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Nakano, Y., T. Hiraoka, K. Togashi, et al. "Direct radiographic magnification with computed radiography." American Journal of Roentgenology 148, no. 3 (1987): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.148.3.569.
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Camasta, CA, J. Pontious, and RB Boyd. "Quantifying magnification in pedal radiographs." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 81, no. 10 (1991): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-81-10-545.
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Morphometric comparison between metatarsals on pedal radiographs and preserved bone specimens provides a method to quantify the amount of magnification imparted on a radiographic image. Conversion factors are presented for dorsoplantar and lateral projection images, which are of value in the preoperative assessment of patients. Factors that influence radiographic quality are discussed, with an emphasis on the geometry of projecting an accurate image.
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Forness, Mikayla, Zachary Podoll, Benjamin Noonan, and Alexander Chong. "Biomechanical Evaluation of the Accuracy in Radiographic Assessment of Femoral Component Migration Measurement after Total Hip Arthroplasty." Kansas Journal of Medicine 13, no. 1 (2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.v13i1.13622.
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Introduction: Implant subsidence is one criteria utilized to monitor for prosthesis loosening after total hip arthroplasty (THA) with initial implant subsidence assessment often done utilizing plain radiographs. The specific aim of this study was to identify the most reliable references when using plain radiographs to establish an image magnification with the goals being easy to use, inexpensive, reliable, and accurate.
 Methods: Two femoral stem implants (stem lengths: 127mm, 207mm) were utilized to simulate hemiarthroplasty of the hip with composite femurs. Different combinations of femoral stem distances from the radiographic film (ODD), source-detector differences (SDD), hip rotation, and hip flexion were elected. Standardized anterior-posterior pelvis for each parameter combination setup were taken. Radiographic measurements (head diameter, stem length, stem seating length) were undertaken five times by three examiners. Radiographic image magnification factors were generated from two references (head diameter and stem length). Radiograph measurement reproducibility and stem seating length errors using these magnification factors were evaluated.
 Results: High level of repeated measurements reliability was found for head diameter (99 ± 0%) and stem length (90 ± 7%) measurements, whereas seating length measurements were less reliable (76 ± 6%). Stem length error using the femoral head magnification factor yielded 11% accuracy. Stem seating length error using both magnification factors were not reliable (< 7% accuracy). All parameters, except SDD, showed significant effect on calibrated measurement error.
 Conclusions: Current methods of assessing implant subsidence after THA using plain radiographs are inaccurate or reliable. Clinicians should recognize these limitations and be cautious when diagnosing implant stability using plain radiographs alone.
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Rakan Shaheen, Dr, Dr Muna Binladin, Dr Alanoud Bin Muammar, et al. "Reliability of digital radiographs in measuring the vertical and horizontal dental implants’ dimensions a retrospective study." International Journal of Dental Research 7, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijdr.v7i1.23529.
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Introduction: Digital radiography can take accurate measurements. In implant dentistry, intraoral periapical (PA), bite-wing (BW) and panoramic (OPG) radiographs are being used, although it had limitations of distortion. This research aims to assess the accuracy of digital radiography in measuring dental implants and to evaluate the SIDEXIS software’s reliability in measuring their dimensions.Materials and Methods: Over 192 implants from 316 radiographs were selected. All radiographs were analyzed using SIDEXIS software. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.Results: Statistically significant differences (P < 0.5) between the actual heights and widths compared to the measured radiographic dimensions. Over all the distortion was greatest in OPGs. The magnifications were 2.48mm in height and 0.82mm in width for OPGS, 0.17mm in width for BWs while in PAs it was 1.37mm in height and 0.156mm in width. The magnification was more in maxilla for PAs and OPGs. Anteriorly the PAs had the greatest magnification (2.16mm), and OPGs had the greatest at (3.03mm) in height posteriorly.Conclusion: Digital OPG, PA and Bitewing radiographs are reliable for performing dimensions linear measurements for implants, and PAs have the highest precision. Additionally, SIDEXIS software provided accurate results and can be considered a reliable method for implants’ assessment.
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Sharma, A., P. Gilbert, J. Campbell, et al. "Radiographic landmarks for measurement of cranial tibial subluxation in the canine cruciate ligament deficient stifle." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 25, no. 06 (2012): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-12-02-0017.
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SummaryObjectives: The primary objective was to develop a repeatable radiographic technique for assessment of cranial tibial subluxation (CTS) and test the intra-observer and inter-observer repeatability of the chosen landmarks. A secondary objective was to determine the effects of digital radiographic magnification on CTS measurement repeatability.Methods: Twenty-three normal canine pelvic limbs were used to determine the magnitude of CTS before and after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Mediolateral radiographs were taken with and without fiduciary markers in place. Three investigators measured the CTS using radiographically visible anatomic landmarks at two different magnifications. The total observed variabilities were assessed by inter-observer and intra-observer differences. Paired t-tests were used to determine the effect of magnification and marker presence on CTS measures.Results: Measurement of the CTS from the caudal margin of the intercondylar fossa on the femur to the intercondylar eminence was the most repeatable. Poor correlation between the anatomic landmarks and the fiduciary bone markers was observed. We found no effect of magnification or presence or absence of bone markers on measurement of CTS.Clinical significance: Cranial tibial subluxation can be detected with the most repeatability by measuring between the caudal margin of the intercondylar fossa and the intercondylar eminence. Magnification of the digitized radiographic image had minimal effect on repeatability. This technique can be used for in vivo analysis of the canine cruciate ligament deficient stifle joint.
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Kitai, Noriyuki, Yousuke Mukai, Manabu Murabayashi, et al. "Measurement accuracy with a new dental panoramic radiographic technique based on tomosynthesis." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 1 (2012): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/020412-100.1.
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Abstract Objective: To investigate measurement errors and head positioning effects on radiographs made with new dental panoramic radiograph equipment that uses tomosynthesis. Materials and Methods: Radiographic images of a simulated human head or phantom were made at standard head positions using the new dental panoramic radiograph equipment. Measurement errors were evaluated by comparing with the true values. The phantom was also radiographed at various alternative head positions. Significant differences between measurement values at standard and alternative head positions were evaluated. Magnification ratios of the dimensions at standard and alternative head positions were calculated. Results: The measurement errors were small for all dimensions. On the measurements at 4-mm displacement positions, no dimension was significantly different from the standard value, and all dimensions were within ±5% of the standard values. At 12-mm displacement positions, the magnification ratios for tooth length and mandibular ramus height were within ±5% of the standard values, but those for dental arch width, mandibular width, and mandibular body length were beyond ±5% of the standard values. Conclusions: Measurement errors on radiographs made using the new panoramic radiograph equipment were small in any direction. At 4-mm head displacement positions, no head positioning effect on the measurements was found. At 12-mm head displacement positions, the measurements for vertical dimensions were little affected by head positioning, while those for lateral and anteroposterior dimensions were strongly affected.
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Margulis, Alexander R., David J. Ott, Yu Men Chen, David W. Gelfand, Fred Van Swearingen, and Wallace C. Wu. "Radiographic Magnification of Colon Polyps." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 8, no. 4 (1986): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-198608000-00022.
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Nakano, Y., K. Togashi, K. Nishimura, et al. "Stomach and duodenum: radiographic magnification using computed radiography (CR)." Radiology 160, no. 2 (1986): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.160.2.3726117.
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Ogata, Mitsuru, Leonor de Castro Monteiro Loffredo, Milton Carlos Kuga, and Gulnara Scaf. "Efficacy of three conditions of radiographic interpretation for assessment root canal length." Journal of Applied Oral Science 13, no. 1 (2005): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572005000100017.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of three conditions of image interpretation for radiographic root measurements and calculating the intra-observer reproducibility of the measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty intra-operative periapical radiographs of maxillary central and lateral incisors were measured, in mm, from the tip of the file to the radiographic apex, using a caliper. Three separate measurements were made of the 30 radiographs. The three measurements for each tooth were averaged and the mean used for further calculations. After a 12-day period, the measurements were repeated. The three experimental viewing conditions used: 1) standard viewbox without masking of background light around the radiograph and without magnification (Visual); 2) standard viewbox with use of a magnifying lens of 2.5x and with background light masked (Magnification); and 3) viewer device that restricts room lighting and enlarges the image by a magnifying lens of 1.75x (Viewer). The mean and standard deviation of the measurements were calculated and used for descriptive analysis. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate intra-observer and inter-method agreement of the measurements. The measurement error was estimated by Dalhberg's formula. RESULTS: The ANOVA showed no significant differences between measurement sessions, viewing methods, or interaction between observation session and method (p>0.05). The intra-observer measurement error was 0.02 mm for Visual and the Magnification methods and 0.01 mm for the Viewer. CONCLUSION: There does not seem to be any advantage in using viewbox masking or magnification for measuring the distance between the end of the endodontic file and the root apex in maxillary incisors.
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Dallera, A., E. M. Brach Del Prever, G. Basile, M. Forti, and P. Gallinaro. "The X-Ray Magnification of the Hip for Preoperative Planning: A New Technique." HIP International 4, no. 2 (1994): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070009400400206.
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Precise pre-op planning is fundamental for surgical precision in fit and fill of uncemented prostheses, and reliable and comparable radiographs are necessary for the early diagnosis of loosening. All this can be obtained with a given X-ray magnification factor. The Authors prove that the routinely used methods are misleading and suggest a new technique to obtain a uniform and/or measurable magnification in the A.P. radiograms of the hip. The method gives accurate measurements within a few tenths of a millimetre. It is based on the knowledge of the femoral position in relation to the X-ray film, obtained with a lateral radiographic view, and on mathematical calculation to obtain the X-ray focus height and position. Also in the case of a flexed and externally rotated hip, the non-uniform longitudinal and transverse magnifications can be measured.
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Bissonnette, Jean-Pierre, David A. Jaffray, Aaron Fenster, and Peter Munro. "Optimal radiographic magnification for portal imaging." Medical Physics 21, no. 9 (1994): 1435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597189.
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Andrade, C. R., B. W. Minto, R. M. Dreibi, et al. "Comparison of radiographic and tomographic evaluations for measurement of the Canal Flare Index in dogs." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 3 (2021): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11987.
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ABSTRACT The outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in dogs is directly related to surgical planning. Templating of radiographs prior to THA should help the surgeon anticipate prosthesis size and femoral shape allowing canal fill of the proximal metaphysis by the implant ensuring primary stable fixation. The canal flare index (CFI) obtained from radiograph has been used as a measure of risk of complications for the technique in human beings and dogs. However, standard radiographs only provide limited data for the selection of cementless prostheses and the assessment of their fit within the femoral canal, due to factors like radiographic magnification and femoral rotation. Therefore, three-dimensional evaluation based on computed tomography (CT) may be a better tool for CFI measurement. The aim of this study was to compare anatomical measurement with CFI values obtained from craniocaudal radiography and CT. Craniocaudal radiographs using a horizontal radiographic beam (CR), CT, and anatomical macroscopic measurements (A) were obtained from 45 femurs from 23 canine cadavers. The differences between the values of CFI obtained from radiograph (CFI-R), computed tomography on transverse (CFI- TT) and longitudinal axis (CFI-TL) compared to the CFI obtained from macroscopic measurements - gold standard - (CFI-A), and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) between the values, were evaluated by the Bland-Altman method. Dimensions obtained from CT techniques had a greatest mean difference from anatomical and CFI values were also different (P=0.032). Under the experimental conditions, the craniocaudal radiograph, provided the most accurate measurement of the CFI (mean difference: 0.087 ± 0.42).
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Rino Neto, José, João Batista de Paiva, Gilberto Vilanova Queiroz, Miguel Ferragut Attizzani, and Hiroshi Miasiro Junior. "Evaluation of radiographic magnification in lateral cephalograms obtained with different X-ray devices: experimental study in human dry skull." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 2 (2013): 17e1–17e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000200005.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the magnification factor of the radiographic image in angular, linear and proportional measurements. METHODS: From a dried human skull where metallic spheres with predetermined size were fixed (1.0 mm), 14 radiographs were obtained in devices of three different manufacturers: Panoura, Instrumentarium and Tomeceph. The Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between the rate of radiographic magnification and the cephalometric measurements assessed. RESULTS: According to the results, the linear measurements showed a high positive correlation, pointing out great influence of the magnification factor, while the angular and proportional measurements did not correlate. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons between linear cephalometric measurements obtained with different devices from the same manufacturer showed maximum rates of expansion of 0.6%, 1.25% and 2.3%, respectively, for the devices from Instrumentarium (OP-100, Instrumentarium, Finland), Panoura (10CSU, Yoshida, Japan) and Satelec/Tomeceph (XMind, Satelec/Tomeceph Orion Corporation, Finland).
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Mulay, Sanjyot, Gaurav Kadam, and Hansa Jain. "Accuracy of Various Diagnostic Aids in Detection of MB2 Canal in Maxillary First Molar: In vivo Study." World Journal of Dentistry 7, no. 2 (2016): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1369.
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ABSTRACT Aim To evaluate and compare the accuracy of radiographic, visual, dye and magnification method in detection of second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal in maxillary first molar. Materials and methods One hundred males and females patients in age group of 20 to 45 years with maxillary first molar teeth indicated for root canal treatment were selected for the study. The presence of MB2 canal in maxillary first molar was observed by four independent observers using radiographic, visual, dye, magnification diagnostic aids. Results The study showed that there was a large difference in detecting MB2 canal in maxillary first molar when radiographic was compared with visual method and magnification method (i.e., p < 0.01). Whereas there was a nonsignificant difference when radiographic and dye method were compared (i.e., p > 0.05). Conclusion It was concluded that the incidence of MB2 canal in mesiobuccal roots of permanent maxillary first molars was detected most using magnification method, i.e., 87%. Accuracy of radiographic method was found to be least, i.e., 19%. How to cite this article Mulay S, Kadam G, Jain H. Accuracy of Various Diagnostic Aids in Detection of MB2 Canal in Maxillary First Molar: In vivo Study. World J Dent 2016;7(2):78-82.
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Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, Muhammad Talha Khan, Saroosh Ehsan, Anam Fayyaz, Haider Amin Malik, and Shafqat Hussain. "Accuracy of Working Length Measured by Apex Locator and Digital Radiography." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 30, no. 1 (2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.301.24.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the measurements of electronic and radiographic method of working lengths calculation with actual working length of root canals. Precise working length determination is the most important part for successful root canal procedure. The most commonly used methods to determine the working length in root canal treatment are radiography and electronic apex locator. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was done over a period of 06 months in the Department of Operative Dentistry, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. Sixty patients who were recommended extraction of their premolar teeth with sixty canals were selected by convenience sampling. The Root ZX* apex locator was used to determine electronic working length exactly identifying the apical constriction. Reference points were identified and radiographic working length were determined 1mm short of radiographic apex. The teeth were extracted along with file cemented before extraction inside root canal. The actual length of the root canal was then calculated using the same files and reference point with 3.5X magnification. Pearson chi square test was applied to compare the apex locator and digital radiographic measurement with actual working length. RESULTS: The Root ZX® apex locator was 95% accurate to identify the apical constriction as compared 70% accuracy given by radiographs within 0.5 mm of the apex. CONCLUSION: Electronic apex locator was more accurate as compared to digital radiography in working length determination. KEYWORDS: Working length (WL), Electronic apex locators (EAL), Radiographic working length(RWL), Apical constriction (AC) HOW TO CITE: Khan GI, Khan MT, Ehsan S, Fayyaz A, Malik HA, Hussain S. Accuracy of working length measured by apex locator and digital radiography. J Pak Dent Assoc 2021;30(1):24-28.
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Moritz, J. D., S. Luftner-Nagel, J. P. Westerhof, J. W. Oestmann, and E. Grabbe. "A comparison of conventional mammographic magnification, ultra high magnification and industrial magnification radiography in the radiographic detection of microcalcifications within core biopsies of the breast." British Journal of Radiology 70, no. 839 (1997): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.70.839.9536898.
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Paludo, Laura, Sophia Lopes de Souza, Marcus Vinícius Reis Só, Ricardo Abreu da Rosa, Fabiana Vieira Vier-Pelisser, and Marco Antônio Húngaro Duarte. "An in vivo radiographic evaluation of the accuracy of Apex and iPex electronic Apex locators." Brazilian Dental Journal 23, no. 1 (2012): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402012000100010.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the clinical applicability of two electronic apex locators (EALs) - Apex (Septodont) and iPex (NSK) - in different groups of human teeth by using radiography. The working lengths (WLs) of 100 root canals were determined electronically. The EAL to be used first was chosen randomly and a K-file was inserted into the root canal until the EAL display indicated the location of the apical constriction (0 mm). The K-file was fixed to the tooth and a periapical radiograph was taken using a radiographic film holder. The K-file was removed and the WL was measured. The same procedure was repeated using the other EAL. Radiographs were examined with the aid of a light-box with lens of ×4 magnification by two blinded experienced endodontists. The distance between the file tip and the root apex was recorded as follows: (A) +1 to 0 mm, (B) -0.1 to 0.5 mm, (C) -0.6 to 1 mm, (D) -1.1 to 1.5 mm, and (E) -1.6 mm or greater. For statistical purposes, these scores were divided into 2 subgroups according to the radiographic apex: acceptable (B, C, and D) and non-acceptable (A and E). Statistically significant differences were not found between the results of Apex and iPex in terms of acceptable and non-acceptable measurements (p>0.05) or in terms of the distance recorded from file tip and the radiographic apex (p>0.05). Apex and iPex EALs provided reliable measurements for WL determination for endodontic therapy.
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Tjernström, B., O. Jakobsson, P. Pech, and L. Rehnberg. "Reliability of Radiological Measurements of the Distraction Gap during Leg Lengthening." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 1P1 (1996): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02841851960371p133.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of length measurements on plain radiographs during leg lengthening and to evaluate a reliable method of measuring the amount of lengthening suitable for clinical praxis. Material and Methods: In an experimental study, a plastic femur was lengthened 40 mm and assessed radiographically in different positions, and the orthoradiographically calculated total length of the femur was compared with the true value. In a clinical study, 96 radiographs encompassing 14 femoral and 2 tibial lengthenings were assessed on a digitized table with a computer program (PROFILE) with regard to the amount of lengthening and the degree of magnification. Results: The radiographic magnification in the experimental study, depending on position of the femur, was 17% (5–25%), and in the clinical material it averaged 16% (0–36%). Conclusion: Radiographs obtained with a radiopaque ruler placed at the same level as the lengthened bone allowed reliable measurements of the distraction gap.
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Cruz, Robert, Phillip Steyn, Douglas Collins, Barbara Powers, and John Urigh. "Radiography, 99mTc–HDP, and 111In Labeled Vitamin B12 SPECT of Canine Osteosarcoma: A Comparative Study." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 47, no. 4 (2011): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5600.
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The objective of this article was to compare radiography, planar bone scintigraphy, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to determine the size of osteosarcomas in long bones of dogs. Ten dogs with osteosarcoma in six radii, two humeri, one tibia, and one ulna were evaluated. Macroslides, mediolateral radiographs, planar scintigrams, and sagittal images from SPECT scans were used to obtain measurements. On the scintigraphic images, the edges of the tumor were established using the activity profile imaging tool. The radiographic magnification was factored. The mean percentage of tumor size overestimation was 9.29% on mediolateral radiographs, 5.35% on planar scintigrams, and 33.25% on SPECT images. The correlation coefficient adjusted for sample size was significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) for technetium 99m (99mTc) hydroxyethylene diphosphonate (HDP) (75.5%) and radiography (61.3%) compared with indium 111–vitamin B12 (28.3%). The correlation coefficient for 99mTc–HDP was higher than that obtained for radiographs; however, statistical difference between the two variables was not demonstrated (P&gt;0.05). 99mTc bone scan is a good estimator of intramedullary size of osteosarcoma in long bones when the activity profile tool to determine the margin of the tumor is used.
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Astuti, Eha Renwi, Hutojo Djajakusuma, Indeswati Diyatri, and Nastiti Faradilla Ramadhani. "The effect of X-ray irradiation to the formation of polychromatic erythrocyte cell micronucleus in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 54, no. 3 (2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v54.i3.p128-131.
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Background: Panoramic and cephalometric radiography is very important for diagnosis, treatment plan, and evaluation of orthodontic treatment results. Panoramic and cephalometric radiography are frequently performed at the same time, causing DNA damage and chromosome aberration. Purpose: This study aims to analyse the effect of X-ray exposure in panoramic and cephalometric radiography on micronuclei cell numbers. Methods: Laboratory-based analytical study with 60 healthy-male Wistar rats weighing 200–300 grams divided into 6 treatment groups (n=10). The control group: without radiographic exposure, the treatment group 2: using panoramic radiographic exposure followed by cephalometric, and the treatment group 3: using panoramic radiographic exposure and 24 hours later performed cephalometric radiographic. The unit of analysis was the polychromatic erythrocytes of mice cell, were examined 24 hours and 48 hours after irradiation had been finished. The polychromatic erythrocytes were examined using May-Gruenwald-Giemsa staining and 100x magnification under a microscope with 2000 cells per view. Data obtained were analysed using the SPSS 20 version software. The mean and standard deviations were calculated for each clinical parameter, and a one‐way ANOVA statistical test of significance was used. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The analysis showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the number of micronucleus in groups that used panoramic radiographic exposure followed by cephalometric. Conclusion: X-ray radiation can increase the number of micronucleus in polychromatic erythrocyte cells in rats.
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Johnson, Kryssa L., Erin G. Porter, and Clifford R. Berry. "Analysis of feline splenic radiographic measurements and their correlation to ultrasonographic measurements." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 10 (2016): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16667440.
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Objectives The purpose of this study was to establish a method for feline splenic measurement on abdominal radiographs and evaluate for correlation between the radiographic measurements and ultrasonographic measurements. Methods One hundred cats with normal abdominal radiographs and ultrasound (US) studies of the spleen were evaluated. The hypothesis was that the measurement of the spleen on the radiographs would correlate with the measurement of the spleen on US. The radiographic and ultrasonographic measurements were tabulated and compared using linear regression and t-tests using unequal variances. Results The measurement of the spleen on the ventrodorsal projection was characterized as one of three shapes (A, B or C), and thereby based on the thickest part of the spleen (when corrected for radiographic magnification: A = 9.9 ± 2.2 mm; B = 8.1 ± 1.8 mm; C = 8.0 ± 2.3 mm). There were 48 cats where the head of the spleenwas seen on the right lateral (n = 10), the left lateral (n = 24) or both (n = 14) projections. On one left lateral, both the head and tail of the spleen were seen. There was weak correlation between the radiographic and US measurements(R ⩼0.6). Splenic thickness of shape A on the ventrodorsal projection was significantly greater than categories B and C. Conclusions and relevance Radiographic measurement of the spleen is not a reliable indicator of its ultrasonographic measurement. The ultrasonographic measurements seen in this study (mean of 8.0 ± 1.6 mm) were similar to measurements of the spleen reported in previous studies. It is rare to see the tail of the spleen on lateral feline abdominal radiographs.
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Zhan, Xiaohong, Xing Bu, Tao Qin, Haisong Yu, Jie Chen, and Yanhong Wei. "X-ray online detection for laser welding T-joint of Al–Li alloy." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 14 (2017): 1750154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917501548.
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In order to detect weld defects in laser welding T-joint of Al–Li alloy, a real-time X-ray image system is set up for quality inspection. Experiments on real-time radiography procedure of the weldment are conducted by using this system. Twin fillet welding seam radiographic arrangement is designed according to the structural characteristics of the weldment. The critical parameters including magnification times, focal length, tube current and tube voltage are studied to acquire high quality weld images. Through the theoretical and data analysis, optimum parameters are settled and expected digital images are captured, which is conductive to automatic defect detection.
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Cosson, Philip, and Zenghai Lu. "Geometric validation of a computer simulator used in radiography education." BJR|Open 2, no. 1 (2020): 20190027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjro.20190027.
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Objectives: The radiographical process of projection of a complex human form onto a two-dimensional image plane gives rise to distortions and magnifications. It is important that any simulation used for educational purposes should correctly reproduce these. Images generated using a commercially available computer simulation widely used in radiography education (ProjectionVRTM) were tested for geometric accuracy of projection in all planes. Methods: An anthropomorphic skull phantom was imaged using standard projection radiography techniques and also scanned using axial CT acquisition. The data from the CT was then loaded into the simulator and the same projection radiography techniques simulated. Bony points were identified on both the real radiographs and the digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). Measurements sensitive to rotation and magnification were chosen to check for rotation and distortion errors. Results: The real radiographs and the DRRs were compared by four experienced observers and measurements taken between the identified bony points on each of the images obtained. Analysis of the mean observations shows that the measurement from the DRR matches the real radiograph +1.5 mm/−1.5 mm. The Bland Altman bias was 0.55 (1.26 STD), with 95% limits of agreement 3.01 to −1.91. Conclusions: Agreement between the empirical measurements is within the reported error of cephalometric analysis in all three anatomical planes. The image appearances of both the real radiographs and DRRs compared favourably. Advances in knowledge: The commercial computer simulator under test (ProjectionVRTM) was able to faithfully recreate the image appearances of real radiography techniques, including magnification and distortion. Students using this simulation for training will obtain feedback likely to be useful when lessons are applied to real-world situations.
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Anil, Sukumaran, and Hamdan S. Al-Ghamdi. "A Method of Gauging Dental Radiographs during Treatment Planning for Dental Implants." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 8, no. 6 (2007): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-8-6-82.
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Abstract Aim The goal of pre-surgical dental implant treatment planning is to position the optimum number and size of implant fixtures to achieve the best restorative results. The purpose of this article is to describe the use of radiographic imaging software to calibrate and measure anatomical landmarks to overcome inherent distortions associated with dental radiographs. The procedure along with its potential use as an adjunct to radiographic interpretation in routine clinical implant practice is presented. Background Diagnostic imaging is an essential component of implant treatment planning, and a variety of advanced imaging modalities have been recommended to assist the dentist in assessing potential sites for implants. Although technological advances have resulted in new imaging innovations for implant dentistry, dental radiography remains the most widely used tool for determining the quantity and quality of alveolar bone as it is a non-invasive procedure. However, the unreliable magnification factor associated with conventional radiographs remains a major problem when estimating the amount of bone available at the implant site. Summary This image measurement technique is capable of assessing the bone quantity by measuring the height and width of the alveolar crest for a specified region in a two dimensional plane in any direction related to the visible landmarks in the oral cavity. These measurements can be used by the clinician to select the type of implant and its position. Since there is no additional equipment or cost involved, the technique can be used as an important adjunct in implant practice. Citation Anil S, Al-Ghamdi HS. A Method of Gauging Dental Radiographs during Treatment Planning for Dental Implants. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 September; (8)6:082-088.
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Kumar, Praveen, Neelam Mittal, Vijay Parashar, and Tarun Kumar. "Management of calcified canal in the traumatised maxillary central incisor using magnification." Journal of Dental Specialities 8, no. 2 (2021): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jds.2020.019.
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The primary objective of root canal treatment is complete cleaning and shaping of all root canals so that microorganism and debris are removed from the root canal that result in hermetic seal of root canal space. The endodontic treatment of every tooth poses some endodontic challenges which have to be carefully managed by proper clinical and radiographic evaluation before treatment. The teeth with partial or complete obliteration of pulp canal results in endodontic challenge due to difficulty in negotiation of canal orifice. It is always important to take necessary precautions while locating canal orifice to apex, otherwise it will result in iatrogenic errors including perforation and separation of instrument. This present case describes the successful location and management of calcified canal in maxillary central incisor with proper knowledge of internal anatomy, thorough radiographic assessment and canal orifice locating instrument such as c+ files under microscope.
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Bhardwaj, Atul, Puneeta D. Ahuja, Sheetal P. Mhaske, Gaurav Mishra, and Ruby Dwivedi. "Assessment of Root Resorption and Root Shape by Periapical and Panoramic Radiographs: A Comparative Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 6 (2017): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2069.
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ABSTRACT Introduction One of the common findings encountered by the clinician at the end of orthodontic treatment is the apical root resorption. Root resorption occurs to various degrees. A severe form of root resorption is characterized by shortening of root for more than 4 mm or more than one-third of the total tooth length. A low incidence rate of resorption is observed based on radiographic findings for the diagnosis of root resorption, panoramic radiography, and periapical radiography. Hence, we evaluated the accuracy of panoramic radiographic films for assessing the root resorption in comparison with the periapical films. Materials and methods This study included the assessment of all the cases in which pre- and post-treatment radiographs were available for analysis of the assessment of the amount of root resorption. Complete records of 80 patients were analyzed. Examination of a total of 900 teeth was done. Mean age of the patients in this study was 21 years ranging from 11 to 38 years. The majority of the patients in the present study were females. All the treatments were carried out by registered orthodontists having minimum experience of more than 10 years. All the cases were divided into two study groups. Group I comprised panoramic radiographic findings, while group II consisted of periapical radiographic findings. For the measurement of crown portion, root portion, and the complete root length, magnification loops of over 100 powers with parallax correction with inbuilt grids were used. Assessment of the tooth length and the crown length was done by the same observers. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 6.0. Results Maximum amount of root resorption was observed in case of maxillary central incisors and canines among group I and II cases respectively. However, nonsignificant difference was obtained while comparing the mean root resorption in relation to maxillary incisors and canines among the two study groups. While comparing the overall value of root resorption among the two study groups, a significant difference was obtained. The maximum value of tooth length in both the groups was observed in cases of maxillary canines. Significant differences were observed while comparing the tooth length of various teeth among the two study groups. Among the deviated forms of root shape, dilaceration was the most common form of root shape detected in both the study groups. Conclusion Periapical radiographs are more efficient in the assessment of the shape and resorption of the root. Clinical significance Thorough evaluation of periapical radiographs is necessary for detection of even minute levels of root resorption. How to cite this article Ahuja PD, Mhaske SP, Mishra G, Bhardwaj A, Dwivedi R, Mangalekar SB. Assessment of Root Resorption and Root Shape by Periapical and Panoramic Radiographs: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(6):479-483.
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Di Nunno, N., F. Costantinides, P. Bernasconi, and S. Lombardo. "Radiographic magnification in the diagnosis of traumatic lesions of the hyoid-larynx complex." International Journal of Legal Medicine 111, no. 1 (1997): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004140050109.
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Secrest, Scott, Jesse Nagy, and Stephen Kneller. "Radiographic Distortion Artifact of Circular External Fixators." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 51, no. 3 (2015): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6110.
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Circular external fixators are commonly used to surgically treat a variety of orthopedic conditions. However, distortion artifact may mislead the radiographic interpreter as to the true anatomic location of the transfixing wires and either negatively impact patient healing or lead to unnecessary procedures. Distortion is due to unequal magnification of different parts of an object. The purpose of this study was to assess distortion of three circular external fixator apparatuses with the transfixing wires at 30, 60, and 90°. Distortion was greatest with all three apparatuses at 10° of rotation from parallel to the central X-ray beam. When comparing distortion between the three apparatuses, distortion was greatest with the transfixing wires at 30°. The study authors concluded that distortion artifact is most severe when the transfixing wires are at smaller angles and when they are farther from the X-ray table. The circular external fixator should be placed in the center of, and parallel to, the primary X-ray beam and as close to the table as possible to reduce/prevent distortion artifact and possible radiographic misinterpretation of transfixing wire location.
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Deepak, B. S., P. Benin, T. Sophia, and K. Malikarjun Goud. "Vertucci Type VII Canal Configuration In Maxillary Second Premolar - A Rare Case Report." CODS Journal of Dentistry 4, no. 2 (2012): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/cods-4-2-28.
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Abstract Anatomical variations must be considered in clinical practice and proper radiographic evaluation must be done during endodontic treatment. Access cavity modifications may be required for proper assessment of complex root canal anatomy. Higher magnification and illumination can be useful to recognize and locate additjonal canals. This article describes the diagnosis and clinical management of a rare case with type VII root canal anatomy in maxillary second premolar.
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Silva Neto, José Moreira da, Rosenês Lima dos Santos, Maria Carmeli Correia Sampaio, Fábio Correia Sampaio, and Isabela Albuquerque Passos. "Radiographic diagnosis of incipient proximal caries: an ex-vivo study." Brazilian Dental Journal 19, no. 2 (2008): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402008000200002.
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The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare visual clinical and radiographic examinations to the histological analysis for proximal caries diagnosis in extracted permanent molars and premolars. The relationship between clinical aspects and carious lesions was also evaluated. Eighty-eight proximal surfaces (44 freshly extracted teeth) were longitudinally sectioned with a 370-µm diamond disk, thinned with wet silicon carbide paper and observed with a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. Sensitivity and specificity were 65.6% and 83.3% for clinical examination and 29.7% and 95.8% for radiographic examination, respectively. Kappa values ranged from 0.64 to 0.91. The white spots corresponded to lesions restricted to enamel, while the dark spots corresponded to lesions that reached the dentinoenamel junction. In most cases, cavitation corresponded to dentin lesions. It may be concluded that interproximal radiographic examination is not a reliable method for detection of incipient proximal carious lesions.
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Lemos, Alexandre Durval, Cintia Regina Tornisiello Katz, Mônica Vilela Heimer, and Aronita Rosenblatt. "Mandibular asymmetry: A proposal of radiographic analysis with public domain software." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 3 (2014): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.19.3.052-058.oar.
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OBJECTIVE: This preliminary study aimed to propose a new analysis of digital panoramic radiographs for a differential diagnosis between functional and morphological mandibular asymmetry in children with and without unilateral posterior crossbite. METHODS: Analysis is based on linear and angular measurements taken from nine anatomic points, demarcated in sequence directly on digital images. A specific plug-in was developed as part of a larger public domain image processing software (ImageJ) to automate and facilitate measurements. Since panoramic radiographs are typically subject to magnification differences between the right and left sides, horizontal linear measurements were adjusted for greater accuracy in both sides by means of a Distortion Factor (DF). In order to provide a preliminary assessment of proposed analysis and the developed plug-in, radiographs of ten patients (5 with unilateral posterior crossbite and 5 with normal occlusion) were analyzed. RESULTS: Considerable divergence was found between the right and left sides in the measurements of mandibular length and position of condyles in patients with unilateral posterior crossbite in comparison to individuals with normal occlusion. CONCLUSION: Although there are more effective and accurate diagnostic methods, panoramic radiography is still widespread, especially in emerging countries. This study presented initial evidence that the proposed analysis can be an important resource for planning early orthodontic intervention and, thus, avoid progression of asymmetries and their consequences.
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Kumar, Vandana, John Ludlow, Lucia Helena Soares Cevidanes, and André Mol. "In Vivo Comparison of Conventional and Cone Beam CT Synthesized Cephalograms." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 5 (2008): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/082907-399.1.
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Abstract Objective: To compare measurements from synthesized cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) lateral cephalograms using orthogonal and perspective projections with those from conventional cephalometric radiographs. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients were imaged using CBCT and conventional cephalometry. CBCT volume data were imported in Dolphin 3D. Orthogonal and perspective lateral cephalometric radiographs were created from three-dimensional (3D) virtual models. Twelve linear and five angular measurements were made on synthesized and conventional cephalograms in a randomized fashion. Conventional image measurements were corrected for known magnification. Linear and angular measurements were compared between image modalities using repeated measures analysis of variance. Statistical significance was defined as an α level of .01. Results: With the exception of the Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (P &lt; .0001), angular measurements were not statistically different for any modality (P &gt; .01). Linear measurements, whether based on soft or hard tissue landmarks, were not statistically different (P &gt; .01). Conclusions: Measurements from in vivo CBCT synthesized cephalograms are similar to those based on conventional radiographic images. Thus, additional conventional imaging may generally be avoided when CBCT scans are acquired for orthodontic diagnosis.
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El Hage, Marc, Jean-Pierre Bernard, Christophe Combescure, and Lydia Vazquez. "Impact of Digital Panoramic Radiograph Magnification on Vertical Measurement Accuracy." International Journal of Dentistry 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/452413.
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Objectives.The purpose of this panoramic radiography study was to assess the impact of image magnification on the accuracy of vertical measurements in the posterior mandible.Methods.Six dental implants, inserted in the posterior segments of a resin model, were used as reference objects. Two observers performed implant length measurements using a proprietary viewer with two preset image magnifications: the low (1.9 : 1) and the medium (3.4 : 1) image magnifications. They also measured the implant lengths in two Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine viewers set at low (1.9 : 1), medium (3.4 : 1), and high (10 : 1) image magnifications.Results.The error between the measured length and the real implant length was close to zero for all three viewers and image magnifications. The percentage of measurements equal to the real implant length was the highest (83.3%) for the high image magnification and below 30% for all viewers with the low image magnification.Conclusions.The high and medium image magnifications used in this study allowed accurate vertical measurements, with all three imaging programs, in the posterior segments of a mandibular model. This study suggests that a low image magnification should not be used for vertical measurements on digital panoramic radiographs when planning an implant in the posterior mandible.
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Webster, Kate E., James J. Chiu, and Julian A. Feller. "Impact of Measurement Error in the Analysis of Bone Tunnel Enlargement after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 11 (2005): 1680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546505275489.
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Background Radiographic bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is frequently reported. The error associated with measuring tunnels on radiographs has not been established and may be substantial. Hypothesis Measurement error influences interpretation of bone tunnel enlargement. Study Design Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Radiographs and clinical outcomes were obtained from 76 subjects who had undergone hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tunnel enlargement was determined by measuring the widths of the femoral and tibial tunnels with a digital caliper in lateral and anteroposterior radiographs. Measurements were corrected for magnification; the percentage change in tunnel widths was recorded relative to the diameters drilled at surgery. One examiner measured all radiographs and repeated the procedure for 20 randomly selected radiographs 12 months later. A second examiner measured the same 20 radiographs. Intraclass correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for intrarater and interrater measurement errors were calculated. Confidence intervals were used to divide subjects into 2 groups according to whether bone tunnel enlargement was within (unenlarged tunnel group) or greater than (enlarged tunnel group) the 95% confidence interval for measurement error; clinical comparisons between these groups were made for each view of tibial and femoral tunnels. Results Measurement errors for tunnel enlargement ranged from 17% to 26% for intrarater measurements and 24% to 38% for interrater measurements. For the lateral view of the tibial tunnel, there was a significant positive association between tunnel enlargement and anterior knee laxity. There was no relationship between femoral tunnel enlargement and anterior knee laxity. Conclusion There was considerable error associated with bone tunnel measurement. A relationship between tibial tunnel enlargement on the lateral radiograph and anterior knee laxity was evident once enlargement was defined as a change that exceeded measurement error. Clinical Relevance Measurement of bone tunnels on radiographs is useful for interpreting large changes; caution should be used when small changes are observed.
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Kocadereli, Ilken, Turkan Nadire Yesil, Pınar Sahin Veske, and Serdar Uysal. "Apical Root Resorption: A Prospective Radiographic Study of Maxillary Incisors." European Journal of Dentistry 05, no. 03 (2011): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698898.
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ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of apical root resorption in maxillary incisors during the initial stages of active orthodontic treatment and to test the hypothesis that root resorption increases with the progress of the treatment. Methods: The study sample consisted of 80 teeth of 20 patients (14 female, 6 male) with a mean age of 14.9±2.8 years. Root resorption was determined with standardized digitized periapical radiographs. All the periapical radiographs were obtained at the beginning of orthodontic treatment (T0) and 3 months (T1), 6 months (T2) and 9 months (T3) after the beginning of the treatment by a paralleling device. They were digitalized as 600 dpi with a flatbed scanner and analyzed by software for image analysis at 400x magnification utilizing a personal computer. Results: All of the 4 maxillary incisors had an increasing amount of resorption during the 9-month period. The amount of root resorption between the time intervals was statistically significant (P<.05). Conclusions: Root resorption of maxillary incisors can be detected in the early stages of orthodontic treatment and appears to be related to treatment duration. According to 9-month evaluation period, apical root resorption is of limited clinical significance for the average orthodontic patient. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:318-323)
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Ladeira, Daniela Brait Silva, Adriana Dibo da Cruz, Solange Maria de Almeida, and Frab Norberto Bóscolo. "Evaluation of the panoramic image formation in different anatomic positions." Brazilian Dental Journal 21, no. 5 (2010): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402010000500014.
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The aim of this study was to determine size, shape and position of the image layer by evaluation of the radiographic image formation in different anatomic positions. A customized phantom was made of a rectangular acrylic plate measuring 14 cm² and 0.3 cm thick, with holes spaced 0.5 cm away and arranged in rows and columns. Each column was separately filled with 0.315 cm diameter metal spheres to acquire panoramic radiographs using the Orthopantomograph OP 100 unit. The customized phantom was placed on the mental support of the device, with its top surface kept parallel to the horizontal plane, and was radiographed at three different heights from the horizontal plane, i.e., the orbital, occlusal and mandibular symphysis levels. The images of the spheres were measured using a digital caliper to locate the image layer. The recorded data were analyzed statistically by the Student'-t test, ANOVA and Tukey' test (?=0.05). When the image size of spheres in horizontal and vertical axes were compared, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in all areas, portions of the image layer and heights of horizontal plane evaluated. In the middle portion of the image layer, differences in the image size of spheres were observed only along the horizontal axis (p<0.05), whereas no differences were observed along the vertical axis (p>0.05). The methodology used in this determined the precise size, shape and position of the image layer and differences in magnification were observed in both the horizontal and vertical axes.
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Holliday, Mia, and Adam Steward. "Pre‐operative templating for total hip arthroplasty: How does radiographic technique and calibration marker placement affect image magnification?" Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences 68, no. 3 (2021): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.461.
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Lindgren, Erik. "Detection and 3-D positioning of small defects using 3-D point reconstruction, tracking, and the radiographic magnification technique." NDT & E International 76 (December 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2015.07.004.
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Tsunoda, Takaaki, Takeo Tsukamoto, Yoichi Ando, et al. "Design and Characteristics of Microfocus X-ray Source with Sealed Tube and Transmissive Target on Diamond Window." Materials Evaluation 79, no. 6 (2021): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/2021.me-04196.
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Electronic devices such as medical instruments implanted in the human body and electronic control units installed in automobiles have a large impact on human life. The electronic circuits in these devices require highly reliable operation. Radiographic testing has recently been in strong demand as a nondestructive way to help ensure high reliability. Companies that use high-density micrometer-scale circuits or lithium-ion batteries require high speed and high magnification inspection of all parts. The authors have developed a new X-ray source supporting these requirements. The X-ray source has a sealed tube with a transmissive target on a diamond window that offers advantages over X-ray sources having a sealed tube with a reflective target. The X-ray source provides high-power-density X-ray with no anode degradation and a longer shelf life. In this paper, the authors will summarize X-ray source classification relevant to electronic device inspection and will detail X-ray source performance requirements and challenges. The paper will also elaborate on technologies employed in the X-ray source including tube design implementations for high-power-density X-ray, high resolution, and high magnification simultaneously; reduced system downtime for automated X-ray inspection; and reduced dosages utilizing quick X-ray on-and-off emission control for protection of sensitive electronic devices.
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Knafo, Y., F. Houfani, B. Zaharia, F. Egrise, I. Clerc-Urmès, and D. Mainard. "Value of 3D Preoperative Planning for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Based on Biplanar Weightbearing Radiographs." BioMed Research International 2019 (March 10, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1932191.
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Two-dimensional (2D) planning on standard radiographs for total hip arthroplasty may not be sufficiently accurate to predict implant sizing or restore leg length and femoral offset, whereas 3D planning avoids magnification and projection errors. Furthermore, weightbearing measures are not available with computed tomography (CT) and leg length and offset are rarely checked postoperatively using any imaging modality. Navigation can usually achieve a surgical plan precisely, but the choice of that plan remains key, which is best guided by preoperative planning. The study objectives were therefore to (1) evaluate the accuracy of stem/cup size prediction using dedicated 3D planning software based on biplanar radiographic imaging under weightbearing and (2) compare the preplanned leg length and femoral offset with the postoperative result. This single-centre, single-surgeon prospective study consisted of a cohort of 33 patients operated on over 24 months. The routine clinical workflow consisted of preoperative biplanar weightbearing imaging, 3D surgical planning, navigated surgery to execute the plan, and postoperative biplanar imaging to verify the radiological outcomes in 3D weightbearing. 3D planning was performed with the dedicated hipEOS® planning software to determine stem and cup size and position, plus 3D anatomical and functional parameters, in particular variations in leg length and femoral offset. Component size planning accuracy was 94% (31/33) within one size for the femoral stem and 100% (33/33) within one size for the acetabular cup. There were no significant differences between planned versus implanted femoral stem size or planned versus measured changes in leg length or offset. Cup size did differ significantly, tending towards implanting one size larger when there was a difference. Biplanar radiographs plus hipEOS planning software showed good reliability for predicting implant size, leg length, and femoral offset and postoperatively provided a check on the navigated surgery. Compared to previous studies, the predictive results were better than 2D planning on conventional radiography and equal to 3D planning on CT images, with lower radiation dose, and in the weightbearing position.
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Capirci, Carlo, Polico Cesare, Giovanni Mandoliti, Giovanni Pavanato, Marcello Gava, and Simonetta Salviato. "The Role of A Conventional Simulator in Multileaf-Plan Simulation: A Proposal." Tumori Journal 87, no. 2 (2001): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160108700205.
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Modern computer networks provide satisfying levels of data recording and verification between the treatment planning system (TPS) and the accelerators, while the main weakness of the preparation chain remains the simulation. When a conventional simulator is employed, it may adversely affect the three-dimensional treatment planning system (3DPS) process because of the difficulty to document the leaf positions on the simulator location films and on the patient's skin. With a conventional simulator, hard copies of the DRRs of each field and CT scans at isocenter level are needed. In an attempt to transfer more information displayed from a BEV perspective from the 3DPS to simulator radiographs, this study aimed to reduce the quality loss by using a 2D conventional simulator in a 3DPS process. We realized an acetate photocopy of TPS data for each field, from a BEV perspective, containing: DRR, wire frames of the PTV, organs at risk and MLC aperture. The photocopies, with an appropriate magnification factor to obtain a correct projective value (ratio 1:1) at isocenter level, are carefully placed on the radiographic images on the same hard copy which allows us to better understand possible setup errors and obliges us to correct these. The method provides reliable documentation, facilitates treatment verification, and fulfils the criteria for MLC simulation. It is accurate, simple, and very inexpensive.
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Sood, Ankita, Varun Jindal, Ajay Chhabra, Arvind Arora, and Ankur Vats. "Comparison of Apical Transportation, Centering Ability and Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Four Rotary File Systems." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 03, no. 01 (2015): 012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1672008.
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Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the apical transportation, centering ability and cyclic fatigue resistance of Hero shaper, Twisted file, Hyflex file and RACE rotary file systems. Methods: Mesiobuccal roots of eighty maxillary molars were divided into four groups and instrumented with Hero shaper, Twisted file, Hyflex file and RACE rotary file systems with a final apical size being 25/.04. Apical deviation was assessed by the radiographic platform method that enables obtaining superimposed images of the first and last instrument used in root canal preparation in the same radiograph. Apical transportation was measured in millimeters with the aid of the AUTOCAD 2008 software. Forty canals were sectioned at 7mm from the apex and stereomicroscopic Images were taken at 6x magnification before and after instrumentation for evaluation of centering ability. The cyclic fatigue testing was conducted with the instrumentrotating freely at angles of curvature of 45 degree. Total 10 instruments were tested in each group. The instruments were rotated at 400rpm using the X-smart motor (Dentsply, Maillefer) until fracture occurred. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the four groups in apical transportation and centering ability whereas twisted files showed the maximum cyclic fatigue resistance. Conclusion: The different rotary file systems provided minimum canal transportation and the twisted file performed significantly better in terms of cyclic fatigue resistance.
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Kosarina, E. I., A. A. Demidov, A. V. Smirnov, and P. V. Suvorov. "Digital reference images when evaluating the quality of castings from aluminum and magnesium alloys." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 2(106) (August 1, 2021): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2021-106-2-182-194.
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Reference X-ray images of defects in castings and welded joints have been used for many years in X-ray radiation inspection. With the transition to digital technologies, and the use of flat-panel detectors instead of radiographic film, the problem arose of creating reference digital images. Comparison of the digital image of the reference sample with the digital image of the test object can be carried out using software, which completely or partially excludes the subjective assessment of the operator, makes it possible to view doubtful areas of the image with magnification and without loss of contrast, automatically show the size of the defect, its intensity distribution by volume of the casting. All this makes the control more objective and productive. The reference images in the detector’s memory do not undergo the aging and degradation typical of X-ray images, and there is no need to replicate them.
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Lewis, Danielle N., Abraham Nyska, Kennita Johnson, et al. "2-Butoxyethanol Female-Rat Model of Hemolysis and Disseminated Thrombosis: X-Ray Characterization of Osteonecrosis and Growth-Plate Suppression." Toxicologic Pathology 33, no. 2 (2005): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019262390908362.
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We recently proposed a chemically induced rat model for human hemolytic disorders associated with thrombosis. The objective of the present investigation was to apply a noninvasive, high-magnification X-ray analysis, the Faxitron radiography system, to characterize the protracted bone damage associated with this 2-butoxyethanol model and to validate it by histopathology. Groups of female Fischer 344 rats were given 0, 250, or 300 mg of 2-butoxyethanol/kg body weight daily for 4 consecutive days. Groups were then sacrificed 2 hours or 26 days after the final treatment. The treated animals displayed a darkened purple-red discoloration on the distal tail. Histopathological evaluation, including phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining of animals sacrificed 2 hours after the final treatment, revealed disseminated thrombosis and infarction in multiple organs, including bones. The Faxitron MX-20 specimen radiography system was used to image selected bones of rats sacrificed 26 days posttreatment. Premature thinning of the growth plate occurred in the calcaneus, lumbar and coccygeal vertebrae, femur, and ilium of the treated animals. Areas of decreased radiographic densities were seen in the diaphysis of the femur of all treated animals. The bones were then examined histologically and showed a range of changes, including loss or damage to growth plates and necrosis of cortical bone. No thrombi were seen in the animals sacrificed at 30 days, but bone and growth plate changes consistent with prior ischemia were noted. The Faxitron proved to be an excellent noninvasive tool that can be used in future studies with this animal model to examine treatment modalities for the chronic effects of human thrombotic disorders.
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Tagliaferro, EPS, A. Valsecki Junior, FL Rosell, et al. "Caries Diagnosis in Dental Practices: Results From Dentists in a Brazilian Community." Operative Dentistry 44, no. 1 (2019): E23—E31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/18-034-c.
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SUMMARY The aim of this study was to assess practices related to diagnosis of dental caries among dentists (n=217) from Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil. Data on sociodemographic information and practitioner characteristics were collected using a pretested questionnaire, and data on practices related to caries diagnosis were gathered by using a translated and culturally adapted questionnaire from the US National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used for data analysis. Respondents reported using in most of their patients radiographs (Rx) to diagnose proximal caries (59%), explorer (Ex) for the diagnosis of occlusal caries (64%) and on the margins of existing restorations (79%), as well as air jet (AJ) with drying (92%). Magnification (M) (25%), fiber optic transillumination (FOTI; 14%), and laser fluorescence (LF) (3%) were used in the minority of patients. Regression analysis revealed that the following dentists' characteristics were significantly associated (p&lt;0.05) with the use of diagnostic methods on a greater percentage of their patients: advanced degree (Rx, FOTI), higher percentage of patients with individualized caries prevention (Rx, FOTI, M), more years since dental school graduation (Ex, M), and work in an exclusively private practice model (LF). In conclusion, most Brazilian dentists from Araraquara reported they most commonly use visual, tactile, and radiographic imaging for the diagnosis of dental caries. Some dentists' characteristics, such as time from dental school graduation and having a postgraduation course, were associated with the use of certain diagnostic methods.
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Mumcu, Emre, Hakan Bilhan, and Ali Cekici. "Marginal Bone Loss Around Implants Supporting Fixed Restorations." Journal of Oral Implantology 37, no. 5 (2011): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-10-00018.
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A key criterion of success following dental implants is the marginal bone level. Long-term clinical and radiographic evaluation is necessary to test the results of in vitro studies investigating how cantilevering of restorations or implant size affect bone level changes around implants. There is no consensus on the effect of several variables such as age, gender, implant size, and cantilever prostheses on marginal bone levels around fixed dentures supported by dental implants. Patients who received cemented, fixed restorations supported by implants and who were examined in routine recall sessions 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after loading were included in the study group. Comparative bone level measurements were obtained from images of radiographs at ×20 magnification using the CorelDraw 11.0 software program. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test and 1-way analysis of variance. In the 36-month observation period, there were no incidences of implant failure, excessive bone loss around implants, or peri-implant inflammation. One hundred twenty-six implants in 36 patients were evaluated, and the effect of several factors on marginal bone loss (MBL) during the 36 months after loading was analyzed statistically. There was no significant relationship between MBL and implant length or diameter, whereas age, gender, and cantilevers affected bone loss rates. MBL was elevated in older and female patients as well as in patients who received cantilevers. In cases of limiting anatomic conditions, short and/or narrow implants should be preferred over cantilever extensions.
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Cutler, Aaron R., Saquib Siddiqui, Mohan Avinash L., Virany H. Hillard, Franco Cerabona, and Kaushik Das. "Comparison of polyetheretherketone cages with femoral cortical bone allograft as a single-piece interbody spacer in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 5, no. 6 (2006): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2006.5.6.534.
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Object Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is an accepted alternative to circumferential fusion of the lumbar spine in the treatment of degenerative disc disease, spondylolisthesis, and recurrent disc herniation. To maintain disc height while arthrodesis takes place, the technique requires the use of an interbody spacer. Although titanium cages are used in this capacity, the two most common spacers are polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages and femoral cortical allografts (FCAs). The authors compared the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients who underwent TLIF with pedicle screw fixation, in whom either a PEEK cage or an FCA was placed as an interbody spacer. Methods The charts and x-ray films obtained in 39 patients (age range 33–68 years, mean 44.7 years) who underwent single-level TLIF between October 2001 and April 2004 and in whom either a PEEK cage (18 patients) or FCA (21 patients) was placed as an interbody spacer were evaluated in a retrospective study. Radiological outcome was based on fusion rate and a comparison of the initial postoperative lordotic angle on standing lateral radiographs with that at long-term follow up (mean follow up 15.1 months, minimum 12 months). To control for variations in radiographic magnification, the authors used lordotic angle as an indirect measure of disc space height. Clinical outcome was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). There were no major complications in either group. Radiographically documented fusion occurred in all patients in the PEEK group and 95.2% of those in the FCA group. Pseudarthrosis developed in one patient in the FCA group, and this patient underwent additional surgery. In both groups, the mean lordotic angle changed by less than 2.20° during the postoperative period, and the mean postoperative ODI score was more than 40 points lower than the mean preoperative score. There was no significant difference between the two groups in mean change in lordotic angle (p = 0.415) and mean change in ODI score (p = 0.491). Conclusions Both PEEK cages and FCAs are highly effective in promoting interbody fusion, maintaining postoperative disc space height, and achieving desirable clinical outcomes in patients who undergo TLIF with pedicle screw fixation. The advantages of PEEK cages include a lower incidence of subsidence and their radiolucency, which permits easier visualization of bone growth.
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Brito-Junior, Manoel, Gil Moreira-Junior, Joao Americo Normanha, et al. "Midbuccal Canals of Maxillary Molars Evaluated by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: Endodontic Management of Two Cases." Brazilian Dental Journal 24, no. 6 (2013): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302358.
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Maxillary molars present variable root canal and root morphologies. This report describes the endodontic management of two cases of midbuccal canals found in maxillary molars. Midbuccal canals were present in a maxillary first molar with a single buccal root (Case 1), and in a maxillary second molar with three buccal roots (Case 2). An assessment of the internal configuration of these teeth was performed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Magnification with a dental operating microscope, surgical loupes, and the use of an endodontic explorer enabled the identification of the midbuccal canal orifices. The root canals in both cases were chemomechanically prepared and filled. Postobturation radiographic images revealed four (one midbuccal, two mesiobuccal and one palatal) and five (one midbuccal, two mesiobuccal, one distobuccal and one palatal) root canals, which were filled in Cases 1 and 2, respectively. Complex canal configurations of maxillary molars including the presence of midbuccal canals were presented. CBCT was a valuable tool in this diagnosis, as it provided a precise description of these unusual anatomical variations.
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Bhardwaj, Anuj, Jojo Kottoor, Denzil Valerian Albequerque, and Natanasabapathy Velmurugan. "Morphologic Variations in Mandibular Premolars: A Report of Three Cases." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 15, no. 5 (2014): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1593.
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ABSTRACT Aim To report cases with morphologic variations in mandibular premolars. Background Mandibular premolars have earned the reputation for having aberrant anatomy. The occurrence of three canals with three separate (type V, Vertucci) foramina in mandibular premolars is very rare. In this report, three cases are presented involving the root canal treatment of mandibular premolars with three different root and canal configurations. The present report also emphasizes the use of the dental operating microscope to enhance visualization. Case description Correlation between radiographic findings, use of dental operating microscope and knowledge of aberrant anatomy helps to identify, locate and treat the aberrant anatomy of the tooth. Clinical significance The treatment was successful as all canals were identified and filled and also as evidenced by relief of symptoms. Conclusion Success is largely dependent on the use of magnification, which aided in identifying the location of the three individual root canal orifices; thus emphasizing the need to familiarize ourselves with dental microscopy, to obtain maximal anatomic information in endodontic practice. How to cite this article Bhardwaj A, Kottoor J, Albequerque DV, Velmurugan N. Morphologic Variations in Mandibular Premolars: A Report of Three Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(5): 646-650.
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Bhosale, Swati, Akilan Balasubramanian, Rameshkumar Maroli, and S. Jayasree. "Middle Mesial Canal: A Common Finding — A Report of Three Cases." Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 4, no. 3 (2014): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1086.
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ABSTRACT Aims and objectives To present clinical case report of three mandibular first molar with middle mesial canal of independent and confluent type. Case Report Three patients with chief complaint in mandibular first molars were referred for endodontic treatment. All the three mandibular first molar showed presence of middle mesial canal and, in one case, extra root was observed. With aid of proper diagnostic and radiographic techniques, the endodontic treatment was performed. Conclusion Good knowledge of the potential aberrant canal morphology in mandibular molar will help clinician to successfully recognize and treat these difficult cases. Morphological variations in root canal system anatomy should always be considered at the beginning of treatment. Once endodontic treatment has been initiated, proper access cavity preparation is a basic prerequisite for the investigation and successful detection of all root canal orifices. Every effort should be made to find and treat all canals for successful clinical results. Better illumination and magnification under microscope help in locating hidden canals. How to cite this article Bhosale S, Balasubramanian A, Maroli R, Jayasree S. Middle Mesial Canal: A Common Finding— A Report of Three Cases. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(3):152-156.