Relevant bibliographies by topics / Radiographic evaluation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Radiographic evaluation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Radiographic evaluation"

1

Shrestha, S., S. Maharhan, U. Khanal, and M. Humagain. "Evaluation of image quality in cervical spine lateral radiographs." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 6, no. 1 (2017): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v6i1.16652.

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In diagnostic radiography, cervical lateral spine x-ray is common radiographic examination among imaging of cervical spine. Thus, it is important to show entire anatomical structure, adequate penetration, soft tissue of neck and bony detail. This study attempts to quantify the quality of cervical spine radiographs by evaluating the quality of depiction of the anatomical and physical details. In this cross-sectional study, about 188 cases of cervical spine lateral radiographs were collected for study over the three months of period. Nine image criteria i.e. anatomical coverage, soft tissue visualization, C7/T1 junction, sharp bony detail, proper chin raise, artifact, density, patient rotation and collimation were followed and tabulated. Obtained data were analyzed using in SPSS v.20 software and shown in frequency, percentages, bar diagrams and graphs. Among 188 patients, about 23.4% cervical radiographs met all image criteria but remaining 76.6% did not meet these criteria due to no anatomical coverage (33.5%), no proper chin raise (46.3%), artifact (13.3%), patient rotation (50%) and no collimation (33.5%). It is difficult to perform good quality cervical radiograph according to European guidelines14. To a great extent the quality of cervical radiographs depends upon skill of radiographer, equipment condition (x-ray machine, CR reader) and co-operation of patients. This is always a challenge for radiographer and technologist.
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Akbar, Z., O. A. Al-Juhaishi, T. A. O. Olusa, and H. M. S. Davies. "Radiographic method for evaluation of tarsus morphometry." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 5 (2019): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190016.

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The equine tarsus is the most common area of the hind limb associated with lameness. Tarsal function is probably directly related to its conformation. Previous conformational measurement methods and radiological data are either limited or too specific to explain the complex tarsus conformation in different loading conditions. This study aimed to develop a consistent method to evaluate equine tarsal conformation from lateromedial radiographs. Twenty cadaveric hind limbs from 15 adult horses of different breeds were cut at the distal one third of the tibia. Hind limbs mounted in a loading rig and positioned with the metatarsus vertical were digitally radiographed. The zero-degree lateromedial (ZLM) was defined by vertical and horizontal landmarks including overlapping of the lateral and medial trochlea of the talus and a contact point between the dorsal edges of lateral and medial borders of the distal central tarsal bone. Radiographs missing these features were retaken to achieve consistent ZLM views. Specific radiographic features were selected as landmarks to develop tarsal parameters based on their clarity and their being consistently identifiable. The intra-rater repeatability of ten measurable morphometric parameters was evaluated with each radiograph measured twice with an interval of at least one month and Bland-Altman plots developed from this data. Repeat measurements did not differ significantly (Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged from 0.731-0.966). This study provides a base for evaluation of the tarsal conformation by radiography.
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Orgill, Richard D., Thomas R. Pasic, Walter W. Peppler, and Mark D. Hoffman. "Radiographic Evaluation of Aspirated Metallic Foil Foreign Bodies." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 114, no. 6 (2005): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940511400601.

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Objectives: Aspirated objects generally represent items accessible to children. When metallic candy wrapper aspiration is questioned, radiographic studies may aid diagnosis. An infant with repeated chest radiographs negative for a metallic foreign body was found to have a multi-layer metallic candy wrapper in the left main bronchus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether conventional and dual-energy radiographic techniques exclude the presence of aspirated metallic foil wrappers. Methods: Single-layer and multi-layer metallic candy wrappers were radiographically studied with conventional and dual-energy radiographic techniques in 3 tissue models. Results: No single-layer metallic samples were detectable with conventional or dual-energy radiography. The multi-layer samples were not detectable at less than 8 layers (pulmonary tissue model) or 16 layers (mediastinal model) by either conventional or dual-energy radiography. Conclusions: Conventional and dual-energy chest radiographic techniques do not reliably exclude the presence of aspirated metallic foil wrappers.
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Joshi, BR, and D. Bhusal. "Evaluation of image quality of pelvis antero-posterior view radiographs." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 39, no. 2 (2017): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.811.

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Introduction: Pelvic radiography is a common radiographic examination. Thus it is important to depict entire anatomical structure with an acceptable image quality. This study was done for quantitative evaluation of pelvis radiographs by depiction of the anatomical and physical details. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, about 11.5 pelvis radiographs were selected over two months period. Eight image quality criteria i.e. anatomical coverage, sharp bony detail, rotation, collimation, artifact, beam centering, SI joint visibility and gonad protection were included. Results: Out of the 115 radiographs, only about 13 fulfilled all the image quality criteria, the rest 87 lacked either one or more of the criteria. Conclusions: To a great extent the quality of the pelvic radiographs depends on the skill of radiographer, equipment condition Ex-ray machine CR reader) and also co-operation of patients.
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Prastanti, Agustina Dwi, Darmini Darmini, Siti Daryati, Gatot Murti Wibowo, and Kesita Grace Natalia Suan. "Rancang Bangun Alat Pelapis Kaset Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Infeksi pada Pemeriksaan Radiografi." Jurnal Imejing Diagnostik (JImeD) 1, no. 1 (2025): 56–61. https://doi.org/10.31983/jimed.v1i1.12567.

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Background: Infection control in radiography is carried out by wrapping tapes and radiograph equipment using polyethylene plastic bags. Existing conditions in the hospital require at least 1 to 2 layers of plastic for each radiography in patients with a history of infectious diseases. The use of plastic causes the amount of infectious plastic waste to be increased. Therefore, an alternative is needed to use acrylic mica material that can be used repeatedly and is environmentally friendly as a replacement for plastic bags.Methods: This research design is a Research and Development (RnD) study with the ADDIE model which is carried out with five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The data collection method is carried out by observation, testing the function of the tool, and then the data is processed and analyzed by criticizing the results of radiographic image quality using ImageJ software.Results: Four sizes of precision radiographic cassette coating have been produced with four radiographic cassette sizes. The average decrease in the mean number is 1.07%.Conclusion: The radiograph quality from using acrylic mica cassette coatings in radiograph examinations can still produce good quality radiographs based on the results of histogram graph analysis which produces graphs that have a similar shape between those without using cassette coatings and those with cassette coatings.
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Aktuna Belgin, Ceren, and Gözde Serindere. "Evaluation of error types and quality on panoramic radiography." International Dental Research 9, no. 3 (2019): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2019.vol9.no3.2.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of panoramic radiographic errors and to evaluate the correlation between age and panoramic radiographic error types. 
 Methodology: A total of 500 panoramic radiographs (259 male, 241 female) which have been taken for various reasons were randomly selected from the archive of our dentomaxillofacial radiology department. Patients were divided into six age groups and by sex. The assessed errors included the tongue not in contact with palate, slumped position, patients not biting on bite block, patient movement, the chin tipped high, the chin tipped low, the patient positioned forward, the patient positioned backward, patient’ head turned to one side, foreign bodies in the image, exposure errors, positioning error of the lips and missing image. Each radiograph was quality rated as excellent, diagnostically acceptable or unacceptable.
 Results: One or more errors were detected in 317 (63.4%) of the 500 panoramic radiographs, while no error was found in 183 (%36.6). It was observed that the most common error type was the slumped position (13.2%). Quality of the panoramic radiographs was evaluated according to the criteria, only 15% images were classified as “excellent”, 48.2% was as “inadequate for diagnosis” and 36.8% was as “adequate for diagnosis”. It was recorded that “slumped position” and “patient movement” errors were statistically significant in >56 years (p <0.05).
 Conclusion: Patients can be protected from unnecessary radiation reception by investigating the causes of panoramic radiographic errors and training of technicians in this direction.
 
 How to cite this article: Aktuna Belgin C, Serindere G. Evaluation of error types and quality on panoramic radiography. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):99-104.
 
 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
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Siela, Debra. "Chest Radiograph Evaluation and Interpretation." AACN Advanced Critical Care 19, no. 4 (2008): 444–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-2008-4010.

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Chest imaging is an important tool in managing critically ill patients. Basic chest radiology is still used to quickly detect abnormalities in the chest. Critical care nurses are often the ones who first read the radiologist’s report of chest radiograph results and provide their interpretation to a physician. Oftentimes, chest radiographs are obtained routinely on a daily basis for every critical care patient, with the goal of effective clinical management. Critical care nurses can confirm cardiopulmonary assessment findings by also evaluating their patient’s chest radiographs and reviewing the radiologist’s report. By learning some basic skills in interpreting and evaluating chest radiographs, nurses can recognize and localize gross pathologic changes visible on a chest radiograph. This article provides basic chest radiograph interpretation information that allows readers to review relevant anatomy and physiology, summarize normal and abnormal findings on chest radiographs, and describe radiographic findings in common pulmonary and cardiac disorders.
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Yasa, Yasin, Dilek Çoban, Furkan Özbey, et al. "Evaluation of Common Diagnostic Errors in Panoramic Radiographs and Interobserver Agreement in Error Identification." Medical Records 7, no. 1 (2024): 114–19. https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.1562670.

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Aim: Panoramic radiography is frequently used in dental practice as an imaging technique that provides an extensive view of facial anatomical structures. Achieving high-quality radiographic images requires precise positioning and technique. This study aims to evaluate the quality of panoramic radiographs, to identify common errors that compromise diagnostic adequacy, and to analyze interobserver agreement levels concerning these errors. Material and Method: A study analyzed 947 panoramic radiographs from the archive of Ordu University based on nine specific error criteria. Four research assistants evaluated the diagnostic quality of each image, classifying them as “excellent,” “diagnostically acceptable,” or “unacceptable.” Inter-observer agreement was measured with kappa statistics, and overall agreement was evaluated using the Fleiss κ test. Results: The rate of incorrect radiographs was 66.1% to 78.8%, with the most common error criterion differing for each observer. The least common error was the chin tipped too low for observers 1 and 2, and the patient positioned forward for observers 3 and 4. The highest inter-observer agreement was observed regarding the presence of foreign objects on the radiographs, while the lowest agreement occurred in cases where the patient was positioned too far back. Overall, the diagnostic quality of the panoramic radiographs was rated as “acceptable,” with scores ranging from 60.5% to 69.5%. The Fleiss Kappa analysis indicated fair agreement among the four observers in assessing radiographic quality (k=0.252). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that errors in panoramic radiography significantly impact image quality and diagnostic accuracy, highlighting the need for standardization, the use of various imaging models, and enhanced training in radiographic education.
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Younger, Alastair S., Bonita Sawatzky, and Peter Dryden. "Radiographic Assessment of Adult Flatfoot." Foot & Ankle International 26, no. 10 (2005): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070502601006.

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Background: The accurate measurement of flatfoot on standing radiographs allows correct diagnosis of the condition and evaluation of reconstructive procedures. Method: The standing radiographic measurements of patients with symptomatic, adult flatfoot were compared to controls using blinded observers. Results: On the lateral radiograph, the talar-to-first metatarsal angle, the calcaneal pitch angle, and the medial cuneiform-fifth metatarsal height differed significantly between the patient group and the controls. The difference in the talar-to-first metatarsal angles on lateral radiographs was the most statistically significant (patient group 21.1 ±10.8 degrees and control 7.1 ± 10.7 degrees, p < 0.0001) with good correlation between readings (intraobserver 0.75, interobserver 0.83). On the anteroposterior (AP) radiograph, the talar head uncoverage distance was the most significantly different measurement between these groups. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that the talar-first metatarsal angle is an accurate radiographic identifier of patients with symptomatic, adult flatfoot.
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Titiz, Serap, and Şehrazat Evirgen. "The evaluation of panoramic, periapical, and cephalometric radiographic errors in dentistry." International Dental Research 11, no. 3 (2021): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.no3.8.

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Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of working days and hours on panoramic and periapical radiographic errors and investigate the association between patient-induced cephalometric radiographic errors and skeletal malocclusions.
 Methodology: Obtained from archives of Manisa Dental Health Center, 1402 periapical, 1329 panoramic, and 309 cephalometric radiographs were investigated retrospectively between January-June 2018, and the radiographic errors were determined. Periapical, panoramic, and total errors were grouped according to the number of radiographs, day intensity, and acquisition date and time for each day. Cephalometric radiographs were not included to determine the effects of working hours and days on radiographic errors since the radiographs were taken over the weekend. Patient-induced cephalometric radiographic errors were investigated under the classification of skeletal malocclusions. The independent sample t-test was used to investigate the average range difference between two independent groups for normally distributed variables. However, in situations where the assumption of normality was not met, the Mann-Whitney U test was performed.
 Results: Total errors were mostly detected on Tuesday (p=0.035). Errors of panoramic and periapical radiographs acquired in the afternoon were higher than those of the radiographs acquired before noon only on Monday (p=0.024, p=0.035). The most common errors observed in periapical radiographs were the positioning errors (23.9%) and cone cut (17.3%), respectively. The most common errors observed in panoramic radiographs were chin tipped high (17.00%), and head turned to one side (9.9%), respectively. Among Class I, II, and III malocclusions, open lips were observed as the most frequent cephalometric radiographic errors (28.6, 15.4, and 16.1%, respectively).
 Conclusion: The percentage of radiographic errors increases with the intense workload. An anatomical structure may lead to patient-induced cephalometric radiographic errors.
 
 How to cite this article: Titiz S, Evirgen Ş. The evaluation of panoramic, periapical, and cephalometric radiographic errors in dentistry. Int Dent Res 2021;11(3):185-94. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.no3.8
 
 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Radiographic evaluation"

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Davidson, Robert Andrew. "Radiographic contrast-enhancement masks in digital radiography." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1932.

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Radiographic film/screen (F/S) images have a narrow latitude or dynamic range. The film’s ability to record and view all the anatomy within the x-ray field is limited by this narrow dynamic range. The advent of digital radiographic means of storing and displaying radiographic images has improved the ability to record and visualise all of the anatomy. The problem still exists in digital radiography (DR) when radiographic examinations of certain anatomical regions are undertaken. In this work, the value of anatomically shaped radiographic contrast-enhancement masks (RCMs) in improving image contrast and reducing the dynamic range of images in DR was examined. Radiographic contrast-enhancement masks are digital masks that alter the radiographic contrast in DR images. The shape of these masks can be altered by the user. Anatomically shaped RCMs have been modelled on tissue compensation filters (TCFs) commonly used in F/S radiographic examinations. The prime purpose of a TCF is to reduce the dynamic range of photons reaching the image receptor and hence improve radiographic contrast in the resultant image. RCMs affect the dynamic range of the image rather than the energy source of the image, that of the x-ray photons. The research consisted of three distinct phases. The first phase was to examine physical TCFs and their effects on F/S radiographic images. Physical TCFs are used in radiographic F/S examinations to attenuate the x-ray beam to compensate for varying patient tissue thicknesses and/or densities. The effect of the TCF is to reduce resultant radiographic optical density variations in the image, allowing the viewer to observe a range of densities within the image which would otherwise not be visualised. Physical TCFs are commonly aluminium- or lead-based materials that attenuate the x-ray beam. A TCF has varying physical thickness to differentially attenuate the iii beam and is shaped for specific anatomical situations. During this project, various commonly used physical TCFs were examined. Measurements of size and thickness were made. Characteristics of linear attenuation coefficients and half-value thicknesses were delineated for various TCF materials and at various energies. The second phase of the research was to model the physical TCFs in a digital environment and apply the RCMs to DR images. The digital RCMs were created with similar characteristics to mimic the shapes to the physical TCFs. The RCM characteristics can be adjusted by the viewer of the image to suit the anatomy being imaged. Anatomically shaped RCMs were designed to assist in overcoming a limitation when viewing digital radiographic images, that of the dynamic range of the image. Anatomically shaped RCMs differ from other means of controlling the dynamic range of a digital radiographic image. It has been shown that RCMs can reduce the range of optical densities within images with a large dynamic range, to facilitate visualisation of all anatomy within the image. Physical TCFs are used within a specific range of radiographic F/S examinations. Digital radiographic images from this range of examinations were collected from various clinical radiological centres. Anatomically shaped RCMs were applied to the images to improve radiographic contrast of the images. The third phase of the research was to ascertain the benefits of the use of RCMs. Various other methods are currently in use to reduce the dynamic range of digital radiographic images. It is generally accepted that these methods also introduce noise into the image and hence reduce image quality. Quantitative comparisons of noise within the image were undertaken. The anatomically shaped RCMs introduced less noise than current methods designed to reduce the dynamic range of digital radiographic images. It was shown that RCM methods do not affect image quality. Radiographers make subjective assessment of digital radiographic image quality as part of their professional practice. To assess the subjective quality of images enhanced with anatomically shaped RCMs, a survey of radiographers and other iv qualified people was undertaken to ascertain any improvement in RCM-modified images compared to the original images. Participants were provided with eight pairs of image to compare. Questions were asked in the survey as to which image had the better range of optical densities; in which image the anatomy was easiest to visualise; which image had the simplest contrast and density manipulation for optimal visualisation; and which image had the overall highest image quality. Responses from 123 participants were received and analysed. The statistical analysis showed a higher preference by radiographers for the digital radiographic images in which the RCMs had been applied. Comparisons were made between anatomical regions and between patient-related factors of size, age and whether pathology was present in the image or not. The conclusion was drawn that digital RCMs correctly applied to digital radiographic images decrease the dynamic range of the image, allowing the entire anatomy to be visualised in one image. Radiographic contrast in the image can be maximised whilst maintaining image quality. Using RCMs in some digital radiographic examinations, radiographers will be able to present optimised images to referring clinicians. It is envisaged that correctly applied RCMs in certain radiographic examinations will enhance radiographic image quality and possibly lead to improved diagnosis from these images.
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Davidson, Robert Andrew. "Radiographic contrast-enhancement masks in digital radiography." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1932.

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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Radiographic film/screen (F/S) images have a narrow latitude or dynamic range. The film’s ability to record and view all the anatomy within the x-ray field is limited by this narrow dynamic range. The advent of digital radiographic means of storing and displaying radiographic images has improved the ability to record and visualise all of the anatomy. The problem still exists in digital radiography (DR) when radiographic examinations of certain anatomical regions are undertaken. In this work, the value of anatomically shaped radiographic contrast-enhancement masks (RCMs) in improving image contrast and reducing the dynamic range of images in DR was examined. Radiographic contrast-enhancement masks are digital masks that alter the radiographic contrast in DR images. The shape of these masks can be altered by the user. Anatomically shaped RCMs have been modelled on tissue compensation filters (TCFs) commonly used in F/S radiographic examinations. The prime purpose of a TCF is to reduce the dynamic range of photons reaching the image receptor and hence improve radiographic contrast in the resultant image. RCMs affect the dynamic range of the image rather than the energy source of the image, that of the x-ray photons. The research consisted of three distinct phases. The first phase was to examine physical TCFs and their effects on F/S radiographic images. Physical TCFs are used in radiographic F/S examinations to attenuate the x-ray beam to compensate for varying patient tissue thicknesses and/or densities. The effect of the TCF is to reduce resultant radiographic optical density variations in the image, allowing the viewer to observe a range of densities within the image which would otherwise not be visualised. Physical TCFs are commonly aluminium- or lead-based materials that attenuate the x-ray beam. A TCF has varying physical thickness to differentially attenuate the iii beam and is shaped for specific anatomical situations. During this project, various commonly used physical TCFs were examined. Measurements of size and thickness were made. Characteristics of linear attenuation coefficients and half-value thicknesses were delineated for various TCF materials and at various energies. The second phase of the research was to model the physical TCFs in a digital environment and apply the RCMs to DR images. The digital RCMs were created with similar characteristics to mimic the shapes to the physical TCFs. The RCM characteristics can be adjusted by the viewer of the image to suit the anatomy being imaged. Anatomically shaped RCMs were designed to assist in overcoming a limitation when viewing digital radiographic images, that of the dynamic range of the image. Anatomically shaped RCMs differ from other means of controlling the dynamic range of a digital radiographic image. It has been shown that RCMs can reduce the range of optical densities within images with a large dynamic range, to facilitate visualisation of all anatomy within the image. Physical TCFs are used within a specific range of radiographic F/S examinations. Digital radiographic images from this range of examinations were collected from various clinical radiological centres. Anatomically shaped RCMs were applied to the images to improve radiographic contrast of the images. The third phase of the research was to ascertain the benefits of the use of RCMs. Various other methods are currently in use to reduce the dynamic range of digital radiographic images. It is generally accepted that these methods also introduce noise into the image and hence reduce image quality. Quantitative comparisons of noise within the image were undertaken. The anatomically shaped RCMs introduced less noise than current methods designed to reduce the dynamic range of digital radiographic images. It was shown that RCM methods do not affect image quality. Radiographers make subjective assessment of digital radiographic image quality as part of their professional practice. To assess the subjective quality of images enhanced with anatomically shaped RCMs, a survey of radiographers and other iv qualified people was undertaken to ascertain any improvement in RCM-modified images compared to the original images. Participants were provided with eight pairs of image to compare. Questions were asked in the survey as to which image had the better range of optical densities; in which image the anatomy was easiest to visualise; which image had the simplest contrast and density manipulation for optimal visualisation; and which image had the overall highest image quality. Responses from 123 participants were received and analysed. The statistical analysis showed a higher preference by radiographers for the digital radiographic images in which the RCMs had been applied. Comparisons were made between anatomical regions and between patient-related factors of size, age and whether pathology was present in the image or not. The conclusion was drawn that digital RCMs correctly applied to digital radiographic images decrease the dynamic range of the image, allowing the entire anatomy to be visualised in one image. Radiographic contrast in the image can be maximised whilst maintaining image quality. Using RCMs in some digital radiographic examinations, radiographers will be able to present optimised images to referring clinicians. It is envisaged that correctly applied RCMs in certain radiographic examinations will enhance radiographic image quality and possibly lead to improved diagnosis from these images.
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Polinsky, Adam S. "Evaluation and Comparison of Periapical Healing Using Periapical Films and Cone Beam Computed Tomography: Post-Treatment Follow Up." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5767.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the radiographic changes in periapical status and analysis of healing determined using periapical radiographs (PA) versus cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) pre-operatively and at 3-64 months following endodontic treatment. Methods: Pre/post treatment radiograph and CBCT scans of patients who had NSRCT, NSReTx, or SRCT from July 2011-December 2018 at VCU Graduate Endodontic clinic were included in this study. Volumetric and linear measurements of periapical lesions on initial and recall PA and CBCT images were performed using three calibrated examiners. Changes and differences in the estimated area from PA to CBCT were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. McNemar’s chi-squared test was used to determine agreement in the proportion of lesions that were absent (0x0) between the PA and corresponding view of CBCT. This data was used to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predicative value (NPV). Results: A total of 51 patients with a median healing time of 13 months were included in the analysis. Significant healing was observed on both PA and CBCT images (p-value Conclusion: Assessment using CBCT revealed a lower healing rate for all treatment categories compared with periapical radiographs. CBCT was more likely to detect the presence of a PARL, whereas a periapical radiograph would be less sensitive to detection of a PARL. Significant healing cannot be detected at an earlier point in time with PA radiographs or CBCT.
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Almeida, Raquel Lopes da Costa Ferreira de. "Canine hip dysplasia: radiographic evaluation of german shepherds." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/30759.

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Canine hip dysplasia is a common orthopedic disorder that affects dogs of all ages and breeds. The exact cause and hereditability of this condition remain unclear. However, good progress has been made in recent years. It is described as a polygenic multifactorial condition. Different treatments are available, whether a surgical or conservative approach is pursued. This dissertation includes a literature review considering the topic of canine hip dysplasia and a preliminary, exploratory study that has the objective of evaluating different radiographic measurements and investigating their correlations and their possible value to help diagnose and differentiate German Shepherds with or without hip dysplasia. For this purpose, acetabular measurements were made in radiographs obtained in the standard hip-extended ventrodorsal view. The results suggest statistically relevant differences between dysplastic and nondysplastic and also between male and female dogs. However, further investigation on these measurements and their utility is warranted; RESUMO: DISPLASIA DE ANCA EM CÃES: AVALIAÇÃO RADIOGRÁFICA DE PASTORES ALEMÃES EM PORTUGAL Displasia de anca em cães é um problema ortopédico comum que afeta cães de todas as idades e raças. As causas e heritabilidade exata desta condição continuam obscura. Apesar de se ter registado um bom progresso ultimamente. É descrita como uma doença poligénica e multifatorial. Diferentes tratamentos médicos e cirúrgicos estão disponíveis. Esta dissertação inclui uma revisão bibliográfica sobre displasia de anca em cães e um estudo preliminar e exploratório que tem como objetivo avaliar diferentes medidas radiográficas e investigar as suas correlações e o seu potencial valor para ajudar no diagnóstico e diferenciação de Pastores Alemães com ou sem displasia. Assim, foram realizadas diferentes medidas acetabulares foram realizadas em radiografias obtidas na vista ventrodorsal com os membros em extensão máxima. Os resultados sugerem diferenças estatisticamente relevantes entre cães com e sem displasia e entre machos e fêmeas. Contudo, mais estudos sobre estas medidas e a sua utilidade são necessários.
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Ho, Danny. "CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF NOBELACTIVETM DENTAL IMPLANTS." Thesis, Faculty of Dentistry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7076.

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Månsson, Lars Gunnar. "Evaluation of radiographic procedures investigations related to chest imaging /." Göteborg, Sweden : Dept. of Radiation Physics, Göteborg University, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35482139.html.

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Colorado, Claudia. "Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of MTA Pulpotomies: A Retrospective Study." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3438.

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Vital pulp therapy is the group of procedures indicated to maintain pulp vitality allowing for continued root development and apical closure in the presence of pulp exposure due to caries or trauma. Complete maturation results in stronger tooth structure that is more able to withstand occlusal forces. Historically, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) was the material of choice for a vital pulpotomy. Recently mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been used as a pulp sealing material because of its biocompatibility and its ability to induce hard tissue barrier formation. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of vital pulp therapy procedures performed with MTA. All patients receiving MTA pulpotomies and MTA pulp caps at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry Graduate Endodontic Practice between November 30, 2009 and August 15, 2013 were recalled and evaluated for presence or absence of clinical symptoms, pulp vitality, radiographic evaluation of continued root development, dentin bridge formation or pulp canal obliteration. Results were analyzed descriptively. At time of treatment caries was found to be the most common etiologic factor. Fifty-seven percent of cases were symptomatic at time of treatment (43% asymptomatic). Forty-seven percent of the teeth presented with immature apices (53% with radiographically closed apices). Overall recall rate was 50%. At recall all teeth were clinically asymptomatic. Forty seven percent of teeth tested normally to cold (33% were non-responsive to cold) at recall. Pulp canal obliteration was seen in 6 cases, 4 molars and 2 anterior teeth. In conclusion, MTA pulpotomy and MTA direct pulp caps are a predictable treatment modality for young vital permanent teeth affected by caries or trauma.
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Saunders, Andrea J. "An evaluation of radiographic screening for tuberculosis in immigrants to Canada /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79120.

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Introduction. Foreign-born persons applying for permanent residence in Canada must undergo radiographic screening for tuberculosis (TB). As a screening tool for TB, however, the chest x-ray has a number of limitations.<br>Objectives. To evaluate the reliability of chest radiographic screening as well as its ability to detect prevalent active TB and predict future incident disease in immigrants to Canada.<br>Methods. Immigration screening x-rays were categorized by 12 physicians experienced in TB; observer agreement was calculated using the kappa coefficient. The prevalence and incidence of active TB diagnosed among applications screened at the Montreal Chest Institute between 1995 and 1998 was measured.<br>Results. Intra- and inter-observer agreement was fair to moderate. Among 36,433 applicants screened, 53 prevalent cases were detected (0.145%) and 19 incident cases were reported post-screening (25.7 per 100,000 person-years).<br>Conclusion. Radiographic screening successfully detects immigrants with active TB but is limited in preventing future incident cases. Observer agreement needs to be improved.
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Barallat, Sendagorta Lucía. "Histologic and radiographic evaluation of different bone grafts in ridge preservation procedures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392633.

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The main goal of this PhD project was to better understand how different types of bone grafts behave in ridge preservation procedures. There is clear evidence that, after tooth removal, a healing process takes place in which the blood clot that fills the socket is gradually substituted with new bone. This process is accompanied by a reduction in height and width of the alveolar ridge. These events may result in limited bone availability, which may compromise an adequate implant placement in order to replace the missing teeth. For this reason, the insertion of different graft materials into the extraction socket has been reported. From the available evidence, it may be concluded that ridge preservation procedures do not completely prevent, but minimize loss of horizontal and vertical ridge alterations. From an histological point of view, several studies have analyzed the histological composition of previously preserved areas in order to determine the amount of vital bone formed. Since the additional benefits of different graft materials in terms of newly formed bone compared to natural healing of the extraction socket was still unknown, we conducted a systematic review in order to answer this question. Calcium sulfate, magnesium enriched hydroxyapatite (MHA) and porcine-derived bone grafts resulted in a significant greater amount of newly formed bone than natural healing sites. Studies evaluating allografts, autologous bone and bioactive glass showed no statistical significant differences between treatment groups. Due to the great variability of the included studies, no firm conclusions could be drawn. Demineralized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and demineralized bone bovine mineral embedded in 10% collagen matrix (DBBM-C) have been widely used in regenerative therapies and particularly in ridge preservation procedures. However, the possible differences between both grafting materials had not previously been analysed. Therefore, a double blind randomized clinical trial comparing DBBM and DBBM-C in ridge preservation procedures was conducted. A reduction in height and width was observed 5 months after tooth extraction in sites preserved either with DBBM or DBBM-C, but no significant differences were encountered between treatment groups. On the other hand, the histomorphometric analysis resulted in a similar composition in terms of new bone formation, non-mineralized connective tissue and residual graft particles in both treatment groups. From the above mentioned research projects it may be concluded that there is no consensus on which graft material offers the best outcomes from an histological point of view. More specifically, the results of the randomized clinical trial suggest that there are no statistically significant differences between DBBM and DBBM-C neither in height and width reduction of the alveolar ridge nor in their histological composition after a healing period of 5 months.<br>El objetivo final de este proyecto de tesis doctoral era conocer mejor el comportamiento de distintos materiales de injerto en la técnica de preservación alveolar. Hay evidencia de que, después de la extracción dental, comienza un proceso de cicatrización durante el cual el coágulo sanguíneo es progresivamente reemplazado por hueso nuevo. Además, se produce una reducción en altura y anchura de la cresta alveolar, que puede a su vez dar lugar a una disponibilidad ósea limitada pudiendo comprometer la posterior colocación de implantes. Por este motivo, se ha propuesto la introducción de distintos materiales de injerto en el alveolo postextracción. La literatura científica sugiere que los procedimientos de preservación alveolar minimizan estas alteraciones dimensionales de la cresta en sentido horizontal y vertical . Desde un punto de vista histológico, múltiples estudios han evaluado la composición histológica de áreas donde previamente se había realizado una preservación alveolar para determinar la cantidad y calidad del hueso nuevo formado. Como el beneficio adicional a nivel histológico de la preservación alveolar con distintos materiales de injerto respecto a la cicatrización natural del alveolo postextracción no se conocía, realizamos una revisión sistemática para responder esta cuestión. El sulfato de calcio, la hidroxiapatita enriquecida con magnesio (MHA) y los xenoinjertos de origen porcino resultaron en un porcentaje de hueso nuevo formado significativamente mayor que las áreas control. Otros estudios que utilizaron autoinjertos, aloinjertos o biovidrios no observaron diferencias significativas entre grupos. Sin embargo, debido a la gran variabilidad de los estudios incluídos, no se pudieron sacar conclusiones definitivas. El injerto bovino desproteneizado (DBBM) y el injerto bovino desproteneizado en una matriz de colágeno (DBBM-C) han sido ampliamente utilizados en terapias regenerativas y, particularmente, en preservación alveolar aunque aún no se han analizado las posibles diferencias entre ambos materiales. Por eso se realizó un ensayo clínico randomizado a doble ciego comparando DBBM y DBBM-C en preservación alveolar. Cinco meses después de la extracción, se observó una reducción en anchura y altura de la cresta alveolar en ambos grupos de tratamiento, pero no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos. Por otro lado, el análisis histomorfométrico demostró una composición histológica similar en áreas tratadas con DBBM y áreas tratadas con DBBM-C. De los estudios mencionados previamente, se puede concluir que no hay un consenso sobre qué material de injerto ofrece los mejores resultados en cuanto a composición histológica. Particularmente, los resultados del ensayo clínico randomizado sugieren que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre DBBM y DBBM-C en cuanto a cambios dimensionales ni en cuanto a composición histológica 5 meses después de realizar la preservación alveolar.
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Uhlhorn, Henrik. "Third carpal bone sclerosis : radiographic evaluation and clinical implications in standardbred trotters /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5948-6.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Radiographic evaluation"

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Unett, Elizabeth M., and Amanda J. Royle. Radiographic Techniques and Image Evaluation. Edited by Jo Campling. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2997-6.

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Wasti, Faranza. Radiographic evaluation of root canal systems. University of Manchester, 1994.

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Kengyelics, S. M. Technical evaluation of FUJI ST-VA computed radiography image plates under standard radiographic conditions. Edited by Cowen A. R, Medical Devices Agency, and Facility for the Assessment of X-ray Imaging at Leeds University. Department of Health, Medical Devices Agency, 1997.

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Kengyelics, S. M. Technical evaluation of the Philips AC3 computed radiography system under high - kVp thorax radiographic conditions. Department of Health, Medical Devices Agency, 1996.

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Generazio, Edward R. Ultrasonic and radiographic evaluation of advanced aerospace material: Ceramic composites. NASA, 1990.

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Generazio, Edward R. Ultrasonic and radiographic evaluation of advanced aerospace material: Ceramic composites. NASA, 1990.

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E, Wood Robert. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the oral manifestations of systemic sclerosis. [Faculty of Dentistry], University of Toronto, 1986.

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Rajendra, Acharya U., ed. Performance evaluation of breast cancer: Screening, diagnosis, and treatment. American Scientific Publishers, 2010.

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Friedland, Bernard. The radiographic evaluation of a porous-surfaced titanium alloy dental implant system in beagle dogs. Faculty of Dentistry], University of Toronto, 1985.

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W, Goldman Lee, Yester Michael V, and American Association of Physicists in Medicine., eds. Specifications, performance evaluation, and quality assurance of radiographic and fluoroscopic systems in the digital era. Published for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine by Medical Physics Publishing, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Radiographic evaluation"

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Baker, Mark E., and David M. Einstein. "Radiographic Evaluation." In Operative Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1396-3_6.

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Strobel, Michael, and Hans-Werner Stedtfeld. "Radiographic Examination." In Diagnostic Evaluation of the Knee. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74397-9_6.

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Halmshaw, R. "Radiographic techniques: principles." In Non-Destructive Evaluation Series. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0551-4_7.

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Halmshaw, R. "Radiographic techniques: sensitivity." In Non-Destructive Evaluation Series. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0551-4_8.

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Yao, Ziming, and Yan Wang. "Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation." In Surgical Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis Deformity. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6427-3_4.

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Diebo, Bassel, Shian Liu, Frank Schwab, and Virginie Lafage. "Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation." In Spinal Osteotomy. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8038-4_2.

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Feneis, Jennifer, Seth Kligerman, and Elizabeth Weihe. "Radiographic Evaluation of Immunotherapy." In Early Phase Cancer Immunotherapy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63757-0_4.

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Tillack, Gerd-Rüdiger. "Simulation of Radiographic Techniques." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4791-4_85.

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Unett, Elizabeth M., and Amanda J. Royle. "Dental radiography." In Radiographic Techniques and Image Evaluation. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2997-6_11.

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Marchand, B. A., and D. M. Wilmot. "Radiographic Quality: Control and Evaluation." In Pediatric Imaging for the Technologist. Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4690-9_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Radiographic evaluation"

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Kala, Annapurna, Daniel Chong, Abdullah H. Baqui, et al. "Computer-Aided Lung Auscultation Screening and Radiographic Evaluation of Pediatric Pneumonia." In 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10781834.

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York, John. "Inspecting a Raw Cooling Water System in a Nuclear Plant for MIC Damage-Case History." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90131.

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Abstract The techniques for visual and radiographic examination of a stainless steel raw cooling water system for microbiological influenced corrosion attack are discussed. Development of an inspection program, evaluation of its effectiveness, and protection of safety-related electrical equipment and instrumentation are also covered.
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Wang, Wenqiang, Yao Huang, Cuie Jin, Wang Tu, Quan Wei, and Fei Wang. "Quality Optimization and Equivalence Evaluation of Radiographic Digital Images of Aluminum Alloy Welds in Launch Vehicles." In 2024 International Conference on Sensing, Measurement & Data Analytics in the era of Artificial Intelligence (ICSMD). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmd64214.2024.10920509.

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Byrne, Glenn. "Important Factors in Pipe Butt Welding of Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS) UNS S32760 Using the GTAW Welding Process." In MPWT 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/mpwt19-14287.

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Abstract The paper considers best practice to realise the optimum combination of strength, toughness, corrosion resistance and radiographic integrity in UNS S32760 pipe girth welds made using the GTAW process. Aspects of fit up, tacking, root gap are considered. The effect of weld heat input and heat input control through the thickness of the joint, welding technique, inter pass temperature control and the use of different combinations of shielding and backing gasses on corrosion resistance of joints is presented. Current specification, procedure and welder qualification requirements are discussed, as is the need for supplementary testing, in particular quantitative microstructural evaluation.
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Syahman, Shaik, Safian Sharif, Mohd Ahmad Zaharuddin Faridh, and Mokhtar Awang. "Non-Destructive Evaluation of Friction Stir Welded Thin Zn-Coated Metal Sheets with Lap-Joint Configuration." In International Conference on X-Rays and Related Techniques in Research and Industry 2023. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-sfc0u0.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) can be classified as a new non-fusion welding technique if compared to other conventional welding techniques. In this study, a thin Zn-coated metal sheet was welded using the FSW technique with a lap-joint configuration. The weld joint was inspected using non-destructive testing (NDT) methods to determine the quality of the weld produced. There are two main parameters used in the experiment, which are rotational speed [RPM] and traverse [mm/min]. The design of the welding experiment is carried out using the surface response technique with the circumscribe central composite design method. This experiment was conducted using two factors and two levels of design of the experiment setup. All the samples are successfully welded and examined by visual inspection and radiographic testing (RT) to identify defects in the weld. Welding defects are plotted into the graph to assist in the process of analyzing the trend of defects. Several defects have been discovered such as flash formation, thinning material, through-hole, and high-density solid inclusion during the experiment. As a result of the study, it is possible to make a preliminary overview of the appropriate parameters used for FSW of thin Zn-coated metal sheets. In addition, welding defect information from the NDT inspection can assist in the process of preparing specimens for destructive tests.
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May, Cecil G., Lawrence F. Gelder, and Boyd D. Howard. "The Use of Digital Radiography in the Evaluation of Radioactive Materials Packaging Performance Testing." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26590.

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New designs of radioactive material shipping packages are required to be evaluated in accordance with 10 CFR Part 71, Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Material. This paper will discuss the use of digital radiography to evaluate the effects of the tests required by 10 CFR 71.71, Normal Conditions of Transport (NCT), and 10 CFR 71.73, Hypothetical Accident Conditions (HAC). One acceptable means of evaluating packaging performance is to subject packagings to the series of NCT and HAC tests. The evaluation includes a determination of the effect on the packaging by the conditions and tests. Historically, that determination has required that packagings be cut and sectioned to learn the actual effects on internal components, either after each test to document the effects of that test, or after all testing is complete which determines the cumulative effect on the package. Digital radiography permits the examination of internal packaging components without sectioning a package. This allows a single package to be subjected to the entire series of tests. After each test, the package is digitally radiographed and the effects of particular tests evaluated. Radiography reduces the number of packages required for testing and also reduces labor and materials required to section and evaluate numerous packages. This paper will include a description of the digital radiography equipment used in the testing and evaluation of the 9977 package at SRNL. The equipment is capable of making a single radiograph of a full-sized package in one exposure. Radiographs will be compared to sectioned packages that show actual conditions compared to radiographic images.
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Mori, Masako, Toshibumi Kashiwa, and Yoshimitsu Aoki. "Digital Image Evaluation Method for Digital Radiography." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29702.

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Digital radiography is getting one of the common radiographic testing techniques in various industries now. However, to apply this new technique to nuclear components radiographic testing, one big issue is how we can evaluate and ensure that the taken images have enough image qualities to be used as inspection record. In film radiography, the IQI, which stands for Image Quality Indicator, have been used to ensure that taken films have enough quality to detect any specified defects in the products. So in this paper, new alternative IQI that developed in our previous study for digital radiography to evaluate digital image quality are tested and evaluated. In addition, image evaluation criteria are also developed and evaluated by calculating MTF, which stands for Modulation Transfer Function, from the IQI images taken with the products. Finally, the recommended procedures to evaluate radiographic testing image are summarized.
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Wang, Cong, GuoXiang Tang, JiaGuan Zhao, and HengLiang Yang. "Comparison of Different Acceptance Standard for Radiographic Rounded Indications in Welds." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15491.

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Usually, we do radiographic testing according to different standards. Evaluation and acceptance of rounded indications in different standards are different from each others. This paper will evaluate some radiographs based on ASME BPVC, RCC-M and GB/T3323 respectively, and then a conclusion will be drawn that ASME BPVC in rounded indications’ evaluation and acceptance commonly rely on subjective judgment of radiographs evaluator, lack of quantitative evaluation. This paper will make a comparison on rounded indication evaluations and acceptances in ASME BPVC, RCC-M and GB/T3323, exploring their differences.
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Mori, Masako, Toshibumi Kashiwa, and Yoshimitsu Aoki. "Digital Image Evaluation Method for Digital Radiography." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25264.

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Digital radiography is becoming one of the common radiographic testing techniques in various industries. However, to apply this new technique to nuclear components, one big issue is how to evaluate the images and ensure that the images have enough quality to be used as inspection record. In film radiography, the IQI, which stands for Image Quality Indicator, have been used to ensure that the films have enough quality to detect any specified defects in the products. In this paper, new alternative IQI that was developed in our previous study for digital radiography to evaluate digital image quality is tested and evaluated. In addition, new image evaluation criteria are also developed and evaluated by calculating MTF, which stands for Modulation Transfer Function, from the IQI images of the products. Finally, the recommended procedures to evaluate radiographic testing image are summarized.
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Justus, Henry. "Radiographic evaluation of welded aluminum structures." In Nondestructive Evaluation of Aging Infrastructure, edited by Steven B. Chase. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.209784.

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Reports on the topic "Radiographic evaluation"

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Dolan, K., R. D. Rikard, and J. Rodriquez. Nondestructive Evaluation Quality Procedure: Personnel Qualification and Certification Radiographic Testing-Levels I& II. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15004935.

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Farnum, E. H., and M. D. Holder. Evaluation of the effects of radiation-induced conductivity on charge separation in nuclear weapons during radiographic inspection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/650306.

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Nekoogar, F. Statement of Work Third Party Algorithm Development and Evaluation of Detection of Liquid Explosives in Dual-Energy Digital Radiographic/TIP Ready X-ray Images - Public Version. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/971793.

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Wood, William M. Evaluation of Deblur Methods for Radiography. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1126673.

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Ent, Jan van der. L51734 Evaluation of Ultrasonic Inspection Techniques for the Root Region of Girth Welds. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011384.

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Evaluates the performance of the existing system(s) / method(s) and the improvements contemplated. It was decided to build the project around a number and variety of representative test welds. These were inspected with Rotoscan 1990, also using improvements and radiography, and then destructively tested for correlation with the NDE results.
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Helmreich, Grant, Katherine Montoya, Wesley Jones, and John Hunn. Evaluation of Radiography for TRISO Buffer Layer Density Measurement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2429818.

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Dijkstra. L51776 Evaluation of Ultrasonic Technology for Volumetric Weld Inspection of Pipeline Girth Welds. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010326.

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The work performed in this project can be regarded as a continuation of an earlier PRCI project: "Evaluation of Ultrasonic Inspection Techniques for the Root Region of Girth Welds" (project PR-220-9123), which was completed by the end of 1995. In that project, the performance of modern systems for mechanized ultrasonic inspection of girth welds in pipelines was evaluated with the emphasis on the weld root, which can be considered historically as the most difficult part of the weld when it comes to conventional ultrasonic inspection. In the current project, this was extended to the entire weld. Already in report PR-220-9123, it was stated that a structured evaluation would also help to arrive at a generic approval of mechanized UT systems for use in pipeline industry, to reduce or replace job-specific qualification tests. This point is still valid. The results of the first project, and hopefully also of this one, will be an important basis for international efforts currently being undertaken to develop such approvals, as well as to arrive at adapted acceptance criteria for weld defects. The current project was, similarly to the previous one, built around a number and a variety of representative test welds, using different welding techniques. These were inspected with Rotoscan, also using improvements (such as simultaneous TOFD), partly initiated on the basis of the work done in the previous project, and with radiography. They were then destructively tested for correlation with the NDE results.
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Marr, D. R., R. E. Prael, and K. J. Adams. Evaluating the ONEBFP transport code for possible use in the proton radiography program. Final report, Task 47. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/314120.

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Kramb, V., C. Buck, W. Hoppe, and R. Olding. Research on Advanced Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods for Materials, Process and Structures. Delivery Order 006: Computed Radiography Crack Detection Validation Study. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada555861.

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Bowlin, Elizabeth, and Puneet Agarwal. PR-201-153718-R03 Integrity Assessment of DTI Pipelines Using High Resolution NDE in Select Areas. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011486.

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Hydrostatic test and In-Line Inspection are the prescribed integrity assessment methods cited in various Codes and Regulations and have been proven to enhance pipeline safety. But a significant number of pipelines across the world remain difficult to inspect and impractical to modify for inspection by the prescribed methods due to physical configurations or operating conditions. This research performs a state of the art (SOTA) analysis of NDE technology readiness considering physical and operational barriers and technology deployment from inside, outside or over pipelines, and the possible role of inspection sampling to conclude pipeline integrity and justify intervals for conversion for piggability or hydrotest. The goal of the research is to propose alternatives to ILI for safe prioritization and scheduling for conversion or replacement and not to replace hydrostatic test or ILI as currently prescribed in Codes and Regulations. The scope of the research is limited to technologies and integrity management concerning metal loss threat. This report represents the third and final update of prior reports from the two preceding years presenting a compendium of technologies describing technology readiness for state of the art non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technologies intended for low resolution pipeline condition screening and high resolution NDE for deployment at sample locations with capabilities applicable to difficult to inspect pipeline configurations. Integrated cleaning and inspection pigs, smart balls, external deployed ultrasonic, radiographic and magnetometry are pipe wall screening technologies evaluated in the reports. A structured process is proposed for assessing pipeline integrity based on low resolution screening of the full length of a pipeline segment followed by high resolution NDE samples at locations where screening indicates locations of possible wall loss. The process employs extreme value analysis for prediction of maximum metal loss severity across the screened segment. For instances where no metal loss indications reported by screening or from high resolution samples an alternative "compliance approach" is also addressed. Case studies are presented where PRCI members have deployed some of the technologies referenced in the NDE SOTA phase of the research and implemented the proposed extreme value or the compliance approaches. Validation of fitness for service conclusions based on inspection sampling by comparison with full length high resolution ILI or hydrostatic test are included in some of the case studies. The conclusions of the case studies demonstrate integrity conclusions obtained from the PRCI structured process are conservative and consistent with ILI or hydrostatic test conclusions. Based on the experience from the case studies and the SOTA, a metal loss screening efficiency factor (MLSE) is proposed enabling pipeline operators to understand the general relationship between screening level (sample stratification) and direct examination (inspection sampling) required to provide equivalent understanding of pipe wall condition, limited to metal loss. As mentioned by ASME/API ILI has limitations that need to be considered in its deployment and full discovery of metal loss conditions. Under some conditions (noted by API 1163) ILI predictions can be accepted without any direct examinations or verifications, i.e full length screening (high resolution) and no verification samples. At the other end of the spectrum random sampling can be theoretically deployed as a screening approach but depending on the condition of the pipeline, the high-resolution sample area could be very large to obtain a significant integrity conclusion. This report proposes a comparative scale of effectiveness for SOTA pipe wall screening technologies that offer the operator an expectation of high resolution NDE sample size. There is a related webinar
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