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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiocarbon calibration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Dresser, P. Q. "Radiocarbon dates from Llwyn Bryn-dinas." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, S1 (1992): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078993.

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The following radiocarbon determinations were measured in the Radiocarbon Dating laboratory of the Department of Geology, University of Wales College of Cardiff. Calibrations are derived from the University of Washington, Quaternary Isotope Lab., Radiocarbon Calibration Program 1987, Rev. 2.O.

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2

Jones, Martin, and Geoff Nicholls. "New Radiocarbon Calibration Software." Radiocarbon 44, no. 3 (2002): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200032112.

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We have developed a software utility, “DateLab”, for conventional radiocarbon age (CRA) calibration and Bayesian analysis of CRAs. The current version has a smaller range of applicability than other similar utilities such as Bcal, Oxcal, and Mexcal. However, it enables analysis of some common types of CRA datesets. The main advantages of DateLab are its high quality sampling algorithm, the possibility of carrying out model comparison and hypothesis testing in a straightforward way, and the unbiased character of the summary statistics on which the analysis depends.

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3

Blackwell, P. G., and C. E. Buck. "Estimating radiocarbon calibration curves." Bayesian Analysis 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-ba309.

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4

Kitagawa, Hiroyuki. "Extension of Radiocarbon Calibration Curve." Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu) 34, no. 3 (1995): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.34.185.

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5

Hinz, Martin. "Sensitivity of Radiocarbon Sum Calibration." Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 3, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.53.

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6

van der Plicht, Johannes. "The Groningen Radiocarbon Calibration Program." Radiocarbon 35, no. 1 (1993): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013916.

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Variations in atmospheric 14C content complicate the conversion of conventional 14C ages BP (i.e., years before AD 1950) into real calendar ages (AD/BC) (de Vries 1958; Willis, Tauber & Münnich 1960). These variations are indirectly observed in tree rings from European and North American wood. In recent decades, measurements made on dendrochronologically dated wood have resulted in the generally accepted Stuiver and Pearson calibration curves. These curves, together with other calibration data, were published in the first Radiocarbon Calibration Issue (Stuiver & Kra 1986), and are extended in the present Calibration Issue (Stuiver, Long & Kra 1993).

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7

Steel, Daniel. "Bayesian Statistics in Radiocarbon Calibration." Philosophy of Science 68, S3 (September 2001): S153—S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/392905.

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8

Keenan, D. J. "Calibration of a radiocarbon age." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 19, no. 3 (June 19, 2012): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-19-345-2012.

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9

Weninger, Bernhard, Lee Clare, Olaf Jöris, Reinhard Jung, and Kevan Edinborough. "Quantum theory of radiocarbon calibration." World Archaeology 47, no. 4 (July 29, 2015): 543–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2015.1064022.

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10

Staff, Richard A., and Ruiliang Liu. "Radiocarbon calibration: The next generation." Science China Earth Sciences 64, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9722-x.

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11

Muzikar, Paul. "Radiocarbon Calibration by the Date Distribution Method." Radiocarbon 41, no. 2 (1999): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220001955x.

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A method is presented for calibrating radiocarbon ages based on statistical analysis of a large number of randomly distributed dates. One interesting feature of this method is that it is internal; that is, it allows one to extend a known calibration curve further back in time by using only 14C dates, with no reference to any other dating technique. A serious difficulty in implementing this method lies in assembling a sample of dates with the correct statistical properties.

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12

Van Der Plicht, Johannes, and W. G. Mook. "Calibration of Radiocarbon Ages by Computer." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220001242x.

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A PC-based computer program for automatic calibration of 14C dates has been developed in Turbo-Pascal (version 4.0). It transforms the Gaussian 14C dating result on the 3σ level into a real calendar age distribution. It uses as a calibration curve a spline function, generated along the calibration data points as published in the Radiocarbon Calibration Issue. Special versions of the code can average several 14C dates into one calibrated result, generate smoothed curves by a moving average procedure and perform wiggle matching.

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13

van der Plicht, J. "Radiocarbon calibration – past, present and future." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 223-224 (August 2004): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.069.

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Jull, A. J. Timothy, George S. Burr, and Gregory W. L. Hodgins. "Radiocarbon dating, reservoir effects, and calibration." Quaternary International 299 (June 2013): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.10.028.

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15

Stein, Mordechai, Steven L. Goldstein, and Alexandra Schramm. "Radiocarbon Calibration Beyond the Dendrochronology Range." Radiocarbon 42, no. 3 (2000): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200030344.

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The radiocarbon timescale has been calibrated by dendrochronology back to 11.8 ka cal BP, and extended to 14.8 ka cal BP using laminated marine sediments from the Cariaco Basin. Extension to nearly 23.5 ka cal BP is based on comparison between 14C and U-Th ages of corals. Recently, attempts to further extend the calibration curve to >40 kyr are based on laminated sediments from Lake Suigetsu, Japan, foraminifera in North Atlantic sediments, South African cave deposits, tufa from Spain, and stalagmites from the Bahamas. Here we compare these records with a new comparison curve obtained by 234U-230Th ages of aragonite deposited at Lake Lisan (the last Glacial Dead Sea). This comparison reveals broad agreement for the time interval of 20–32 ka cal BP, but the data diverge over other intervals. All records agree that Δ14C values range between ∼250–450‰ at 20–32 ka cal BP. For ages >32 ka cal BP, the Lake Suigetsu data indicate low Δ14C values of less than 200‰ and small shifts. The other records broadly agree that Δ14C values range between ∼250 and 600‰ at 32–39 ka cal BP. At ∼42 ka cal BP, the North Atlantic calibration shows low Δ14C values, while the corals, Lisan aragonites, and the Spanish tufa indicate a large deviations of 700–900‰. This age is slightly younger than recent estimates of the timing of the Laschamp Geomagnetic Event, and are consistent with increased 14C production during this event.

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Jones, Martin, and Geoff Nicholls. "Reservoir Offset Models for Radiocarbon Calibration." Radiocarbon 43, no. 1 (2001): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200031684.

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The purpose of a reservoir offset is to enable the application of calibration data (μ(θ), e.g. Stuiver et al. 1998) developed for one reservoir (primary reservoir) to CRAs from another (secondary reservoir), for example the use of a hemispheric offset for terrestrial samples (Barbetti et al. 1995; McCormac et al. 1998; Sparks et al. 1995; Vogel et al. 1986, 1993). The usual approach has been to define the activity of the secondary reservoir as some form of constant offset (with error) from the primary reservoir (e.g. Higham and Hogg 1985; McFadgen and Manning 1990). In this case, all CRAs from a secondary reservoir are given the same offset. The value of this common offset is not known exactly, but any uncertainty in the measured value of the offset corresponds to uncertainty in the common offset for all CRAs. However, the standard procedure for incorporating offset error into CRAs incorrectly allows a different offset for each CRA. The offset for each CRA is incorrectly allowed to vary by the measurement error reported for the offset value. Technically, the offset is incorrectly treated as varying independently from one CRA to the next, when in fact it is a single parameter for the secondary reservoir in question. In light of this, the calibrated date distributions will be incorrect for CRAs where an offset has been applied and the standard approach to offset error treatment has been used. In many cases, the differences between correct and incorrect calibrated date distributions will be insignificant. However, in some cases significant differences may arise and other approaches to treating the error associated with offsets need to be adopted.

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Sakamoto, Minoru, Mineo Imamura, Johannes Van der Plicht, Takumi Mitsutani, and Makoto Sahara. "Radiocarbon Calibration for Japanese Wood Samples." Radiocarbon 45, no. 1 (2003): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200032410.

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The radiocarbon content of Japanese cedars was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry for decadal tree-ring samples from the period of 240 BC to AD 900. Conventional gas counting was also used for part of the samples. The data were compared with the INTCAL98 calibration curve (Stuiver et al. 1998). The results indicate that the difference in atmospheric 14C between Japan and North America or Europe is negligible at this period, less than 18 14C yr using an average of 50 yr. However, in the period of about AD 100 to about AD 200, we cannot exclude the possibility of a deviation of the order of 30 to 40 14C yr to the older ages.

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18

Bronk Ramsey, Christopher. "Development of the Radiocarbon Calibration Program." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2A (2001): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038212.

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This paper highlights some of the main developments to the radiocarbon calibration program, OxCal. In addition to many cosmetic changes, the latest version of OxCal uses some different algorithms for the treatment of multiple phases. The theoretical framework behind these is discussed and some model calculations demonstrated. Significant changes have also been made to the sampling algorithms used which improve the convergence of the Bayesian analysis. The convergence itself is also reported in a more comprehensive way so that problems can be traced to specific parts of the model. The use of convergence data, and other techniques for testing the implications of particular models, are described.

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Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, Caitlin E. Buck, Sturt W. Manning, Paula Reimer, and Hans van der Plicht. "Developments in radiocarbon calibration for archaeology." Antiquity 80, no. 310 (December 1, 2006): 783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094424.

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This update on radiocarbon calibration results from the 19th International Radiocarbon Conference at Oxford in April 2006, and is essential reading for all archaeologists. The way radiocarbon dates and absolute dates relate to each other differs in three periods: back to 12400 cal BP, radiocarbon dates can be calibrated with tree rings, and the calibration curve in this form should soon extend back to 18000 cal BP. Between 12400 and 26000 cal BP, the calibration curves are based on marine records, and thus are only a best estimate of atmospheric concentrations. Beyond 26000 cal BP, dates have to be based on comparison (rather than calibration) with a variety of records. Radical variations are thus possible in this period, a highly significant caveat for the dating of middle and lower Paleolithic art, artefacts and animal and human remains.

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Baillie, Mike G. L. "The Radiocarbon Calibration from An Irish Oak Perspective." Radiocarbon 51, no. 1 (2009): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033877.

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Between 1968 and 1984, a 7272-yr oak chronology was constructed in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in order to provide a local calibration of the radiocarbon timescale. This single-minded exercise in chronology construction provided an exciting occupation for a group of researchers that can be likened to a race in which there was no guarantee of a finish. The existence of a parallel dendrochronological enterprise in Germany added both competition and the possibility of independent replication. The initial completion of both chronologies by 1984, and respective calibrations by 1986, left an important legacy of 2 absolutely dated tree-ring chronologies for multifarious research purposes.

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21

van der Plicht, J. "Borderline radiocarbon." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 91, no. 1-2 (September 2012): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600001645.

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AbstractRadiocarbon dating of peat has its intrinsic problems. This is often caused by mobile organic fractions. For the Weichselian Pleniglacial, another methodological problem arises: the limit of the 14C dating method. This is discussed in terms of bulk (i.e. non-selected material, generally dated conventionally) vs AMS (i.e. selected botanical remains) dates, contamination, background and calibration, guided by a series of peat samples from the Belgian/Dutch border.

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Aguilar, Delil Gómez Portugal, Cliff D. Litton, and Anthony O'Hagan. "Novel Statistical Model for a Piece-Wise Linear Radiocarbon Calibration Curve." Radiocarbon 44, no. 1 (2002): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200064791.

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The process of calibrating radiocarbon determinations onto the calendar scale requires the setting of a specific statistical model for the calibration curve. This model specification will bear fundamental importance for the resulting inference regarding the parameter of interest—namely, in general, the calendar age associated to the sample that has been 14C-dated.Traditionally, the 14C calibration curve has been modelled simply as the piece-wise linear curve joining the (internationally agreed) high-precision calibration data points; or, less frequently, by proposing spline functions in order to obtain a smoother curve.We present a model for the 14C calibration curve which, based on specific characteristics of the dating method, yields a piece-wise linear curve, but one which rather than interpolating the data points, smooths them. We show that with this specific model if a piece-wise linear curve is desired, an underlying random walk model is implied as covariance structure (and vice versa). Furthermore, by making use of all the information provided by the calibration data in a comprehensive way, we achieve an improvement over current models by getting more realistic variance values for the calibration curve.

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23

Walanus, Adam, and Dorota Nalepka. "Calibration of Mangerud'S Boundaries." Radiocarbon 52, no. 4 (2010): 1639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200056368.

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The “calibration” of arbitrarily defined (in some sense, “conventional”) ages, given in conventional radiocarbon years BP, is now becoming necessary because the term “radiocarbon age” is used less often in archaeological and Quaternary practice. The standard calibration procedure is inappropriate here because Mangerud's boundaries are not measurement results. Thus, another approach to the problem is proposed in order to model the natural situation of many, uniformly distributed, dated samples, which should be similarly divided by the original and “calibrated” boundary. However, the result depends on the value of the typical measurement error and is not unequivocal.

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McCormac, F. G., and M. G. L. Baillie. "Radiocarbon to Calendar Date Conversion: Calendrical Band Widths as a Function of Radiocarbon Precision." Radiocarbon 35, no. 2 (1993): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200064997.

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Accurate high-precision 14C dating (i.e., ± 20 yr precision or less on the 14C date) provides the narrowest calendrical band width and, hence, the best age range determination possible. However, because of the structure in the 14C calibration curve, the calendar age range for a given 14C precision is not constant throughout the calibration range. In this study, we quantify the calendar band widths for a range of 14C precisions throughout the calibration range. We show that an estimate of the likely calendar band width in years can be obtained from the expression: Band width (yr) = 2.12 x 14C precision (1 σ) + 54.6. We also show that calendar band widths are widest around 4000 BP at the start of the Bronze Age, and become narrow through the later Bronze Age and Iron Age and back into the Neolithic.

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Scarre, Chris. "EDITORIAL." Antiquity 91, no. 356 (April 2017): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.26.

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Almost exactly 50 years ago this month, at a conference held in Monaco, nuclear physicist Hans Suess unveiled the first calibration curve for radiocarbon dates. The crucial paper, ‘Bristlecone pine calibration of the radiocarbon time scale from 4100 B.C. to 1500 B.C.', pushed back conventional radiocarbon ages by several centuries and so ushered in the Second Radiocarbon Revolution, soon leading to a new interpretation of European prehistory that severed the long-held connections between Europe and the Near East. Hitherto, diffusionism had held centre stage, with maps full of arrows showing people and artefacts incessantly on the move. With radiocarbon calibration, independent regional development became the order of the day for explaining cultural change. Fifty years on, however, a range of promising new techniques have become available that seem to reinstate some of the earlier narratives.

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Stuiver, Minze, and Paula J. Reimer. "A Computer Program for Radiocarbon Age Calibration." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2B (1986): 1022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200060276.

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The calibration curves and tables given in this issue of RADIOCARBON form a data base ideally suited for a computerized operation. The program listed below converts a radiocarbon age and its age error os (one standard deviation) into calibrated ages (intercepts with the calibration curve), and ranges of calibrated ages that correspond to the age error. The standard deviation oC in the calibration curve is taken into account using (see Stuiver and Pearson, this issue, for details).

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Reimer, Paula J. "Composition and consequences of the IntCal20 radiocarbon calibration curve." Quaternary Research 96 (June 15, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.42.

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AbstractRadiocarbon calibration is necessary to correct for variations in atmospheric radiocarbon over time. The IntCal working group has developed an updated and extended radiocarbon calibration curve, IntCal20, for Northern Hemisphere terrestrial samples from 0 to 55,000 cal yr BP. This paper summarizes the new datasets, changes to existing datasets, and the statistical method used for constructing the new curve. Examples of the effect of the new calibration curve compared to IntCal13 for hypothetical radiocarbon ages are given. For the recent Holocene the effect is minimal, but for older radiocarbon ages the shift in calibrated ages can be up to several hundred years with the potential for multiple calibrated age ranges in periods with higher-resolution data. In addition, the IntCal20 curve is used to recalibrate the radiocarbon ages for the glaciation of the Puget Lowland and to recalculate the advance rate. The ice may have reached its maximum position a few hundred years earlier using the new calibration curve; the calculated advance rate is virtually unchanged from the prior estimate.

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Heaton, Timothy J., Peter Köhler, Martin Butzin, Edouard Bard, Ron W. Reimer, William E. N. Austin, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, et al. "Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP)." Radiocarbon 62, no. 4 (August 2020): 779–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.68.

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ABSTRACTThe concentration of radiocarbon (14C) differs between ocean and atmosphere. Radiocarbon determinations from samples which obtained their 14C in the marine environment therefore need a marine-specific calibration curve and cannot be calibrated directly against the atmospheric-based IntCal20 curve. This paper presents Marine20, an update to the internationally agreed marine radiocarbon age calibration curve that provides a non-polar global-average marine record of radiocarbon from 0–55 cal kBP and serves as a baseline for regional oceanic variation. Marine20 is intended for calibration of marine radiocarbon samples from non-polar regions; it is not suitable for calibration in polar regions where variability in sea ice extent, ocean upwelling and air-sea gas exchange may have caused larger changes to concentrations of marine radiocarbon. The Marine20 curve is based upon 500 simulations with an ocean/atmosphere/biosphere box-model of the global carbon cycle that has been forced by posterior realizations of our Northern Hemispheric atmospheric IntCal20 14C curve and reconstructed changes in CO2 obtained from ice core data. These forcings enable us to incorporate carbon cycle dynamics and temporal changes in the atmospheric 14C level. The box-model simulations of the global-average marine radiocarbon reservoir age are similar to those of a more complex three-dimensional ocean general circulation model. However, simplicity and speed of the box model allow us to use a Monte Carlo approach to rigorously propagate the uncertainty in both the historic concentration of atmospheric 14C and other key parameters of the carbon cycle through to our final Marine20 calibration curve. This robust propagation of uncertainty is fundamental to providing reliable precision for the radiocarbon age calibration of marine based samples. We make a first step towards deconvolving the contributions of different processes to the total uncertainty; discuss the main differences of Marine20 from the previous age calibration curve Marine13; and identify the limitations of our approach together with key areas for further work. The updated values for ΔR, the regional marine radiocarbon reservoir age corrections required to calibrate against Marine20, can be found at the data base http://calib.org/marine/.

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Walanus, Adam, and Dorota Nalepka. "Radiocarbon Distance Between Calendar Dates." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16946.

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The calibration procedure, and especially the nonlinear shape of the calibration curve, makes analyzing a possible dating result a far from straightforward process. This is especially so if the goal is to distinguish between two relatively close events. Proposed herein is a calculator, or alternatively a graph, which enables reading of the difference between two radiocarbon ages corresponding to their expected calendar ages. The result may surprise the less experienced14C users. Such a calculation also indicates the time periods with high or low potential for application of the wiggle-matching method.

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Walanus, Adam, and Dorota Nalepka. "Radiocarbon Distance Between Calendar Dates." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049894.

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The calibration procedure, and especially the nonlinear shape of the calibration curve, makes analyzing a possible dating result a far from straightforward process. This is especially so if the goal is to distinguish between two relatively close events. Proposed herein is a calculator, or alternatively a graph, which enables reading of the difference between two radiocarbon ages corresponding to their expected calendar ages. The result may surprise the less experienced14C users. Such a calculation also indicates the time periods with high or low potential for application of the wiggle-matching method.

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31

Buck, C. E., J. B. Kenworthy, C. D. Litton, and A. F. M. Smith. "Combining archaeological and radiocarbon information: a Bayesian approach to calibration." Antiquity 65, no. 249 (December 1991): 808–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080534.

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A recent and significant improvement in radiocarbon dating has been the increased ability of the radiocarbon laboratories to provide results combining precision with accuracy. This improvement has been accompanied by increasing recognition that the information must be expressed on the calendar, rather than on the radiocarbon, time-scale. Despite the attempts of Ottaway (1987) and Pearson (1987), archaeologists are not sufficiently aware of the statistical problems involved in the transformation from one scale to the other: ‘Some of the trouble lies in the ignorance of radiocarbon consumers; the many attempts to educate them can have only limited success when radiocarbon study depends on statistical concepts and methods far beyond the average archaeologist’s innumerate grasp’ (Chippindale 1990: 203).

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Stech, Tamara, and B. S. Ottaway. "Archaeology, Dendrochronology and the Radiocarbon Calibration Curve." American Journal of Archaeology 89, no. 1 (January 1985): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/504783.

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33

Reimer, PJ, E. Bard, C. Buck, TP Guilderson, A. Hogg, K. Hughen, B. Kromer, et al. "IntCal and the future of radiocarbon calibration." PAGES news 14, no. 3 (December 2006): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.14.3.9.

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Stuiver, Minze, and Paula Reimer. "Histograms Obtained From Computerized Radiocarbon Age Calibration." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012431.

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Two methods of assigning probability values to calendar years are compared by summing distributions for a large number of 14C ages derived from samples initially distributed uniformly in calendar years. The radiocarbon ages are calibrated with both a hypothetical calibration curve and the internationally accepted one. The effect of the calibration curve on an ideal and a random sample population is examined.

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35

Staff, Richard A., and Ruiliang Liu. "Erratum to: Radiocarbon calibration: The next generation." Science China Earth Sciences 64, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9769-2.

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The article Radiocarbon calibration: The next generation, written by Richard A STAFF and Ruiliang LIU, was originally published in Vol. 64 Issue 3 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed in April 2021 to © The Author(s) 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.The original article has been corrected.

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36

Kitagawa, Hiroyuki, and Johannes Van Der Plicht. "A 40,000-Year Varve Chronology from Lake Suigetsu, Japan: Extension of the 14C Calibration Curve." Radiocarbon 40, no. 1 (1997): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018385.

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A sequence of annually laminated sediments is a potential tool for calibrating the radiocarbon time scale beyond the range of the absolute tree-ring calibration (11 ka). We performed accelerator mass spectrometric (AMS) 14C measurements on >250 terrestrial macrofossil samples from a 40,000-yr varve sequence from Lake Suigetsu, Japan. The results yield the first calibration curve for the total range of the 14C dating method.

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37

Hajdas, Irka. "Radiocarbon dating and its applications in Quaternary studies." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 57, no. 1/2 (August 1, 2008): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.57.1-2.1.

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Abstract. This paper gives an overview of the origin of 14C, the global carbon cycle, anthropogenic impacts on the atmospheric 14C content and the background of the radiocarbon dating method. For radiocarbon dating, important aspects are sample preparation and measurement of the 14C content. Recent advances in sample preparation allow better understanding of long-standing problems (e.g., contamination of bones), which helps to improve chronologies. In this review, various preparation techniques applied to typical sample types are described. Calibration of radiocarbon ages is the final step in establishing chronologies. The present tree ring chronology-based calibration curve is being constantly pushed back in time beyond the Holocene and the Late Glacial. A reliable calibration curve covering the last 50,000-55,000 yr is of great importance for both archaeology as well as geosciences. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on the extension of the radiocarbon calibration curve (INTCAL working group) and on the reconstruction of palaeo-reservoir ages for marine records.

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Pawlyta, Jacek, Anna Pazdur, Andrzej Z. Rakowski, Brian F. Miller, and Douglas D. Harkness. "Commissioning of a Quantulus 1220™ Liquid Scintillation Beta Spectrometer for Measuring 14C and 3H at Natural Abundance Levels." Radiocarbon 40, no. 1 (1997): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018051.

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In 1994, the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory began operating a liquid scintillation spectrometry system, consisting of a Quantulus 1220™ spectrometer and two vacuum rigs for benzene production. This paper describes the procedures used for the benzene synthesis from samples containing < 1 g of carbon and in the range 1 to 10 g of carbon. We also present the Quantulus calibration procedures used in the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory and NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory, and compare the calibration parameters.

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Scott, E. M., and P. J. Reimer. "Calibration Introduction." Radiocarbon 51, no. 1 (2009): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033816.

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There are 2 fundamental assumptions in radiocarbon dating, which were known early in the method development to be approximations, and which lead directly to the need to calibrate 14C dates: 1.The rate of formation of 14C in the upper atmosphere has been constant over the entire applied 14C dating timescale (approximately the last 65,000 yr).2.The 14C activity of the atmosphere has been in equilibrium with the biosphere and ocean over the applied timescale.

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Bronk Ramsey, Christopher. "Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates." Radiocarbon 51, no. 1 (2009): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033865.

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If radiocarbon measurements are to be used at all for chronological purposes, we have to use statistical methods for calibration. The most widely used method of calibration can be seen as a simple application of Bayesian statistics, which uses both the information from the new measurement and information from the 14C calibration curve. In most dating applications, however, we have larger numbers of 14C measurements and we wish to relate those to events in the past. Bayesian statistics provides a coherent framework in which such analysis can be performed and is becoming a core element in many 14C dating projects. This article gives an overview of the main model components used in chronological analysis, their mathematical formulation, and examples of how such analyses can be performed using the latest version of the OxCal software (v4). Many such models can be put together, in a modular fashion, from simple elements, with defined constraints and groupings. In other cases, the commonly used “uniform phase” models might not be appropriate, and ramped, exponential, or normal distributions of events might be more useful. When considering analyses of these kinds, it is useful to be able run simulations on synthetic data. Methods for performing such tests are discussed here along with other methods of diagnosing possible problems with statistical models of this kind.

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Kitagawa, Hiroyuki, and Johannes van der Plicht. "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration Beyond 11,900 cal BP from Lake Suigetsu Laminated Sediments." Radiocarbon 42, no. 3 (2000): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200030319.

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This paper presents an updated atmospheric radiocarbon calibration from annually laminated (varved) sediments from Lake Suigetsu (LS), central Japan. As presented earlier, the LS varved sediments can be used to extend the radiocarbon time scale beyond the tree ring calibration range that reaches 11,900 cal BP. We have increased the density of 14C measurements for terrestrial macrofossils from the same core analyzed previously. The combined data set now consists of 333 measurements, and is compared with other calibration data.

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Nakamura, Toshio. "High-precision Radiocarbon Dating with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Calibration of Radiocarbon Ages." Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu) 46, no. 3 (2007): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.46.195.

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Dehling, Herold, and Johannes van der Plicht. "Statistical Problems in Calibrating Radiocarbon Dates." Radiocarbon 35, no. 1 (1993): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013928.

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The transformation of radiocarbon years to calendar years (cal AD/BC) is not straightforward because of past variations in atmospheric 14C content (de Vries 1958; Suess 1970). A calibration curve, y = f(x), transforms each dendrochronologically dated calendar age (x) to a 14C date (y). By inverting this relationship, one can determine the calibrated calendar age of a given sample. In some time intervals, the calibration curve is problematic in that f(x) is not uniquely invertible (Fig. 1); even an exact measurement of y cannot be converted to a single calendar age (see examples in van der Plicht & Mook (1987)).

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Bowman, Sheridan. "Using radiocarbon: an update." Antiquity 68, no. 261 (December 1994): 838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047542.

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A note in the 1990 ANTIQUITY volume dealt with four issues crucial to the successful use of radiocarbon in archaeology (Bowman & Balaam 1990): selection and characterization of material and context; determination of the radiocarbon result and error term; interpretation and publication; and strategic resourcing. Since then much has been published, particularly on quality control of radiocarbon measurements (‘determination’), and on the calibration of radiocarbon results (‘interpretation’). Here is an update.

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Stuiver, Minze, and Bernd Becker. "High-Precision Decadal Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, AD 1950–2500 BC." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2B (1986): 863–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200060185.

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The radiocarbon ages of dendrochronologically dated wood samples, each covering 10 years, are reported back to 2500 yr BC. The decadal calibration curve constructed from these data is an extension of the curve previously given for the AD interval (Stuiver, 1982). A major difference with the previous work, however, is the assessment of the error in the radiocarbon age determination. Whereas previously this error was only based on the Poisson counting statistics of the accumulated number of counts for the sample and standards, the current calibration error is based on an estimate of the reproducibility in the radiocarbon activity determination. As a consequence, the uncertainty in the current calibration curve is, on average, 1.6 times that of the AD curve previously given.

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van der Plicht, Johannes. "The 2000 Radiocarbon Varve/Comparison Issue." Radiocarbon 42, no. 3 (2000): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200030265.

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Pazdur, Mieczysław F., and Danuta J. Michczyńska. "Improvement of the Procedure for Probabilistic Calibration of Radiocarbon Dates." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 824–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012443.

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A set of computer procedures for probabilistic calibration of 14C dates was developed at the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory for the IBM PC compatible microcomputer. The program comprises three main options: 1) calibration of a single 14C date, 2) calibration of a set of arbitrary dates, 3) calibration of a set of related dates. Results of calibration are presented in the form of graphs and numeric data, including tables of selected quantiles and inter-quantile ranges of resulting probability distribution of cal age. In this paper, we present the aims of the program, with a short description of its structure, show examples of working with output data in terms of expected archaeological application, and consider the possibility of standardization of calibration procedures.

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Millard, Andrew R. "Conventions for Reporting Radiocarbon Determinations." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.17455.

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Current conventions for reporting radiocarbon determinations do not cover the reporting of calibrated dates. This article proposes revised conventions that have been endorsed by many 14C scientists. For every determination included in a scientific paper, the following should apply: (1) the laboratory measurement should be reported as a conventional radiocarbon age in 14C yr BP or a fractionation-corrected fraction modern (F14C) value; (2) the laboratory code for the determination should be included; and (3) the sample material dated, the pretreatment method applied, and quality control measurements should be reported. In addition, for every calibrated determination or modeled date, the following should be reported: (4) the calibration curve and any reservoir offset used; (5) the software used for calibration, including version number, the options and/or models used, and wherever possible a citation of a published description of the software; and (6) the calibrated date given as a range (or ranges) with an associated probability on a clearly identifiable calendar timescale.

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Millard, Andrew R. "Conventions for Reporting Radiocarbon Determinations." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049596.

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Current conventions for reporting radiocarbon determinations do not cover the reporting of calibrated dates. This article proposes revised conventions that have been endorsed by many14C scientists. For every determination included in a scientific paper, the following should apply: (1) the laboratory measurement should be reported as a conventional radiocarbon age in14C yr BP or a fractionation-corrected fraction modern (F14C) value; (2) the laboratory code for the determination should be included; and (3) the sample material dated, the pretreatment method applied, and quality control measurements should be reported. In addition, for every calibrated determination or modeled date, the following should be reported: (4) the calibration curve and any reservoir offset used; (5) the software used for calibration, including version number, the options and/or models used, and wherever possible a citation of a published description of the software; and (6) the calibrated date given as a range (or ranges) with an associated probability on a clearly identifiable calendar timescale.

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Buck, C. E., and P. G. Blackwell. "Formal Statistical Models for Estimating Radiocarbon Calibration Curves." Radiocarbon 46, no. 3 (2004): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033026.

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We report on the development and implementation of a model-based statistical method for the estimation of radiocarbon calibration curves using diverse data. The method takes account of uncertainty on both the 14C and calendar scales, coherently integrating data, the calendar age estimates of which arise from different dating methods. It also allows for correlation between observations, if they have particular sources of uncertainty in common. We adopt an approach based on a random walk model, tailoring it to take account of possible calendar age offsets between different data sources by adding a random effect component. The latter allows us to use the same modeling framework for constructing the new calibration curve IntCal04, the comparison curve NotCal04, the Southern Hemisphere curve SHCal04, and the marine calibration curve Marine04.

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