterparks. In Caxambu mineral waters it was observed 228Ra acitivity concentrations slightly higher than those of 226Ra. The elevated content of carbonates and bicarbonates of these waters can result in an increased solubility of the both Ra isotopes and may play an important role for the fate of 228Ra and its equilibrium distribution between solid and liquid phases. In Caxambu Thermal Spa, arithmetic mean activities ranged from 83 mBq L-1 to 3599 mBq L-1 and from 60 mBq L-1 to 4481 mBq L-1 for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively. The highest 226Ra activity was found in Venancio Spring, while the maximum 228Ra activity value was determined in Ernestina Guedes. 228Ra/ 226Ra activity ratios varied from 0.079 (Conde DEau and Princesa Isabel Spring) to 4.2 (Mairink II Spring). In Águas de Lindóia, arithmetic mean activities ranged from 4.6 mBq L-1 to 41 mBq L-1 and from 30 mBq L-1 to 54 mBq L-1 for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively. The maximum 226Ra activity concentration was found in the bottled mineral water São Jorge, while the higher 228Ra activity concentration was determined in Santa Filomena Spring (public station 2). 228Ra/ 226Ra activity ratios varied from 1.2 (bottled mineral water São Jorge) to 9.1 (bottled mineral water Jatobá 1). This work also performed the dose assessment due to the ingestion of 226Ra and 228Ra in Caxambu and Águas de Lindóia mineral and spring waters. The committed effective doses were estimated by using a conservative dosimetric model and taking into account the results over a lifetime (70 years) following intake of both long-lived Ra isotopes. The results from this radiological evaluation showed that the guindance committed effective dose level of 0.1 mSv y-1 recommended by World Health Organization was exceeded in almost all samples studied in Caxambu, except for Viotti Spring, Dom Pedro Spring and Dona Leopoldina Spring. In Águas de Lindóia and Lindóia, the highest committed effective doses estimated were 8.4 10-3 mSv y-1 for the intake of 226Ra (bottled mineral water São Jorge) and 2.6 10-2 mSv y-1 for 226Ra (Santa Filomena spring station 2). Both values are below the limit recommended by World Health Organization. The maximum commited effective doses per year obtained in this work were 7.4 10-1 mSv y-1 for 226Ra (Venancio Spring) and 2.2 mSv y-1 for 228Ra (Ernestina Guedes Spring). Considering the case of 226Ra intake via mineral water, the dose obtained represents less than 31 % of the average effective dose attributable annually from natural background radiation. However, in the case of 228Ra the annual committed effective dose limit recommended by ICRP (considering all sources of radiation exposure for the world population) was exceeded not only in Ernestina Guedes Spring, but also in Beleza Spring.
MALHEIRO, LUCIANO H. "Disponibilidade de sup(238)U e sup(232)Th na utilização de fosfogesso na agricultura." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11787.
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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
OLIVEIRA, JOSELENE de. "Determinacao dos niveis de radioatividade natural em aguas utilizadas para abastecimento publico no Estado de Sao Paulo .Vol. 2." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10699.
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Tese (Doutoramento) - IPEN Apendices
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP