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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiographic measurement'
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1
Foss, O. A., J. Klaksvik, P. Benum, and S. Anda. "Pelvic rotations: a pelvic phantom study." Acta Radiologica 48, no. 6 (July 2007): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850701326941.
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Background: Radiographic measurements made on standard pelvic radiographs are commonly used in studying conditions related to the hip joints. Effects caused by variations in pelvic orientation may be a source of error in comparing measurements between sequential radiographs. Purpose: To define and characterize parameters able to measure rotational differences separately around two axes and altered radiographic focusing along two axes when sequential standard anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs are compared. Material and Methods: A pelvic phantom was constructed based on direct three-dimensional measurements of five defined landmarks in a pelvic model. Two ratios, the vertical and transversal rotation ratios, were defined using radiographs of the phantom. The phantom was radiographed in 33 different orientations and with 16 different radiographic focuses using a specially constructed tilt table. On each radiograph, measurements were made and the two rotation ratios were calculated using a measurement program. Results: Linear correlations between pelvic rotations around one axis and the corresponding rotation ratio were found with almost no influence of simultaneous rotation around the other axis. Also, linear correlations were found between altered radiographic focusing along one axis and the non-corresponding rotation ratio. Conclusion: Rotational differences around two axes or altered radiographic focusing along two axes can be measured independently. Effects caused by rotations cannot be distinguished from effects caused by altered radiographic focusing.
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Kitai, Noriyuki, Yousuke Mukai, Manabu Murabayashi, Atsushi Kawabata, Kaei Washino, Masato Matsuoka, Ichirou Shimizu, and Akitoshi Katsumata. "Measurement accuracy with a new dental panoramic radiographic technique based on tomosynthesis." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 1 (May 21, 2012): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/020412-100.1.
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Abstract Objective: To investigate measurement errors and head positioning effects on radiographs made with new dental panoramic radiograph equipment that uses tomosynthesis. Materials and Methods: Radiographic images of a simulated human head or phantom were made at standard head positions using the new dental panoramic radiograph equipment. Measurement errors were evaluated by comparing with the true values. The phantom was also radiographed at various alternative head positions. Significant differences between measurement values at standard and alternative head positions were evaluated. Magnification ratios of the dimensions at standard and alternative head positions were calculated. Results: The measurement errors were small for all dimensions. On the measurements at 4-mm displacement positions, no dimension was significantly different from the standard value, and all dimensions were within ±5% of the standard values. At 12-mm displacement positions, the magnification ratios for tooth length and mandibular ramus height were within ±5% of the standard values, but those for dental arch width, mandibular width, and mandibular body length were beyond ±5% of the standard values. Conclusions: Measurement errors on radiographs made using the new panoramic radiograph equipment were small in any direction. At 4-mm head displacement positions, no head positioning effect on the measurements was found. At 12-mm head displacement positions, the measurements for vertical dimensions were little affected by head positioning, while those for lateral and anteroposterior dimensions were strongly affected.
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Cook, J., M. Helphrey, D. Crouch, D. Fox, L. Schultz, C. Cook, J. Kunkel, and J. Headrick. "A novel radiographic method to facilitate measurement of the tibial plateau angle in dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 20, no. 01 (2007): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1616583.
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SummaryThe tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) is commonly performed for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. In order to be performed as described, this procedure relies on consistent measurement of the tibial plateau angle (TPA) on radiographs. This prospective study compared two radiographic methods for subsequent TPA measurement with respect to measured angle and ease of determining landmarks for measurement as determined by four observers. One method was the accepted standard radiographic protocol outlined in the TPLO training seminars. The other method involved a novel split image radiographic protocol not yet described in the literature. Participants' subjective scores as to ease of identifying landmarks and determining TPA on radiographs for each method were evaluated. Inter-observer TPA measurement variability was also assessed for each method. The novel radiographic method was judged to be significantly better in terms of ease of measuring TPA. Inter-observer measurement variability was considered appropriate for recommending use of this novel method for radiographing patients for TPA measurements.
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Andrade, C. R., B. W. Minto, R. M. Dreibi, L. M. I. Diogo, T. A. S. S. Rocha, F. Y. K. Kawamoto, G. G. Franco, R. A. R. Uscategui, and L. G. G. G. Dias. "Comparison of radiographic and tomographic evaluations for measurement of the Canal Flare Index in dogs." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 3 (May 2021): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11987.
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ABSTRACT The outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in dogs is directly related to surgical planning. Templating of radiographs prior to THA should help the surgeon anticipate prosthesis size and femoral shape allowing canal fill of the proximal metaphysis by the implant ensuring primary stable fixation. The canal flare index (CFI) obtained from radiograph has been used as a measure of risk of complications for the technique in human beings and dogs. However, standard radiographs only provide limited data for the selection of cementless prostheses and the assessment of their fit within the femoral canal, due to factors like radiographic magnification and femoral rotation. Therefore, three-dimensional evaluation based on computed tomography (CT) may be a better tool for CFI measurement. The aim of this study was to compare anatomical measurement with CFI values obtained from craniocaudal radiography and CT. Craniocaudal radiographs using a horizontal radiographic beam (CR), CT, and anatomical macroscopic measurements (A) were obtained from 45 femurs from 23 canine cadavers. The differences between the values of CFI obtained from radiograph (CFI-R), computed tomography on transverse (CFI- TT) and longitudinal axis (CFI-TL) compared to the CFI obtained from macroscopic measurements - gold standard - (CFI-A), and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) between the values, were evaluated by the Bland-Altman method. Dimensions obtained from CT techniques had a greatest mean difference from anatomical and CFI values were also different (P=0.032). Under the experimental conditions, the craniocaudal radiograph, provided the most accurate measurement of the CFI (mean difference: 0.087 ± 0.42).
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Younger, Alastair S., Bonita Sawatzky, and Peter Dryden. "Radiographic Assessment of Adult Flatfoot." Foot & Ankle International 26, no. 10 (October 2005): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070502601006.
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Background: The accurate measurement of flatfoot on standing radiographs allows correct diagnosis of the condition and evaluation of reconstructive procedures. Method: The standing radiographic measurements of patients with symptomatic, adult flatfoot were compared to controls using blinded observers. Results: On the lateral radiograph, the talar-to-first metatarsal angle, the calcaneal pitch angle, and the medial cuneiform-fifth metatarsal height differed significantly between the patient group and the controls. The difference in the talar-to-first metatarsal angles on lateral radiographs was the most statistically significant (patient group 21.1 ±10.8 degrees and control 7.1 ± 10.7 degrees, p < 0.0001) with good correlation between readings (intraobserver 0.75, interobserver 0.83). On the anteroposterior (AP) radiograph, the talar head uncoverage distance was the most significantly different measurement between these groups. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that the talar-first metatarsal angle is an accurate radiographic identifier of patients with symptomatic, adult flatfoot.
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Heaven, T. J., A. R. Firestone, and F. F. Feagin. "Quantitative Radiographic Measurement of Dentinal Lesions." Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 1 (January 1990): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690010801.
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The purpose of this investigation was the comparison of the precision and accuracy of two reference ramp techniques for the quantification of radiographic density changes in teeth. Radiographs (65 kVp, 10 ma, 1 s, and intra-oral ultraspeed film) of transverse sections from extracted permanent human molars were made before and after dentinal lesions were created. Each radiograph contained the image of a tooth section and the aluminum reference ramp. Method A used the image of the ramp on both the before- and after-lesion radiographs, and method B used the image of the ramp only on the before-lesion radiograph. Three groups of lesions (0.525-mm diameter, n = 11; 0.675-mm diameter, n = 9; and the 0.525-mm holes enlarged to 0.675 mm) were measured radiographically by each technique and by direct planimetry of the lesions. Radiographic method B produced results in close agreement with the planimetric measurements. Method B differentiated (p<0.05) between groups that had a mean planimetric size difference of 0.10 mm (equivalent to a change in density difference of 0.6%). These density change measurements are in absolute units of mm of aluminum that can be compared between lesions and between samples. This technique may prove useful for the quantification of changes in mineral density of caries lesions detectable in longitudinal radiographic records.
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Harper, T. A. M., O. I. Lanz, G. B. Daniel, S. R. Werre, and K. S. Aulakh. "Effect of stifle angle on the magnitude of the tibial plateau angle measurement in dogs with intact and transected cranial cruciate ligament." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 24, no. 04 (2011): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-09-0131.
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SummaryObjective: To determine the effect of stifle angle on the magnitude of the radiographic tibial plateau angle (TPA) in normal and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) -deficient stifles.Methods: Three pairs of canine cadaver hind-limbs from three skeletally mature dogs were positioned in a custom-made positioning device. A lateral radiograph of each specimen was obtained before and after transection of the CCL at four stifle angles (90°, 110°, 135° and 140–150° [i.e. maximum extension]), based on goniometric measurements. Four observers determined the radiographic TPA twice for each radiograph with a minimum of two days between each measurement. The radiographic TPA measurements in all specimens at different stifle angles with intact CCL and transected CCL were compared with mixed-model ANOVA. The effect of stifle angle, CCL transection, and interaction between the two on observer TPA measurement variability was also determined using the coefficient of variation.Results: Tibial plateau angle was not statistically different in the stifle angles for either the intact or transected CCL. There was also no statistical difference for TPA between intact and transected CCL groups at each of the stifle angles. Stifle angle, CCL transection and interaction between the two did not have any significant effect for intra-observer and inter-observer variation.Clinical significance: The angle of the stifle during radiography does not influence the magnitude of the TPA measurement as determined on true lateral radiographs of the stifle and tibia in cadaveric canine limbs.
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Reina-Bueno, Maria, Guillermo Lafuente-Sotillos, Jose M. Castillo-Lopez, Estela Gomez-Aguilar, and Pedro V. Munuera-Martinez. "Radiographic Assessment of Lower-Limb Discrepancy." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 107, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/15-204.
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Background: This study compares different lower-limb length measurements using tests of lower-limb upright full-length radiography and anteroposterior radiography of load-bearing hips. Methods: Forty-seven consecutive individuals aged 17 to 61 years (mean ± SD, 31.47 ± 11.42 years) voluntarily took part in the study; 23 (48.9%) were women and 24 (51.1%) were men. All individuals presenting a difference of 5 mm or greater between both lower limbs quantified with a tape measure were included. All of the participants signed an informed consent form to take part in the study. Two anteroposterior load-bearing radiographs were taken: one of the hip and an upright full-length radiograph of the lower limbs. Lower-limb–length discrepancy was quantified by taking different reference points. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability was assessed for each radiographic measurement. Any correlation between the different measurements were also verified. Results: Interobserver and intraobserver reliability was high for all of the measurements because the intraclass correlation was greater than 0.75 in all of the cases. There was a strong and positive correlation between the different measurements because when performing bivariate correlations with the Pearson correlation coefficient, positive values close to 1 were found. Conclusions: In this study, the different reference points reported in the upright full-length radiograph in addition to the hip radiographs are useful for assessing lower-limb–length discrepancy. The results showed that there is a correct correlation between the different measurements.
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Johnson, Kryssa L., Erin G. Porter, and Clifford R. Berry. "Analysis of feline splenic radiographic measurements and their correlation to ultrasonographic measurements." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 10 (September 12, 2016): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16667440.
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Objectives The purpose of this study was to establish a method for feline splenic measurement on abdominal radiographs and evaluate for correlation between the radiographic measurements and ultrasonographic measurements. Methods One hundred cats with normal abdominal radiographs and ultrasound (US) studies of the spleen were evaluated. The hypothesis was that the measurement of the spleen on the radiographs would correlate with the measurement of the spleen on US. The radiographic and ultrasonographic measurements were tabulated and compared using linear regression and t-tests using unequal variances. Results The measurement of the spleen on the ventrodorsal projection was characterized as one of three shapes (A, B or C), and thereby based on the thickest part of the spleen (when corrected for radiographic magnification: A = 9.9 ± 2.2 mm; B = 8.1 ± 1.8 mm; C = 8.0 ± 2.3 mm). There were 48 cats where the head of the spleenwas seen on the right lateral (n = 10), the left lateral (n = 24) or both (n = 14) projections. On one left lateral, both the head and tail of the spleen were seen. There was weak correlation between the radiographic and US measurements(R ⩼0.6). Splenic thickness of shape A on the ventrodorsal projection was significantly greater than categories B and C. Conclusions and relevance Radiographic measurement of the spleen is not a reliable indicator of its ultrasonographic measurement. The ultrasonographic measurements seen in this study (mean of 8.0 ± 1.6 mm) were similar to measurements of the spleen reported in previous studies. It is rare to see the tail of the spleen on lateral feline abdominal radiographs.
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Peck, Jeffrey, Armando Villamil, Kara Fiore, Cheryl Tano, and Jessica Leasure. "Inter- and intra-observer variability of radiography and computed tomography for evaluation of Zurich cementless acetabular cup placement ex vivo." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 29, no. 06 (November 2016): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-16-05-0068.
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SummaryObjective: To evaluate the inter- and intra-observer variability in measurement of the angle of lateral opening (ALO) and version angle measurement using digital radiography and computed tomography (CT).Methods: Each hemipelvis was implanted with a cementless acetabular cup. Ventrodorsal and mediolateral radiographs were made of each pelvis, followed by CT imaging. After removal of the first cup, the pelves were implanted with an acetabular cup in the contra-lateral acetabulum and imaging was repeated. Three surgeons measured the ALO and version angles three times for each cup from the mediolateral radiographic projection. The same measurements were made using three-dimensional multiplanar reconstructions from CT images. Two anatomical axes were used to measure pelvic inclination in the sagittal plane, resulting in six measurements per cup. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance evaluated inter- and intra-observer repeatability for radiographic and CT-based measurements.Results: Version angle based on radio-graphic measurement did not differ within surgeons (p = 0.433), but differed between surgeons (p <0.001). Radiographic measurement of ALO differed within surgeons (p = 0.006) but not between surgeons (p = 0.989). The ALO and version angle measured on CT images did not differ with or between surgeons.Clinical significance: Assessment of inter-and intra-observer measurement of ALO and version angle was more reproducible using CT images than conventional mediolateral radiography for a Zurich cementless acetabular cup.
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Angevine, Peter D., and Michael G. Kaiser. "RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES." Neurosurgery 63, suppl_3 (September 1, 2008): A40—A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000320425.55569.21.
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ABSTRACT THE EVALUATION AND treatment of spinal deformities begins with the accurate measurement of appropriate spinal parameters. The surgeon must ensure that the patient is positioned properly for all necessary x-ray scans and that the proper studies are completed. The relevant measurements must be identified and recorded for each study. Understanding the proper measurement techniques will increase the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. From these precise measurements the surgeon can begin to determine key characteristics of the deformity and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
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Akbar, Z., O. A. Al-Juhaishi, T. A. O. Olusa, and H. M. S. Davies. "Radiographic method for evaluation of tarsus morphometry." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 5 (December 10, 2019): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190016.
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The equine tarsus is the most common area of the hind limb associated with lameness. Tarsal function is probably directly related to its conformation. Previous conformational measurement methods and radiological data are either limited or too specific to explain the complex tarsus conformation in different loading conditions. This study aimed to develop a consistent method to evaluate equine tarsal conformation from lateromedial radiographs. Twenty cadaveric hind limbs from 15 adult horses of different breeds were cut at the distal one third of the tibia. Hind limbs mounted in a loading rig and positioned with the metatarsus vertical were digitally radiographed. The zero-degree lateromedial (ZLM) was defined by vertical and horizontal landmarks including overlapping of the lateral and medial trochlea of the talus and a contact point between the dorsal edges of lateral and medial borders of the distal central tarsal bone. Radiographs missing these features were retaken to achieve consistent ZLM views. Specific radiographic features were selected as landmarks to develop tarsal parameters based on their clarity and their being consistently identifiable. The intra-rater repeatability of ten measurable morphometric parameters was evaluated with each radiograph measured twice with an interval of at least one month and Bland-Altman plots developed from this data. Repeat measurements did not differ significantly (Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged from 0.731-0.966). This study provides a base for evaluation of the tarsal conformation by radiography.
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Forness, Mikayla, Zachary Podoll, Benjamin Noonan, and Alexander Chong. "Biomechanical Evaluation of the Accuracy in Radiographic Assessment of Femoral Component Migration Measurement after Total Hip Arthroplasty." Kansas Journal of Medicine 13, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.v13i1.13622.
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Introduction: Implant subsidence is one criteria utilized to monitor for prosthesis loosening after total hip arthroplasty (THA) with initial implant subsidence assessment often done utilizing plain radiographs. The specific aim of this study was to identify the most reliable references when using plain radiographs to establish an image magnification with the goals being easy to use, inexpensive, reliable, and accurate.
Methods: Two femoral stem implants (stem lengths: 127mm, 207mm) were utilized to simulate hemiarthroplasty of the hip with composite femurs. Different combinations of femoral stem distances from the radiographic film (ODD), source-detector differences (SDD), hip rotation, and hip flexion were elected. Standardized anterior-posterior pelvis for each parameter combination setup were taken. Radiographic measurements (head diameter, stem length, stem seating length) were undertaken five times by three examiners. Radiographic image magnification factors were generated from two references (head diameter and stem length). Radiograph measurement reproducibility and stem seating length errors using these magnification factors were evaluated.
Results: High level of repeated measurements reliability was found for head diameter (99 ± 0%) and stem length (90 ± 7%) measurements, whereas seating length measurements were less reliable (76 ± 6%). Stem length error using the femoral head magnification factor yielded 11% accuracy. Stem seating length error using both magnification factors were not reliable (< 7% accuracy). All parameters, except SDD, showed significant effect on calibrated measurement error.
Conclusions: Current methods of assessing implant subsidence after THA using plain radiographs are inaccurate or reliable. Clinicians should recognize these limitations and be cautious when diagnosing implant stability using plain radiographs alone.
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Farber, Daniel C., James K. DeOrio, and Maxwell W. Steel. "Goniometric Versus Computerized Angle Measurement in Assessing Hallux Valgus." Foot & Ankle International 26, no. 3 (March 2005): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070502600309.
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Background: Digital workstations with high-resolution monitors are replacing standard radiographs for image evaluation and interpretation. Radiographic angles in the foot have been evaluated for interobserver and intraobserver reliability with plain films, but use of digital workstations has not been validated. Because the 1-2 intermetatarsal (IM) and hallux valgus (HV) angles help determine the most appropriate bunion procedure, the reliability of these measurements is important. Methods: The HV and 1-2 IM angles were evaluated on preoperative radiographs of 25 patients who subsequently underwent bunion procedures. A standardized technique using a film marker and goniometer on plain film was compared with use of a mouse and computerized angle measurement software at a digital workstation. Three foot and ankle surgeons conducted these measurements at various intervals. Completion of three readings of each radiograph in each format by each observer totaled 1,800 measurements. Results: Computerized measurement gave better overall reliability. For the HV angle, inter-observer agreement (measurements within 2 degrees) improved from 66% with plain films to 81% with the digital workstation (p < 0.001). Intraobserver agreement increased from 72% to 80%. The 1-2 IM angle was similarly reliable with both methods for inter- and intraobserver agreement. Conclusions: This study validates the use of computer-assisted angle measurement on digital radiographs for assessment of HV and 1-2 IM angles. Computerized measurement may result in more reliable readings because it eliminates the error inherent with use of a goniometer and facilitates adjustment of radiographic lines on the computer to ensure correct alignment.
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Derbyshire, Brian. "Correction of radiographic measurements of acetabular cup wear for variations in pelvis orientation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411918754924.
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Radiographic measurement of two-dimensional acetabular cup wear is usually carried out on a series of follow-up radiographs of the patient’s pelvis. Since the orientation of the pelvis might not be consistent at every X-ray examination, the resulting change in view of the wear plane introduces error into the linear wear measurement. This effect is amplified on some designs of cup in which the centre of the socket is several millimetres below the centre of the cup or circular wire marker. This study describes the formulation of a mathematical method to correct radiographic wear measurements for changes in pelvis orientation. A mathematical simulation of changes in cup orientation and wear vectors caused by pelvic tilt was used to confirm that the formulae corrected the wear exactly if the radiographic plane of the reference radiograph was parallel to the true plane of wear. An error analysis showed that even when the true wear plane was not parallel to the reference radiographic plane, the formulae could still provide a useful correction. A published correction formula was found to be ineffective.
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Slullitel, Gastón, Victoria Álvarez, Valeria Lopez, Juan Pablo Calvi, and Ana Belén Calvo. "How Accurate Is Clinical Evaluation in Hindfoot Coronal Alignment?" Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 4 (October 17, 2017): 247301141773156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417731563.
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Background: Hindfoot coronal alignment is an important factor in the assessment of patients with many different foot and ankle complaints. A number of clinical and radiographic techniques have been described to measure hindfoot coronal alignment, but none of them are widely accepted. The purpose of the present study was to assess the correlation between clinical and radiographic hindfoot alignment measures and to evaluate the reproducibility of each. Methods: We evaluated 85 patients with foot and/or ankle symptoms. Hindfoot clinical alignment was measured from photographs. Each patient was placed at a distance of 1 m from the observer, with both feet placed parallel. Four photographs were taken, at a height of 40 cm: a posterior view of both lower limbs including knees, a posterior view focalized on the studied hindfoot, an anterior view of the foot, and the last view of the medial aspect of the foot. Radiographic alignment was quantified on long axial view radiographs. Patients were lying over the film cassette with a focus distance of 1 m and the beam pointed to the ankle joint. The inclination angle of the beam was 45 degrees to the floor. Measurements were independently made by 2 observers, who were asked to classify pictures into 3 categories: varus, neutral, and valgus. Radiographic measurements were made using the angle measurement tool on the radiograph viewer. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the ICC were used to quantify the inter- and intraobserver reliability for clinical assessment. Radiographic parameters were correlated by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Results: The intraobserver ICC for clinical analysis was good for both observers, while the interobserver ICC was moderate for both measurements. Regarding radiographic assessment, there was significant intra- and interobserver reliability. The correlation between both methods was weak for both observers. Conclusions: We found only weak intra- and interobserver correlations between the clinical and radiographic assessment of hindfoot coronal alignment. It is therefore necessary to complement the clinical evaluation of hindfoot alignment with an objective measurement method such as a long axial view radiograph. Further studies comparing different measurement methods need to be performed to establish the most objective evaluation. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic study.
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Ogata, Mitsuru, Leonor de Castro Monteiro Loffredo, Milton Carlos Kuga, and Gulnara Scaf. "Efficacy of three conditions of radiographic interpretation for assessment root canal length." Journal of Applied Oral Science 13, no. 1 (March 2005): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572005000100017.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of three conditions of image interpretation for radiographic root measurements and calculating the intra-observer reproducibility of the measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty intra-operative periapical radiographs of maxillary central and lateral incisors were measured, in mm, from the tip of the file to the radiographic apex, using a caliper. Three separate measurements were made of the 30 radiographs. The three measurements for each tooth were averaged and the mean used for further calculations. After a 12-day period, the measurements were repeated. The three experimental viewing conditions used: 1) standard viewbox without masking of background light around the radiograph and without magnification (Visual); 2) standard viewbox with use of a magnifying lens of 2.5x and with background light masked (Magnification); and 3) viewer device that restricts room lighting and enlarges the image by a magnifying lens of 1.75x (Viewer). The mean and standard deviation of the measurements were calculated and used for descriptive analysis. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate intra-observer and inter-method agreement of the measurements. The measurement error was estimated by Dalhberg's formula. RESULTS: The ANOVA showed no significant differences between measurement sessions, viewing methods, or interaction between observation session and method (p>0.05). The intra-observer measurement error was 0.02 mm for Visual and the Magnification methods and 0.01 mm for the Viewer. CONCLUSION: There does not seem to be any advantage in using viewbox masking or magnification for measuring the distance between the end of the endodontic file and the root apex in maxillary incisors.
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Chevidikunnan, Mohamed Faisal, Amer Al Saif, Harish Pai K, and Lawrence Mathias. "Comparing goniometric and radiographic measurement of Q angle of the knee." Asian Biomedicine 9, no. 5 (January 31, 2017): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0905.433.
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AbstractBackgroundThe Q angle is a relevant clinical diagnostic measurement to detect various disorders of the knee. The common method used to measure the Q angle in the routine clinical practice is by radiography. An alternative to radiographic measurement is goniometry, by which exposure to x-rays can be avoided.ObjectivesTo compare and correlate the goniometric measurement of Q angle with radiographic measurement of the Q angle in patients with acute knee pain.MethodsWe selected 45 patient participants with a mean age of 32.5 years who satisfied the inclusion criteria for this study. All the patients underwent goniometric measurement of the Q angle followed by x-ray imaging of the entire lower limb. Later the bony prominences were marked on the x-ray image and the Q angle formed was measured using a protractor. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the goniometric and radiographic measurements was determined.ResultsWe found a significant relationship between Q angles obtained using a goniometer and x-ray imaging in the supine position (r = 0.91, P = 0.001). The mean difference between the goniometric measurement of Q angle and the radiographic measurement was 0.1°, which is not significant.ConclusionsGoniometry can be used to measure Q angle as accurately as radiography, and can be used as an inexpensive and radiation free alternative.
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Prissel, Mark A., Gregory C. Berlet, Ryan T. Scott, Justin L. Daigre, Patrick E. Bull, Kyle S. Peterson, Christy L. Collins, and Christopher F. Hyer. "Radiographic Assessment of a Medullary Total Ankle Prosthesis." Foot & Ankle Specialist 9, no. 6 (July 18, 2016): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640016656785.
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Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a viable alternative to ankle fusion in certain patients with end-stage ankle arthritis. Despite the importance of understanding alignment and movement of the prosthesis, there is no standardized radiographic method for evaluating the position and movement of the INBONE 2 prosthesis. The aims of this study were to describe a radiographic measurement protocol for INBONE 2 for clinical practice and research while determining the interobserver and intraobserver reliability using standard weightbearing radiographs. Fifteen patients were randomly selected with operative dates from January 2011 to January 2014 who underwent primary TAR using the INBONE 2 prosthesis. Most recent preoperative and first postoperative weightbearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were pulled and deidentified. Three foot and ankle surgeons blinded from the patient selection and deidentification, measured the described measurements on separate occasions. Intraobserver reliability: surgeon 1 had acceptable reliability for 9 of 13 continuous radiographic measurements (69.2%), surgeon 2 had acceptable reliability for 8 of 13 measurements (61.5%), and surgeon 3 had acceptable reliability for 12 of 13 measurements (92.3%). Interobserver reliability: among the first measurements, 6 of 13 continuous radiographic measurements (46.2%) had acceptable reliability. Among the second measurements, 7 of 13 measurements (53.8%) had acceptable reliability. Among the first and second measurements combined, 7 of 13 measurements (53.8%) had acceptable reliability. This study promotes the need for meticulous evaluation of annual radiographic findings following TAR in an effort to avoid catastrophic failure and represents moderate agreement can be obtained by employing the proposed measurements for surveillance of INBONE 2 TAR at annual postoperative visits. Measurements on the anteroposterior radiograph appear to demonstrate more consistent results for surveillance than lateral measurements. The intraobserver reliability results were somewhat superior to the interobserver reliability, implying more relevance for a single surgeon applying these measurements annually for postoperative surveillance. Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level III
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Hermann, K. L., and N. Egund. "Measuring anteversion in the femoral neck from routine radiographs." Acta Radiologica 39, no. 4 (July 1998): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859809172455.
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Purpose: To describe a new method for measuring femoral neck anteversion (FNA) that requires only one lateral radiograph of the knee in addition to routine radiographs of the hip for evaluation of total hip replacement; and to compare the proposed method with FNA measurement by means of 3D CT. Material and Methods: In 18 femoral specimens, radiographic examinations of the hip and knee, in three different rotational positions, and one CT examination were made, and the measurements of FNA were compared. Similarly, in 38 patients with 40 total hip replacements, measurements from routine radiographic examinations of the hip and knee and from CT examinations were compared. The accuracy and reproducibility of the FNA measurements produced by this proposed method were calculated. Results: Accuracy and reproducibility were 2° and 2° for the proposed method in the femoral specimen study, and accuracy was 4° in the hip patient study. The proposed method had a minor flaw that was caused almost solely by differences in knee size at inward rotation of the femur. Conclusion: FNA measurement can be made from a routine radiographic examination of the hip and a lateral view of the knee. This method achieves an acceptable level of accuracy and reproducibility.
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Vittetoe, David A., Charles L. Saltzman, James C. Krieg, and Thomas D. Brown. "Validity and Reliability of the First Distal Metatarsal Articular Angle." Foot & Ankle International 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079401501004.
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A laboratory study was undertaken to quantify the validity, the intra- and interobserver reliability, and the effect of first metatarsal orientation on the distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA). First metatarsals from six cadavers were isolated by sharp dissection and attached to a custom-made triplanar protractor. This allowed controlled positioning of the first metatarsal in the three cardinal planes. Each specimen was moved through a stepwise sequence of first metatarsal orientation changes. Radiographs were taken at each position. The distal (metatarsophalangeal) articular surface of the first metatarsal was then circumscribed with metallic paint and the radiographic series was repeated. DMAA measurements were made on each radiograph multiple times by two measurers blinded to the parameters of variation. The difference between the standard (clinical) radiographic technique for estimating the DMAA and the metallic paint DMAA averaged −0.9° (SD = 2.4°). Longitudinal rotation ( P < .0001) and varus deviation (P < .02 at 10°) of the first metatarsal had a significant effect on the radiographic determination of the DMAA. Although intraobserver reliability for DMAA measurement was high, interobserver reliability for the clinical technique of measurement was poor (pooled intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.14).
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Lopez, Valeria, Gaston Slullitel, Juan Pablo Calvi, Victoria Alvarez, and Ana Calvo. "How Accurate is Clinical Evaluation in Hindfoot Coronal Alignment?" Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 2473011417S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000266.
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Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Hindfoot coronal alignment has to be considered in the assessment of patients with foot and ankle complaints, since it guides treatment of certain pathologies. Even when there are multiples techniques described for clinical and radiographic analysis, none of them are widely accepted. The purpose of the present study was to assess the correlation between clinical and radiographic hindfoot alignment measures and to evaluate the reproducibility of both methods. Methods: We evaluated 85 patients with foot and/or ankle symptoms. Hindfoot clinical alignment was evaluated through photographs and radiographic alignment was quantified on Long Axial View radiographs. Measurements were made by two observers. Results: Intraobserver ICC for clinical analysis was good for both observers (ICC 0.78 for each one). Interobserver ICC was moderate for both measurements (ICC 0.58 and 0.56). Regarding radiographic assessment, there was significant intraobserver reliability (observer 1: r = 0.95 and observer 2: r = 0.99; P = <.0001). The interobserver reliability was also significant, r = 0.92 for the first measurement and r = 0.95 for the second measurement; P = <.0001. The correlation between both methods was weak for both observers. Observer 1: ICC 0.072; P = .24 for the first measurement and ICC 0.167 P = .029 for the second measurement. Observer 2: ICC 0.23 P = < .001 for the first measurement and ICC 0.137 P = .021 for the second measurement. Conclusion: We found a weak intra and interobserver correlation between clinical and radiographic assessment. However, we emphasize the importance of performing a complete clinical evaluation and to complement it with a standardized radiographic examination, including a reproducible technique and measurement method.
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Hall, R. M., P. Siney, P. S. Craig, A. Unsworth, and B. M. Wroblewski. "Discrepancy between penetration depths derived from radiographic and direct measurement of acetabular components." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 212, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411981533827.
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The most common technique for assessing penetration due to wear in acetabular components is with the aid of the most recent serial radiograph. This approach, which is often termed the uni-radiographic method, has been shown to underestimate the more reliable value of the penetration depth deduced from direct measurement of explanted sockets. In this article the causes of the discrepancies between the two data sets are explored. Ninety-six sockets were available from revision surgery for which both the penetration depth and angle could be measured using the shadowgraphic technique in both the coronal and wear planes. Further, the penetration depth for each of the sockets was also assessed from pre-revision X-rays. A significant discrepancy was observed between the penetration depths measured in the wear plane of the replica Δ P w and that measured from the radiograph, Δ Px-ray. The discrepancy was greatest for loose sockets as opposed to those that were still fixed at revision surgery. Using the corresponding data from the shadowgraph measurements, it was possible to deduce that the errors have arisen from the radiographic measurement of wear in the coronal plane and the formula used in calculating Δ Px-ray. If these errors (which cannot be calculated from the X-ray data alone) were taken into consideration, then the systematic bias between radiographic and shadowgraphic measurement was greatly reduced. The largest portion of the discrepancy was accounted for by wear occurring out of the plane of the radiograph, and this, in general, coincides with the coronal plane. Overall, these results indicate that the accurate measurement of wear from serial radiographs is not possible and that improved performance in terms of accuracy can only be achieved when a three-dimensional system is used. An alternative method for deducing the radio-graphic penetration depth is proposed which, theoretically, negates the error arising from the inaccuracy of the formula.
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LNU, Alexander, Musab Hamed Saeed, Nazil A. Abtahl, and A. Praveen Pradeep. "An in vitro Comparison of Root Canal Measurement in Permanent Teeth by Electronic Apex Locator, Conventional and Digital Radiography." World Journal of Dentistry 2, no. 4 (2011): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1104.
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ABSTRACT Introduction In endodontic treatment for permanent teeth, it is important to estimate the working length precisely. Currently, various methods are used in clinical practice for working length estimation. The objective of this study is to compare the accuracy of root canal length in permanent teeth determined by electronic apex locators, conventional and digital radiography. Materials and methods A total of 50 single rooted permanent teeth with mature apices were extracted for periodontal reasons and obtained from different sources without caries were studied. The radiographic measurements were done using paralleling technique. Electronic measurements were done next using third generation, DentAport ZX. Actual canal length of each tooth was measured using direct observation of the apical exit of the file. Measurements obtained from radiographic and electronic methods were compared to the actual tooth length. Interclass correlation coefficients and failure rate for each method and their combinations were calculated using STATA 12.0 software. Results The measurements obtained through all the three techniques showed high interclass correlation coefficients and excellent level of agreement. The failure rate of measurements obtained through conventional radiography, digital radiography and electronic apex locators was 38, 30 and 22% respectively. Combination of conventional radiography with electronic apex locator showed an accuracy of 90%, while combination of digital radiographs and electronic apex locators given an accuracy of 96%. Conclusion A combination of digital radiographic and apex locator methods for determining the root canal length in permanent teeth can be considered safe, reliable and precise.
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Langlois, Caroline de Oliveira, Maria Carméli Correia Sampaio, Alexandre Emidio Ribeiro Silva, Nilza Pereira da Costa, and Maria Ivete Bolzan Rockenbach. "Accuracy of linear measurements before and after digitizing periapical and panoramic radiography images." Brazilian Dental Journal 22, no. 5 (2011): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402011000500010.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements made on conventional and digitized periapical and panoramic radiographic images of dry human hemi-mandibles. Images from the posterior region of 22 dry human hemi-mandibles were obtained by conventional panoramic and periapical radiography technique. Using a digital caliper, 3 vertical measurements were marked directly on the dry hemi-mandibles (reference measurements) as well as on the tracing from the conventional radiographic images of the specimens made onto acetate paper sheet: Distance 1: between the upper limit of the alveolar ridge and the lower limit at the mandible base; Distance 2: between the upper limit of the alveolar ridge and the upper limit of the mandibular canal; Distance 3: between the lower limit of the mandibular canal and the lower limit of the mandible base. Next, the radiographs were digitized and the three measurements were made on the digital images using UTHSCSA Image Tool software. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). There was no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between periapical and panoramic radiographs or between the measurements recorded using the digital caliper and UTHSCSA software compared with dry mandible specimens for Distances 1 (p=0.783), 2 (p=0.986) and 3 (p=0.129). In conclusion, the radiographic techniques evaluated in this study are reliable for vertical bone measurements on selected areas and the UTHSCA Image Tool software is an appropriate measurement method.
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WOLLSTEIN, R., C. WEI, R. A. BILONICK, and L. A. GILULA. "The Radiographic Measurement of Ulnar Translation." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 34, no. 3 (March 25, 2009): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408101465.
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Our purpose was to quantify the Gilula score for measurement of lunate uncovering, to compare it with another method of measurement and to examine the reliability of these measurements in posteroanterior (PA) views in radial and ulnar deviation. Seventy-six normal wrist arthrograms were reviewed retrospectively. Carpal height and lunate uncovering measurements were made. Statistical analysis included mixed effects models to evaluate the difference between the mean measurements in each position. Reproducibility was assessed using imprecision estimates. Normal values for the Gilula method were 40% lunate uncovering in neutral, 49% in radial and 20% in ulnar deviation. There was a statistically significant difference between the values in the different views. Ulnar translation of the carpus can be measured reliably on neutral and radially deviated PA views using the Gilula method, but the different normal values for each view should be used. The Schuind method of measurement is comparable to the Gilula method in the neutral PA view.
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Benevides, Pedro Costa, Caio Augusto de Souza Nery, Alexandre Leme Godoy-Santos, José Felipe Marion Alloza, and Marcelo Pires Prado. "Study of the radiographic parameters of normal ankles." Journal of the Foot & Ankle 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/jfootankle.2020.v14.1125.
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Objective: The authors carried out a bibliographic search for the radiographic parameters used to determine tibiotalar joint alignment, and suggest a set of parameters that constitute the minimum radiographic evaluation sufficient for the proper assessment of tibiotalar alignment. Methods: The search was conducted between May 2019 and January 2020 on the online platforms PudMed and Google Scholar with the following terms, used separately or jointly: “ankle arthritis, radiographic measurement, ankle alignment, alignment, anterior ankle instability, X-ray, and ankle injury”. Results: We selected twelve studies evaluating radiographic patterns of normal ankles, and identified a total of 15 radiographic measurements. Conclusion: The authors believe that a minimum radiographic assessment of tibiotalar alignment should include the following parameters on the anteroposterior radiograph: the distal tibial articular angle, the talar tilt and talus center migration. On the lateral radiograph, it should include: lateral distal tibial angle and lateral talar station. Level of Evidence V; Diagnostic Study; Expert Opinion.
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Ilchmann, T., U. Kesteris, and H. Wingstrand. "Effect of Pelvic Tilt on Radiographic Migration and Wear Measurements after Total Hip Arthroplasty." HIP International 8, no. 1 (January 1998): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070009800800102.
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Tilt effects on radiographic measurements after total hip arthroplasty should be studied. A new computerized method for measurement, called EBRA, making three-dimensional calculations and intended to identify tilted radiographs was evaluated for its clinical usefulness. In an experimental set-up repeated radiographs were taken with a human pelvis tilted gradually around its horizontal and vertical axes. Migration and wear were measured with the EBRA method and the results were compared with those made using standard methods. Tilted radiographs were identified and excluded from analysis by the EBRA method, significantly reducing the maximum error of measurement. A systematic error of measurement was found in the presence of consecutively changing tilt in a single direction. Wear measurements were only slightly affected by pelvic tilt. A pelvic tilt can cause considerable errors in the measurement of cup migration-i.e. up to 8.2 mm. The EBRA method improves the accuracy of measurements by taking the effects of tilt into account.
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Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, Muhammad Talha Khan, Saroosh Ehsan, Anam Fayyaz, Haider Amin Malik, and Shafqat Hussain. "Accuracy of Working Length Measured by Apex Locator and Digital Radiography." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 30, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.301.24.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the measurements of electronic and radiographic method of working lengths calculation with actual working length of root canals. Precise working length determination is the most important part for successful root canal procedure. The most commonly used methods to determine the working length in root canal treatment are radiography and electronic apex locator. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was done over a period of 06 months in the Department of Operative Dentistry, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. Sixty patients who were recommended extraction of their premolar teeth with sixty canals were selected by convenience sampling. The Root ZX* apex locator was used to determine electronic working length exactly identifying the apical constriction. Reference points were identified and radiographic working length were determined 1mm short of radiographic apex. The teeth were extracted along with file cemented before extraction inside root canal. The actual length of the root canal was then calculated using the same files and reference point with 3.5X magnification. Pearson chi square test was applied to compare the apex locator and digital radiographic measurement with actual working length. RESULTS: The Root ZX® apex locator was 95% accurate to identify the apical constriction as compared 70% accuracy given by radiographs within 0.5 mm of the apex. CONCLUSION: Electronic apex locator was more accurate as compared to digital radiography in working length determination. KEYWORDS: Working length (WL), Electronic apex locators (EAL), Radiographic working length(RWL), Apical constriction (AC) HOW TO CITE: Khan GI, Khan MT, Ehsan S, Fayyaz A, Malik HA, Hussain S. Accuracy of working length measured by apex locator and digital radiography. J Pak Dent Assoc 2021;30(1):24-28.
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Jojima, Flavio Shigueru, Stephany Buba Lucina, Alexandre Leseur Santos, Marlos Gonçalves Sousa, and Tilde Rodrigues Froes. "Use of measurements from thoracic radiographs to identify high mean left atrium pressure in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p191.
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The aim of this study was to estimate echocardiographic elevated mean left atrium pressure (MLAP) based on measurements from thoracic radiographs and to determine a cut-off value for each radiographic measurement that suggests a high MLAP. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to include cases admitted from January 2015 to December 2016. Thoracic radiographic examinations from 93 dogs with and without a high MLAP were included. Specific measurements were made from thoracic radiographs and compared with echocardiographic variables known to indicate high MLAP. This comparison was used to generate equations that allowed the estimation of echocardiographic surrogates from the radiographic measurements. The values indicative of high MLAP were obtained using a regression curve. Formulas that indicated high MLAP were generated using a number of radiographic measurements. Positive echocardiographic findings of high MLAP were used as the gold standard. These formulas helped to predict high MLAP in myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) without the need for echocardiographic examination. The best formula was left atrium (LA):aorta (Ao)echo = 0.03×(vertebral heart score,VHS) + 0.14×(LA) + 0.27×(LA:caudal vena cava (CVC)rad). Values ? 12.2v for VHS, ? 4.5cm for LA, ? 3.3 for LA:Aorad and ? 3.2 for LA:CVCrad suggested high MLAP. Thus, we propose equations, based on measurements from thoracic radiographs, to identify high MLAP. Simple radiographic thoracic measurements, such as LA:CVCrad, can be used to define overload and a high MLAP in dogs with MMVD.
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Phillips, A., A. Goubran, S. Naim, D. Searle, V. Mandalia, and A. Toms. "Reliability of radiographic measurements of knee motion following knee arthroplasty for use in a virtual knee clinic." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 7 (October 2012): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588412x13373405385575.
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INTRODUCTION We sought to validate radiographic measurements of range of motion of the knee after arthroplasty as part of a new system of virtual clinics. METHODS The range of motion of 52 knees in 45 patients was obtained by 2 clinicians using standardised techniques and goniometers. Inter-rater reliability and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. Radiographs of these patients’ knees in full active flexion and extension were also used to calculate intra and inter-rater reliability compared with clinical measurements using four different methods for plotting angles on the radiographs. RESULTS The ICC for inter-rater reliability using the goniometer was very high. The ICC was 0.91 in extension and 0.85 in flexion while repeatability was 8.49° (-8.03–8.99°) in extension and 5.23° (-4.54–5.74°) in flexion. The best ICC for radiographic measurement in extension was 0.86, indicating ‘near perfect’ agreement, and repeatability was 5.43° (-4.04–6.12°). The best ICC in flexion was 0.95 and repeatability was 5.82° (-3.38–6.55°). The ICC for intrarater reliability was 0.98 for extension and 0.99 for flexion on radiographic measurements. CONCLUSIONS Validating the use of radiographs to reliably measure range of motion following knee arthroplasty has allowed us to set up a ‘virtual knee clinic’. Combining validated questionnaires and radiographic measurement of range of motion, we aim to maintain high quality patient surveillance following knee arthroplasty, reduce our ratio for new to follow-up patients in line with Department of Health guidelines and improve patient satisfaction through reduced travel to hospital outpatients.
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Taylor, Natalie, Jackie Campbell, and Stuart Metcalfe. "Radiographic Measurement of the First Metatarsal." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 102, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1020105.
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Background: The first intermetatarsal angle is a radiographic measurement frequently used in hallux valgus surgery. A plethora of techniques to obtain the angle exist, but no standardized technique is used to obtain the bisection of the first metatarsal. A novel technique, the Taylor-Metcalfe technique, has been developed and compared with two existing methods to identify the repeatability and reproducibility of the first metatarsal bisection. Methods: To evaluate the measurement accuracy of the novel technique, we calculated the intraobserver and interobserver coefficients for the three techniques with 30 preoperative and 30 postoperative radiographs. Results: The intraobserver coefficient of repeatability for the preoperative and postoperative measurements ranged from 2.1 to 4.4, with the novel technique obtaining the lowest values. The novel technique also obtained the lowest values for interobserver reproducibility, with values obtained ranging from 0.77 to 1.61. An existing technique had the lowest value for interobserver reproducibility for preoperative measurements, with the novel technique obtaining the lowest values for the remaining measurements. Conclusions: Compared with two existing techniques, a novel technique for accurately obtaining the bisection of the first metatarsal was consistently found to be reproducible and repeatable. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(2): 105–113, 2012)
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Adams, WM, RT Dueland, J. Meinen, RT O'Brien, E. Giuliano, and EV Nordheim. "Early detection of canine hip dysplasia: comparison of two palpation and five radiographic methods." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 34, no. 4 (July 1, 1998): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-34-4-339.
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Hip joint laxity was evaluated in four breeds (i.e., greyhound, Labrador retriever, Irish setter, hound mixed-breed) of puppies (n=32) by Ortolani's and Bardens' maneuvers, by subjective assessment of radiographs (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals [OFA] method), and by four radiographic measurement indices. Puppies were studied at four, six-to-10, 16-to-18, and 52 weeks of age. The purpose of this study was to compare palpation and radiographic methods of hip laxity detection in puppies for predicting the development of degenerative joint disease (DJD) by one year of age. Twenty-seven (42%) hips developed DJD. Ortolani's method was not a reliable predictor of hip dysplasia at six-to-10 weeks; it was significantly predictive at 16-to-18 weeks but had a high incidence of false negatives. Bardens' and subjective (OFA) assessment methods were not reliable at six-to-10 or 16-to-18 weeks. Radiographic measurements taken with femurs in a neutral position and hips distracted (distraction index [DI] and Norberg angle) and measurements taken with femurs extended in OFA position (Norberg angle) of six- to 10-week-old puppies accurately predicted DJD occurrence by one year of age (p less than 0.01). Distraction index measurement (PennHIP method) was the most accurate in predicting the development of DJD (p less than 0.001). Distraction index radiography in puppies six-to-10 and 16-to-18 weeks of age was the most reliable predictor of hip dysplasia. Norberg angle measurement was more reliable during hip distraction than when hips were measured in the OFA position in 16- to 18-week-old puppies, but had similar reliability in six- to 10-week-old puppies.
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Ryu, Dong Jin, Kyeu Baek Kwon, Eui Yub Jung, Sung-Sahn Lee, Joo Hwan Kim, Min Chang Jang, and Joon Ho Wang. "Clinically Reliable Knee Flexion Angle Measured on Stress Radiography for Quantifying Posterior Instability in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 232596712198925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121989252.
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Background: After posterior cruciate ligament injury, stress radiography is a common method of quantifying posterior instability, defined as the side-to-side difference in posterior tibial displacement (PTD) between the injured knee and contralateral noninjured knee. However, no study has evaluated the reliability of PTD according to knee flexion angle (KFA) measurements on stress radiographs. Purpose: To evaluate the test-retest reliability of stress radiographic measurements of the KFA in the noninjured knee. In addition, we established a reliable range of KFAs to indicate posterior instability by comparing results with the instability measured at 90° KFA, which is considered the gold standard. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We evaluated patients who had undergone bilateral stress radiographic examinations at least 5 times for ligament injuries between January 2013 and November 2019. All examinations were performed on a Telos device with a 150-N posterior load. A total of 120 knees and 644 stress radiographs were enrolled. We measured the KFA and PTD on stress radiographs and evaluated the reliability of repeated PTD measurement and the correlation between KFA and PTD. Results: The distribution of the actual noninjured knee KFA ranged from 56.9° to 106.7°. Among the 644 radiographs, 155 (24.1%) showed KFAs between 85° and 95°, and 287 (44.6%) showed KFAs between 80° and 85°. A significant correlation was found between KFA and PTD ( P < .001), and the intrapatient intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.788. A KFA range of 85° to 92° satisfied the criteria of high ICC (0.885) and nonsignificant correlation between KFA and PTD ( P = .055) and thus was considered a reliable range of KFAs for quantifying posterior instability. We found no significant risk factors for measurement error, including age ( P = .674), sex ( P = .328), height ( P = .957), weight ( P = .248), or body mass index ( P = .257). Conclusion: We found high reproducibility of posterior displacement measurements on Telos stress radiography at a KFA of 85° to 92° in noninjured knees.
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Sriwahyuni, Sriwahyuni. "The PENGARUH TEGANGAN TABUNG (KV) TERHADAP KUALITAS CITRA RADIOGRAFI PESAWAT SINAR-X DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR) PADA PHANTOM ABDOMEN." SPEKTRA: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 2, no. 2 (October 17, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.022.04.
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The measurement of image quality of Digital Radiography (DR) with using the abdomen phantom. Image take with low kV to high kV for 10 times exposure. Image processing is done using the image application. The resulting radiograph image is analyzed by FFT analysis, Histogram and Gaussian Filter. In the FFT analysis the radiographic image tends to differ according to the tube voltage variation of 40 kV to 85 kV. In the radiographic image histogram analysis, including the imperfect image category because the distribution of pixel distribution is not yet complete in the gray scale area for all exposure variations. In the analysis using Gaussian filters the resulting radiographic image tends to be the same so that although using low kV and high kV the image will be the same. The use of Gaussian filters can help reduce the use of high kV on abdominal examination and reduce exposure to radiation dose.
Keywords: Digital Radiography, Image Quality, Fourier Transform Filter, Gaussian Filter, Histogram.
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Richardson, E. Greer, Stanley C. Graves, J. Thomas McClure, and R. Tyler Boone. "First Metatarsal Head-Shaft Angle: A Method of Determination." Foot & Ankle 14, no. 4 (May 1993): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079301400401.
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The distal metatarsal angle (DMAA) is a measurement of the relationship between the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal and the articular surface of the metatarsal head. We measured the DMAA on radiographs with and without markers on the articular edges and compared them with measurements of the anatomic specimens. Based on the studies, the significance of the radiographic measurements to the actual DMAA and the normal distribution of the measurement were determined.
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Daniele Lucca Longo, Ana Caroline Fumes, Daniela Silva Barroso de Oliveira, Katharina Morant Holanda de Oliveira, Priscilla Coutinho Romualdo, Francisco Wanderley Garcia de Paula e Silva, Erika Calvano Kuchler, and Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva. "Comparison of digital and conventional radiographic techniques." RSBO 14, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 74–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v14i2.642.
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This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between conventional and digital radiographic methods in the measurement of periapical lesions in primary molars and compares the time used to obtain the radiographic images between both methods. Material and methods: This crossover study included children between 4 to 8-year-old with periapical lesion in primary mandibular molars. Fifteen molars were randomly assigned firstly to receive conventional or digital periapical radiograph during the steps of endodontic treatment. The time to obtain the radiographic image was evaluated in seconds and compared by the Mann-Whitney test. The periapical lesions measurement (mm2) were performed by the Image J software and the degree of correlation of measurement between both techniques was evaluated by the Spearman correlation test. Data was analyzed using the GraphPad Prism software (α = 0.05). Results: A strong positive correlation between the measurement of lesions occurred on conventional methods in comparison with the measurement on digital methods (r2=0.778; p<0.0006); however, the><0.006) ); however, the time to obtain the radiographic images was shorter in the digital method (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The digital method had a shorter amount of time to obtain the images and strong correlation for the lesions measurement in comparison to the conventional method. Therefore, the digital radiograph method is preferable for use in children.
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Li, Ryan T., Raymond W. Liu, Mithun Neral, Heath Gould, Emily Hu, Shane Nho, and Michael J. Salata. "Use of the False-Profile Radiographic View to Measure Pelvic Incidence." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 9 (July 2018): 2089–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518780938.
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Background: Pelvic incidence (PI) is an important variable in assessing spinopelvic balance that is associated with hip pathology. A lateral radiograph of the pelvis can be used to measure PI, but this view is not routinely performed in the clinical setting during evaluation of hip pain. The false-profile (FP) radiographic view of the hip is commonly obtained to measure acetabular coverage. Purpose: To evaluate the tolerance of PI measurements to pelvic rotation and assess the feasibility of using an FP radiograph to obtain an accurate measurement of PI. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A mathematical model was developed to predict the change in PI with rotation. Fluoroscopic images were obtained of 6 reconstructed cadaveric adult pelvis and femur specimens at varying degrees of rotation, including a perfect lateral and FP image. PI was measured with the midpoint between the centers of the femoral heads as a reference point. The findings were confirmed clinically by retrospectively reviewing FP radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans of 40 clinical patients. PI was measured on FP radiographs and CT scans by 2 independent reviewers. Results: With dry cadaveric pelvis specimens, the discrepancy in PI measured between fluoroscopic FP and lateral views was 1.6° (95% CI, 0.7°-2.4°). There was excellent agreement between CT and FP radiographs with regard to measurement of PI (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98). Mean discrepancy in PI measured between the 40 clinical FP radiographs and CT scans was 2.8° (range, 0.1°-9.1°). Conclusion: Increased rotation from a lateral view results in greater error in measuring PI, although relatively nominally with a 2.8° error with the 25° of rotation in clinical true FP views. These data demonstrate that FP radiographs can be used to measure PI with reasonable accuracy.
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Chalmers, Peter N., Thomas Suter, Matthijs Jacxsens, Yue Zhang, Chong Zhang, Robert Z. Tashjian, and Heath B. Henninger. "Influence of Radiographic Viewing Perspective on Glenoid Inclination Measurement." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Arthroplasty 3 (January 2019): 247154921882498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2471549218824986.
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Introduction The purposes of this study were to determine (1) whether glenoid inclination (GI) could be accurately measured on plain radiographs as compared to a gold-standard 3-dimensional (3D) measure and (2) whether GI could be reliably measured on plain radiographs. Materials and Methods Digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) were made from 3D computed tomography reconstructions of 68 normal cadaver scapulae. DRRs were made in a variety of viewing angles. Inclination was measured on these DRRs. These measurements were also made using a gold-standard 3D method. Measurements were made by 2 orthopedic surgeons and 1 surgeon twice, to calculate interrater and intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results The gold-standard 3D β was 83 ± 5° (72°–98°). On neutral plain radiographs, the mean ± standard deviation 2D β angle was 80 ± 6° (range, 66°–99°). With regard to accuracy, the 2D β angle was significantly different from the 3D β angle, with the 2D β underestimating the 3D β by 5° (95% confidence intervals −1 to 12). With regard to reliability, interrater ICCs for 2D β with a neutral viewing angle was 0.79. Two-dimensional β varied widely with viewing angle from 0.24 to 0.88. Interrater ICCs for the 3D method was 0.83 (0.60–0.92). Intrarater ICCs for all 3 techniques were high (>0.91). Conclusions Two-dimensional radiographic GI measurement is not accurate, as it underestimates the 3D value by an average of 5° when compared to the gold-standard 3D measurement. GI 2D measurement reliability varies with viewing angle on plain radiographs and thus to accurately and reliably measure inclination 3D imaging is necessary.
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Schieder, Sophie, Elena Nemecek, Reinhard Schuh, Alexander Kolb, Reinhard Windhager, and Madeleine Willegger. "Radiographic Sagittal Tibio-Talar Offset in Ankle Arthrodesis—Accuracy and Reliability of Measurements." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030801.
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Radiographic outcome assessment of ankle arthrodesis (AA) requires accurate measurement techniques. This study aimed to identify the most reliable methods for sagittal tibio-talar alignment measurements with regard to the tibio-talar offset after AA. Lateral weight-bearing radiographs of 38 fused ankles were selected for retrospective review. The sagittal tibio-talar angle (STTA), the modified tibio-talar ratio (mT-T ratio) and the sagittal tibio-talar offset (tibCOR, procLAT) were measured by three independent observers. Intra- and interobserver correlation coefficients (ICC) and mean measurement differences were calculated to assess measurement reliability and accuracy. By defining the talar longitudinal axis as a line from the inferior aspect of the posterior tubercle of the talus to the most inferior aspect of the talar neck, STTA showed excellent (ICC 0.924; CI 95% 0.862–0.959) and mTT-ratio provided high (ICC 0.836; CI 95% 0.721–0.909) interobserver reliability, respectively. For tibio-talar offset measurement the tibCOR method showed superior reliability and better interobserver agreement compared to the procLAT technique. The STTA and a modified T-T ratio are recommended for future scientific radiographic measurements in AA.
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Weijers, René E., Alphons G. H. Kessels, Geert H. I. M. Walenkamp, Henk van Mameren, and Gerrit J. Kemerink. "Effect of Tube Angulation on the Measurement of Intermetatarsal Angles." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 95, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0950370.
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We systematically investigated the effect of tube angulation on angular distortion of the anteroposterior radiograph of the foot. Three-dimensional data from the metatarsals originating from computed tomographic scans of ten healthy volunteers were projected onto the supporting surface at various tube angulations to simulate radiography. The distortion of the intermetatarsal angles decreased from 1.2° to 3.5° at 20° tube angulation to 0.4° to 2.7° at 0° tube angulation. The relatively small improvement in angular measurement using 0° instead of 15° tube angulation would not outweigh the adverse effects of changing the standard radiographic technique. Physician awareness of this source of error when planning surgical therapy seems more important. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(4): 370–375, 2005)
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Kongmalai, Pinkawas, Peeraput Chiaprasert, and Visit Rungsinaporn. "Reliability of the radiographic views in supine position for evaluation of displaced midshaft clavicle fracture length." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 28, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 230949902095229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499020952295.
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Purpose: To analyze the agreement of the displaced midshaft clavicle fracture length measurement between each of the supine radiographic position (chest anteroposterior (AP), both clavicle AP, and 20° cephalic tilt clavicle AP view) and computed tomography (CT) scan of the clavicle. Furthermore, the inter- and intraobserver reliability of each radiographic position was analyzed. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study was performed with patients diagnosed with displaced midshaft clavicle fracture treated conservatively. Three views of radiographs and CT scan of clavicle were obtained in supine position after informed consent. The measurement of fractured clavicle length was done by three observers at the time and after 4 weeks interval. Results: Thirty-three patients (25 males and 8 females), with a mean age of 45, were recruited. The agreement between each of the radiographic measurement and CT scan was good. The interobserver reliability was moderate to good for radiographic measurement. The highest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.80–0.81 was shown between the 20° cephalic tilt and the CT scan, followed by the both clavicle AP (0.75–0.77) and the chest AP (0.69–0.75), respectively. There was an excellent intraobserver reliability for all of the radiographic measurement with the ICC 0.92–0.99. Conclusion: The supine radiographs could be a useful option to measure the displaced midshaft clavicle fracture length. The recommended view was the 20° cephalic tilt clavicle AP view in supine position to best evaluate the fractured clavicle length.
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Segundo, Saulo de Tarso de Sá Pereira, Edgar Santiago Valesin Filho, Mario Lenza, Durval do Carmo Barros Santos, Laercio Alberto Rosemberg, and Mario Ferretti. "Interobserver reproducibility of radiographic evaluation of lumbar spine instability." Einstein (São Paulo) 14, no. 3 (September 2016): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082016ao3489.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the interobserver reproducibility of the radiographic evaluation of lumbar spine instability. Methods: Measurements of the dynamic radiographs of the lumbar spine in lateral view were performed, evaluating the anterior translation and the angulation among the vertebral bodies. The tests were evaluated at workstations of the organization, through the Carestream Health Vue RIS (PACS), version 11.0.12.14 Inc. 2009© system. Results: Agreement in detecting cases of radiographic instability among the observers varied from 88.1 to 94.4%, and the agreement coefficients AC1 were all above 0.8, indicating excellent agreement. Conclusion: The interobserver analysis performed among orthopedic surgeons with different levels of training in dynamic radiographs of the spine obtained high reproducibility and agreement. However, some factors, such as the manual method of measurement and the presence of vertebral osteophytes, might have generated a few less accurate results in this comparative evaluation of measurements.
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Webster, Kate E., James J. Chiu, and Julian A. Feller. "Impact of Measurement Error in the Analysis of Bone Tunnel Enlargement after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 11 (November 2005): 1680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546505275489.
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Background Radiographic bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is frequently reported. The error associated with measuring tunnels on radiographs has not been established and may be substantial. Hypothesis Measurement error influences interpretation of bone tunnel enlargement. Study Design Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Radiographs and clinical outcomes were obtained from 76 subjects who had undergone hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tunnel enlargement was determined by measuring the widths of the femoral and tibial tunnels with a digital caliper in lateral and anteroposterior radiographs. Measurements were corrected for magnification; the percentage change in tunnel widths was recorded relative to the diameters drilled at surgery. One examiner measured all radiographs and repeated the procedure for 20 randomly selected radiographs 12 months later. A second examiner measured the same 20 radiographs. Intraclass correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for intrarater and interrater measurement errors were calculated. Confidence intervals were used to divide subjects into 2 groups according to whether bone tunnel enlargement was within (unenlarged tunnel group) or greater than (enlarged tunnel group) the 95% confidence interval for measurement error; clinical comparisons between these groups were made for each view of tibial and femoral tunnels. Results Measurement errors for tunnel enlargement ranged from 17% to 26% for intrarater measurements and 24% to 38% for interrater measurements. For the lateral view of the tibial tunnel, there was a significant positive association between tunnel enlargement and anterior knee laxity. There was no relationship between femoral tunnel enlargement and anterior knee laxity. Conclusion There was considerable error associated with bone tunnel measurement. A relationship between tibial tunnel enlargement on the lateral radiograph and anterior knee laxity was evident once enlargement was defined as a change that exceeded measurement error. Clinical Relevance Measurement of bone tunnels on radiographs is useful for interpreting large changes; caution should be used when small changes are observed.
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Stehlik, L., M. Vignoli, P. Proks, S. Trnkova, and A. Necas. "A modified technique for radiographic measurement of the tibial plateau angle in dogs." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 11 (November 16, 2017): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2017-vetmed.
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This prospective study was aimed at testing a modified method for the measurement of the tibial plateau angle on radiographs of the stifle joint and the proximal part of the tibia. Forty-four stifle joints of 32 client-owned dogs were included in this study. Dogs were presented for hindlimb lameness and suspected cranial cruciate ligament rupture. The diagnostic procedures included radiographic examination. The mediolateral projection of the stifle joint including the tibia and the tarsal joint was used in this study. We tested the most widely used gold standard method as well as three additional methods for tibial plateau angle measurement on each joint. The tibial plateau angle, the positioning of the stifle joint and the presence of osteoarthrosis were recorded. Only 29 (66%) joints had correct position on the radiograph and were used for further study. Repeated-measures ANOVA identified significant differences in mean tibial plateau angle between the different measuring methods. Dunnett’s post-hoc test identified a significant difference between the TA-2 and TA-2i methods and TA-0. No significant differences in tibial plateau angle were identified between joints with and without osteoarthrosis. The positioning of the limb significantly influenced the tibial plateau angle. One of the modified methods was found to not differ significantly from the gold standard method; thus, it can be recommended for further testing.
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Kawanishi, Y., H. Moritomo, S. Omori, T. Kataoka, T. Murase, and K. Sugamoto. "A comparison of 3-D computed tomography versus 2-D radiography measurements of ulnar variance and ulnolunate distance during forearm rotation." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 39, no. 5 (December 9, 2013): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193413516238.
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Positive ulnar variance is associated with ulnar impaction syndrome and ulnar variance is reported to increase with pronation. However, radiographic measurement can be affected markedly by the incident angle of the X-ray beam. We performed three-dimensional (3-D) computed tomography measurements of ulnar variance and ulnolunate distance during forearm rotation and compared these with plain radiographic measurements in 15 healthy wrists. From supination to pronation, ulnar variance increased in all cases on the radiographs; mean ulnar variance increased significantly and mean ulnolunate distance decreased significantly. However on 3-D imaging, ulna variance decreased in 12 cases on moving into pronation and increased in three cases; neither the mean ulnar variance nor mean ulnolunate distance changed significantly. Our results suggest that the forearm position in which ulnar variance increased varies among individuals. This may explain why some patients with ulnar impaction syndrome complain of wrist pain exacerbated by forearm supination. It also suggests that standard radiographic assessments of ulnar variance are unreliable.
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Kawauchi, Nicole, Izabel Regina Fischer Rubira Bullen, and Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Chinellato. "Evaluation of the linear measurements by conventional radiographs and indirect digital images in the endodontic treatment." Journal of Applied Oral Science 12, no. 4 (December 2004): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572004000400015.
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INTRODUCTION: A successful endodontic therapy depends on the linear measurements obtained by means of radiographs taken during odontometry and also on the application of the established working length up to the final obturation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the precision of the linear measurement obtained by means of conventional radiographs and indirect digital images evaluated by the Digora 1.5 software during the different stages of endodontic treatment, as well as to evaluate the tools available on this software. METHODS: A total of 160 radiographs of single-rooted teeth were obtained from files, which were analysed and divided in 4 groups comprising odontometry, cone fit, condensation and the final obturation. Analyses of the conventional radiographs and digitized images were performed by five previuosly calibrated examiners. RESULTS: A high level of inter and intra-examiner agreement was observed through application of the Kendall coefficient and the correlation index, respectively. In relation to the results of linear measurement, the two-way variance analyses and the Tukey test revealed that, concerning the method, a statistically significant decrease was observed on the measurement obtained through the digital method when compared to the conventional radiograph (p<0,05). Moreover, the measurement presented a statistically significant difference among the different stages of endodontic treatment. Regarding interpretation of the digitized image, there was a statistically significant preference towards the Brightness and Contrast tool of the Digora 1.5 software, as evaluated through the Friedman test. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that image processing by the digital method aids the radiographic interpretation and consequently the determination of reference points for the achievement of the small linear measurements of endodontic treatment. The digital image provided statistically significant smaller linear measurements than those obtained by the conventional method.
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Pope, Thomas Lee. "Atlas of Radiographic Measurement, 7th ed." American Journal of Roentgenology 178, no. 4 (April 2002): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.178.4.1780876.
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Foreman, Kim A., and William W. Robertson. "Radiographic Measurement of Infantile Tibia Vara." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (July 1985): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-198507000-00013.
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Krithika, Arumbakkam C., Deivanayagam Kandaswamy, Natanasabapathy Velmurugan, and Velayudham Gopi Krishna. "Non-metallic grid for radiographic measurement." Australian Endodontic Journal 34, no. 1 (April 2008): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.2007.00056.x.
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