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Hayre, Christopher Maverick. "Radiography observed : an ethnographic study exploring contemporary radiographic practice." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14517/.
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This study explores the day-to-day application of digital radiography (DR) within the X-ray environment. This study presents the voices of the radiographers' untold views, attitudes and experiences of DR through the process of observing, listening, retelling and interpreting junior and senior radiographers' responses. There were three stages to this ethnographic study. Firstly, exploring 'what radiographers did' environment by observing clinical practices. This provided 'first-hand' experience of action-in-process. Secondly, 22 semi-structured interviews were undertaken, directed by emerging themes and informal discussions from the clinical observations. Semi-structured interviews provided an understanding of the experiences, behaviours and attitudes of radiographers providing a deeper understanding of the relationship between practice and context. Thirdly, X-ray experiments were undertaken contributing to 'what had been seen and said by participants'. This data was later triangulated to support the research objectives outlined in this PhD research. Observation and interview data were analysed using thematic analysis and grouped into four overarching categories; learning, radiographer challenges, ionising radiation and patient care delivery. X-ray experimental data was inputted into SPSS and later coded. The qualitative data had numerous codes, which generated themes and could be linked in order to generate theoretical descriptions. Multiple-linear regression analysis and Pearson's Correlation provide statistically significant values (p < 0.001) for the experimental models contributing to 'what had been seen and said' by radiographers in the clinical environment. This thesis provides new insights into general radiographic practices using advancing technology. The conclusions that can be drawn from the empirical data is that advancing technology has impacted the day-to-day practices of diagnostic radiographers. Complex phenomena include; current knowledge and understanding, the practice of keeping doses 'as low as reasonably practicable' and impact on patient care delivery. These insights suggest that healthcare and academic environments may require additional support in the aim of delivering optimum patient care.
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麥淑嫻 and Suk-han Anna Mak. "Thumb base joints: comparison between standard and special radiographic projections." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31223187.
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Ivanauskaitė, Deimantė. "Alveolar bone loss in radiographic modalities for diagnosis of periodontal disease." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110621_164329-13939.
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Radiographic modalities are used in addition to clinical methods to gain information about the patients. In the examination of the periodontium, which is comprised of the gingiva, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum, the radiographic examination plays an integral role for diagnosis of periodontal disease. The diagnosis periodontitis is based on a finding of alveolar bone loss. Changes of the alveolar bone can be assessed by different radiographic modalities, such as intraoral radiography (bitewing and periapical radiography) and panoramic radiography. Analysis of alveolar bone loss (alveolar bone level, detection of vertical bone defect and furcation involvement) in radiographic modalities and a systematic review could be helpful to suggest the more applicable radiographic methods for diagnosis of periodontal disease. The purpose of the present study was to examine diagnostic properties of panoramic radiography for the assessment of alveolar bone loss for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases as compare to posterior bitewing radiography. For 96 patients panoramic and posterior bitewing radiographs were performed and results of analysis of visibility of radiographic images and assessment of alveolar bone loss were compared. Also, the systematic review on diagnostic properties of panoramic radiography in the assessment of alveolar bone loss was performed. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for clinical practice and for research were proposed.<br>Rentgeniniai tyrimo metodai taikomi, kad būtų papildyti klinikinio tyrimo duomenys. Tiriant periodontą, kurį sudaro dantenos, dantinė atauga, periodonto raiščiai ir cementas, rentgeninis tyrimas svarbus diagnozuojant periodonto ligas, nes jo metu nustatomi dantinės ataugos pokyčiai. Dantinės ataugos pokyčiams vertinti daromos rentgeno nuotraukos taikant vidinių burnos rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodus, t. y. kandimo ar dantų šaknų rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodus, ir išorinės burnos rentgeno nuotraukos darymo metodą, t. y. panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos darymo metodą. Atlikus dantinės ataugos pokyčių (kaulo lygio arba rezorbcijos, kaulo defekto ir tarpšaknio kaulo pažeidimų) analizę, taikant rentgeninius metodus, ir padarius sisteminę literatūros apžvalgą, galima būtų pasiūlyti tinkamiausią rentgeno metodą periodonto ligoms diagnozuoti.
Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti ir palyginti panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos ir kaplių bei krūminių dantų rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodų diagnostikos ypatybes vertinant dantinės ataugos pokyčius periodonto ligoms diagnozuoti.
Kiekvienam, iš 96 pacientų įtrauktų į tyrimą, buvo padaryta panoraminė rentgeno nuotrauka ir kaplių bei krūminių dantų kandimo rentgeno nuotraukos. Atlikta dantinės ataugos rentgeno atvaizdo vizualioji kokybė analizė ir vertinimai skirtingose rentgeno nuotraukose bei palyginti rezultatai. Padaryta sisteminė literatūros apžvalga apie panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos vertę diagnozuojant periodonto ligas.
Pagal šio tyrimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Sundén, Pikner Solweig. "Radiographic follow-up analysis of Brånemark® dental implants /." Göteborg : Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Folktandvården, Postgraduate Dental Education Center, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/10124.
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Batra, Preeti. "Analysis of Radiographic Changes Associated with the Periradicular Diagnosis of Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4141.
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Symptomatic apical periodontitis (SAP) is indicative of inflammation of the periodontal ligament. It may or may not be accompanied by radiographic changes and may occur with vital or necrotic pulpal diagnosis. Purpose of this study was to analyze clinical and radiographic presentations of SAP in a retrospective electronic dental chart and digital radiograph review utilizing the endodontic diagnostic template note of predoctoral dental school patients presenting with SAP. The aim was to determine prevalence of periapical radiolucencies (PARLs) in SAP, association of SAP to pulpal diagnosis, and define associated radiographic changes. Most prevalent pulpal diagnosis with SAP was symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (44%). A tooth presenting with SAP was more likely to have an intact lamina dura, but presented with a PARL 38% of the time. When a PARL was present the most common pulpal diagnosis was pulp necrosis however, 24.5% of teeth presented with a vital pulp diagnosis and lesions <2mm.
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Silva, Sara Helena Cabral. "Uso de métodos radiográficos quantitativos para deteção de doença cardíaca em gatos : um estudo retrospetivo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20626.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>O exame radiográfico cardíaco, compreende uma avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa da silhueta cardíaca, vasos principais, pulmonares, e possíveis acumulações de fluído secundárias a congestão. O objetivo deste estudo retrospetivo é determinar a capacidade diagnóstica de diferentes Índices radiográficos na deteção de doença cardíaca (DC) felina. Como tal, selecionou-se uma amostra de 31 gatos, 10 normais (50% de cada género) e 21 com DC (62% machos, 38% fêmeas). No grupo de DC, criaram-se três subgrupos: DC com e sem dilatação do átrio esquerdo (DAE), e DC com envolvimento do coração direito, cada um destes detendo 10, 11 e 9 felinos, respetivamente. O subgrupo de DC com DAE foi novamente dividido em três graus de dilatação mediante o rácio AE/Ao, baseado na ecocardiografia: Ligeira (L) superior a 1,5, Moderada (M) entre 1,5 e 2, e Grave (S) maior que 2. Utilizou-se a projeção Laterolateral, efetuando-se as medições necessárias aos seguintes Índices Radiográficos: L; C; VHS; C x L; C x L/ S4; C x L/ T4; (C + L)/S4, onde L representa a largura da silhueta cardíaca, e C o comprimento; S4 e T4 o comprimento da quarta estérnebra e vértebra torácica, respetivamente. Realizaram-se testes de correlação entre DAE e os Índices, e, como objetivo basal, determinou-se o poder diagnóstico de cada um destes Índices na deteção de DC e dos vários subgrupos de DC, comparativamente ao grupo de gatos normais.
Todos os Índices apresentaram correlação significativa (P<0,05) com o rácio AE/Ao, detendo maior associação o C x L/S4 (ρ- 0,57) e (C + L)/S4 (ρ- 0,55). A radiografia revelou maior capacidade diagnóstica na deteção de DC com DAE e DC com envolvimento do coração direito. Na sinalização de DC com DAE o Índice com maior poder diagnóstico foi o VHS (AUC de 0,990) com valores cutoff de 8,5v e 8,9v, com sensibilidades e especificidades de 100%-90%, e 90%-100%, respetivamente. Logo de seguida, com AUC de 0,910, surgem o C x L/S4 e o C x L/T4, cujos cutoff foram de 16,2 cm e 21,1 cm (sensibilidade de 90%, e especificidade de 100% e 90%, respetivamente). Na identificação de DC com envolvimento direito os Índices com melhor aptidão foram C x L/T4 e C + L/S4 (AUC de 0,844) com cutoffs de 20,2 cm e 6,7; e 78%-100%, 78%-80% de sensibilidade-especificidade, respetivamente. Os novos Índices possuem melhor poder diagnóstico face ao VHS na deteção de DC com envolvimento direito, e DC sem DAE. Estes poderão ser aplicados como complemento ao VHS, frequentemente empregue na prática clínica, na tentativa de melhorar a informação diagnóstica obtida, particularmente nos casos sem DAE associada (embora com baixa capacidade), ou na DC com envolvimento direito, onde, superados os cutoffs obtidos, poderá alertar para uma análise mais detalhada do lado direito na ecocardiografia, ou de causas para esta alteração na radiografia. Contudo, apesar da radiografia constituir uma boa ferramenta inicial de screening/rastreio, exclusão de diferenciais e acompanhamento, a ecocardiografia continua a ser o gold standard na confirmação e caracterização do tipo de DC felina.<br>ABSTRACT - The cardiac radigraphic exam includes a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the cardiac silhouette, great vessels, pulmonary vessels, and possible accumulation of fluid secondary to congestion. The objective of this retrospective study is to assess the diagnostic capacity of different radiographic Indexes in the detection of feline heart disease (HD). As such, a sample of 31 cats, 10 normal (50% of each gender) and 21 with HD (62% male, 38% female) was selected. In the group of HD three subgroups were created: HD with and without left atrial dilation (LAD), HD with involvement of right heart, each one of these containing 10, 11 and 9 felines, respectively. The subgroup of HD with LAD was again divided in three degrees of dilation according to the ratio LA/Ao, based on echocardiography: Mild (L) greater than 1,5, Moderate (M) between 1,5 and 2, and Severe (S) bigger than 2. The Laterolateral projection was used, having taken place the measures necessary to the following radiograpic Indexes: L; C; VHS; C x L; C x L/ S4; C x L/ T4; (C + L)/S4, where L represents the width of the cardiac silhouette, and C the lenght; S4 and T4 the lenght of the fourth sternnebra and toracic vertebra, respectively. Correllation tests were performed between LAD and the Indexes, and, being the baseline objective, the diagnostic acuity of each of these Indexes was determined in the detection of HD and of the various subgroups of HD, comparing to the group of normal cats.
All the Indexes presented significant correlation (P<0,05) with the ratio LA/Ao, having greater association the C x L/S4 (ρ- 0,57) and (C + L)/S4 (ρ- 0,55). The radiography revealed better diagnostic capacity in the detection of HD with LAD and HD with right heart envolvement. In signaling HD with LAD, the VHS was the Index with bigger diagnostic power (AUC of 0,990), with cutoff values of 8,5v and 8,9v, with sensitivities and specificities of 100%-90%, and 90%-100%, repectively. Right after, with AUC of 0,910, apear the C x L/S4 and the C x L/T4, whose cutoff where 16,2 cm and 21,1 cm (sensitivity of 90%, and specificity of 100% and 90%, respectively). In the identification of HD with right heart involvement the Indexes that showed best acuity were C x L/T4 and C + L/S4 (AUC of 0,844) with cutoffs of 20,2 cm and 6,7; and 78%-100%, 78%-80% of sensitivity-specitivity, respectively. The new Indexes possess better diagnostic power compared to the VHS in detecting HD with right heart involvement, and HD without LAD. These could be applied as a complement to VHS, frequently employed in clinical practice, as an atempt to improve the diagnostic information obtained, particularly in cases without LAD associated (though with low capacity), or in HD with right heart involvement, where, once surpassed the obtained cutoffs, could be useful to alert for a more detailed analysis of the right side in echocardiography or to causes for this alteration in the radiography. However, despite radiography being a good initial tool for screening, exclusion of differentials and monitoring, the ecocardiography still stands as the gold standard for confirmation and characterization of the feline HD type.<br>N/A
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Scaf, Gulnara. "Da prescrição radiográfica : uma análise em medicina bucal /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/116100.
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Resumo: A redução da dose de radiação ao paciente é aceita em Radiologia Odontológica, com a finalidade de diminuir os riscos associados ao exame radiográfico. Para atingir este objetivo, além do avanço tecnológico ocorrido nas últimas décadas, devemos considerar a importância do Critério de Seleção para o paciente e da prescrição radiográfica na indicação correta do tipo de radiografia necessária para cada um deles. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a prescrição radiográfica de pacientes atendidos pelo Serviço de Medicina Bucal da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara - UNESP durante o período de 1989 a 1993. Selecionamos 396 prontuários que constituiu a totalidade dos que continham exames radiográficos. Para a análise da prescrição radiográfica, consideramos as informações obtidas da ficha clínica e da interpretação das radiografias, utilizando os Critérios de Seleção e a análise de decisão clínica. Os resultados demonstraram um alto índice de pacientes com prescrição incorreta (44,0%); tendo em 24,7% dos pacientes ocorrido mais de uma radiografia prescrita incorretamente. Com relação ao tipo de técnica com prescrição incorreta, em 31,6% dos pacientes foi realizada a radiografia panorâmica, vindo a seguir a oclusal (28,7%), outro (17,2%) e a associação da panorâmica e oclusal (12,6%). Pacientes portadores de doenças e alterações de tecido mole tiveram a mais alta freqüência de prescrições incorretas, seguidos pelos portadores de doenças das glândulas salivares (13,5%) (incluindo os tumores); outros (10,1%); distúrbios da A.T.M. (9,0%); inflamação e infecção dos maxilares (6,8%); tumores benignos (5,6%) e tumores malignos (5,6%). Em 62,9% dos pacientes, o exame radiográfico contribuiu para o diagnóstico e tratamento. A alta porcentagem de prescrição incorreta encontrada evidencia a necessidade de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).<br>Abstract: The reduction in the exposure rate to the patient is very known in Oral Radiology for reducing the patient risk from radiographic examination.Besides the thecnological advances in last decades, development of Selection Criteria for radiographic examination has also been instrumental in patient dose's reduction. A correct radiographic prescription means the correct radiographic view for each individual patient is used. The purpose of this study was to analyse the radiographic prescription of patients in the Oral Medicine Clinic, at Araraquara Dental School - UNESP, during the period between 1989 and 1993. The sample of this study was all of the files that had any type of radiographic examination (396). For the radiographic prescription we have considered the informations from the files and the radiographic interpretation based on Selection Criteria and clinical decision analysis methods.The results showed a high percentage of patients with incorrect prescription ( 44.0%); 24.7% had at least more than one incorrect prescription.From the radiographic views, the panoramic radiographic was prescribed incorrectly in 31.6% of the patients, following by an occlusal view (28.7%) , others (17.2%) and the association of panoramic and occlusal views (12.6%). The patients with soft tissues diseases have had the highest percentage of incorrect prescription (35.0%), following by salivary gland diseases, including the tumors (13.5%); others (10.1%); TMJ disorders (9.0%); jaw's inflamation and infections (6.8%); benign tumors (5.6%) and malignant tumors (5.6%). The radiographic examination contributed for diagnosis and treatment in 62.9% of the patients.The high percentage of incorrect radiographic prescription shows the importance to develop the guidelines in Oral Medicine.
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Freire, Bruna Filipa da Costa. "Utilização da termografia em cavalos com claudicação." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11079.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>Em equinos as doenças músculo-esqueléticas são a maior causa de diminuição de performance, interrupção do treino e invalidez prematura para competições. A deteção precoce das patologias, na maioria das vezes, significa um melhor prognóstico e uma redução nos custos globais do tratamento.
A termografia pode ser uma mais-valia na deteção precoce de certas doenças e consequentemente na possibilidade de diminuir o impacto de uma lesão no desempenho desportivo do animal. As utilizações para as quais a sua utilidade é reconhecida são cada vez mais numerosas e variadas. O estudo efetuado pode contribuir para utilização da termografia em clínica de equinos, na medida em que pretende verificar de que forma podemos relacionar a termografia com outros métodos de diagnóstico frequentemente utilizados pelo médico veterinário, na sua prática diária.
A amostragem foi efetuada tendo em conta o diagnóstico da patologia e o tratamento efetuado. Foram incluídos neste estudo cavalos examinados devido a lesões músculo-esqueléticas que originaram claudicação, diagnosticados com osteoartrite, exostoses dos metacarpianos, síndrome navicular ou osteocondrose/osteocondrite dissecante.
Embora com algumas limitações, este trabalho parece apontar no sentido de podermos relacionar as alterações de temperatura detetadas por termografia com o diagnóstico de claudicação e o diagnóstico radiográfico.<br>ABSTRACT - Musculoskeletal diseases are a major cause of reduced performance, training interruption and premature competitions retirement for horses. The early detection of pathologies, in most cases, improve the prognosis and reduce the overall costs of treatment.
Thermography can be an asset in the early detection of some diseases and therefore the possibility of reducing the impact of an injury on the animal’s sports performance of the animal. The uses to which its usefulness is recognized are increasingly numerous and varied. The study conducted can contribute to the use of thermography in equine practice, in the way that it aims to ascertain how to relate thermography with other diagnostic methods often used by the veterinarian, in their daily practice.
Sampling was performed taking into account the diagnosis of disease and treatment effected. The study included horses examined due to musculoskeletal injuries that originated claudication, diagnosed with osteoarthritis, exostosis of the metacarpal bones, navicular syndrome or osteochondrosis / osteochondritis dissecans.
Although with some limitations, this study seems to point in the direction that we can relate the temperature changes detected by thermal imaging with lameness and radiographic diagnosis.
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Costa, Emanuel Dias. "Prevalência de alterações radiográficas associadas à doença articular degenerativa no gato doméstico : estudo retrospetivo de 100 casos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16330.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>A doença articular degenerativa (DAD) apresenta uma etiologia multifatorial, envolvendo
fatores genéticos, biomecânicos e bioquímicos, caracterizando-se pela existência de
degeneração da cartilagem articular com produção de novo tecido ósseo. A sua prevalência na
população felina parece aumentar com a idade, sendo o seu diagnóstico feito com base na
associação de sinais clínicos e alterações ao exame radiográfico.
O presente estudo teve por base uma amostra de 100 pacientes felinos (N=100) com exame
radiográfico e anamnese disponíveis. Os objetivos principais foram calcular a prevalência de
DAD na presente amostra e avaliar a frequência e a gravidade das lesões no esqueleto axial e
apendicular. Para isto, os exames radiográficos dos 100 animais foram avaliados por dois
observadores quanto à existência de sinais radiográficos compatíveis com DAD e respetivo
grau de gravidade.
Na população avaliada, a prevalência de sinais radiográficos compatíveis com DAD foi de
38%. Os esqueletos apendicular e axial apresentaram alterações em 24% e 25% dos animais,
respetivamente. Existiam lesões simultaneamente na coluna e nas articulações apendiculares
em 11% dos animais avaliados. A articulação do esqueleto apendicular mais frequentemente
afetada foi a articulação úmero-rádio-ulnar, e a que apresentou lesões de maior gravidade foi a
articulação femoro-tíbio-patelar. No esqueleto axial, o segmento da coluna com maior
frequência de alterações compatíveis com DAD foi a região torácica. Já a região lombar
apresentou scores de gravidade mais elevados quando comparado com os restantes
segmentos. Não foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a presença
de sinais radiográficos e o sexo ou a idade. No entanto, foi encontrada uma relação
estatisticamente significativa entre a raça do animal e a presença de DAD (p<0,05). A
prevalência encontrada (38%) é largamente superior ao número de animais da amostra em que
se suspeitava da existência de doença articular (3%).
Além de frequente, a DAD é sub-diagnosticada na prática clínica, sendo responsável por
provocar dor crónica nos pacientes felinos passando muitas vezes desapercebida quando a
avaliação se baseia na anamnese e nos sinais clínicos. Sendo assim, o exame radiográfico e
sua correta apreciação reveste-se de extrema importância de modo a identificar e possibilitar o
tratamento desta doença.<br>ABSTRACT - Prevalence of radiographic changes associated with degenerative joint disease in the
domestic cat – retrospective study of 100 cases - Degenerative joint disease (DJD) has a multifactorial etiology that involves genetics,
biomechanics and biochemistry factors and it is characterized by the degeneration of the
cartilage with production of new bone tissue. Its prevalence in the feline population increases
with age and its diagnosis takes in consideration the clinical signs as well the radiographic
chances.
The present study used a sample of 100 feline patients (N=100) with radiographic exams and
anamnesis available. The main objective was to calculate DJD prevalence in the sample as
well as determine the frequency and severity of these lesions in the axial and appendicular
skeleton. To accomplish this, radiographic exams from 100 patients were observed and
evaluated by two different observers, who assessed them for the presence of radiographic
signs compatible with DJD and respective degree of severity.
In the evaluated population, the prevalence of radiographic signs compatible with DJD was
38%. The appendicular and axial skeleton had shown changes in 24% and 25% of the
animals, respectively. There were lesions in both spine and appendicular joints in 11% of the
population. The most frequently affected joint of the appendicular skeleton was the elbow,
and the one that presented with the most severe lesions was the knee. In what concerns to the
axial skeleton, the segment of the spine with the highest frequency of compatible with DJD
was the thoracic region. The lumbar region presented higher severity scores when compared
to the other segments.
No statistically significant association was found between the presence of radiographic signs
and sex or age. However, a statistically significant relationship was found between the
patient’s breed and the presence of DJD (p<0,05. The prevalence of DJD determined (38%) is
significantly higher than the number of patients in which it was suspected (3%).
DJD is not only frequent and responsible for causing chronic pain in feline patients, but also
under-diagnosed in the clinical practice, going unnoticed when the evaluation is based on
anamnesis and clinical signs. Therefore, the radiographic examination and its correct
evaluation is of extreme importance to identify and make the treatment of this disease
possible.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Dawood, Richard M. "New technology in radiological diagnosis : an investigation of diagnostic image quality in digital displays of radiographs." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289055.
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Willians, Razana. "Knowledge and understanding of radiographers regarding supraspinatus outlet projection for shoulder impingement syndrome." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4456.
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The shoulder is a complex anatomical structure and imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of shoulder conditions. The complexity of the shoulder’s anatomy has led to the development of multiple radiographic projections and techniques within plain film imaging with each projection intended to demonstrate specific aspects of the anatomy of the shoulder. However, reproducing the required projections can be difficult especially if radiographers are not familiar with the projections and their evaluation criteria. Literature has revealed the importance of a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of anatomy, patient positioning, beam direction and centring point, and evaluation criteria to ensure a quality projection for accurate diagnoses. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge and understanding of radiographers with regard to the supraspinatus outlet projection (SOP) for shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) and its evaluation criteria. The inferences derived from the research findings were used to develop guidelines for a structured in-service training programme for practising radiographers to optimise their knowledge and understanding of the supraspinatus outlet projection in shoulder impingement syndrome. The proposed study followed a quantitative approach. Furthermore, a descriptive, exploratory, contextual design was employed. The research population consisted of practising radiographers working in the public and private hospitals of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. The data were collected by means of a structured self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised of three sections. The first section requested demographic information from the participants. The second section assessed their knowledge and understanding regarding the scapular ‘Y’ and the supraspinatus outlet projections and shoulder impingement syndrome. The third section assessed their knowledge and understanding of anatomy and image evaluation/critiquing. The reliability and validity of the data collection instrument was ensured by conducting a pilot study and comparing the results with those of the main study. In addition, the expertise and guidance of a radiographer experienced in the clinical training of radiographers, the supervisor (who has twenty years’ experience in the teaching of radiographers) and a statistician was obtained. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed by means of a statistical programme and with the guidance of a statistician. The researcher ensured that the study was conducted in an ethical manner by adhering to the ethical principles of beneficence, justice and respect for persons.
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Reeves, Pauline Jane. "Models of care in diagnostic radiography." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/models-of-care-in-diagnostic-radiography(e3622893-8a99-480c-a38a-6aa1b38eefeb).html.
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This research set out to develop one or more conceptual models of diagnostic radiography based on the ways in which clinical radiographers themselves viewed their skills. The report analyses the historical relationship between radiographers and radiologists and the limited attempts at theory development prior to this research. This context is set against selected literature from nursing metatheory. This comparison is made since radiography had in part developed from the nursing profession and the historical and gendered background of both professions may be seen to be similar. •The methodology is largely qualitative and the use of computers for qualitative data analysis is discussed in some detail. The data collection was completed in three major phases- a diagnostic phase; a theory development phase and an applications phase, utilising several brainstorming groups and two questionnaires as well as action research in the third phase. In the diagnostic (first) phase of the research categories representing parts of the radiographic process were derived. Two models (or theoretical frameworks) were developed and their various concepts were explored and refined. In the second phase of theory development the research was extended to develop a statement of the role of the diagnostic radiographer and several concepts from the model were explored. In the final phase, the concept of holism was explored together with the relevance of the models for the education of student radiographers. In the final sections of the report there is a detailed evaluation of the potential impact of the models including a reflexive analysis. The conclusions are that the models provide a valid conceptual representation of the radiographic process and philosophy and that they have a role to play in education of student radiographers.
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Kobayashi, Masatake. "Evaluation Tools to Quantify Congestion and Prognostic Implication in Patients with Heart Failure." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0165.
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La congestion réfère aux œdèmes pulmonaires et systémiques habituellement observés dans un contexte d’augmentation des pressions intracardiaques. C’est un prédicteur majeur de mauvais pronostic en insuffisance cardiaque (IC). Une meilleure évaluation et quantification de la congestion au cours du parcours de soins (en amont d’une décompensation, aux urgences, en cours d’hospitalisation et en contexte ambulatoire) est souhaitable pour améliorer la stratification du risque et le management de ces patients. Des outils d’évaluation de la congestion facilement accessibles et d’utilisation simple seraient utiles dans ce contexte. Nous avons évalué 1) la capacité diagnostique et pronostique du score de congestion pulmonaire radiologique dans le contexte de la dyspnée aigue, 2) les implications cliniques et pronostiques de la quantification du volume plasmatique estimé à partir de l’hémoglobine et de l’hématocrite sanguine en IC et 3) l’utilité de la combinaison de ces 2 variables en IC décompensée. Nous avons dans un premier temps étudié la valeur diagnostique et pronostique d’un score radiologique de congestion pulmonaire. Nos résultats montrent que ce score améliore la performance diagnostique en plus de l’utilisation de variables cliniques et la valeur pronostique en IC. Concernant notre deuxième marqueur d’intérêt de congestion, le volume plasmatique estimé, nous avons évaluer son association avec des variables biologiques, échographiques et hémodynamiques de congestion ainsi qu’avec le risque d’évènements cliniques dans différents contextes (en IC décompensée et en IC avec fraction d’éjection préservée). Nos résultats suggèrent que le volume plasmatique estimé est un marqueur de congestion préférentiellement gauche et est associé au pronostic des patients IC. Par ailleurs, nous avons exploré la valeur pronostique combinée du score radiologique de congestion pulmonaire et du volume plasmatique estimé chez des patients hospitalisés pour aggravation d’IC et, avons trouvé qu’une approche bivariable avait une valeur importante pour la stratification du risque dans les suites de l’hospitalisation. Notre travail souligne l’utilité clinique du score radiologique de congestion pulmonaire, du volume plasmatique estimé et de leur évaluation conjointe dans le champ de l’IC. Par ailleurs, nous montrons la bonne performance d’une approche mêlant marqueurs d’imagerie et marqueurs biologiques évaluant différentes composantes de la congestion. Dans la lignée de ces travaux, une intégration des marqueurs de congestion au sein d’une démarche multiparamétrique pourrait apporter une meilleure caractérisation du profil congestif individuel. Des travaux futurs utilisant de grandes bases de données comportant des informations relatives à des variables variées de congestion pourrait aider à l’intégration de ces variables à des modèles diagnostiques et pronostiques en IC<br>Congestion expresses systemic and pulmonary edema associated with elevated intracardiac pressure, and is a major predictor of poor prognosis in heart failure (HF). Therefore, it is of paramount importance to better assess congestion at each point of patient management (i.e., before progression to decompensation, prior discharge assessment, outpatient clinic). Accumulated data highlighted that several evaluation tools of congestion can help clinicians diagnose acute HF and manage optimally patients with chronic HF or acutely decompensated HF. However, the availability of these congestion markers may limit their clinical utility. Readily and widely available evaluation tool is warranted to quantify and/or monitor congestion and eventually improve risk-stratification. Congestion score evaluated from chest radiography and plasma volume estimated from hemoglobin and hematocrit may provide relevant information in patients with HF. Our aims were; 1) to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of radiographic pulmonary congestion quantification in acute HF; 2) to evaluate the clinical and prognostic implications of estimated plasma volume (ePV) in HF; and 3) to assess the prognostic value of a combination of these congestion markers. We studied the diagnostic value of a radiographic congestion score for acute HF, and its prognostic value in acute HF. Our results showed that this score improved clinical-based diagnostic performance, and expressed residual congestion with poor prognostic value in acute HF. Regarding our second congestion marker of interest, ePV, we investigated its associations with biological, echocardiographic and hemodynamic markers of congestion and outcomes in different settings of HF (HF with preserved ejection fraction, and acute HF). Our results suggested that ePV appears as a left-sided congestion marker (i.e., natriuretic peptide) and an independent prognostic marker. Furthermore, we explored the prognostic value of the combination of radiographic congestion score and ePV on admission in patients hospitalized for worsening HF in different patient populations/managements (emergency department and cardiology department), and found that this bivariable approach had promising prognostic utility for in-hospital outcomes and post-discharge short-term outcomes. Our work provided the clinical relevance of radiographic pulmonary congestion scoring, ePV and their combination in patients with HF. Throughout our research, better performance of a combination of different type congestion markers was observed; thus, integration of multiple congestion markers might provide more pragmatic and clinically useful information about diagnosis for HF and prognosis in HF. Further research would be warranted
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Price, R. "Developing practice in radiography and diagnostic imaging." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/1056.
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An increase in the range and capability of imaging modalities has resulted in greater demands for radiology services. This research investigates how these changes have affected role requirements and role extensions of radiographers and the consequent implications for the educational needs of radiographers. Semi-structured interviews and three successive surveys of NHS radiography managers showed that the adoption and diffusion of extended roles in radiography had increased significantly over a ten year period. Role changes included additions both to the procedures carried out by radiographers, and to the reporting of procedures, e.g. film reporting, once the domain of radiologists, is now undertaken by radiographers in many trusts. Imaging managers’ views on the factors that encouraged or deterred the introduction of extended roles were explored. While many radiographers were keen to adopt new roles, implementation was unlikely without radiological support. Respondents believed the proposed ‘four-tier structure’ would help overcome staffing difficulties, while providing an improved career framework to advance the professional status of radiographers. A key theme was the need for greater clinical knowledge to facilitate transition to advanced practice. Three studies investigated radiography education. The first used a survey to investigate the preparedness for practice of three cohorts of newly qualified radiographers. Graduates recognised the importance of continuing professional development with extended role skills identified as a priority. The second study examined the relationship between contemporary practice and UK undergraduate radiography curricula. Most programmes had responded positively to developing technology. The third study used a survey to investigate the training for extended roles provided by employers. While most provided some training, much was unaccredited, and there was considerable variation in the duration of training for similar roles. The research has documented developments taking place at a time of enormous technological innovation. It provides key data on the changing practice of radiography that will be useful to all stakeholders planning improvements to radiography services. The data lead to a re-definition of practice and recommendations for supporting education and training.
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Borys, Jennifer. "Higher Voltage Influence on Optimal Caries Diagnosis in Digital Radiography." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Tandläkarutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-98886.
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It has previously been shown that caries diagnostics is improved when performed on radiographs exposed with a voltage of 60 kV compared to 70 kV. This is because low voltage provides higher subject contrast. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the tube voltage used when exposing bitewings, influence the possibility to diagnose caries when using a new digital system with CMOS-sensors. Extracted teeth were mounted and bitewings exposed with both 60 and 70 kV and varying exposure times, using a digital system with CMOS-sensors. Observers with different experience in dentistry evaluated the radiographs for caries. CBCT of each single tooth was used as golden standard. There was no significant difference between the results of diagnosing caries between radiographs exposed with 60 kV compared to 70 kV. All radiographs that were exposed to an acceptable level of brightness gave similar result, independent on voltage. In conclusion; there was no significant difference between radiographic caries diagnosis performed with radiographs exposed with 60 compared to 70 kV, given that the exposure time was optimized. This indicates that 70 kV can be used for all intraoral examination if a correct decreased exposure time is used and that lowering to 60 kV is not necessary when intraoral examinations for caries evaluation are performed.
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Vorbrüggen, Susanne. "Diagnostik der Aspergillose bei Jagdfalken (Falco spp.) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Projektionsradiographie und der Serumelektrophorese." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-128995.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit zwei Methoden zur Diagnostik der Aspergillose bei Greifvögeln, um neue Erkenntnisse über die Aussagekraft dieser nicht invasiven Diagnostika zu gewinnen. In der ersten Studie wurden bei ausschließlich Aspergillose-positiven Falken (Falco spp.) (n = 110) spezifische Röntgenzeichen an digital erstellten Röntgenbildern systematisch ermittelt und mit den typischen Röntgenzeichen von Papageien mit Erkrankungen des unteren Respirationstrakts verglichen. In der zweiten Studie wurden gesunde (n = 73) und an Aspergillose erkrankte (n = 32) Jagdfalken (Falco spp.) mittels Serumelektrophorese untersucht, Referenzwerte für die gesunden Falken erstellt und mit den Werten der erkrankten Falken verglichen. In beiden Studien stammten die Tiere aus dem Patientengut derselben Klinik. Bei der Auswertung von Röntgenbildern Aspergillose-positiver Falken wurden hauptsächlich subtile Röntgenzeichen beschrieben. Von den 110 Tieren waren 29 (26,4 %) radiologisch vollkommen unauffällig. Die am häufigsten beschriebenen Befunde waren inhomogene Verschattungen des Lungenfeldes (38,2 % laterolateral [ll]) und strichförmige Verschattungen der kaudalen Lungengrenze (30,0 % ll) sowie inhomogene (34,5 % ll; 29,1 % ventrodorsal [vd]) und streifige (26,4 % ll) Verschattungen der Luftsäcke, aber auch eine schlechte Abgrenzbarkeit des Herzschattens in der laterolateralen Projektion (42,7 %). Im Vergleich zu an Papageien mittels konventioneller Projektionsradiographie durchgeführten Studien war der Anteil an subtilen Röntgenzeichen geringer und der Anteil an massiven Röntgenzeichen größer. Verglichen mit Referenzwerten diverser Greifvogelspezies aus der Literatur zeigten die Referenzwerte der gesunden Falken dieser Studie unter Verwendung des hochauflösenden Elektrophoresesystems SAS 1 unit (Helena, Saint Leu La Forest, Frankreich) relativ niedrige Gesamtproteinwerte und relativ hohe Präalbuminwerte auf. Bei den 32 Serumproben der an Aspergillose erkrankten Falken ließ sich im Gegensatz zu den 73 Serumproben der gesunden Falken ein signifikant erniedrigter Totalalbuminwert (Albumin + Präalbumin) sowie ein hoch signifikant erniedrigter Präalbuminwert mittels Serumelektrophorese feststellen. Obwohl die Falken meist schon in frühen Krankheitsstadien vorgestellt wurden und die Diagnostik in diesen Stadien besonders schwierig ist, konnten mit beiden Untersuchungsmethoden von gesunden Tieren differierende Befunde erhoben werden. Diese in Zusammenhang mit Aspergillose erhobenen Befunde wichen jedoch teilweise deutlich von den in der Literatur beschriebenen „typischen“ Befunden bei an Aspergillose erkrankten Vögeln ab. Dies kann damit erklärt werden, dass die meisten vergleichbaren Studien an als Heimtiere gehaltenen Papageien oder gefangen gehaltenen Zoovögeln (von Falken abweichende Haltungsform, Anatomie und Physiologie sowie Leistungsniveau) und mit unterschiedlicher Technik (digitale versus konventionelle Projektionsradiographie, unterschiedliche Elektrophoresesysteme und Verwendung von Serum anstelle von Plasma) durchgeführt wurden. Die digitale Projektionsradiographie kann aufgrund ihrer schonenden, einfachen und schnellen Durchführbarkeit sowohl den Vogelmedizin spezialisierten Institutionen als auch den Kleintierpraktikern uneingeschränkt empfohlen werden. Die Proteinelektrophorese kann bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt nur bedingt für den Praktiker, wohl aber für spezialisierte Institutionen bei Beachtung aller Besonderheiten als zusätzliches Diagnostikum empfohlen werden<br>The present study concentrates on two methods for diagnosing birds of prey with aspergillosis with the intent to increase the knowledge of the validity of these non-invasive diagnostic methods. In the first study, specific radiographic signs of digitally created radiographs of falcons (Falco spp.) which were exclusively positive for aspergillosis (n = 110) were systematically analyzed and compared to the typical radiographic signs of parrots with diseases of the lower respiratory tract. In the second study, healthy falcons (n = 73) and falcons affected with aspergillosis (n = 32) (Falco spp.) were examined by using serum protein electrophoresis in order to create reference values for healthy falcons and compare them with the values of the affected falcons. In both studies, the animals were patients of the same clinic. While evaluating the radiographs of the falcons with aspergillosis, mainly subtle radiographic signs were described. Radiographically within normal limits were 29 (26.4%) of the 110 animals. The most commonly reported findings were inhomogeneous increased radiodensity of the lung area (38.2% laterolateral [ll]), line-shaped shadowings of the caudal lung border (II 30.0%) as well as an inhomogeneous (34.5% ll, 29.1% ventrodorsal [vd]) and streaky (26.4% II) radiodensity of the air sacs, but also a poor delineation of the cardiac silhouette in the laterolateral projection (42.7%). Compared to studies performed on parrots by conventional radiography, the portion of subtle radiographic signs was lower and the portion of severe signs was higher. Compared to reference values of various raptor species from the literature, this study, which made use of the high-resolution electrophoresis SAS 1 unit (Helena, Saint Leu La Forest, France), revealed relatively low values for total proteins and relatively high values for prealbumin in the reference values of the healthy falcons. The 32 serum samples of the falcons suffering from aspergillosis showed a significantly reduced total albumin (albumin + prealbumin) level and a highly significantly reduced prealbumin level compared to the 73 serum samples of healthy falcons. Although the falcons were for the most part already brought to the clinic in one of the early stages of the disease, when diagnosing aspergillosis is particularly difficult, both examination methods revealed different results for the healthy and diseased animals. However, the findings related to aspergillosis were in some cases significantly different from those described in the literature as the \"typical\" findings in birds suffering from aspergillosis. This can be explained by the fact that most of the comparable studies were conducted with parrots held as pets or with captive zoo birds (when husbandry, anatomy and physiology, as well as performance level are different from falcons) and with a different technique (digital versus conventional radiography, different electrophoresis systems and the use of serum instead of plasma). The digital radiography can be fully recommended for specialized medical institutions for avian medicine as well as for small animal practitioners because of its easy, rapid and gentle feasibility. To date, the protein electrophoresis can only be recommended with restrictions for practitioners, however for specialized institutions, it can be useful as additional diagnostic tool if all its specific features are taken into account
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Ching, K. Y., and 程潔怡. "Validating a quantified clinical screening tool in detecting aspiration." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4500996X.
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Butler, Anthony Philip Howard. "Eigenimage Processing of Frontal Chest Radiographs." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2780.
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The goal of this research was to improve the speed and accuracy of reporting by clinical radiologists. By applying a technique known as eigenimage processing to chest radiographs, abnormal findings were enhanced and a classification scheme developed. Results confirm that the method is feasible for clinical use. Eigenimage processing is a popular face recognition routine that has only recently been applied to medical images, but it has not previously been applied to full size radiographs. Chest radiographs were chosen for this research because they are clinically important and are challenging to process due to their large data content. It is hoped that the success with these images will enable future work on other medical images such as those from CT and MRI. Eigenimage processing is based on a multivariate statistical method which identifies patterns of variance within a training set of images. Specifically it involves the application of a statistical technique called principal components analysis to a training set. For this research, the training set was a collection of 77 normal radiographs. This processing produced a set of basis images, known as eigenimages, that best describe the variance within the training set of normal images. For chest radiographs the basis images may also be referred to as 'eigenchests'. Images to be tested were described in terms of eigenimages. This identified patterns of variance likely to be normal. A new image, referred to as the remainder image, was derived by removing patterns of normal variance, thus making abnormal patterns of variance more conspicuous. The remainder image could either be presented to clinicians or used as part of a computer aided diagnosis system. For the image sets used, the discriminatory power of a classification scheme approached 90%. While the processing of the training set required significant computation time, each test image to be classified or enhanced required only a few seconds to process. Thus the system could be integrated into a clinical radiology department.
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Patel, Jay Vijendra. "EVALUATING THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM RADIOGRAPHS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/216600.
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Oral Biology<br>M.S.<br>There remains a discord among orthodontists regarding the usefulness of a lateral cephalogram radiograph as a part of diagnostic records for treatment planning. Today, orthodontists take diagnostic lateral cephalograms largely based on a personal preference, rather than following any evidence-based approached for determining whether taking the radiograph will affect treatment planning. The aim of this study is to identify patients with the type of malocclusion for which the availability of a lateral cephalogram radiograph will affect the treatment plan. This would prevent patients, whose treatment plan would not benefit from a diagnostic lateral cephalogram, from receiving unnecessary ionizing radiation. The data for this study was obtained from responses to two questionnaires, mailed five weeks apart, to ten orthodontists with clinical experience. Primarily, the orthodontists were required to treatment plan twenty cases, twice, once with full diagnostic records including a lateral cephalogram radiograph and once without. Six orthodontists completed both questionnaires. Based on the data, it was found that for approximately 25% of patients having a lateral cephalogram radiograph does affect treatment planning. These patients present with bilateral, sagittal dental malocclusions, matching significant soft-tissue profile disharmony and at least one arch with a moderate arch length discrepancy. A larger, follow-up study is suggested to further investigate the relationship between malocclusion, lateral cephalogram radiographs, and treatment planning.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Al-Roubaie, Zahra. "Human breast images : segmentation, analysis and conversion to electrical parameter profiles for Semcad-X electromagnetic simulator." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116044.
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Electrical parameter profiles of human breast images can be used to simulate and analyze the anticipated effects on tissue from its interaction with electromagnetic fields involved in the cancer treatment exposure. In part, the success of this approach depends on the accuracy and precision in identifying the different tissue types. In this work, we propose two methods of segmenting human breast images with malignant tumors. The first method of algorithmic partitioning of the image involves manual color-edge contouring of the tissues using a cursor and subsequent identification of the tissue types. For the second method, MRI T1 values and thresholds are used to perform segmentation and we investigate the potential of incorporating edge detection. The first method is effective, while the second lacks precision, but eliminates the need of manual contouring. The images are imported as BMP files into SEMCAD, an electromagnetic simulation tool based on finite-difference time-domain method, which recognizes the grouped tissues and creates a model of the image. The model allows the user to easily assign electrical parameter values to the grouped tissues, according to the measured values reported in the literature.
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Ullman, Gustaf. "Quantifying image quality in diagnostic radiology using simulation of the imaging system and model observers." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, 2008. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2008/med1050s.pdf.
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Venter, Dalene. "Three-dimensional thinking in radiography." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1564.
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Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Radiography in the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, 2008<br>Introduction
Research to date has not been able to agree whether spatial abilities can be
developed by practice. According to some researchers spatial ability is an inherited
cognitive ability, compared to spatial skills that are task specific and can be acquired
through formal training. It is commonly assumed that radiographers require general
cognitive spatial abilities to interpret complex radiographic images. This research
was conducted to investigate second year radiography students’ three-dimensional
thinking skills pertaining to film-viewing assessments.
Materials and methods
The experimental research strategy was mainly applied together with correlation
research. Two trials were run (in 2005 and 2006). The sample group consisted of
fifteen second year diagnostic radiography students in 2005 and twenty-three second
year diagnostic radiography students, of the same institution, in 2006. Each year
group was randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group. Two
instruments were used, that is a film-viewing assessment and a three-dimensional
test, Academic Aptitude Test (University) (AAT) nr. nine: Spatial Perception (3-D).
The whole class completed this basic spatial aptitude test, as well as a base-line film viewing
assessment, which focused on the evaluation of technique/anatomy of
second year specialised radiographic projections. The marks that the students
achieved in the fore-mentioned tests were compared, to determine if there was any
correlation between their performances in the different tests. A curricular
intervention, which was intended to improve applied three-dimensional skills, was
subsequently applied. The students executed certain modified radiographic
projections on parts of a human skeleton. For each radiographic projection, the
students had to draw the relation of the X-ray beam to the specific anatomical
structures, as well as the relation of these structures to the film. The related images
of these projections were also drawn. With each of the following sessions, films
including images of the previous session were discussed with each student. After the
intervention, the whole class wrote a second film-viewing assessment. The marks
achieved in this assessment were compared to the marks of the initial film-viewing
assessment to determine the influence of the intervention on the performance of the
intervention group. Following this assessment, for ethical reasons, the same
intervention took place with the control group. A third film-viewing assessment was
then written by all the diagnostic second year students to evaluate the overall impact
of the intervention on the applied three-dimensional skills of the class. The marks of
both the 2005 and 2006 classes (intervention classes) were compared to the marks
achieved by former classes from 2000 to 2004 (control classes), in film-viewing
assessments to evaluate the role of the curricular intervention over the years. The
students again completed the three-dimensional test, Spatial Perception (3-D) to
evaluate the impact of the intervention on students’ general three-dimensional
cognitive abilities. These marks were also compared to the marks of the third filmviewing
assessment, to determine if there was any correlation between the students’
performances in the different tests.
Results
The intervention groups did not perform significantly better in film-viewing
assessments after the intervention, compared to the control groups, but reasonable
differences, favouring the intervention group, were achieved. Statistical significance
was achieved in film-viewing assessments with both year groups after the whole
class had the intervention. The intervention year groups also performed significantly
better than the previous year groups (without the intervention) in film-viewing
assessments. The performance in general three-dimensional cognitive abilities of the
group of 2006 improved significantly after the intervention, but on the contrary, the
performance of the group of 2005 declined. There was a small intervention effect on
the performance of the group of 2006. Only a weak to moderate correlation between
the marks of the students achieved in the three-dimensional tests and the marks
achieved in the film-viewing assessments, was found.
Conclusion
The contrasting evidence between the data of the two groups (2005 and 2006) in the
three-dimensional tests and the small intervention effect on the performance of the
group of 2006, makes the intervention not applicable for the increase of general
spatial abilities. The results of this research show that the applied three-dimensional
skills of radiography students in interpreting specialised and modified projections
can be improved by intensive practice, independent of their inherited spatial
abilities.
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Pinto, Lancelot. "Chest radiograph scoring systems for the diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110727.
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Background: Chest radiography is often the only tool available for the investigation of tuberculosis (TB) suspects with negative sputum smears, thus playing a crucial role in clinical decision-making. However, chest radiographs lack specificity for TB, and their interpretation is subjective and not standardized, and therefore not highly reproducible. Efforts to improve the interpretation of chest radiography are warranted, especially with the growing use of digital radiology.Objectives: To systematically review the literature on the use of scoring systems to aid the diagnosis of active pulmonary TB (PTB), and to derive a new, simple scoring system using features noted on the Chest Radiograph Reading and Recording System (CRRS), a tool designed for the documentation of radiographic abnormalities in epidemiological surveys for PTB.Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to assess the utility of chest radiograph scoring systems for the diagnosis of PTB, and to use this information to derive a scoring system using the CRRS. Chest radiographs of outpatients with suspected PTB, consecutively recruited over 3 years at clinics in South Africa, were read by two independent readers using CRRS. Multivariable analysis was used to identify features significantly associated with culture-positive PTB, and these were assigned weights and used to generate a composite score.Results: A systematic review of the literature identified 12 studies that used radiographic features as part of scoring systems for the diagnosis of PTB. Six of these were tested in smear-negative patients. There was no scoring system found that involved the exclusive use of radiographic features. Upper lobe infiltrates and cavities were the radiographic features most commonly associated with the disease. The sensitivities of the scoring systems were uniformly high, but all of them lacked specificity. For the study in South Africa, 473 patients were included in the analysis. Large upper lobe opacities, cavities, unilateral pleural effusion and adenopathy were significantly associated with culture-confirmed PTB, had high inter-reader reliability, and received 2, 2, 1 and 2 points, respectively in the final score. When applied to all TB suspects, using a cut-off of ≥ 2, the score had a high negative predictive value (92%, 95%CI 87,95). Among TB suspects with negative sputum smears, the score correctly ruled out active disease in 214 of 229 patients (NPV 93; 95%CI 89,96) Conclusions: Existing radiographic scoring systems for the diagnosis of PTB appear to be sensitive, but lack specificity. The scoring system derived from CRSS is a simple and reliable tool that may be useful for ruling out active PTB in smear-negative patients. Validation studies are needed to confirm these initial findings.<br>Contexte: La radiographie thoracique est souvent le seul outil disponible pour le dépistage de la tuberculose (TB) chez les patients ayant des frottis d'expectoration négatifs, lui donnant ainsi un rôle crucial dans la prise de décision clinique. Toutefois, les radiographies thoraciques manquent de spécificité pour la tuberculose, et leur interprétation est subjective et non standardisée, et donc n'est pas très reproductible. Les efforts visant à améliorer l'interprétation de la radiographie pulmonaire sont justifiés, surtout vu l'utilisation croissante de la radiologie numérique.Objectifs: Les objectifs incluent une recherche systématique de la littérature sur l'utilisation des systèmes de notation pour aider le diagnostic de la tuberculose pulmonaire active (TBP), et d'en tirer un nouveau système de notation simple à partir du Chest Radiograph Reading and Recording System (CRRS) (Système de Lecture et Notation des radiographies thoraciques), un outil conçu pour la documentation des anomalies radiologiques dans les études épidémiologiques sur la TBP.Méthodes: Une recherche systématique de la littérature a été effectuée pour évaluer l'utilité des systèmes de notation des radiographies thoraciques pour le diagnostic de la TBP, et pour utiliser ces informations pour dériver un système de notation à partir du CRRS. Les radiographies thoraciques de patients ambulatoires suspects de TBP, recrutés consécutivement sur 3 ans dans des cliniques en Afrique du Sud, ont été lues par deux lecteurs indépendants en utilisant CRRS. Une analyse multivariée a été utilisée pour identifier les caractéristiques significativement associées à la TBP à culture positive, et ceux-ci ont reçu une importance respective et ont été utilisé pour générer un score composite.Résultats: Une recherche systématique de la littérature a identifié 12 études qui ont utilisé des systèmes de notation pour analyser les caractéristiques radiographiques dans le cours du diagnostic de la TBP. Six d'entre elles comprenaient seulement des patients à frottis négatif. Aucun système de notation ne comprenait l'usage exclusif des caractéristiques radiographiques. Des cavités et des infiltrats dans les lobes supérieurs étaient les caractéristiques radiographiques les plus couramment associées à la maladie. Les sensibilités des systèmes de notation étaient uniformément élevées, mais chacun d'eux manquait de spécificité.Dans l'étude en Afrique du Sud, 473 patients ont été inclus dans l'analyse. Les grandes opacités du lobe supérieur, les cavités, un épanchement pleural unilatéral ainsi que la présence d'adénopathie étaient significativement associés à la TBP confirmée par culture, avaient un haut taux de fiabilité entre lecteur, et ont reçu 2, 2, 1 et 2 points, respectivement dans le final. Lorsqu'appliqué à tous les cas suspects de tuberculose, en utilisant un seuil de ≥ 2, le score avait une forte valeur prédictive négative (92%, IC 95% 87-95). Parmi les suspects de TB à frottis négatifs, le score a correctement exclu la présence de maladie active dans 214 des 229 patients (VPN 93, 95% CI 89-96).Conclusions: Les systèmes actuels de notation radiographiques pour le diagnostic de TBP semblent être sensibles, mais manquent de spécificité. Le système de notation dérivée de la CRSS est un outil simple et fiable qui peut être utile pour exclure la TBP active chez les patients à frottis négatif. Des études de validation sont nécessaires pour confirmer ces premiers résultats.
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DeCann, Richard W. "Patient care and good professional practice in diagnostic radiography." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386609.
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Richter-Joubert, Lisel. "Assessment of airway compression on chest radiographs in children with pulmonary tuberculosis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29690.
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Study rationale: Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in children relies heavily on chest radiography as sputum samples are difficult to obtain and only yield positive results in 30-74% of children treated for PTB. However, radiological signs between lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and PTB overlap considerably and there is a wide inter-observer agreement in the detection of lymphadenopathy, considered the hallmark of PTB. Small pliable paediatric airways are easily compressed by enlarged lymph nodes. Unlike lymph nodes, however, the lucent airways contrast against the surrounding mediastinal structures on radiographs, thus airway compression may serve as a more objective criterion for diagnosing PTB. Many studies have reviewed the radiographic features of PTB in children but few included airway compression or used a control group and none have evaluated inter-observer agreement. Objective: To investigate frequency and inter-observer agreement of airway compression on chest radiographs in children with PTB compared to those with another LRTI. Methods: Chest radiographs of children admitted to Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital with suspected PTB were read by two readers according to a standardised format and a 3rd when there was disagreement. Radiographs of children with definite PTB were compared to those with another LRTI. Frequency and location of airway compression were evaluated. Findings were correlated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and age. Inter-observer agreement was assessed using kappa statistic. Results: Radiographs of 505 children (median age 25.9 months [IQR 14.3-62.2]) were reviewed; 97/505 (19%) children were HIV-infected. Airway compression occurred in 54/188 (28.7%) definite PTB cases versus 24/317 (7.6 %) of other LRTI cases (OR 4.9; 95%CI 2.9–8.3). The left main bronchus was most affected in 51/493 (10.3%). A higher frequency of airway compression occurred in infants at 22/101 (21.8%) compared to 56/404 (13.9%) in older children (OR 1.7; 95%CI 1.00–3.00). No association between airway compression and HIV infection was found. Inter-observer agreement ranged from none to fair (kappa of 0.0-0.4). Discussion: The overall frequency of airway compression in definite PTB is compatible with reports in the literature. Although airway compression used alone is not a specific sign, if seen on radiographs, there is a strong correlation with PTB compared to other LRTI with infants at higher risk due to their smaller airways. Contradictory to other studies, our study showed the left main bronchus to be affected twice more commonly than the bronchus intermedius in both age groups. This is thought to be due to different patient selection. Confirming reports in the literature, no significant association between airway compression and HIV status was found. A disappointing finding was the poor inter-observer agreement. Contributing aspects include the lack of standardised criteria in the definition of airway compression and suboptimal visualisation of the airways on standard chest radiographs due to patient, technical and post processing factors. Conclusion: There is a strong association between airway compression on chest radiographs and definite PTB, particularly in infants, irrespective of HIV status. However, its clinical use as an objective criterion in the diagnosis of PTB is limited by poor inter-observer agreement.
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Ariga, Eiji, Shigeki Ito, Shizuhiko Deji, Takuya Saze, and Kunihide Nishizawa. "Development of dosimetry using detectors of diagnostic digital radiography systems." American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8818.
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Henwood, Suzanne M. "Continuing professional development in diagnostic radiography : a grounded theory study." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288095.
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O'Regan, T. J. "An account of silence in diagnostic radiography : a cultural quilt." Thesis, University of Salford, 2019. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/49526/.
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Scholarly studies have resulted in literature that lists numerous different types, functions and motives for silence. The intention of this study was to produce an account of the silences that present in general and accident and emergency radiography (X-ray); collectively referred to as projection imaging. Because silence is multi-faceted and often ambiguous, requisite methods of collages and follow-up conversations were used in the study providing the flexibility to explore a fluid concept. Projection imaging staff consisting of assistant practitioners, radiographers and student radiographers were invited to take part in collage workshops that were supplemented by observations in clinical practice. Sixteen participants agreed to observations of their clinical practice. An additional twelve participants volunteered to join in collage workshops. The workshop participants chose images that represented silence in clinical practice and each produced a collage. Each workshop participant then attended an individual follow-up conversation to discuss individual collage. The methods allow the production of a series of collage images conceived to be a metaphorical cultural quilt: representing an account of silence and silent practices. Thematic analysis indicates that silence strategies are used to facilitate the smooth every day running of X-ray departments focused around five themes: emotional labour and social defence; workload; conflict; hierarchy and; dilemma. Silence is used to reflect and enact empathy for patients and colleagues; to facilitate staff and patient wellbeing; also to keep patient waiting times to a minimum. Additionally participants considered that silence reduces the threat of legal action, decreases emotional anxiety, lessens the demands of emotional labour and promote harmonious teamwork. The study has resulted in an increase in knowledge of silence and silencing strategies in relation to a focused area of projection imaging radiography culture. Set against a background of contemporary health care strategy that encourage the voice of staff and patients, this knowledge will be used to inform future service development, possibilities for change and innovation in the culture of practice. The study concludes that silence is both a help and hindrance to services in a clinical setting.
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Hernandez, John B. "Evaluating a multi-hospital quality improvement strategy to implement clinical guidelines for radiographic contrast agents." Santa Monica, CA : Rand, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/42204634.html.
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Foster, Louise V. "Studies concerning the diagnosis and progression of caries in adults." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319090.
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Forman, D. "Shared learning : monitoring the attitudinal changes of staff and students on undergraduate health care professional programmes." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2000. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19656/.
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The aim of this investigation was to monitor attitudinal changes of staff and students participating in undergraduate professional programmes to the implementation of shared learning over a four-year period. The programmes being studied were the BSc. Occupational Therapy, BSc. Diagnostic Radiography and BSc. Therapeutic Radiography Honours degrees. Each validated programme contained some syllabus areas that were taught together i.e. were shared across the professions. Initially, after a review of the existing literature on this issue, a questionnaire was designed as a research tool to enable both qualitative and quantitative data to be collected and analysed. The quantitative sections of the questionnaire were checked for reliability throughout the four years and achieved positive Cronbach Alpha results ranging from .7083 to .8984 in the four main concepts under investigation, namely the Pitfalls, Benefits, Curriculum Aspects and Social Aspects of the shared programmes. Over the four year period a total of 418 student questionnaires were collected and analysed. In addition to the quantitative data collected, qualitative data were also collected from the questionnaire from extracts of the minutes of Course Committee and Examination Board meetings and from videos of tutorials and seminars. All of these were analysed. The results showed fluctuations in the attitudes of both staff and students to shared learning over the four year period, but all those who participated showed a net favourable change in attitude by the end of the research investigation.
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Leung, Chung-Chu, and 梁中柱. "Use of generalized fuzzy operator in digital subtraction radiography." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245614.
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Waraporn, Aumarm [Verfasser]. "Comparative diagnosis of Canine Elbow Dysplasia between Radiography, Computer Tomography and Arthroscopy / Waraporn Aumarm." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1022599852/34.
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Sanchez, Stéphane. "Segmentation et recalage d'images cardiaques : application à la coronarographie et à la tomoscintigraphie." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL065N.
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Le domaine de notre recherche concerne l'aide au diagnostic des maladies cardiovasculaires par l'exploitation simultanée de la tomoscintigraphie et de la coronarographie. La restitution des résultats se fait sous forme d' une représentation 2D (superposition de l'information de perfusion fournie par la tomoscintigraphie sur la coronarographie) et 3D (reconstruction des artères coronaires à la surface du volume de tomoscintigraphie). La superposition nécessite l'extraction de structures homologues communes aux deux images, à savoir, le contour du coeur visible en tomoscintigraphie et en fin de séquence de coronarographie. Pour cette dernière modalité, l'extraction du muscle cardiaque est réalisée par une technique de contours actifs. Le contour homologue de tomoscintigraphie est extrait par seuillage à partir de la reconstruction 3D des coupes. Une procédure de recalage, fondée sur le chamfer matching 3-4, permet ensuite de positionner les deux contours dans un même référentiel. L'application de la méthode de recalage sur une base de données révèle des résultats satisfaisants pour des cas pathologiques très différents. La précision du recalage a été estimée de l' ordre de la taille d'une arête d'un voxel de tomoscintigraphie, soit, d'un demi-centimètre.
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Whiting, Cheryl. "An investigation into the development of professionalism amongst diagnostic radiography students." Thesis, Open University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497401.
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This research explores diagnostic radiography students' perceptions of professionalism and how they learn and develop their understanding of what It means to be a professional. The research takes place at a time when advances in technology, expansion of roles, demands for public service (Hilton, 2004) and economic productivity (Bloor and Maynard, 2006) generate a multitude of competing professional expectations.
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Ferris, Christine Margaret. "The development of specialisation in diagnostic radiography : concepts, contexts and implications." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2005. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3193/.
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The aim of this project is to examine how specialisation in diagnostic radiography has occurred. In particular, this research aims to examine the contemporary ethos of specialism in diagnostic radiography; how the higher status of technology has developed over patient-centredness; the impact of the working relationship between radiology and diagnostic radiography on this development; the relationship between gender and the nature of occupation in the development of diagnostic radiography. Qualitative data was collected using 31 semi-structured interviews that took the form of oral histories where possible. The time-span covered is 1932-2001. Findings show that a paradigm shift is required. Defining specialism and expert practice is difficult, as both are negotiated constructs that tend to have local meaning. Not all specialisms in diagnostic radiography increase professional autonomy and management has a key role to play in the development of radiography as a profession to enable full engagement with consultant status. To a great extent, diagnostic radiography and its associated specialisms is governed by an emphasis on technology rather than the patient. This emphasis has roots in power difference between radiologists and radiographers and within the hierarchy of radiography. Radiologists have controlled radiographers to provide a service to radiology rather than the patients, and, although this is still evident in some hospitals, it is changing. Task offloading from radiologists to radiographers confuses the notions of specialism and radiography is in danger of seeking professional development through emulating radiology rather than using radiographic caring skills and expanding practice with a humanistic and patient focused emphasis. Radiography emerged as a pioneering, elite profession that could originally be regarded as a specialism of nursing. Technology and medicine gradually reduced radiographic practice to have a technological and quantitative focus. There is now a demand to once again broaden radiographic practice to actively contribute to a patient-centred service in an autonomous, more qualitative and self-directed manner. A collection of oral histories has been a direct result of this research. Specialisms are a broad area of diagnostic radiography and rather than focus on technological areas of practice, a more holistic range of specialisms could be embraced to enable the profession to progress.
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Erhardt, Gerber. "Accuracy of plain radiographs for diagnosing histologically proven malignant bone lesions." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29291.
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Blom, Elena, and Jenny Svensson. "Omhändertagande i samband med röntgenundersökning : en litteraturstudie." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för omvårdnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-183315.
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Bakgrund: Röntgensjuksköterskan måste på kort tid bilda en förståelse för patienten och dennes behov för att kunna tillämpa ett gott omhändertagande. Det finns många delar inom omhändertagandet som måste appliceras för att kunna säkerställa en patientsäker vård. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa röntgensjuksköterskans erfarenheter av omhändertagande av patient i samband med röntgenundersökning. Metod: En litteraturstudie innehållande nio kvalitativa studier. Sökningarna genomfördes i Pubmed, Cinahl och Scopus. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier och sex underkategorier. Kategorierna bestod av: Medvetenhet om ansvaret, Känna krav på att vara och Hantera utmaningar. Konklusion: Hur röntgensjuksköterskan kommunicerar med patienten har en stor betydelse för hur mottaglig patienten blir mot den information som delges. Att ta sig tid att läsa av individen och dennes behov kan bidra till ett bättre omhändertagande. En tydligare beskrivning inom området som kan ge en vägledning vid olika patientmöten skulle kunna vara en tillgång för nyutexaminerade. Nyckelord: erfarenheter, radiografi, röntgenundersökning, omhändertagande, röntgensjuksköterska<br>Background: The radiographer must in a short time form an understanding of the patient and his or her needs in order to be able to apply good care. There are many parts of care that must be applied to be able to ensure patient-safe care. Aim: The purpose of the literature study was to illuminate the radiographers’ experiences of the care of patients in connection with an diagnostic imaging examination. Method: A literature study containing nine qualitative studies. The searches were conducted in Pubmed, Cinahl and Scopus. Result: The analysis resulted in three categories and six subcategories. The categories consisted of: Awareness of responsibility, Feel the need to be effective and Handle challenges. Conclusion: How the radiographer communicates with the patient is of great importance for how receptive the patient becomes to the information provided. Taking the time to read the individual and his needs can contribute to better care. A clearer description in the area that can provide guidance at various patient meetings could be an asset for recent graduates. Keywords: experience, radiography, diagnostic imaging examination, caring for, radiographer
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Al-Kabir, Zul Waker Mohammad. "A knowledge based system for diagnosis of lung diseases from chest x-ray images /." Canberra : University of Canberra, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20070823.160921/index.html.
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Thesis (PhD) -- University of Canberra, 2006.<br>Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Information Science in the School of Information Sciences and Engineering under the Division of Business, Law and Sciences at the University of Canberra, May 2006. Bibliography: leaves 120-132.
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Lemineur, Gérald. "Contributions à l'analyse fractale de radiographies osseuses pour le diagnostic de l'ostéoporose." Orléans, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ORLE2065.
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Le diagnostic précoce de l'ostéoporose nécessite, en plus de la mesure de la densité osseuse actuellement réalisée en routine clinique, un examen permettant de caractériser la microarchitecture 3D. Une technique basée sur l'analyse fractale orientée d'une radiographie 2D a été mise au point à Orléans. Le but de ce travail est d'apporter des améliorations, aussi bien fondamentales que technologiques, à la technique. Trois parties composent cette thèse. Dans la première partie, nous présentons une étude des relations entre les volumes osseux et leur projection 2D. Tout d'abord, les corrélations existant entre les propriétés microarchitecturales 3D de l'os et la dimension fractale de sa projection ont été analysées. On observe que le paramètre fractal reflète l'évolution de la plus part des paramètres microarchitecturaux 3D. L'étape suivante consiste à tester sur nos données un théorème qui relie l'autosimilarité 3D d'un volume avec l'autosimilarité 2D de sa projection. Il s'avère que la relation est vérifiée pour des volumes osseux. Le paramètre fractal ne permet pas de quantifier l'anisotropie qui joue un rôle important dans la résistance mécanique de l'os. Ainsi, dans une seconde partie, différentes techniques d'estimation de l'anisotropie ont été présentées puis testées sur des images radiographiques. Deux méthodes, l'une basée sur une analyse fractale et l'autre sur l'exploitation du spectre de Fourier, ont permis d'obtenir de bons résultats. Dans la dernière partie, nous présentons le prototype d'un appareil de radiographie numérique haute résolution. Nous montrons l'apport du numérique en terme de résolution par rapport aux clichés. Enfin, nous présentons les premiers résultats de reproductibilité obtenus avec ce prototype numérique.
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Hellbach, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Die Wertigkeit der präklinischen, gitterbasierten Dunkelfeld-Radiographie in der Diagnostik pulmonaler Pathologien / Katharina Hellbach." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1189585189/34.
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Métay, Brice. "Diagnostic X par radiographie éclair de milieux polyphasiques : application à l'étude de jets cryogéniques." Orléans, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ORLE2048.
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L'utilisation de diagnostics optiques classiques reste limitée dans la caractérisation des jets hautes densités utilisés dans les moteurs diesels et cryogéniques, particulièrement dans la zone proche injecteur où des effets de focalisation, une opacité importante et la luminosité du phénomène réduisent les mesures à des données qualitatives. Un diagnostic de densitométrie par radiographie éclair a donc été conçu afin de caractériser un jet haute pression d'azote cryogénique dans des conditions proches du point critique. Au cours de ce travail une source de rayonnement X, portable produisant des impulsions de 50 ns de photons dans une gamme d'énergie de 5-50 keV a ainsi été conçue et caractérisée. Des radiographies et des mesures de densités ont été obtenues avec succès sur le banc cryogénique M51 du DLR. Une étude de la précision du diagnostic a été effectuée et une discussion sur les résultats obtenus en les comparants à des données publiées dans le domaine est présentée.
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Sibanda, Lidion. "Diagnostic radiography requests in Zimbabwe’s public hospital complex: completeness, accuracy and justtification." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1552.
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A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Diagnostic Radiography
in the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012<br>Complete, accurate and justified radiological examination requests are prerequisite to
radiological exposures. However, global research shows evidence of high numbers of
incomplete and inaccurate requests as well as that up to 77% radiological exposures are
unjustified. Plain lumbar spine and plain skull radiology examinations are reported as being
procedures that generate high dose and a low diagnostic yield. This study was designed to
objectively measure the completeness, accuracy and justification of these two examinations
in an effort to make inferences that will contribute to an improved radiology service. This
research could therefore have positive effects on optimisation of radiation protection in
Zimbabwe.
Methodology
A non participatory prospective descriptive analytical document review of quota sampled
radiological request forms for 200 plain skull and 200 plain lumbar spine examinations was
employed. Data was captured using structured data collection instruments designed and
tested by the researcher for this study. The instrument was designed using the IAEA-HHS4
(2010) minimum prescribed request data as a framework and adding additional form fields
found to be relevant through a review of all identified radiological request template forms in
use at the research site. Data analysis involved central tendency measures and inferential
statistics.
Results: The central tendency demonstrated for the two examinations was that generally
referrers for plain lumbar spine and for plain skull radiology would respectively provide 38.9
+/- 0.6% and 40.2+/-0.5% overall examination request information. This information was
significantly below expectation. There was however no significant difference between the
samples’ means for the two examinations. The tendency demonstrated in patient information
for lumbar spine and skull requests was that generally referrers would respectively provide
48.4 +/- 0.8% and 49.5+/- 0.8% patient information. These values were inclusive of each
other and they were significantly (p=0.00 Sig.) below expectation. There was however no
significant difference between the two examinations’ data. The tendency demonstrated for
examination information was that referrers for the research site would generally provide
29.8+/-0.8% (lumbar) and 32.6+/-0.8% (Skull) examination information. These values were
significantly (p=0.000 Sig.) below expectation and demonstrated a significant difference
between the sample means for the two examinations. With respect to referrer information,
the tendency demonstrated was that generally referrers for plain lumbar spine and for plain
skull examinations would respectively provide 38+/- 1% and 38.5 +/- 0.8% referrer
identification information. These were significantly below expectation (p= 0.000 Sig.) but
there was no significant difference between the samples’ means with respect to referrer
information. With respect to accuracy of request data, it was observed that 5% plain lumbar
spine and 3% plain skull requests were specific in so far as information documented on
request forms could unambiguously identify the area to be imaged. It was also observed that
22.5% (lumbar spine) and 12% (skull) examination requests were indicated and therefore
justified. All requests forms were found to be legible.
Conclusions: Generally, referrers to this research site tend to provide incomplete,
inaccurate and unjustified radiological request data. The observed levels of completeness,
accuracy and justification of requests were generally consistent between the two
examinations relative to expectation. These levels had medico-legal implications and
negative effects on optimisation of radiation protection to patients. Further research to
establish causes of this variance in referral behaviour is recommended. The researcher also
recommends further research to establish whether there is an association between
requested examination and completeness, accuracy and justification of diagnostic radiology
examination requests.
Keywords: Radiation protection, radiological request, complete request, accurate request,
justified request, plain skull imaging, plain lumbar spine imaging.
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Kekana, R. M. "Teaching ethics, human rights and medical law to undergraduate diagnostic radiography students." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 3: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/544.
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Published Article<br>Members of society are fast becoming aware of their rights and many practitioners are at risk of losing their licence to practise due to unethical practices. The growing human rights violations commonly seen in vulnerable groups also pose challenges to healthcare workers, such as diagnostic radiographers, who often find themselves in situations where they have to disobey the laws to uphold ethical standards. This paper is a presentation of how ethics, human rights and medical law has been integrated into the undergraduate diagnostic radiography curriculum, and can be applied to other healthcare professions. To alleviate resistance to human rights teachings, I recommend the use of real life examples that are less sensitive 'politically' but true in order to gain the attention and cooperation of the diverse culture of the students.
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Bernardes, Ricardo Affonso. "Estudo comparativo entre as tomografias computadorizadas 3D, ortopantomográficas e radiografias periapicais no diagnóstico de lesões periapicais, fraturas radiculares e reabsorções dentais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25138/tde-04032008-171432/.
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O pilar do sucesso do tratamento endodôntico é o diagnóstico e, para esse objetivo, a radiografia é um excelente recurso auxiliar, tanto pelo seu custo, como pela facilidade de obtenção. Contudo, ela tem suas limitações, pois trata-se da imagem bidimensional de um objeto tridimensional e daí a dificuldade encontrada no diagnóstico de lesões periapicais, fraturas radiculares e reabsorções dentais. Com o advento e o uso da tomografia computadorizada (TC), a partir de 1972, houve uma melhora na capacidade diagnóstica, com as imagens tridimensionais. Entretanto, a TC helicoidal tem limitações, na Odontologia, pelo seu custo, alta dose de radiação à qual o paciente é submetido pela presença de artefatos metálicos. Com a introdução da tomografia computadorizada na Odontologia, por meio do sistema de aquisição Cone Beam, essas desvantagens foram minimizadas, ocorrendo o aumento da qualidade diagnóstica da imagem tridimensional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade diagnóstica da tomografia computadorizada Cone Beam, utilizando o aparelho Accuitomo 3DX com as radiografias periapicais e ortopantomográficas (panorâmicas), em casos de lesões periapicais, fraturas radiculares e reabsorções dentais. Para isso, foram analisadas imagens obtidas por meio da tomografia e pelas técnicas radiográficas periapical e panorâmica de 150 casos clínicos, por dois examinadores calibrados, usando escores préestabelecidos. Os resultados permitiram afirmar que a técnica da tomografia apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante em relação às demais técnicas, no diagnóstico da extensão e localização de lesões periapicais, fraturas radiculares e reabsorções dentais.<br>Diagnosis is the basis of success of endodontic treatment; radiography is an excellent aid for that purpose, due to both cost and easy achievement. However, it also has limitations, since it is a bidimensional image of a three-dimensional object; this explains the difficulty in the diagnosis of periapical lesions, root fractures and tooth resorptions. The advent and use of computerized tomography (CT) since 1972 improved the diagnostic ability with utilization of three-dimensional images. However, helical CT is limited in Dentistry, due to its cost, high radiation dose and presence of metallic artifacts. These disadvantages were minimized by introduction of the cone beam system in dentistry, which improved the diagnostic quality of three-dimensional images. This study evaluated the diagnostic ability of cone beam computerized tomography using the appliance Accuitomo 3DX, compared to periapical and panoramic radiographs, in cases of periapical lesions, root fractures and tooth resorptions. Images of 150 clinical cases were obtained by tomography and by periapical and panoramic radiographic techniques and evaluated by two calibrated examiners, using pre-established scores. The results revealed that the tomography technique presented statistically significant difference in relation to the other techniques for diagnosis of the extent and location of periapical lesions, root fractures and tooth resorptions.
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Woznitza, Nick. "The diagnostic accuracy of reporting radiographer chest X-ray interpretations and their influence on clinicians' diagnostic decision-making : a comparison with consultant radiologists." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/15847/.
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Background: Diagnostic imaging plays an expanding and central role in patients' medical care. Radiographer clinical reporting is being increasingly used in patient focused services. There is a paucity of research that has examined radiographer chest X-ray reporting. Aim: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of reporting radiographer chest X-ray (CXR) reporting and the influence that CXR reports have on clinicians' diagnostic decision-making. Method: A quasi-experimental study determined the diagnostic accuracy of a cohort of reporting radiographers in CXR interpretation, using a free-response methodology. The influence of CXR reports on clinicians' diagnostic decision-making was determined with a cohort study. A non-inferiority approach was used, in line with Royal College of Radiologists and College of Radiographers guidance that reporting radiographers must be comparable to consultant radiologists. Results: The diagnostic accuracy of reporting radiographers (RR) was non-inferior to consultant radiologists (CR) for all measures, all p < 0.0001; unweighted JAFROC (RR Figure of Merit [FoM]=0.828, 95%CI 0.808-0.847; CR FoM=0.788, 95%CI 0.766-0.811), weighted JAFROC (RR FoM=0.830, 95%CI 0.811-0.849; CR FoM=0.786, 95%CI 0.764-0.808) and inferred ROC (RR Area Under the Curve [AUC]=0.909, 95%CI 0.887-0.931; CR AUC=0.903, 95%CI 0.882-0.924). No difference was found in the number of CXR reports that produced a correct most likely and/or most serious diagnosis (RR 876 of 1337 cases; CR 810 of 1368; p=0.103). Uncorrected most likely diagnostic confidence (RR 72.5 to 80.2; CR 71.0 to 80.4) and uncorrected most serious diagnostic confidence (RR 34.0 to 41.9; CR 33.5 to 39.2) of reporting radiographer CXR reports was non-inferior to consultant radiologists (p < 0.001). Corrected most likely diagnostic confidence, calculated using the Tsushima methodology, was lower (RR 4.61; CR 5.02) with no apparent difference, but noninferiority was not confirmed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: With appropriate postgraduate education, reporting radiographers are able to interpret chest X-rays at a level comparable to consultant radiologists.
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Benzahya, Mohamed. "Analysis of the occurrence of taurodontism in patients attending the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5038.
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Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)<br>Aim: Analysis of the occurrence of taurodont molars among patients attending the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive study comprising 1608 panoramic radiographs of patient records, 815 females and 793 males, ranging in ages from 18 to 68 years old. The panoramic radiographs were evaluated for presence of taurodontism. Gender predilection and location of taurodont molars were analysed using a chi-square test. Results: Taurodontism was found in 52 (3.23%) radiographs distributed according to gender (30 females and 22 males [P > 0.05]). The overall prevalence of taurodont molars was (0.73%) from a total of 17148 molars that were examined. The mandibular molar teeth were more affected than the maxillary molar teeth and the second mandibular tooth was the most affected. Conclusion: Taurodontism was not uncommon in a group of patients that attended the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre, UWC. Further larger scale studies are required to assess its distribution in the general population of South Africa to compare it with other ethnic groups and to establish any associations. However, taurodontism in mandibular teeth is a condition that should be taken into consideration, especially the second mandibular tooth, to avoid complications.
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Piper, K. "Interpretation of clinical imaging examinations by radiographers : a programme of research." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2014. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/13316/.
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Background Studies which have investigated the interpretation of plain skeletal examinations by radiographers have demonstrated encouraging findings, however, the studies have not extended beyond this area of practice and radiographers' diagnostic performance for other more complex investigations has not been established. Comparisons of performance between groups of healthcare practitioners to date, has also been limited. Aim This research programme aimed to investigate the interpretation of clinical imaging examinations by radiographers, and other healthcare practitioners, in the provision of initial interpretations and/or definitive reports of plain imaging ( skeletal and chest) and crosssectional ( magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] – lumbar/thoracic spine, knees and internal auditory meati [IAM]) investigations. Methods The eight studies utilised a variety of methodological approaches and included quasiexperimental and observational studies. One quasi-experimental study compared the performance of radiographers, nurses and junior doctors in initial image interpretation and another similar study included a training intervention; both utilised alternate free-response receiver operating characteristic curve (AFROC) methodology. Three of the observational studies investigated the ability of radiographers to provide definitive reports on a wide range of clinical examinations, including chest and MRI investigations, in a controlled environment. One large multi-centre observational study investigated the performance of radiographers, in clinical practice (A/E: skeletal examinations) during the implementation of a radiographic reporting service. The agreement between consultant radiologists' MRI reports of lumbar/thoracic spine, knee and IAM examinations was investigated in another observational study. The final study compared the reports of trained radiographers and consultant radiologists, with those of an index radiologist, when reporting on MRI examinations of the knee and lumbar spine, as part of a prospective pre-implementation agreement study. Results The first AFROC study demonstrated statistically significant improvements after training, for radiographers (A1=0.55 - 0.72) and nurses (A1=0.65 - 0.63), although the radiographers maintained a better overall performance post training (p=0.004) in providing an initial image interpretation of trauma radiographs of the appendicular skeleton. Radiographers also achieved statistically higher (p<0.01) AUC values (A1=0.75) than nurses (A1=0.58) and junior doctors (A1=0.54) in the second AFROC study. Three studies, which examined 11155 reports, were conducted under controlled conditions in an academic setting and provided evidence of radiographers’ high levels of accuracy in reporting of skeletal A/E (93.9%); skeletal non A/E (92.5%); chest (89.0%); MRI lumbar/thoracic spine (87.2%), knees (86.3%) and IAM (98.4%) examinations. In the multi-centre clinical study, the mean accuracy, sensitivity and specificity rates of the radiographers reports (n=7179) of plain examinations of the skeletal system in the trauma setting was found to be 99%, 98% and 99%, respectively. The considerable range of values for agreement, between consultant radiologists reports of MRI examinations of the thoracic/lumbar spine (k=0 – 0.8), knee (k=0.3 – 0.8) and IAM (k=1.0) was similar to other studies and resulted in a reasonable estimation of the performance, in the UK, of an average non specialist consultant radiologist in MRI reporting. In the final study, radiographers reported in clinical practice conditions, on a prospective random sample of knee and lumbar spine MRI examinations, to a level of agreement comparable with non-musculoskeletal consultant radiologists (Mean difference in observer agreement <1%, p=0.86). Less than 10% of observers' reports (radiographers and consultant radiologists) were found to be sufficiently discordant to be clinically important. Conclusion The outcomes of this research programme demonstrate that radiographers can provide initial interpretations of radiographic examinations of the appendicular skeleton, in the trauma setting, to a higher level of accuracy than A/E practitioners. The findings also provide evidence that selected radiographers with appropriate education and training can provide definitive reports on plain clinical examinations (A/E and non A/E referral sources) of the skeletal system and the chest; and MRI examinations of the knee, lumbar/thoracic spine and IAM to a level of performance comparable to the average non specialist consultant radiologist. Wider implementation of radiographer reporting is therefore indicated and future multi-centre research, including economic evaluations, to further inform practice at a national level, is recommended.
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Tack, Denis. "Réduction de la dose d'irradiation en tomodensitométrie de l'adulte." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211026.
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Le but de notre travail a été d’évaluer l’effet de la réduction de la dose d’irradiation en TDM multibarrette quant à la performance diagnostique, la confiance de l’observateur dans le diagnostic proposé, la capacité à suggérer un diagnostic alternatif dans quelques pathologies courantes et/ou caractérisées par des situations de faibles contrastes entre les structures anatomiques normales ou pathologiques. Nous avons donc comparé ces paramètres entre des TDM à doses réduites et à doses standard telles que couramment rapportées dans la littérature dans les circonstances suivantes :<p><p>•\<br>Doctorat en sciences médicales<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Houam, Lotfi. "Contribution à l'analyse de textures de radiographies osseuses pour le diagnostic précoce de l'ostéoporose." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022935.
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L'ostéoporose est une maladie osseuse caractérisée par une perte importante de la masse osseuse et des altérations de la microarchitecture du tissu osseux. Aujourd'hui, en routine clinique, le diagnostic de l'ostéoporose est basé principalement sur une mesure de la densité minérale osseuse qui n'est pas suffisante, car elle doit être accompagnée par une analyse de la qualité de la microarchitecture osseuse. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent la caractérisation des images de radiographies osseuses pour le diagnostic précoce de l'ostéoporose. Pour ce faire, afin de mieux caractériser la texture osseuse sur radiographie, nous avons introduit une nouvelle technique de prétraitement des données pour réduire les redondances et éliminer le bruit issu des capteurs d'acquisition. Pour la caractérisation, nous avons proposé une nouvelle technique d'analyse inspirée des motifs binaires locaux (Local Binary Patterns, LBP). Le nouveau descripteur, appelé 1DLBP (One Dimensional Local Binary Patterns) s'applique de manière unidimensionnelle. Pour tester l'efficacité de notre approche, nous avons réalisé deux études cliniques où le nouveau descripteur LBP1D est comparé à la méthode classique, LBP afin de classifier des patients ostéoporotiques et des sujets sains. Les pourcentages de classification obtenus ont été améliorés de 72% avec la méthode classique LBP à 91% avec le nouveau descripteur 1DLBP.