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1
Tottrup, Susanne Lois. The correlation between arthrographic findings and radiographic changes as seen in the temporomandibular joint of symptomatic patients. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto], 1987.
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3
Jean, Jean-Claude. Transition politique en Haïti: Radiographie du pouvoir Lavalas. L'Harmattan, 1999.
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4
Jean, Jean-Claude. Transition politique en Haïti: Radiographie du pouvoir Lavalas. L'Harmattan, 1999.
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5
van Gaalen, Floris, Désirée van der Heijde, and Maxime Dougados. Diagnosis and classification of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0003.
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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a potentially disabling chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints. Lead symptoms are chronic back pain and stiffness. The disease is called radiographic axSpA or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) when, on plain radiographs, bone changes consistent with sacroiliitis are present. When no evidence of sacroiliitis is seen on radiographs, it is called non-radiographic axSpA. In such cases, diagnosis is made based on evidence of active inflammation of SI joints on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical and laboratory features, or a combination of clinical and laboratory features only. Apart from affecting the spine and SI joints, axSpA may involve peripheral joints (e.g. knee, ankle) and manifest in extra-articular manifestations, for example uveitis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this chapter, diagnosis and classification of axSpA is discussed, including use of MRI in detecting sacroiliitis and the difference between clinical diagnosis and disease classification.
6
Hunter, David J., Frank W. Roemer, and Ed Riordan. Imaging: magnetic resonance imaging. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0018.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) overcomes many of the limitations associated with conventional radiography, the technique historically regarded as the gold standard in imaging of osteoarthritis (OA). MRI allows visualization of changes and pathologies in joint tissues including cartilage and the menisci, the two tissue components responsible for the indirect radiographic marker of joint space narrowing, decreasing the length of time that must elapse before disease progression can be detected. Other elements of the joint can also be analysed simultaneously: a key development in the understanding of OA. This chapter focuses on the utility of MRI in observational studies and clinical trials, detailing the available MRI techniques and quantitative/qualitative measurements, and their correlation with tissue damage. The possible future directions of MRI in OA are also discussed, with a view to its potential utility in identifying disease-modifying interventions.
7
Ripamonti, Carla I., Alexandra M. Easson, and Hans Gerdes. Bowel obstruction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0143.
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In this chapter, malignant bowel obstruction is defined as the clinical presentation of patients with symptoms, signs, and radiographic evidence of obstruction to the transit of gastrointestinal contents caused by cancer, or the consequences of anticancer therapy including surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Malignant bowel obstruction secondary to cancer or its treatments is encountered relatively frequently in supportive care as well as in in hospice/palliative care practice, carries a poor prognosis, and is associated with significant symptoms. Careful clinical assessment and an understanding of the patient’s disease trajectory are crucial in recommending the best way of providing palliation. In someone with a single-level obstruction and good functional status, surgery should be offered. Those with multilevel obstruction are almost never surgical candidates and should be managed with changes in oral intake and medications.
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Schreiner, Teri L., and Jeffrey L. Bennett. Neuromyelitis Optica. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0088.
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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), or Devic’s disease is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that preferentially affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Initially considered a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS), NMO is now clearly recognized to have distinct clinical, radiographic, and pathologic characteristics. Historically, the diagnosis of NMO required bilateral optic neuritis and transverse myelitis; however, the identification of a specific biomarker, NMO-IgG, an autoantibody against the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel, has broadened NMO spectrum disease to include patients with diverse clinical and radiographic presentations. This chapter addresses the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of the disease.
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National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. Chances are-- you need a mammogram: A guide for midlife and older women. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1996.
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10
Hayashi, Daichi, Ali Guermazi, and Frank W. Roemer. Radiography and computed tomography imaging of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0016.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder in the elderly worldwide and there is still no effective treatment, other than joint arthroplasty for end-stage OA, despite ongoing research efforts. Imaging is essential for assessing structural joint damage and disease progression. Radiography is the most widely used first-line imaging modality for structural OA evaluation. Its inherent limitations should be noted including lack of ability to directly visualize most OA-related pathological features in and around the joint, lack of sensitivity to longitudinal change and missing specificity of joint space narrowing, and technical difficulties regarding reproducibility of positioning of the joints in longitudinal studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely applied in epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Computed tomography (CT) is an important additional tool that offers insight into high-resolution bony anatomical details and allows three-dimensional post-processing of imaging data, which is of particular importance for orthopaedic surgery planning. However, its major disadvantage is limitations in the assessment of soft tissue structures compared to MRI. CT arthrography can be useful in evaluation of focal cartilage defects or meniscal tears; however, its applicability may be limited due to its invasive nature. This chapter describes the roles and limitations of both conventional radiography and CT, including CT arthrography, in clinical practice and OA research. The emphasis is on OA of the knee, but other joints are also mentioned where appropriate.
11
Changes in body composition, anthropometry, and arm radiography following ten weeks of hydraulic resistive circuit training. 1988.
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12
Changes in body composition, anthropometry, and arm radiography following ten weeks of hydraulic resistive circuit training. 1985.
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13
Radiological safety for the design and construction of industrial gamma radiography exposure devices and source changers. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, 1992.
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14
Goodman, Lawrence R. Imaging the respiratory system in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0078.
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Routine radiographs are not cost effective in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Most published guidelines agree that radiographs are worthwhile after insertion of tubes or catheters, and in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Otherwise, they are required only for change in the patient’s clinical status. Picture archiving and communication systems utilize digital imaging technology. They provide superior quality images, rapid image availability at multiple sites, and fewer repeat examinations, reducing both cost and patient radiation. Disadvantages of picture archiving and communication systems include expensive equipment and personnel required to keep them functioning. The majority of chest X-ray abnormalities in the ICU are best understood by paying careful attention to the initial appearance of the X-ray in relation to the patient’s onset of symptoms and the progression of abnormalities over the next few days.
15
O’Neal, M. Angela. Postpartum Thunderclap Headache. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0018.
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An illustrative case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is presented. The clinical and radiographic features are reviewed. There is an overlap between RCVS and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome due to their shared pathophysiology related to endothelial injury. Furthermore, preeclampsia/eclampsia (PEE) is often associated with RCVS. Thunderclap headache is the most characteristic feature of the disorder. RCVS may also cause subarachnoid hemorrhage, typically located over the cerebral convexities; intracranial hemorrhage; and ischemic stroke. The diagnosis is made by seeing vasoconstriction on vessel imaging, either magnetic resonance angiography or computerized tomography angiography. There are several medications that can precipitate the condition by increasing sympathetic activity. Treatment is similar to that of PEE, with antihypertensives and magnesium. Calcium channel blockers are helpful symptomatic therapy for the headache.
16
Loving, Vilert A. Pre-Operative Localization. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0059.
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Non-palpable, surgical breast lesions require image guidance to direct the site of excision. With the widespread adoption of screening mammography and increased identification of non-palpable breast cancers, image guidance is critical to support the surgeon in successful breast-conserving surgery. Pre-operative localization procedures are typically performed under mammography guidance or ultrasound guidance, and less commonly under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical changes, reviews protocols and pitfalls, pre-/peri-/post-procedure clinical management, and imaging follow-up of pre-operative localization procedures. Topics discussed include mammography-guided, ultrasound-guided, and MRI-guided localization procedures. This chapter also introduces the radioactive seed and radiofrequency identification localization procedures and discusses post-operative specimen radiographs.
17
Arden, Nigel, and Michael C. Nevitt. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0008.
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Despite the impact of osteoarthritis (OA) on patients and the health service, OA remains an elusive condition to define and treat. Traditionally, OA has been diagnosed using radiographs and more recently magnetic resonance imaging; however, the last 20 years of research have changed our thinking about the disease and its treatment. We know today that OA takes up to 10–15 years to develop, has a range of risk factors, and that there is a considerable discordance between symptoms and structural signs, such that new classifications and definitions are moving away from structural criteria to combined structure and pain definitions. This chapter reviews the definition and classification of OA and its prevalence, incidence, and natural history.
18
Ralston, Stuart H. Paget’s disease of bone. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0144_update_001.
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Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.
19
Ralston, Stuart H. Paget’s disease of bone. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0144.
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Paget's disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.
20
Grassi, Walter, Tadashi Okano, and Emilio Filippucci. Ultrasound in osteoarthritis and crystal-related arthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0017.
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Ultrasonography (US) is a safe and cheap imaging technique which in experienced hands allows for a multiplanar and multisite high-resolution assessment of both morphological and structural features of bone, cartilage, and intra- or periarticular soft tissues. This chapter describes the main applications of US in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and crystal-related arthropathies. Imaging plays a key role for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up in patients with OA. Although conventional radiography is still the gold standard imaging technique in daily clinical practice, US has been revealed to be capable of detecting a wide spectrum of otherwise undetectable details, including cartilage damage, joint effusion, synovial hypertrophy, osteophyte formation, and meniscal protrusion. Crystal visualization by US has the potential to change the diagnostic approach in patients with suspicion of crystal-related arthropathies. The double-contour sign, due to urate crystal deposits on the chondrosynovial interface of the hyaline cartilage, is a highly specific finding for gout as well as the hyperechoic spots within the hyaline cartilage for calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. The potential applications of US in the management of patients with OA and crystal-related arthropathies are not only limited to diagnosis and monitoring. Finally, US guidance allows the real-time visualization of the needle moving through different tissues and reaching the target to aspirate and/or inject. The correct placement of the tip of the needle plays a key role in improving efficacy and reducing side effects of the injection.
21
Johnson, Nicholas J., and Judd E. Hollander. Management of cocaine poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0324.
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Cocaine is powerful central nervous system (CNS) stimulant derived from the coca plant. It affects the body via a number of mechanisms including blockade of fast sodium channels, increased catecholamine release, inhibition of catecholamine reuptake, and increased concentration of excitatory amino acid concentrations in the CNS. It is rapidly absorbed via the aerodigestive, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary mucosa, and also may be injected. When injected intravenously or inhaled, cocaine is rapidly distributed throughout the body and CNS, with peak effects in 3–5 minutes. With nasal insufflation, absorption peaks in 20 minutes. Its half-life is approximately 1 hour. Common clinical manifestations include agitation, euphoria, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and hypertension. Chest pain is a common presenting complaint among cocaine users; 6% of these patients will have myocardial infarction. Other life-threatening sequelae include stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, seizures, dysrhythmias, and rhabdomyolysis. Clinical signs and symptoms, as well as severity of intoxication, should dictate the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of cocaine intoxicated patients. If the patient has chest pain, an ECG, chest radiograph, and measurement of cardiac biomarkers should be performed. A brief observation period may be useful in these patients. Many manifestations of cocaine intoxication, including agitation, hypertension, and chest pain, are effectively treated with benzodiazepines. Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with suspected cocaine intoxication. Special attention should be paid to pregnant patients and those who present after ingesting packets filled with cocaine, as they may exhibit severe toxicity if these packets rupture.