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1
Marisi, Dany Poltak, Suprihatin Suprihatin, and Andes Ismayana. "Penurunan Kadar Torium dan Radioaktivitas dalam Limbah Cair Proses Pengolahan Monasit PLUTHO Menggunakan Koagulan FeSO4." EKSPLORIUM 39, no. 1 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/eksplorium.2018.39.1.4276.
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Pemisahan unsur radioaktif dan logam tanah jarang yang dilakukan di PLUTHO menghasilkan limbah yang masih mengandung torium dan uranium. Limbah yang dihasilkan memerlukan pengolahan lanjutan agar ramah lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menurunkan kadar torium dan radioaktivitas dalam limbah cair proses pengolahan monasit pilot plant PLUTHO menggunakan koagulan fero sulfat. Pilot Plant PLUTHO merupakan suatu fasilitas yang didirikan untuk untuk memisahkan uranium, torium, dan logam tanah jarang (LTJ) dari mineral monasit dan mineral lainnya dalam skala pilot. Perlakuan variasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian adalah dosis koagulan dan pH. Pengukuran kadar torium dilakukan dengan metode Spektrofotometer UV-Vis, sedangkan pengukuran radioaktivitas dilakukan dengan alat ukur radiasi Ludlum Model 1000 Scaler. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi optimum koagulasi pada pH 8,0 dengan dosis koagulan FeSO4 225 mg/L yang dapat menurunkan kadar torium sebesar 45,20 % dan menurunkan radioaktivitas sebesar 100 % dari kadar torium dan radioaktivitas awal yaitu 0,73 mg/L dan 1,35 Bq/g. The separation of radioactive and rare earth mineral carried out in PLUTHO produces waste that still contains thorium and uranium. The resulting waste requires further processing to be environmentally friendly. The purpose of study is to reduce thorium content and radioactivity in liquid waste of PLUTHO monazite treatment process using ferro sulphate coagulant. PLUTHO Pilot Plant is one of facility that built to dissociate uranium, thorium and light rare earth from mineral of monazite. Variations of treatments applied in the research are coagulant dosage and pH. Thorium content is measured by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis method, whereas radioactivity is measured by radiation counting meter Ludlum Model 1000 Scaler. The result shows that the optimum condition of coagulation is in pH 8,0 with concentration of ferro sulphate 225 mg/L which may reduce thorium content up to 45,20 % and reduce radioactivity to 100 % out of its initial thorium content and radioactivity as much as 0,73 mg/L and 1,35 Bq/g, respectively.
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Akkurt, I., and K. Günoğlu. "Natural Radioactivity Measurements and Radiation Dose Estimation in Some Sedimentary Rock Samples in Turkey." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/950978.
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The natural radioactivity existed since creation of the universe due to the long life time of some radionuclides. This natural radioactivity is caused byγ-radiation originating from the uranium and thorium series and40K. In this study, the gamma radiation has been measured to determine natural radioactivity of238U,232Th, and40K in collected sedimentary rock samples in different places of Turkey. The measurements have been performed usingγ-ray spectrometer containing NaI(Tl) detector and multichannel analyser (MCA). Absorbed dose rate (D), annual effective dose (AED), radium equivalent activities (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), and internal hazard index (Hin) associated with the natural radionuclide were calculated to assess the radiation hazard of the natural radioactivity in the sedimentary rock samples. The average values of absorbed dose rate in air (D), annual effective dose (AED), radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), and internal hazard index (Hin) were calculated and these were 45.425 nGy/h, 0.056 mSv/y, 99.014 Bq/kg, 0.267, and 0.361, respectively.
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Hassan, Halmat Jalal, Suhairul Hashim, Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi, et al. "The Radioactivity of Thorium Incandescent Gas Lantern Mantles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (2021): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031311.
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The use of thorium in providing the intense white luminescence emitted from gas mantles, has a history of some 130 years, the initial application pre-dating by several decades large-scale urban electric lighting. Accordingly, the thoriated gas mantle has proved itself to be of enormous utility, remaining popular in more rural areas well into the 20th century, continuing to enjoy use in campsites and street night markets lanterns until today. The discovery of thorium in 1828 preceded the discovery of radioactivity, with subsequent little appreciation initially of any potential harm from exposure to radioactivity. Study has been made herein of small quantities of five different types of the thoriated gas mantle, all purchased online devoid of any control measures. Several approaches were used concerning the 232Th activity and dose consequence. First, the activity of 232Th was estimated using an HPGe detector, with sample M5 providing the greatest activity at 1.25 × 104 Bq, exceeding the exemption limit for thorium in a mantle. Compared to sample M5, samples M1 to M4 were low in radioactivity, from 5.1 ± 1.31 to 16.33 ± 1.92 Bq. Moreover, the thorium content in M5 constituted 50% of the mantle mass, somewhat greater than previous literature values. The dose equivalent rate on the surface of a single M5 mantle was found to be 0.68 µSv/h, while at the surface of a pack of six the level was 1.9 µSv/h. Monte Carlo simulation codes have been used to obtain organ equivalent and effective dose rates, the greatest close contact (10 cm) exposure to an unlit mantle being to the thymus, at 0.68 µSv/h and 0.62 µSv/h for a male and female phantom respectively. Accordingly, with packages of thoriated gas mantles potentially giving rise to non-negligible equivalent doses, greater incorporation of controls on the sale of such items in national radiation protection legislation would seem worthy of consideration.
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Muhammad, Wazir, Matiullah, Asad Ullah, Sajjad Tahir, Fawad Ullah, and Matiullah Khan. "An overview of radioactivity measurement studies in Pakistan." Reviews on Environmental Health 34, no. 2 (2019): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2018-0058.
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Abstract In our environment, various naturally occurring radionuclides are present (both underground and overground) in several places, which results in lifelong human exposure. The radiation dose received by human beings from the radiation emitted by these naturally occurring radionuclides is approximately 87%. Exposure to radiation poses radiological health hazards. To assess the human health hazards from radiation, the concentration of these naturally occurring radionuclides are measured in soil (used for cultivation), building materials (soil, bricks, sand, marble, etc.), water and dietary items, worldwide. The available literature revealed that numerous studies related to the subject have been carried out in Pakistan. Most of these studies measured the radioactivity concentrations of primordial [uranium (238U), thorium (232Th), radium (226Ra) and potassium (40K)] and anthropogenic [cesium (137Cs)] radionuclide in soil samples (used for cultivation), fertilizers, building materials (i.e. bricks, rocks, sand, soil, marble, etc.), as well as water and dietary items, using a sodium iodide detector or high purity germanium. An effort was made in 2008 to compile these studies as a review article. However, since then, considerable studies have been undertaken and reported in the literature. Therefore, the main objective of the present article is to provide a countrywide baseline data on radionuclide levels, by overviewing and compiling the relevant studies carried out in Pakistan.
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Takekawa, Shoichi, Yoshihiko Ueda, Yoshihiko Ueda, Yoshihiro Hiramatsu, Hirotsugu Munechika, and Fumio Shishido. "Imaging of Beta-Rays from Tissue Blocks with Thorotrast Deposition by Autoradiography using Fuji Computed Radiography." Jurnal Radiologi Indonesia 1, no. 2 (2015): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33748/jradidn.v1i2.7.
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Background: Autoradiography of tissue with radioactive substance such as Thorotrast by Fuji Computed Radiography (FCR) has been available. We obtained autoradiographs from Thorotrast-deposited tissue by FCR. However, the nature of radiation from tissue with Thorotrast was not certain, because alpha particles are shielded by the plastic front of the FCR cassette. Therefore, we undertook investigation to clearly explain the nature of radiation from Thorotrast in case of autoradiography.Materials and Methods: Tissue blocks of liver and spleen with Thorotrast deposition were imaged by autoradiography using FCR, and radioactivity of tissue blocks was measured by a GM survey meter. Measurement was carried out by both with and without an aluminum plate between the tissue and the surface of GM survey meter to shield beta-rays.Results: Autoradiographs of the liver and spleen with Thorotrast were successful. It took only one day to obtain autoradiograph of the spleen, and 14 days for the liver. The radioactivity count decreased dramatically when an aluminum plate was inserted between the specimen and GM survey meter, but some radiation remained. The tissue blocks were contained in a plastic bag and the front of the Cassette of Imaging Plate is covered by a thin plastic board, so alpha-rays from Thorium dioxide in Thorotrast had been shielded from the beginning.Conclusion: We concluded that the radiation from the tissue blocks with Thorotrast in a plastic bag was mostly from beta-rays and less than 5% of radiation was from gamma-rays from the daughter nuclei of Thorium dioxide.
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Sombo, T., S. Entonu, T. Igbawua, and JT Shivil. "Radionuclide Content of Aerosols within the Lower Atmosphere of Major Towns in Plateau State, North Central Nigeria." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 4, no. 1 (2021): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.237.
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Radioactivity analysis of aerosols within the lower atmosphere of some selected towns in Plateau state, North central Nigeria was carried out using Respirable Dust sampler (APM 460NL) and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy technique to ascertain their radiological safety and radiation dose to the general public. The mean mass concentration of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) aerosols were found to be 234.4 and 390.6 (ug/m3) respectively for Pankshin; 381.3 and 312.5 (ug/m3) respectively for Shendam, and 208.3 and 250.0 (ug/m3) for Jos. The mean activity concentration of Potassium- 40, Radium-226 and Thorium-232 in the selected towns were found to be 510.82,52.16 and 29.76 Bq/kg respectively. Average values of the following radiological parameter Da, AEDE, HEX and AGED were 4.3439 nGy/yr, 0.0053MSv/yr,0.025Bq/kg, and 30.3470 mSv/yr respectively.The activity concentration of Potassium-40 was beyond the permissible limit at Shandan while that of Radium-226 was beyond the set limit in Jos and Pankshin. The concentration of Thorium-232 in the study areas was below permissible limit. Continuous exposure to these radionuclides and their progenies including their synergetic effects with trace metals in the aerosols may pose several risk to public health. This work is useful in regional environmental radiation monitoring and is part of efforts geared towards generating baseline data for environmental radioactivity levels within North Central Nigeria .
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Rozana, Kharistya, Devi Swasti Prabasiwi, and Dewi Puspa Ariany. "Identification of TENORM in Zirconium Oxychloride with Gamma Spectrometry." EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis 2, no. 1 (2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/eksakta/vol2.iss1.art8.
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Abstract: Gamma spectrometer used to determine the type and activity of gamma emitting radionuclides, such as the measurement of TENORM (Th-232, U-238, Ra-26 dan K-40) in the zirconium oxychloride or environmental radioactivity. This research was carried out to know each the TENORM on the zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2.8H2O) which accommodation of environment data the radioactivity in draft job safety about the workers. Zirconium oxychloride is a result of chloride acid leaching process from sodium zirconate, containing uranium and thorium, so that it has the potential for contamination and increase the radiation exposure. The instrument used for counting by HPGe detector and the spectrum were analyzed further using software Genie 2000. Mean measured activity concentrations (radioactivity) of U-238, Th-232, Ra-226 and K-40 respectively were 13,43±0,876 Bq/kg, 12,040±1,483 Bq/kg, 11,400±0,582 Bq/kg dan 32,940±3,270 Bq/kg.
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Kuzin, R., S. N. Brykin, and T. Tairov. "SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN LEACH PLANTS PROCESSING URANIUM ORES." Fine Chemical Technologies 11, no. 5 (2016): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2016-11-5-21-25.
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A distinctive feature of enterprises for extracting and processing uranium ore is the inevitable pollution by solid, liquid and gaseous waste. The amount of radioactive waste (RW) is most significant in the nuclear fuel cycle. In spite of its relatively low activity it is the major contributor to the formation of radiation hazards to the people and environment. The radioactivity of uranium ores and of their processing waste is due to natural radionuclides of uranium (238U and 235U) and thorium (232Th) radioactive decay chains.
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Jong, E. de, D. F. Acton, and L. M. Kozak. "Naturally occurring gamma-emitting isotopes, radon release and properties of parent materials of Saskatchewan soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74, no. 1 (1994): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss94-006.
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Mineral composition of the parent material is a major factor controlling natural radioactivity of soils. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the natural radioactivity of 18 till and six lacustrine parent materials and their properties measured during soil surveys. Gamma spectroscopy was used to estimate 40K and daughters of 238U and 232Th; neutron activation analysis was used to determine total U; and alpha counting was used to measure 222Rn release from the soil. The amounts of the various radioisotopes were positively correlated with each other and with clay content; the correlation with sand content was negative; and the correlations with silt and inorganic C content were generally not significant. Adding the fine/total clay ratio as a further independent variable considerably improved the correlation between 40K and clay content. The data suggested considerable disequilibrium in the 238U decay chain, which appeared to be in part related to the mode of deposition of the parent materials. Soil survey information — in particular, texture — thus appears a readily available tool for preliminary screening of terrestrial radiation in Saskatchewan. Key words: Radioactivity, 40K, uranium, thorium, radon, texture
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Dwijayanto, R. Andika Putra. "Characterising U-232 and Tl-208 Buildup and Decay on Thorium-fuelled RGTT200K." SIGMA EPSILON - Buletin Ilmiah Teknologi Keselamatan Reaktor Nuklir 25, no. 1 (2021): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/sigma.2021.25.1.6267.
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Thallium-208 (Tl-208), a decay daughter of uranium-232 (U-232), is a strong 2.6 MeV gamma emitter present in significant amount in thorium fuel cycle. Its existence enhances the anti-proliferation characteristics of thorium fuel cycle, but at the same time complicates the fuel handling system. In order to ensure that radiation hazard is properly contained, the buildup and decay characteristics of both U-232 and Tl-208 need to be understood. This paper aimed to provide a characterisation on U-232 and Tl-208 buildup in the thorium-fuelled RGTT200K, a 200 MWt very high temperature reactor (VHTR) developed by BATAN, using ORIGEN2.1 depletion code. Pure and impure U-233 were used as the fissile nuclide for comparison. The result showed that U-232 buildup rate is faster in pure U-233, but its Tl-208 buildup is slower. Nonetheless, pure U-233 always has its U-232 and Tl-208 activity lower than impure U-233. Accordingly, both U-232 and Tl-208 radioactivity post-discharge in pure U-233 are lower than impure U-233, although the difference become somewhat negligible after 300 years of decay. Tl-208 activity peaked after 10 years of decay, necessitating different approach in managing post-discharge fuel management.
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Obaid, Saba Abdulzahra. "Natural Radioactivity Levels in Some Milk Samples available in Local Markets in Babylon Governorate." JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 8 (2018): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubpas.v26i8.1673.
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The Uranium (238U), Thorium (232Th) and Potassium (40K) activity of specific in (Bq/kg) are measured (10) differentness types of milk which are available in market-place of Iraqi. Aspectrometry gamma ray of methodic with a NaI(Tl) detector its using for radiometric measurements. Also calculates the hazard of radiation indicates (radium equivalent activity and internally hazardous index tab) and effectiveness of Ingestion dose every sampler.
 The activity of specifics in a sampler of milk was varied between from (0.274±0.158) Bq/kg to (7.851±0.877) Bq/kg, for 238U, For 232Th between from (0.821±0.273) Bq/kg in (3.067±0.569) Bq/kg and for 40K between (266.558±5.018) Bq/kg to (485.740±7.197) Bq/kg. In addition to, it is found that radium equivalent activity and internally hazard indexing to the sampler of milk ranged between (27.341) Bq/kg to (48.035) Bq/kg and from (0.07867) to (0.14720) respectively. So, the range summations ingestive effectiveness dose was variedly between (4.861×10-5) Sv/y to (1.541× 10-4) Sv/y. This search proves that the radioactivity of natural, hazard of radiation references and dose of effective ingestion was lower than the safekeeping, except some value of potassium.
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Nguyen Dinh, Chau, and Jakub Nowak. "Natural Radioactivity in Thermal Waters: A Case Study from Poland." Energies 14, no. 3 (2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030541.
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A natural radioactivity in thermal water was investigated based on 19 selected thermal waters from Poland. The analysed results show that the radionuclides’ concentrations in the study waters vary over a wide range. The temperature of the waters varies from above 20 °C to above 80 °C. The waters are characterised by different mineralisation, chemical compositions, and belong to different hydrochemical types. There is a good correlation between the water temperature and the depths of the aquifer formations occurrence, suggesting the thermal energy originates from the thermal geogradient. The concentration of radium is well correlated with the water mineralisation. The ratio of radium activity (226Ra/228Ra) in groundwater relates not only the ratio of uranium activity to that of thorium (238U/232Th) in aquifer formation, but also depends on the physical and chemical water properties. Based on the concentration of radon and its transport model, the radiation exposures due to inhalation of 222Rn and its progeny for employees and clients of the spa were assessed. The use of the thermal waters as a drinking resource may be problematic due to the possibility of exceeding the recommended annual committed effective dose 0.1 mSv.
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Rosianna, Ilsa, Eka Djatnika Nugraha, Heri Syaeful, et al. "Natural Radioactivity of Laterite and Volcanic Rock Sample for Radioactive Mineral Exploration in Mamuju, Indonesia." Geosciences 10, no. 9 (2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090376.
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Mamuju is a region of Indonesia with relatively high exposure to natural radiation. Since 2012, Mamuju has been a uranium and thorium exploration area. Several mapping studies of the region have been carried out to depict NORM (naturally occurring radioactive material) areas and areas with uranium anomalies. This paper is the first study to use radioactivity measurements of laterite and volcanic rocks to determine the characteristics of radionuclides and other mineral measurements, which are essential for categorising Mamuju rocks and exploring the region as a potential mining area. The radioactivity of the samples was measured using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Furthermore, we used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine the rock mineral composition. Mamuju is anomalous due to its high content of 238U and 232Th concentrations of 539–128,699 Bq·kg−1 (average: 22,882 Bq·kg−1) and 471–288,639 Bq·kg−1 (average: 33,549 Bq·kg−1), respectively. The major elements are dominant, including Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3, and Na2O, with several other major elements such as MnO, TiO2, and CaO.
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Rabuku, Adimaitoga T. William, and Abdul Q. Malik. "Natural radioactivity measurement of gold mine tailings in Vatukoula, Fiji Islands." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 5 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2020005.
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Gold mining is one of the primary industry in Fiji, and it could expose the naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) that may produce health risk to the people working in mining. The present study focuses on the assessment of soil samples in the vicinity of gold mining to assess the concentration of these nuclides. The average activity concentrations of Uranium (238U), Thorium (232Th) and Potassium (40K) in the soil samples from the gold mining area in Vatukoula, Fiji were computed using NaI(Tl) detector. The activity concentrations varied from 30.7 Bq kg−1 and 175.73 Bq kg−1 for 238U and 40K with the absence of 232Th in the decommissioned site. 19.49 Bq kg−1, 123.06 Bq kg−1 and 86.86 Bq kg−1 was determined for 238U, 232Th and 40K of the commissioned sites respectively which is less than the world averages according to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation report [1], except for 232Th which is expected to be higher due to the mineral composition of monazite derivatives. Our preliminary results on the activity of these radioactive nuclides demonstrate that the mining activities at Vatukoula poses no significant radionuclide hazard to the miners and the general public.
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Siddeeg, Saifeldin, Mohamed Suliman, Faouzi Ben Rebah, Wissem Mnif, Amel Ahmed, and Isam Salih. "Comparative Study of Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazard Parameters of Various Imported Tiles Used for Decoration in Sudan." Symmetry 10, no. 12 (2018): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10120746.
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Various commercially imported ceramic materials used in the building of Sudanese dwellings were examined in order to determine their natural radioactivity and radiological hazard parameters. In this context, twenty-five different consignments were sampled and analyzed using (3″ × 3″) sodium iodide gamma spectrometry system NaI(Tl). The identified average activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were 183 ± 70, 51 ± 44, and 238 ± 77 Bq/kg dry-weights, respectively. A positive correlation between 238U and 232Th in the investigated samples was identified from the observed significant correlation (R2 = 0.8). Interestingly, a low Th/U ratio (~0.3) was recorded, which could be related to the systematic loss of thorium during the fabrication process. The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were comparable with the reported data obtained from similar materials used in other countries showing similarity in ceramic materials used in buildings. Five different radiation indices, such as the average radium equivalent (Raeq), the absorbed dose rate (D), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), the external hazard index (Hex), and the radioactivity level index (lγ), which indicate hazardous radiation, were estimated from these measurements. The obtained results revealed average values of 274 ± 106 Bq/kg, 125 ± 48 nGy/h, 1.23 ± 0.48 mSv/y, 0.74 ± 0.29, and 0.94 ± 0.37, for Raeq, D, AEDE, Hex, and lγ, respectively. The mean values of Raeq and Hex were in good agreement with the international limits, while the means of D and lγ were higher than the universal values. Calculated AEDE in about 60% of the samples exceeded the universal limit of 1 mSv/y for the public exposure (maximum value of 2.16 mSv/y). The investigated parameters were in the same range for the majority of imported samples; however, they were slightly higher than the locally produced ceramic, highlighting the importance of monitoring imported materials for their radioactivity contents.
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Kubalek, Davor, Gregor Serša, Marko Štrok, Ljudmila Benedik, and Zvonka Jeran. "Radioactivity of cigarettes and the importance of 210 Po and thorium isotopes for radiation dose assessment due to smoking." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 155-156 (May 2016): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.015.
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Penabei, S., D. Bongue, P. Maleka, et al. "Assessment of natural radioactivity levels and the associated radiological hazards in some building materials from Mayo-Kebbi region, Chad." Radioprotection 53, no. 4 (2018): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2018030.
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In order to assess the levels of natural radioactivity and the associated radiological hazards in some building materials of the Mayo-Kebbi region (Chad), a total of nineteen samples were collected on the field. Using a high resolution γ-ray spectrometry system, the activity concentrations of radium (226Ra), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K) in these samples have been determined. The measured average activity concentrations range from 0.56 ± 0.37 Bq kg−1 to 435 ± 7 Bq kg−1, 1.3 ± 0.6 Bq kg−1 to 50.6 ± 1.1 Bq kg−1 and 4.3 ± 2.0 Bq kg−1 to 840 ± 9 Bq kg−1, for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The highest 226Ra average activities is found in soil brick samples of Zabili. The highest mean value of 232Th and 40K concentrations are found in soil brick samples of Madajang. The activity concentration and the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) have been compared to other studies done elsewhere in the world. Their average values are lower than most of those of countries with which the comparison has been made. Were also evaluated, the external radiation hazard index, the internal radiation hazard index, the indoor air absorbed dose rate, the outdoor air absorbed dose rate, the activity utilization index, the annual effective dose, the annual gonadal dose equivalent, the representative level index, as well as, the excess lifetime cancer risk. In accordance with the criterion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, our results show that soil brick samples of Zabili and Madajang increases the risk of radiation exposure, thereby the possibility of developing cancer by people living in this environment. Based on these findings, brick samples from Zabili and Madajang are not recommended for construction purposes. All other sample materials have properties that are acceptable for use as building materials in terms of radiation hazard.
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Descamps, B., and L. Foulquier. "Natural Radioactivity in the Principal Constituents of French River Ecosystems." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (1988): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080259.
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Abstract The study is based on data covering the water, sediments, plants and fish sampled over a 20-year period at 15 stations along French rivers. Three geographic zones were investigated: one containing a uranium mining complex (Zone 1), another including five major rivers along which nuclear power plants are sited (Zone II) and a third unaffected by nuclear activities (Zone III). Natural radioactivity basically involves 238U, 226Ra and 210Pb in the uranium series, 232Th from the thorium series, 40K and 7Be. The natural radioactivity in Zone II is not different from Zone III, and is thus unaffected by waste discharges from nuclear power plants. The most abundant radionuclide is 40K, while the other nuclides are often found in trace amounts near the detection threshold of the analysis method used (Ge gamma spectrometry with a 15-hour counting period). The 226Ra and 238U concentrations observed in Zone I are at least an order of magnitude higher than in the other two zones due to authorised waste discharges from the Lodève mining complex, but only a small stream is affected. The measured 226Ra concentrations would result in an annual whole body committed dose equivalent attributable to a 200 g weekly fish consumption from this stream of 4.4 x 10-5 Sv.y-1, or 0.86% of the maximum permissible dose (5 mSv).
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Alhawsawi, Abdulsalam M., E. I. Shababa, Maher M. T. Qutub, Essam M. Banoqitah, and A. A. Kinsara. "Radiological characterization of the phosphate deposit in Al-Jalamid phosphate mining area, Saudi Arabia." Nukleonika 66, no. 1 (2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2021-0005.
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Abstract It is a known fact that phosphate rocks have high levels of natural radioactivity due to the presence of large concentrations of radionuclides. This work aims to estimate radiation exposure and dose levels at Al-Jalamid site in northern Saudi Arabia. Al-Jalamid area is one of the largest reserves of phosphate worldwide. Ma’aden, a Saudi Government public company, owns the mine and is responsible for all mining activities. Phosphate and soil samples collected from Al-Jalamid phosphate mining area have been analysed for their uranium and thorium content by an α-spectrometer using radiochemical techniques. The quantity of radon gas was measured both in groundwater and in the atmosphere (indoor and outdoor) at the site using a portable radiation survey instrument. Groundwater samples collected from wells surrounding the mining area were analysed using a liquid scintillation counter in addition to an α-spectrometer. Finally, it is found that phosphate rock concentrate products cannot be utilized economically based on the standards set by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), since the average activity concentration does not reach the limit set by IAEA and hence are not commercially feasible.
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Drzymała, Tomasz, Aneta Łukaszek-Chmielewska, Sylwia Lewicka, et al. "Assessment of the Natural Radioactivity of Polish and Foreign Granites Used for Road and Lapidary Constructions in Poland." Materials 13, no. 12 (2020): 2824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122824.
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The measurements of the specific activity of natural radioactive isotopes of radium (226Ra), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K) in chosen samples of imported (China, Finland, Spain, India, Sweden) and Polish (Izerski, Karkonosze, Siedlimowicki, Strzegomski, Strzelinski) granites were performed. The measurements were carried out with 2 × 2” NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The measured specific activity on natural radioactive isotopes were within the following ranges: 5.8–312 [Bq kg−1], 5.5–189 [Bq kg−1] and 109–1590 [Bq kg−1] for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. Obtained concentrations of radioactive isotopes allowed to perform the analysis of the exposure of the humans from the ionizing radiation emitted by the granites. The determination of the exposure consisted in the calculation of absorbed gamma dose rate (D) [nGy h−1] for each sample, which fell in the range between 20 and 511 [nGy h−1], annual effective dose rate (AED) [mSv year−1] ranging between 0.10 and 2.50 [mSv year−1], radium equivalent activity (Raeq) [Bq kg−1] with values between 22 and 570 [Bq kg−1], external and internal hazard indices (Hex) and (Hin) falling in the ranges 0.06−1.53 and 0.08–2.41 respectively, as well as gamma (Iγ) and alpha (Iα), representative level indices with values 0.08–2.0 and 0.029–1.56, respectively. Moreover, obtained results were compared with the international standard values given by the European Commission (EC), the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation given in UNSCEAR Reports, and the results of research from other laboratories.
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Yarima, Mudassir H., M. U. Khandaker, A. Nadhiya, and M. A. Olatunji. "ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN MAIZE AND ESTIMATION OF CONCOMITANT DOSE TO NIGERIAN VIA INGESTION PATHWAY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 184, no. 3-4 (2019): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz115.
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Abstract Uranium, thorium and potassium are the most abundant naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) found in soils and other environmental media including foodstuffs. Since the human exposures to NORMs is an unavoidable phenomenon, in such a way that they can easily find their way to human being via food chain, detailed knowledge on their presence in foodstuffs is necessary to assess the radiation dose to the population. Thus, the present study concerns the assessment of natural radioactivity in maize, a staple foodstuff for Nigerian, via HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry. Activity concentrations (Bq/kg) in the maize samples were found to be in the range of 6.1 ± 0.6–8.2 ± 1.3, 2.2 ± 0.4–5.1 ± 0.7 and 288 ± 16–401 ± 24 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. Measured data for 226Ra and 232Th show below the world average values of 67 Bq/kg and 82 Bq/kg, respectively, while the activity of 40K exceeds the global average of 310 Bq/kg. The annual effective dose via the maize consumption was found to be far below the UNSCEAR recommended ingestion dose limit of 290 μSv/y, and the estimated lifetime cancer risk show lower than the ICRP (1991) cancer risk factor of 2.5 × 10−3 based on the additional annual dose limit of 1 mSv for general public, thus pose no adverse health risk to the Nigerian populace.
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Abinesh, Ajithra, and Shanthi G. "Assessment of Beach sand using Gamma Ray Spectrometer in Thiruvanathapuram District, Kerala of South India." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 5, no. 3 (2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v5.n3.p2.
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<div><p><em>It is well recognized fact that some areas of the world have anomalously high levels of natural background radiation referred to as high background radiation areas (HBRAs). Typical examples include Yangjiang in China, Rasmar in Iran and In India, part of coastal areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu fall in this category. It has been established earlier that the cause for this high background is the presence of monazite (thorium). This study focuses on the estimation of the environmental radioactivity levels in the beach sands of </em><em>Thiruvanathapuram district, Kerala. </em><em> </em></p></div><p><em>Using high resolution gamma ray spectroscopy activity concentrations of <sup>40</sup>K, <sup>238</sup>U &amp; <sup>232</sup>Th were estimated. Activity concentrations ranged from 17-154 Bq/kg for <sup>40</sup>K, from 4 to 100 Bq/kg for <sup>238</sup>U and from 6 to 296 Bq/kg for <sup>232</sup>Th.The mean activity concentration values obtained for the radionuclide are below than the world average values reported by the UNSCEAR. Subsequently assessed radiological effects show that the mean radium equivalent activity is 65 Bq/kg. The range of the calculated air exposure rate was between 14.2 to 228.1 nGy/h in both 0 m from the Waves and 10 m from the Waves. The values of external and internal radiation hazard indices are found to be less than unity. Measured natural radioactivity, hazard indices and effective dose received by the population were found to within the recommended limits. This work provides a good baseline data of natural radioactive elements for the sand of the area and its radiological significance. </em></p>
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SALIKOVA, Natalya S., Zhulduz O. TLEUOVA, Aigul S. KURMANBAYEVA, Razya K. KHUSSAINOVA, and Anuarbek A. KAKABAYEV. "DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN NATURAL WATERS OF NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN AND ASSESSMENT OF WATERBORNE DOSES IRRADIATION OF POPULATION." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 36 (2020): 1016–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.1031_periodico36_pgs_1016_1037.pdf.
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The population of the Earth is exposed to external and internal radiation every day. Radiation doses differ over a wide range of cosmic radiation levels and the content of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Ionizing radiation and radionuclides of natural and artificial origin inevitably causes exposure, increasing the probability of adverse health effects. Suppose the dose of radiation is low and is exposed for a long period of time (low power). In that case, the risk is significantly reduced, since the likelihood of repair of damaged tissues increases. However, there is a risk of long-term consequences, such as cancer, which can manifest in years or even decades. The paper aims to research the natural factors in the formation of radioactivity in the natural waters of Northern Kazakhstan and assess waterrelated doses to the population. The leading research methods for this issue are radiometric and radiochemical methods of analysis. Selective radiochemical analysis was used to determine the radionuclides of uranium, thorium, radium, lead, cesium and strontium, and a radiometer was used to determine radonuclides. During the study, 166 water sources over the past 5 years were analysed and systematized. The research object was drinking water sources of the population of Ayyrtau, Tayinsha, Yesil districts, and Musirepov district of the North Kazakhstan region. Four types of drinking water sources were investigated: well water, borehole water, spring water, borehole water used for centralized water supply. When calculating the dose of internal exposure, the data of the annual radiochemical analysis of various fresh water sources of four districts of the North Kazakhstan region from 2011 to 2016 were used.
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Hady, Heiyam Najy, and Shahad Fadel Kadim. "Study of the natural radioactivity of selected samples of the soil of Al-Nada district in Najaf." Ibn AL- Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science 31, no. 3 (2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30526/31.3.2026.
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This study reported activity concentration of 238 U, 232 Th, 40 K in 50 soil samples AL-Nada district - Najaf Governorate - Iraq Measurement using gamma ray spectrometer NaI (TI) (3x3). The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides are found to range from (31.319 Bq.Kg-1 to (1.1583 ± 0.0821) Bq.Kg-1with average (11.851 0.281) Bq.Kg-1 of uranium 238U. From (1.117±0.048) Bq.Kg-1 to (23.948 ) Bq.Kg-1 with an average of (6.283 0.148 ( Bq.Kg-1 for thorium 232Th,.from(13.592±0.282) Bq.Kg-1 to (705.834 6.179) Bq.Kg-1 and average (265.494 1.445) Bq.Kg-1 potassium40K , equivalent radium from (12.489 0.328) Bq.Kg-1 to (84.199 1.911) Bq.Kg-1 and average (40.078 0.564) Bq.Kg-1 , internal hazard index from (0.039) Bq.Kg-1to( 0.256) Bq.Kg-1 and average( 0.139) Bq.Kg-1,external hazard index ranged from( 0.033) Bq.Kg-1 to (0.227) Bq.Kg-1 and average( 0.108) Bq.Kg-1 values either of absorbed dose in air from (5.728 0.150) nGy/h to (42.667 0.901) nGy/h and average(19.914 0.264) nGy/h , internal annual effective dose from (0.028 0.0005) mSv/y to (0.209 0.0044) mSv/y and average (0.097 0.0013) mSv/y, external annual effective dose from (0.0070 0.0001) mSv/y to (0.0523 0.001) mSv/y and average (0.0244 0.0003) mSv/y The results were found to be comparable or lower than similar global reporting data. According to this, research soil The area can be considered to have a normal level of natural background radiation
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Assessment of Radiological Air Contamination for Selected Places at Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Site during Winter and Spring." Baghdad Science Journal 15, no. 3 (2018): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.15.3.278-286.
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This study presents the results of atmospheric particulates sampling using high volume air sampler for selected places at Al Tuwaitha nuclear site. The collected samples were analyzed for gross alpha /beta radioactivity using Ludlum model 3030 and measurement particles activity in Al Tuwaitha nuclear site and the surrounding areas for the period from 28/12/2016 to 13/4/2017.The measurement of activity concentrations ranged from (0.42±0.03 to 4.18±0.13) Bq/m3 for alpha particles and from(0.93±0.06 to 9.21±0.26) Bq/m3for beta particles. The activity concentration of nuclides inversely proportional with air temperature and wind speed while humidity is directly proportional with it. Highest value of activity concentration has been found at(Near nuclear and radiation safety directorate/ In the center of planning department/T9)while the lowest value has been found at (the right side of Nuclear application and researches directorate / building 61/T42). The results of this study show that the region has natural nuclides which are the daughters of the two decay series, namely the thorium and the uranium series. In both cases, it is a radioactive Radon isotope which can escape from the soil and ascend into the air.
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Suhana, J., and M. Rashid. "Evaluation of Radiological Hazards of Particulates Emissions From a Coal Fired Power Plant." Chemical Product and Process Modeling 11, no. 3 (2016): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cppm-2015-0073.
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Abstract Natural minerals may contain radionuclides of natural origin of Uranium-238 (238U) and Thorium-232 (232Th) decay series. Similarly, coal like any other minerals found in nature contains trace amount of such naturally occurring radionuclides including Potassium-40 (40K). The generation of electricity by coal fired power plant (CFPP) releases particulates emission to the atmosphere and deposited on the surrounding area that may increase the natural background radiation level within the facility. This paper presents an evaluation of the natural radioactivity concentration found in the particulates emission from a typical CFPP in Malaysia. Standard Gaussian dispersion model approach was used to predict the potential radiological hazards arising from the particulates released from the stack. The predicted maximum ground level particulate (Cmax) concentration and downwind distance (X) was 52 µg m–3 and 1,600 m of away from the CFPP, respectively. The air dispersion modelling results recorded that the calculated Cmax released from the CFPP was found lower than the national and international ambient air quality limits, which means that radiological hazards due to inhalation of natural radionuclides in particulate released to the environment is insignificant. The findings revealed that, this activity does not impose any significant radiological risk to the human population at large and the operation is in compliance with the national legislation and international practice.
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Haanes, Hallvard, and Runhild Gjelsvik. "Reduced soil fauna decomposition in a high background radiation area." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0247793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247793.
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Decomposition of litter and organic matter is a very important soil ecosystem function where soil fauna play an important role. Knowledge of the responses in decomposition and soil fauna to different stressors is therefore crucial. However, the extent to which radioactivity may affect soil fauna is not so well known. There are some results showing effects on soil fauna at uranium mines and near Chernobyl from relatively high levels of anthropogenic radionuclides. We hypothesize that naturally occurring radionuclides affect soil fauna and thus litter decomposition, which will covary with radionuclide levels when accounting for important soil parameters. We have therefore used standardised litterbags with two different mesh sizes filled with birch leaves (Betula pubescens) to assess litter decomposition in an area with enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides in the thorium (232Th) and uranium (238U) decay chains while controlling for variation in important soil parameters like pH, organic matter content, moisture and large grain size. We show that decomposition rate is higher in litterbags with large mesh size compared to litterbags with a fine mesh size that excludes soil fauna. We also find that litter dried at room temperature is decomposed at a faster rate than litter dried in oven (60⁰C). This was surprising given the associated denaturation of proteins and anticipated increased nutritional level but may be explained by the increased stiffness of oven-dried litter. This result is important since different studies often use either oven-dried or room temperature-dried litter. Taking the above into account, we explore statistical models to show large and expected effects of soil parameters but also significant effects on litter decomposition of the naturally occurring radionuclide levels. We use the ERICA tool to estimate total dose rate per coarse litterbag for four different model organisms, and in subsequent different statistical models we identify that the model including the dose rates of a small tube-shape is the best statistical model. In another statistical model including soil parameters and radionuclide distributions, 226Ra (or uranium precursory radionuclides) explain variation in litter decomposition while 228Ra (and precursors) do not. This may hint to chemical toxicity effects of uranium. However, when combining this model with the best model, the resulting simplified model is equal to the tube-shape dose-rate model. There is thus a need for more research on how naturally occurring radionuclides affect soil fauna, but the study at hand show the importance of an ecosystem approach and the ecosystem parameter soil decomposition.
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Poliakova, I. "RADON AS ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS FACTORS AFFECTING MINERS." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety, no. 18 (December 31, 2018): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.18.2018.15.
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Introduction. Ukraine is among the leading mineral and raw material states. Nowadays in Ukraine prospected 20000 deposits and manifestations of 111 kinds of minerals (according to UNIAN - 200 minerals, 120 of which are used by mankind today). Of these 7807 deposits of 94 minerals with industrial value and accounted State balance of stocks. The greatest economic importance are coal, oil and gas, iron ore and manganese, native sulfur, rock and potassium salts, non-metallic building materials, mineral waters. These deposits are located in different geological regions of Ukraine.
 During the extraction of natural resources are exposure of personnel of mines and population from naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM - nature occurring radioactive materials). Adequate levels of radiation safety and radiation protection of the population and the personnel of any branch determined, above all, of the relevant public, industry and other regulations and systems monitoring their implementation. One of the significant components of the increase of radiation safety are methodical application of appropriate radiation monitoring devices and obtaining reliable data (results), which will allow processing to estimate actual radiation situation at the facility.
 The natural and climatic conditions of the mines are specific. This fact is confirmed by the level of humidity, which can reach the value of 99%, but the temperature and atmospheric pressure are unchanged. In the process of work in the mine there is a harmful factor for the human body - dust in the air of the working zone and radioactivity. Alpha particles formed as a result of the decomposition of the daughter products of the decay of 224Ra, 223Ra and 226Ra, settling on aerosols and enter the human body by inhalation, as well as actinon, radon and thoron lead to an increase in the dose of personnel.
 Purpose. The purpose of the study is to determine the radiation situation at the sites for the extraction of minerals, taking into account the factors that affect the reliability of the results. Establishing reliable quantitative characteristics of harmful factors of the environment, which negatively affects the body of the personnel. Conducting an analysis of existing methods of measuring by direct methods and making suggestions for their improvement under the influence of factors that contribute to obtaining results with an error of more than 75%.
 Methods. In the course of the research, direct measurement methods, calculations and analytical research were used to achieve the set goal and to solve the set tasks. During experimental and analytical work of physico-chemical and radiometric measurement methods were used, certified equipment and measuring control devices were used.
 Results. Measurements of equilibrium volume activity of radon and thoron using direct method is necessary task to assess the impact on personnel at the work time.
 Quantitative assessment the air gases such as 222Rn, 220Rn, 219Rn depends on the amount of deposits of the uranium and thorium series in the earth's surface.
 It should not be forgotten that after the radioactive decay of the aforementioned gases, a significant amount of α-radioactive daughter nuclides that enter the miners' body is formed. This causes an increase in the dose from the accumulation of α-radionuclides in the miners' organism, but this staff is not officially considered which works with NORM (with the exception of only uranium miners).
 Comparing the results obtained by measuring 222Rn and 220Rn provided in Tables 1 and 2 using direct measurement methods using RHA-2006 «ICAR» and AlphaGuard PQ2000, show difference in the results, especially at higher humidity and with increasing of numbers of mineral dust in the air of mines.
 Conclusions. The conclusions obtained by the author of the article on the state of experimental research and analysis of data:
 
 Climatic conditions play an important role in data reliability. It is necessary to carefully select the devices of radiation control and measurement methods.
 Conduct a quantitative analysis of radionuclides and set a dose for miners only from radon and thoron, which is possible with the use of a-spectrometry. In this study, an express control (real-time control) of α-emitting radionuclides in the air was carried out using detectors, whose activities are based on the use of an ionization chamber. But as a result of this study, we obtain the total activity of α-radionuclides in the air and α-aerosols identified with a significant systematic error. Since the measuring capabilities of these devices are determined by the humidity of no more than 85%.
 The creation of new normative documents to determine the impact on employees and the population of the NORM should be a consequence and an integral part of scientific research in this field. The authenticity of experimental methods and the reliability of the results are the basis upon which radiation safety will be based on working with natural radionuclides.
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O., Ademila, Akingboye A. S., and Ojamomi A. I. "Radiometric survey in geological mapping of basement complex area of parts of Southwestern Nigeria." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (2018): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12619.
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Radiometric methods were used to investigate the radioactive properties of rocks in parts of southwestern Nigeria with a view to interpreting the geological structure and abundance of natural radioactive elements in the main type rocks. The airborne radiometric dataset of Ikole Sheet and ground radiometric data recorded from eight traverses in Akoko axis of the study area were processed. Results presented as maps and profiles displayed variations of high and low radioactive concentrations across the area. These maps showed moderate to very high concentrations and very low to low concentrations of the radioelements; uranium (4.5-13.0 ppm); (LLD-low limit of detection -3.0 ppm), Th (25.0-70.0 ppm); (8.5-16.0 ppm) and K (2.0-4.0 %); but the most often observed values are in the range 2.5-7.0 ppm, 22.0-30.0 ppm and 3.0-4.0% for U, Th, and K respectively. High concentrations imply that the rocks are crystalline, undeformed and are rich in feldspar and U-Th bearing minerals. While low radioactivity is attributed to varying geologic framework compositions; weathered materials or fluids formed as a result of intense metamorphism. The radiometric datasets proved valuable in delineating different rock types and serve as a complementary tool in identifying geochemical zoning of rocks in the area.ReferencesAjibade A.C. and Fitches W.R., 1988. The Nigerian Precambrian and the Pan-African Orogeny, Precambrian Geology of Nigeria, 45-53.Ajibade A.C., Woakes M. and Rahaman M.A., 1987.Proterozoic crustal development in Pan-African regime of Nigeria: In A. Croner (ed.) Proterozoic Lithospheric Evolution Geodynamics, 17, 259-231.Appleton J.D., Miles J.C.H., Green B.M.R, Larmour R., 2008. Pilot study of the application of Tellus airborne radiometric and soil geochemical data for radon mapping. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99, 1687-1697.Arisekola T.M. and Ajenipa R.A., 2013. Geophysical data results preliminary application to uranium and thorium exploration. IAEA-CYTED-UNECE Workshop on UNFC-2009 at Santiago, Chile 9-12, July, 12.Bayowa O.G., Olorunfemi O.M., Akinluyi O.F. and Ademilua O.L., 2014.A Preliminary Approach to Groundwater Potential Appraisal of Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology (IJST), 4(3), 48-58.Bierwirth P.N., 1997. The use of airborne gamma-emission data for detecting soil properties.Proceedings of the Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition.Copenhagen, Denmark.Grasty R.L. and Multala J., 1991. A correlation technique for separating natural and man-made airborne gamma-ray spectra. In: Current Research, Part D, Geological Survey of Canada, 111-116.Grasty R.L., Minty B.R.S., 1995a. A guide to the technical specifications for airborne gamma ray surveys. Australian Geological Survey Organization, Record.Grasty R.L., Minty B.R.S., 1995b. The standardization of airborne gamma-ray surveys in Australia. Exploration Geophysics, 26, 276-283.IAEA, 1991. Airborne gamma ray spectrometer surveying, International Atomic Energy Agency, Technical Report Series, 323.IAEA, 2007.International Atomic Energy Agency. Safety Glossary, Terminology used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection-2007 Edition.Jones H.A. and Hockey, 1964.The Geology of part of’ Southwestern Nigeria.Geological Survey, Nigeria bulletin, 31.Kearey P., Brooks M. and Hill I., 2002. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration.3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 262.Milsom J., 2003. Field Geophysics: The geological field guide series, John Milsom University College, London. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Third edition, 51-70.MontajTM Tutorial, 2004. Two - Dimensional frequency domain processing of potential field data.Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA), 2009. Geological map of Nigeria prepared by Nigeria Geological Survey Agency, 31, ShetimaMangono Crescent Utako District, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.Omosanya K.O., Ariyo S.O., Kaigama U., Mosuro G.O., and Laniyan T.A., 2015. An outcrop evidence for polycyclic orogenies in the basement complex of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Geology, 7(3), 24-34.Oyawoye, M.O., 1972. The Basement Complex of Nigeria.In African Geology. T.F.J. Dessauvagie and A.J. Whiteman (Eds) Ibadan University Press, 67-99.Oyinloye A.O., 2011. Geology and Geotectonic Setting of the Basement Complex Rocks in Southwestern Nigeria: Implications on Provenance and Evolution. Earth and Environmental Sciences, 98-117. ISBN: 978-953-307-468-9.Rahaman M.A., 1981. Recent Advances in the Study of the Basement Complex of Nigeria.First Symposium on the Precambrian Geology of Nigeria, Summary.Rahaman M.A., Emofureta W.O. and Vachette M., 1983. The potassic-grades of the Igbeti area: Further evaluation of the polycyclic evolution of the Pan-African Belt in South-western Nigeria. Precambrian Resources, 22, 75-92.Woakes M., Rahaman M.A., Ajibade A.C., 1987. Some Metallogenetic Features of the Nigerian Basement. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 6(5), 655-664.
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Bogdanov, Nikolay A. "ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF TECHNOGENESIS ON THE AQUATORIA AND THE SEA BANK." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 5 (2018): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-5-411-417.
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The article contains the results of a study of the ecological hazards of long-term consequences (XVII-XXI centuries) of human activities on the shores and waters of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea. The following issues have been considered: 1) territorial losses and the destruction of man-made objects; 2) natural radioactivity of the potential source of mineral raw materials - titanium-zirconium concentrates in beach sands and their content of 137Cs (the “Chernobyl trace”); 3) echoes of the Great Patriotic War (WWII) - ammunition on the shore and dumping on the seabed of captured chemical warfare agents from the arsenal of Nazi Germany. The study has determined the following. Coast in Courland, after Peter the Great built the port of Libava (the end of XVII century) and after malls were extended in the nineteenth century, had been stable. Modernization of the military avantport of Emperor Alexander III at the beginning of the XX century with the removal of the sea piers on 2123m caused the obstruction of sands along the coast and its grassroots catastrophic erosion to the North of the port. By the 1930s, the bottom sands have been eroded to Cape Akmenrags (along with the coast to ~40 km, the volume of >70 million m3). By the 1990s, at 4-6 km closest to port, the shore has receded up to 200 meters. Houses, landfills, fragments of the sewer were destroyed. There was a threat of collapse of toxic objects of municipal wastewater treatment facilities into the sea (sludge beds, chlorination station, town Schedes). An environmental disaster was prevented by the timely constructed shore protection facilities (1988-1991). The erosion of the shore caused the accumulations on the beach of industrially important titanium-zirconium concentrates (>1,5 t/m3). Heavy minerals (zircon, monazite, etc.) contain natural radionuclides (thorium, uranium etc.), their activity (5668,6 Bq/kg) exceeded the hygienic standard (1500 Bq/kg) by ~4 times. Mineral raw materials of this quality refer to the IV class of hazard. As for 137Cs, considering the period from the Chernobyl disaster (April 1986) to the analysis of the specimens (spring 2015 ~the half-life of the isotope), the concentration could reach,: in sands - 110 Bq/kg, in organic soils and peatlands - up to 500 Bq/kg. The contamination was consistent with the radiation condition of the several territories of the USSR, which have experienced the impact of the disaster, but was higher than in the Altai (“Semipalatinsk trace”, 41-43 Bq/kg). Echoes of the War resulted in storms bringing ashore ammunition, which caused injuries and deaths of adolescents, who found such “waste” of World War II (the town Schedes, the elimination of the Nazis in “Liepaja port”, 1945). In the deep (92-208 m) basins (Bornholm, Gotland) and in other areas of the Baltic Sea there are about 60 underwater dumpings of chemical warfare agents. The threat of environmental disaster may appear in the case of their large-scale mechanical damage (trawling, drilling, pipelines, etc.). The uncertainty of the information about the number of dumpings of chemical warfare agents keeps a danger of their location on the coast and bringing by waves to the beach. Further exploration and monitoring of dumpings are particularly relevant in connection with the laying of the gas pipeline “Nord stream - 2”.
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Dwijayanto, S.T., R. Andika Putra, Ihda Husnayani, and Zuhair Zuhair. "CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIONUCLIDES ON THORIUM-CYCLE EXPERIMENTAL POWER REACTOR SPENT FUEL." Urania Jurnal Ilmiah Daur Bahan Bakar Nuklir 25, no. 2 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/urania.2019.25.2.5525.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIONUCLIDES ON THORIUM-CYCLE EXPERIMENTAL POWER REACTOR SPENT FUEL. There are several options of nuclear fuel utilisation in the HTGR-based Experimental Power Reactor (Reaktor Daya Eksperimental/RDE). Although mainly RDE utilises low enriched uranium (LEU)-based fuel, which is the most viable option at the moment, it is possible for RDE to utilise other fuel, for example thorium-based and possibly even plutonium-based fuel. Different fuel yields different spent fuel characteristics, so it is necessary to identify the characteristics to understand and evaluate their handling and interim storage. This paper provides the study on the characteristics of thorium-fuelled RDE spent fuel, assuming typical operational cycle. ORIGEN2.1 code is employed to determine the spent fuel characteristics. The result showed that at the end of the calculation cycle, each thorium-based spent fuel pebble generates around 0,627 Watts of heat, 28 neutrons/s, 8.28x1012 photons/s and yield 192.53 curies of radioactivity. These higher radioactivity and photon emission possibly necessitate different measures in spent fuel management, if RDE were to use thorium-based fuel. Tl-208 activity, which found to be emitting potentially non-negligible strong gamma emission, magnified the requirement of proper spent fuel handling especially radiation shielding in spent fuel cask.Keywords: RDE, spent fuel, thorium, HTGR, Tl-208.
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Khairani, Mutia, Sutrisno Sutrisno, and Frederikus Dian Indrastomo. "Identifikasi Uranium dan Thorium di Desa Takandeang Mamuju Sulawesi Barat dengan Menginterpretasikan Data Radiometri Tanah atau Batuan." Al-Fiziya: Journal of Materials Science, Geophysics, Instrumentation and Theoretical Physics 1, no. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/fiziya.v1i1.8993.
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Abstrak. Hasil survey dosis radiasi lingkungan menunjukkan di daerah Mamuju memiliki nilai laju dosis radiasi (radioaktivitas) yang cukup tinngi.Nilai radioaktivitas tinggi yang dijumpai pada batuan diperkirakan berasal dari keterdapatan kandungan radioaktif alami seperti unsur uranium (U) dan thorium (Th). Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan unsur radioaktif apa yang mempengaruhi nilai laju dosis di daerah tersebut tinggi. Metode penelitian yang diterapkan adalah pengukuran radiometri, penentuan nilai ambang (threshold), menentukan populasi anomali pada unsur radioaktif dari data radiometri dengan menggunakan metode kurva probabilitas, interpolasi kriging dengan metode ordinary kriging dan analisis peta sebaran laju dosis, peta sebaran uranium, dan peta sebaran thorium. geologi daerah penelitian tersusun atas batugamping, batu lava, batuan breksi dan endapan aluvial. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui bahwa nilai laju dosis tinggi mencapai 4.271,3 nSv/h di Desa Takandeang dipengaruhi oleh keterdapatan unsur thorium, dengan kadar 435,7 ppm eTh dan uranium berkadar 426 ppm eU. Abstract. Survey results of environment radiation in Mamuju show that the value of dose rate of radiation (radioactivity) is high enough. That high radioactivity value that is found in rocks is hypothesized to be generated by natural radioactive unsure such as uranium (U) and thorium (Th). The aim of this study is to get conclusion of what radioactive unsure that influences high dose rate in that region. The methods in this study are radiometry measurement, determination of treshold, determination of anomaly population on radioactive unsure from radiometry data using probability curve method, kriging interpolation with ordinary kriging method and analysis of dose rate distribution map, uranium distribution map, and thorium distribution map. The geology of studied region is composed of limestones, lava rocks, breccia rocks, and alluvial sediments. Accroding to the result of analysis, we conclude that the value of high dose rate in Takandeang Village that reaches 4.271,3 nSv/h is influenced by thorium, with level 435,7 ppm eTh and uranium with level 426 ppmeU.
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Zimák, Jiří. "VZTAH MEZI PŘIROZENOU RADIOAKTIVITOU HORNIN A PŮD NA NICH VYTVOŘENÝCH – ZÁKLADNÍ PROBLÉM INTERPRETACE DAT ZÍSKANÝCH LETECKOU A TERÉNNÍ GAMASPEKTROMETRIÍ." Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku 22, no. 1-2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/gvms2015-1-2-80.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to assess the amount of natural radionuclides in fresh parent rocks and their effect on natural radioactivity of soils developed from them. Forty-five fresh rocks consisting mainly of granitoids, syenitoids, acid to basic metavolcanites, mica schists, gneisses, quartzites, serpentinites, sandstones, graywackes, and limestones and their corresponding overlying soils were sampled for laboratory gamma-ray spectrometric analysis. Contents of potassium, uranium and thorium were converted to mass activity of 226Ra equivalent (am) and terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate (D). Data are tabled and discussed. The highest am values occured in syenitoids (386–441 Bq·kg-1) followed by granitoids, mica schists, greywackes and gneisses, whereas the lowest am values were found in quartzose sandstones (15–36 Bq·kg-1) followed by limestones (less than 15 Bq·kg-1) and serpentinites (less than 6 Bq·kg-1). The natural radioactivity of soils is usually slightly lower than that of parent rocks due to the lower content of potassium, uranium and thorium in soils. This is typical for granitoids, syenitoids and rocks of similar mineralogical composition. In soils developed on granitoids and syenitoids were found increased concentrations of all three elements in the grain size fraction below 0.063 mm. Soils developed on rocks with low natural radioactivity (such as limestones and serpentinites) tend to have significantly higher natural radioactivity than their parent rocks. This may complicate the interpretation of data obtained by airborne gamma-ray spectrometry.
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Del Claro, Flávia, Sergei Anatolyevich Paschuk, Janine Nicolosi Corrêa, et al. "RADON EXHALATION FROM GRANITIC ROCKS." Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 7, no. 2A (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.15392/bjrs.v7i2a.539.
Full textAbstract:
Naturally occurring radionuclides such as radon (222Rn), its decay products and other elements from the radioactive series of uranium (238U and 235U) and thorium (232Th) are an important source of human exposure to natural radioactivity. The worldwide evaluation of health radiobiological effects and risks from population exposure to natural radionuclides is a growing concern. About 50% of personal radiation annual dose is related to radionuclides such as radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn), radium (226Ra), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K), which are present in modern materials commonly used in construction of dwellings and buildings. The radioactivity of marbles and granites is of big concern since under certain conditions the radioactivity levels of these materials can be hazardous to the population and require the implementation of mitigation procedures. Present survey of the 222Rn and 220Rn activity concentration liberated in the air was performed using commercialized Brazilian granite rocks at national market as well as exported to other countries. The 222Rn and 220Rn measurements were performed using the AlphaGUARD instant monitor and RAD7 detector, respectively. This study was performed at the Applied Nuclear Physics Laboratory of the Federal University of Technology – Paraná (UTFPR). Obtained results of radon concentration activity in air exhaled studied samples of granites varied from 3±1 Bq/m3 to 2087±19 Bq/m3, which shows that some samples of granitic rocks represent rather elevated health risk the population.
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Joel, E. S., M. Omeje, O. C. Olawole, et al. "In-situ assessment of natural terrestrial-radioactivity from Uranium-238 (238U), Thorium-232 (232Th) and Potassium-40 (40K) in coastal urban-environment and its possible health implications." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96516-z.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe risk of natural terrestrial radioactivity on human health is often underestimated, and environmental safety awareness is necessary. Hence, this study aims to assess natural sources of gamma radiation emitter in coastal urban-environment using the radiometric technique. The dosage of gamma radiation from a parent radionuclide such as Uranium-238 (238U), Thorium-232 (232Th) and Potassium-40 (40K) and were measured using portable gamma spectroscopy. The result showed that the measured value of 238U activity was between 10.81 $$\pm$$ ± 0.69 and 46.31 $$\pm$$ ± 1.43 Bqkg−1. The mean value was estimated to be 35.44 $$\pm$$ ± 0.97 Bqkg−1 which is slightly higher than the world average. Meanwhile, 232Th activity ranges from 28.42 $$\pm$$ ± 1.12 to 69.43 $$\pm$$ ± 1.76 Bqkg−1 with the calculated mean value of 92.57 $$\pm$$ ± 1.17 Bqkg−1 while 40K activity ranged between 31.30 ± 1.32 and 328.65 ± 2.32 Bqkg−1 with the estimated mean 137.59 $$\pm$$ ± 2.42 Bqkg−1. Radiological parameters such as radium equivalent (Req), internal hazard (Hint) and external hazard (Hext) assessment were in the range of 66.00 Bqkg−1 to 141.76 Bqkg−1, 0.232 to 0.452 and 0.178 to 0.383, respectively. The measured values of gamma dose-rates ranged between 54.283 ± 0.78 and 117.531 ± 1.14 nGyh−1 with the calculated mean value of 84.770 ± 0.97 nGyh−1.