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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiographic anatomy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Christman, RA, and P. Ly. "Radiographic anatomy of the first metatarsal." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 80, no. 4 (1990): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-80-4-177.

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Normal radiographic anatomy of the first metatarsal bone is established through cadaver dissection, examination of bone specimens, and radiography. Extra-articular and distal articular anatomical landmarks are identified with wire markers. Dorsoplantar, lateral, lateral oblique, and medial oblique radiographs of 15 osteologic sites are presented, including the articular margins of the first metatarsal head, the borders of the three diaphyseal surfaces, the origins of the metatarsophalangeal collateral and metatarsosesamoid suspensory ligaments, and the insertions of the first cuneiform-metatarsal joint ligaments and the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus tendons. The correlation of gross anatomy and radiographs is described.

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2

Christman, Robert A. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle—Part 1." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 104, no. 4 (2014): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0003-0538-104.4.402.

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The normal radiographic anatomy of the foot and ankle, aside from my previous work, has been addressed only superficially or sparingly in the medical literature. This project correlates the detailed radiographic anatomy of the entire adult foot and ankle (two-dimensional) to osteology (three-dimensional). Each bone's position was determined after meticulous examination and correlation to an articulated skeleton relative to the image receptor and direction of the x-ray beam, with correlation to the radiograph for confirmation. Images of each foot and distal leg bone (“front” and “back” perspectives) are presented alongside a corresponding radiographic image for comparison. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy is correlated and described for each radiographic positioning technique. Foundational knowledge is provided that future researchers can use as a baseline (“normal”) and that students and practitioners can use for comparison when interpreting radiographs and distinguishing abnormal findings. The findings from the original project, owing to its broad scope, have been divided into five parts: the lower leg (the focus of this paper), the greater tarsus, the lesser tarsus, the metatarsals, and the phalanges.

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Christman, Robert A. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle—Part 2." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 104, no. 5 (2014): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0003-0538-104.5.493.

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Background Normal radiographic anatomy of the foot and ankle, aside from my previous work, has been addressed only superficially or sparingly in the medical literature. This project correlates detailed radiographic anatomy of the entire adult foot and ankle (two-dimensional) to osteology (three-dimensional). Methods Each bone's position was determined after meticulous examination and correlation to an articulated skeleton relative to the image receptor and direction of the x-ray beam, with correlation to the radiograph for confirmation. Results Images of each foot and distal leg bone (“front” and “back” perspectives) are presented alongside a corresponding radiographic image for comparison. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy is correlated and described for each radiographic positioning technique. Conclusions Foundational knowledge is provided that future researchers can use as a baseline (“normal”) and that students and practitioners can use for comparison when interpreting radiographs and distinguishing abnormal findings. The results of the original project, owing to its broad scope, have been divided into five parts: the lower leg, the greater tarsus (the focus of this article), the lesser tarsus, the metatarsals, and the phalanges.

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Christman, Robert A. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle—Part 5." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 105, no. 2 (2015): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0003-0538-105.2.141.

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Background The normal radiographic anatomy of the foot and ankle, aside from my previous work, has been addressed only superficially or sparingly in the medical literature. This project correlates the detailed radiographic anatomy of the entire adult foot and ankle (two-dimensional) to osteology (three-dimensional). Methods Each bone's position was determined after meticulous examination and correlation to an articulated skeleton relative to the image receptor and direction of the x-ray beam, with correlation to the radiograph for confirmation. Results Images of each foot and distal leg bone (“front” and “back” perspectives) are presented alongside a corresponding radiographic image for comparison. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy is correlated and described for each radiographic positioning technique. Conclusions Foundational knowledge is provided that future researchers can use as a baseline (“normal”) and that students and practitioners can use for comparison when interpreting radiographs and distinguishing abnormal findings. The results of the original project, owing to its broad scope, have been divided into five parts: the lower leg, the greater tarsus, the lesser tarsus, the metatarsals, and the phalanges (the focus of this article).

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Christman, Robert A. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle—Part 3." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 104, no. 6 (2014): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/8750-7315-104.6.633.

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Background The normal radiographic anatomy of the foot and ankle, aside from my previous work, has been addressed only superficially or sparingly in the medical literature. This project correlates the detailed radiographic anatomy of the entire adult foot and ankle (two-dimensional) to osteology (three-dimensional). Methods Each bone's position was determined after meticulous examination and correlation to an articulated skeleton relative to the image receptor and direction of the x-ray beam, with correlation to the radiograph for confirmation. Results Images of each foot and distal leg bone ("front” and “back” perspectives) are presented alongside a corresponding radiographic image for comparison. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy is correlated and described for each radiographic positioning technique. Conclusions Foundational knowledge is provided that future researchers can use as a baseline (“normal”) and that students and practitioners can use for comparison when interpreting radiographs and distinguishing abnormal findings. The results of the original project, owing to its broad scope, have been divided into five parts: the lower leg, the greater tarsus, the lesser tarsus (the focus of this article), the metatarsals, and the phalanges.

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6

Christman, Robert A. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle—Part 4." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 105, no. 1 (2015): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/8750-7315-105.1.51.

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Background The normal radiographic anatomy of the foot and ankle, aside from my previous work, has been addressed only superficially or sparingly in the medical literature. This project correlates the detailed radiographic anatomy of the entire adult foot and ankle (two-dimensional) to osteology (three-dimensional). Methods Each bone's position was determined after meticulous examination and correlation to an articulated skeleton relative to the image receptor and direction of the x-ray beam, with correlation to the radiograph for confirmation. Results Images of each foot and distal leg bone (“front” and “back” perspectives) are presented alongside a corresponding radiographic image for comparison. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy is correlated and described for each radiographic positioning technique. Conclusions Foundational knowledge is provided that future researchers can use as a baseline (“normal”) and that students and practitioners can use for comparison when interpreting radiographs and distinguishing abnormal findings. The results of the original project, owing to its broad scope, have been divided into five parts: the lower leg, the greater tarsus, the lesser tarsus, the metatarsals (the focus of this article), and the phalanges.

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7

Lee, H., J. Kim, Y. Cho, M. Kim, N. Kim, and K. Lee. "Three-dimensional computed tomographic volume rendering imaging as a teaching tool in veterinary radiology instruction." Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 12 (2010): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2950-vetmed.

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The educational value of three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) volume rendering imaging was compared to conventional plain radiographic instruction in a veterinary radiology class. Veterinary radiology is an important subject in veterinary medicine and has been well-recognized as a primary diagnostic method. Many junior and senior students have difficulty interpreting two dimensional radiographs that depict three-dimensional organs. A total of 158 junior veterinary students with knowledge of anatomy, pathology, physiology, and other basic subjects were divided into two groups; Group 1 (n = 45) received conventional radiographic instruction using normal and representative abnormal canine thoracic and abdominal radiographs followed by repetition of the same one week later, while Group 2 (n = 113) received plain radiograph instruction as in Group 1 followed by volume-rendered 3D CT images from the same canine patient one week later. The evaluations were performed at the end of each instruction. In Group 1, the majority did not understand the radiographic signs and no significant improvement was observed. In Group 2, 13% and 20% of the students learned only from radiographs, and understood the thoracic and abdominal radiographic alterations, respectively. After studying the 3D CT images, more than 94% of the students deduced the reasons for the radiographic alterations on the radiographs (P &lt; 0.001). These results strongly suggest that 3D CT imaging is an effective tool for teaching radiographic anatomy to veterinary medical students.

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Magid, Donna, Daniel W. Hudson, and David S. Feigin. "Chest Radiographic Anatomy Retention." Academic Radiology 16, no. 11 (2009): 1443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.012.

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Ganjaei, Kimia G., Zachary M. Soler, Elliott D. Mappus, et al. "Novel Radiographic Assessment of the Cribriform Plate." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 32, no. 3 (2018): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892418768159.

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Background The cribriform plate (CP) is a common site of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (SCSF) leaks. Radiographic assessment of the anterior and lateral skull base has shown thinner bone in patients with SCSFs; however, prior assessment of the CP has required postmortem cadaver dissection. Objective To develop novel radiographic techniques to assess the anatomy of the CP. Methods Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed on cadaveric specimens. Bone density and anatomy of a predefined volume of interest of the posterior CP were assessed by two independent reviewers. CT assessment of olfactory foramina was also performed and validated using anatomic dissection of cadaver specimens. Results Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for measuring the same volume of each CP was 0.96, confirming reproducible anatomic localization. Cadaver CPs had a mean Hounsfield units of 263, indicating a mix of bone and soft tissue, and ICC was 0.98, confirming reproducible radiographic measurements. Optimal CT estimates of bone composition of CPs averaged 85% (range 76% to 96%) compared to actual anatomic dissection which averaged 84% bone (range 74% to 91%, r = .690, P = .026). Conclusion Our novel, noninvasive CT method for assessing CP anatomy is reproducible and correlates with anatomic dissection assessing bone composition. The clinical implications of anatomic changes in the CP are an area for further study.

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Meixner, Elizabeth L. "Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning: An Integrated Approach; Applications Manual for Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning; Competency Manual for Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning; Pocket Manual for Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning." Radiology 208, no. 2 (1998): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.208.2.490.

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Vyborny, C., P. Bunch, H. Chotas, J. Dobbins, L. Niklason, and C. Schaefer-Prokop. "Image Quality in Chest Radiography: Abstract." Journal of the ICRU 3, no. 2 (2003): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru_3.2.13.

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Image quality in chest radiography is an important, but complex, subject. The complicated anatomy of the chest, as well as the various ways that chest disease may manifest itself, require careful consideration of radiographic technique. The manner in which human observers deal with the complexity of chest images adds further dimensions to image analysis that are not found in other radiography examinations. This report describes many issues that are related to the quality of chest radiographic images. In so doing, it relies upon the very extensive literature on this topic, a topic that has been one of the most thoroughly studied in all of radiography. Strategies that are generally agreed to improve the quality of chest radiographs are described, as are approaches to the assessment of image quality.

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Beregi, A., Cs Székely, L. Békési, Judit Szabó, V. Molnár, and K. Molnár. "Radiodiagnostic examination of the swimbladder of some fish species." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 49, no. 1 (2001): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.49.2001.1.11.

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Radiodiagnostic methods have not been used previously for studying the anatomy and diseases of the swimbladder of freshwater fish species. In this study, the radiographic anatomy of the swimbladder and species-related differences in swimbladder structure were studied on plain radiographs taken of 12 Hungarian fish species of major economic importance. Changes observed by radiography were also studied by conventional parasitological methods. The radiodiagnostic method reported here appears to be a useful complement to diagnostic examinations that have been based merely on dissection so far. It enables evaluation of the pathological lesions in live condition, without causing damage to the fish.

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Morgan, Anthony, Peter S. Kim, and Robert A. Christman. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Talus." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 93, no. 6 (2003): 449–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-93-6-449.

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Detailed radiographic anatomy of the entire talus bone has not been previously described in the literature. We used radiopaque wire markers to identify 17 articular and nonarticular anatomical landmarks of the talus. Standard radiographic views of the foot and ankle were obtained: lateral (foot and ankle); anteroposterior, mortise, medial oblique, and lateral oblique (ankle); and dorsoplantar, medial oblique, and lateral oblique (foot). The resultant two-dimensional images are correlated to the three-dimensional anatomical specimen, and normal radiographic anatomy is described. Additionally, useful radiographic views for each anatomical landmark are identified. Composite figures of each useful view are presented as a pictorial atlas. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(6): 449-480, 2003)

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Frank, Eugene D. "Pocket Atlas of Radiographic Anatomy." Radiology 190, no. 2 (1994): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.190.2.342.

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Shoman, Nael, Biraj Patel, Ravi Samy, Myles Pensak, and Mario Zuccarello. "Vein of Labbe Radiographic Anatomy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 143, no. 2_suppl (2010): P253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.06.949.

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Engel, Martin R. "Radiographic Anatomy: A Working Atlas." Radiology 175, no. 2 (1990): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.175.2.532.

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Curtis, David J. "Radiographic anatomy of the pharynx." Dysphagia 1, no. 2 (1986): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02407114.

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Anderson, James C., and James A. Homan. "Radiographic Correlation with Neck Anatomy." Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 20, no. 3 (2008): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2008.02.001.

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19

Miyabayashi, T., M. Takiguchi, SC Schrader, and DS Biller. "Radiographic anatomy of the medial coronoid process of dogs." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 31, no. 2 (1995): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-31-2-125.

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Mediolateral, flexed mediolateral, mediocaudal-laterocranial 15 degrees oblique (extended and supinated mediolateral), and craniolateral-caudomedial 20 degrees to 30 degrees oblique radiographs of 16 elbow-joint specimens were produced to study the radiographic anatomy of the medial coronoid process. On the mediolateral view, the cranial point of the coronoid process was at the level of the distal one-third of the radial epiphysis. Degree of superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna determined how the medial coronoid process was projected on the radiographs. Mediocaudal-laterocranial oblique radiographs best showed the cranial outline of the medial coronoid process with moderate superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna.

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Reiter, Rachel, Matt Viehdorfer, Kimmy Hescock, Terri Clark, and Sarah Nemanic. "Effectiveness of a Radiographic Anatomy Software Application for Enhancing Learning of Veterinary Radiographic Anatomy." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 45, no. 1 (2018): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0516-100r.

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Monuszko, Karen, Michael Malinzak, Lexie Zidanyue Yang, et al. "Image quality of EOS low-dose radiography in comparison with conventional radiography for assessment of ventriculoperitoneal shunt integrity." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 27, no. 4 (2021): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.8.peds20428.

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OBJECTIVE Patients with shunted hydrocephalus often accumulate high levels of radiation over their lifetimes during evaluation of hardware integrity. Current practice involves the use of a series of conventional radiographs for this purpose. Newer low-dose EOS radiography is currently used to evaluate scoliosis but has not been explored to evaluate shunt integrity on a large scale. The goal of this study was to compare the quality of imaging using EOS low-dose radiography to conventional radiography to evaluate shunt tubing. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on 57 patients who previously had both conventional radiographs and low-dose EOS images of their cerebral shunt tubing from 2000 to 2018. Patient demographics (age, sex, type of shunt tubing, primary diagnosis) were collected. Conventional radiographic images and low-dose EOS images were independently analyzed by a neurosurgeon and neuroradiologist in three categories: image quality, delineation of shunt, and distinction of shunt compared to adjacent anatomy. RESULTS All patients had shunted hydrocephalus due to spina bifida and Chiari type II malformation. Ratings of EOS and conventional radiographic images by both raters did not differ significantly in terms of image quality (rater 1, p = 0.499; rater 2, p = 0.578) or delineation of shunt (p = 0.107 and p = 0.256). Conventional radiographic images received significantly higher ratings than EOS on the ability to distinguish the shunt versus adjacent anatomy by rater 1 (p = 0.039), but not by rater 2 (p = 0.149). The overall score of the three categories combined was not significantly different between EOS and conventional radiography (rater 1, p = 0.818; rater 2, p = 0.186). In terms of cost, an EOS image was less costly than a conventional radiography shunt series ($236–$366 and $1300–$1547, respectively). The radiation dose was also lower for EOS images, with an effective dose of 0.086–0.140 mSv compared to approximately 1.6 mSv for a similar field of view with conventional radiography. CONCLUSIONS The image quality of low-dose EOS radiography does not significantly differ from conventional radiography for the evaluation of cerebral shunts. In addition, EOS affords a much lower radiation dose and a lower cost.

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Siela, Debra. "Chest Radiograph Evaluation and Interpretation." AACN Advanced Critical Care 19, no. 4 (2008): 444–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-2008-4010.

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Chest imaging is an important tool in managing critically ill patients. Basic chest radiology is still used to quickly detect abnormalities in the chest. Critical care nurses are often the ones who first read the radiologist’s report of chest radiograph results and provide their interpretation to a physician. Oftentimes, chest radiographs are obtained routinely on a daily basis for every critical care patient, with the goal of effective clinical management. Critical care nurses can confirm cardiopulmonary assessment findings by also evaluating their patient’s chest radiographs and reviewing the radiologist’s report. By learning some basic skills in interpreting and evaluating chest radiographs, nurses can recognize and localize gross pathologic changes visible on a chest radiograph. This article provides basic chest radiograph interpretation information that allows readers to review relevant anatomy and physiology, summarize normal and abnormal findings on chest radiographs, and describe radiographic findings in common pulmonary and cardiac disorders.

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23

Roche, A., G. Williams, D. Wharton, and D. Brown. "Physical and radiographic identification of the bones of the wrist by junior doctors." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 36, no. 2 (2010): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193410380823.

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Accurate clinical and radiographic examination of a wrist is required to diagnose injury. Knowledge of basic wrist anatomy is the key to ensuring a complete assessment. We tested junior doctors’ basic knowledge of the bony anatomy of the wrist. We asked 102 trainees in accident and emergency and orthopaedic departments to palpate nine landmarks on uninjured subjects and then asked them to name the carpal bones on a plain wrist radiograph. No doctor identified all nine landmarks clinically. Only 60% could accurately name all eight carpal bones on a plain radiograph. This study highlights a lack of basic anatomical and radiographic knowledge that is required for examination of the wrist in the hospital setting and discusses issues that may relate to this in medical training.

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Molyvdas, Ioannis, Anna Digka, and Georgios Mikrogeorgis. "Root Canal Treatment of Mandibular Second Premolars with Three Root Canals-Report of Four Rare Cases." Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 24, no. 1 (2020): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjdm-2020-0008.

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SummaryBackground/Aim: The aim of root canal treatment is the thorough cleaning, shaping and obturation of the root canals. Variations in root canal anatomy increase the difficulty of the root canal treatment and therefore the possibility of failure. The mandibular premolars often present complex anatomy and the existence of mandibular second premolars with three root canals is very scarce. This report presents the successful endodontic management of four mandibular second premolars with three root canals.Cases Report: In all cases working length was estimated using the working length radiograph and an apex locator. Canal orifices were enlarged with Gates-Glidden drills and manual instrumentation performed with Stainless Steel reamers and Hedstroem files, using either step-back or crown-down technique. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 2.5% was used as an irrigant. Root canal obturation were then performed using the cold lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha points and Roth’s 801 canal sealer. The cases were scheduled for clinical and radiographic follow-up examination. Clinically in all follow-up examinations the teeth were asymptomatic. For the three cases with periapical lesions, post treatment radiographs, demonstrated periapical healing. Additionally, in the case without periapical lesion, the 9 months recall radiograph revealed healthy periapical conditions.Conclusions: Mandibular premolars should never be underestimated and the clinician should always be alerted for anatomic variations.

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25

Herzenberg, John E., J. Leonard Goldner, Salutario Martinez, and Paul M. Silverman. "Computerized Tomography of Talocalcaneal Tarsal Coalition: A Clinical and Anatomic Study." Foot & Ankle 6, no. 6 (1986): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110078600600601.

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Consistently accurate radiographic diagnosis of talocalcaneal tarsal coalitions is difficult because of the complex anatomy of the subtalar articulations. Standard techniques that include special radiographic views and plain tomography are useful but often inconclusive. In this study, computerized tomography (CT) was used to evaluate suspected talocalcaneal coalitions in patients with the clinical diagnosis of peroneal spastic flatfoot. CT demonstrated bony and nonbony coalitions in 14 of 22 patients studied. In the remaining eight patients, CT effectively ruled out the diagnosis of subtalar coalitions. If the coalition is obvious, CT will confirm it; if the clinical syndrome exists but standard radiographic procedures do not document the lesion, CT scan will be helpful in establishing a diagnosis. Anatomic studies of fresh cadaver feet compared CT, plain tomography, and plain radiographs for efficacy in visualizing the three subtalar facet joints. CT was superior to the other modalities for clearly identifying all aspects of the subtalar joint and talocalcaneal coalitions in patients and cadavers.

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26

Hoey, S. E., A. H. Biedrzycki, M. J. Livesey, and R. Drees. "Radiographic anatomy of juvenile bovine limbs." Veterinary Record 179, no. 21 (2016): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.103689.

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27

Saber, A. S. "RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE DROMEDARY SKULL." Veterinary Radiology 31, no. 3 (1990): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1990.tb01857.x.

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28

KIMURA, Hirokazu, Tsunenori SUGANUMA, Munetsugu OGATA, Shin WAKUI, Yutaka KANO, and Masao ASARI. "Radiographic Anatomy of Japanese Domestic Cats." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 47, no. 2 (1994): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.47.123.

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Verhey, Peter T., Marc V. Gosselin, Steven L. Primack, Paul L. Blackburn, and Alexander C. Kraemer. "The Right Mediastinal Border and Central Venous Anatomy on Frontal Chest Radiograph—Direct CT Correlation." Journal of the Association for Vascular Access 13, no. 1 (2008): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/java.13-1-7.

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Abstract We describe a direct and accurate method for defining chest radiographic anatomy and use this method to delineate the anatomic composition of the right mediastinal border in an adult population. Intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scans of the chest and accompanying scout tomograms from 99 adults without previously known or detected cardiopulmonary disease that could potentially distort mediastinal, cardiac, or pulmonary anatomy were retrospectively evaluated. Transverse CT images through the mediastinum were directly referenced to the respective acquisition location on the scout tomogram via the acquisition reference line. The anatomic composition of the right mediastinal border on the scout tomogram was determined by drawing a vertical line tangential to the most lateral right mediastinal structure in each transverse CT image. The lengths and relationships of these structures were tabulated. These results will help to create a consensus among radiologists and other clinicians regarding radiographic anatomy, allowing improved localization of mediastinal pathology and enabling more optimal positioning of vascular and cardiac support devices.

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30

Ruttimann, U. E. "Computer-Based Reconstruction and Temporal Subtraction of Radiographs." Advances in Dental Research 1, no. 1 (1987): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374870010011601.

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The most important physical parameter limiting the diagnostic performance achieved with radiographic images is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In most dental applications, the normal anatomical structures contribute to a background pattern in the image that is limiting the SNR attainable. Hence, the projection direction of radiographs is a fundamental determinant of the SNR. The acquisition of a basis set of projection images obtained from a plurality of spatially registered sampling directions permits the reconstruction of any desired slice lying within a limited volume by tomosynthesis. Alternatively, the multi-projection strategy permits synthesis of any arbitrary radiographic image whose projection direction lies within the cone spanned by the basis projection directions. This feature can be used to synthesize a desired image at the proper projection angle required for meaningful subtraction from a previously obtained radiograph, and thus to suppress anatomy-related background variations.

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31

Tocino, Irena M. "Pneumothorax in the supine patient: Radiographic anatomy." RadioGraphics 5, no. 4 (1985): 557–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.5.4.557.

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32

Larsen, John Ludvig, and K. O. Olsen. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Distal Dural Sac." Acta Radiologica 32, no. 3 (1991): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859109177551.

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McEntee, Mark F. "Web watch: radiographic anatomy on the web." Radiography 10, no. 4 (2004): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2004.08.002.

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Larsen, J. L., and K. O. Olsen. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Distal Dural Sac." Acta Radiologica 32, no. 3 (1991): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519103200306.

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35

Fransson, Sven-Göran. "Book Review: Pocket Atlas of Radiographic Anatomy." Acta Radiologica 34, no. 6 (1993): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519303400632.

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Chotai, Neil, Homa Arshad, and Peter Bates. "Radiographic anatomy and imaging of the acetabulum." Orthopaedics and Trauma 32, no. 2 (2018): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mporth.2018.01.008.

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Kandasamy, Jothy. "Radiographic Atlas of Skull and Brain Anatomy." British Journal of Neurosurgery 22, no. 1 (2008): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688690701718275.

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Phillips, Jonathan H., Thomas F. Kling, and Mervyn D. Cohen. "The Radiographic Anatomy of the Thoracic Pedicle." Spine 19, Supplement (1994): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199402001-00011.

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MALLON, WILLIAM J., HOWARD R. BROWN, JAMES B. VOGLER, and SALUTARIO MARTINEZ. "Radiographic and Geometric Anatomy of the Scapula." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 277 (1992): 142???154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199204000-00017.

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Vuchkova, J., T. Maybury, and C. S. Farah. "Digital interactive learning of oral radiographic anatomy." European Journal of Dental Education 16, no. 1 (2011): e79-e87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2011.00679.x.

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Cravino, Mattia, Julius K. Oni, Debra A. Sala, and Alice Chu. "A Radiographic Study of Pediatric Ulnar Anatomy." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 34, no. 5 (2014): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpo.0000000000000138.

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Knijnenberg, Lisa M., Siem A. Dingemans, Maaike P. Terra, Peter A. A. Struijs, Niels W. L. Schep, and Tim Schepers. "Radiographic Anatomy of the Pediatric Lisfranc Joint." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 38, no. 10 (2018): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpo.0000000000000864.

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Sussmann, A. R., and J. P. Ko. "Understanding chest radiographic anatomy with MDCT reformations." Clinical Radiology 65, no. 2 (2010): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2009.10.005.

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Feigin, David S., Donna Magid, James G. Smirniotopoulos, and Susan Jennifer Carbognin. "Learning and Retaining Normal Radiographic Chest Anatomy." Academic Radiology 14, no. 9 (2007): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2007.06.023.

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Cruz, Adriana Dibo, Jefferson Jesus Costa, and Solange Maria Almeida. "Distance learning in dental radiology: Immediate impact of the implementation." Brazilian Dental Science 17, no. 4 (2014): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2014.v17i4.930.

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<strong>Objective: </strong>This study assessed the immediate impact in terms of learning of the dento-maxillomandibular radiographic anatomy in intraoral periapical radiographs after entire replacement of the method of classroom learning by the distance learning using the Moodle platform.<strong> Material and Methods: </strong>The teaching of this subject by traditional educational setting in classroom was made until the first semester of 2011, “A class” (AC), using radiographic slabs from duplicated films. In the second semester of 2011, “B class” (BC), these radiographic slabs were digitalized, creating the Moodle e-course about dento-maxillomandibular anatomy in intraoral radiographs for distance learning. The impact was assessed by comparison of scores of students from two distinct classes, AC (N=60) and BC (N=62), after application of a similar test with all content of the topic of dento-maxillomandibular anatomy, using T-Student unpaired test (α=0.05). A voluntary and unidentified questionnaire with 12 questions, developed in Google Docs spreadsheets, was used to evaluate the acceptance of students for this e-course. <strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences (p&gt;0.05) were observed in scores of the students from two classes. Among other questions, all students of BC who completed the questionnaire had interest in content of the available material in e-course, and their satisfaction level on a scale from 0 to 10 had a mean of 8.47 (SD=1.69). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The method of distance learning of this subject using the Moodle platform can be utilized with same educational results as of those obtained from a traditional educational setting.

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COCKETT, P. A. "Radiographic anatomy of the canine liver: simple measurements determined from the lateral radiograph." Journal of Small Animal Practice 27, no. 9 (1986): 577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1986.tb02255.x.

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Razi, Tahmineh, and Alireza Sighari Deljavan. "The Comparison of learning radiographic extraoral landmarks through two methods." Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine 5, no. 1 (2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.17.05.01.03.

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Objectives: The long time interval between teaching anatomy courses to students and the courses on extraoral radiographs results in forgetting the location of radiographic anatomic landmarks without any retention; therefore, it is necessary to use other educational techniques due to short duration of educational courses. To this end, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a combination of lectures and computer techniques on teaching extraoral radiographs to undergraduate dental students. Methods: In the present interventional study, dental students entering the university in the same year (referred to as one class) were divided into two groups; one group received conventional teaching and one group received combinational teaching technique. Students entering the next year were taught using the same teaching techniques. The results were compared between groups and classes. Results: Comparison of the results of the first test between the two classes showed significant differences between the two groups (P<0.001). Comparison of the results of the second test between the two classes revealed no significant differences in the conventional method (P=0.76); however, the combination technique exhibited significant differences (P=0.006). In the first test, comparison of the two techniques in the students entering the university in 2006 showed no significant differences (P=0.055); however, students entering the university in 2007 exhibited significant differences (P=0.03). In the second test, comparison of the two techniques in both classes revealed significant differences (P<0.001).Conclusion: If more time is allocated to the combination technique, learning improves even in a short time. This method can replace the conventional method to teach interpretation of extraoral radiographs after evaluation of academic level of the studies. Keywords: Computer-assisted learning; extra-oral radiography; lecture;

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Goldfarb, Charles A., J. Megan M. Patterson, Melanie Sutter, Melissa Krauss, Jennifer A. Steffen, and Leesa Galatz. "Elbow radiographic anatomy: measurement techniques and normative data." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 21, no. 9 (2012): 1236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.026.

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Jacobson, Alex. "An atlas of dental radiographic anatomy, 3rd edition." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 102, no. 4 (1992): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(05)80700-0.

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Johnston, Charles E., Dennis R. Wenger, John M. Roberts, Stephen W. Burke, and James W. Roach. "Acetabular Coverage: Three-Dimensional Anatomy and Radiographic Evaluation." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 6, no. 5 (1986): 548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-198609000-00005.

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