Books: 'Radiographic outcomes'

1

Tabár, László. Casting type calcifications: Indicators of a subtype with unpredictable outcome. Thieme, 2007.

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2

S, Kerry, and National Co-ordinating Centre for HTA (Great Britain), eds. Routine referral for radiography of patients presenting with low back pain: Is patients' outcome influenced by GP's referral for plain radiography? Core Research on behalf of the NCCHTA, 2000.

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3

1943-, Tucker Susan Martin, ed. Patient care standards: Nursing process, diagnosis, and outcome. 5th ed. Mosby Year Book, 1992.

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4

Horton, P. W. Systematic management of quality for breast screening units: A framework for ensuring quality outcomes for the women. NHSBSP Publications, 1995.

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5

Office, General Accounting. Mammography services: Impact of federal legislation on quality, access, and health outcomes : report to Congressional committees. The Office, 1997.

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6

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Health Care Services. Breast cancer: Setting priorities for effectiveness research : report of a study by a committee of the Institute of Medicine, Division of Health Care Services. Edited by Lohr Kathleen N. 1941- and United States. Health Care Financing Administration. National Academy Press, 1990.

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7

1943-, Brook Robert H., Rand/UCLA Health Services Utilization Study., and American Association of Retired Persons., eds. Do patient, physician, and hospital characteristics affect appropriateness and outcome of selected procedures? Rand, 1991.

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8

Lillie-Blanton, Marsha D. Mammography Quality Standards Act: X-ray quality improved, access unaffected, but impact on health outcomes unknown : statement of Marsha Lillie-Blanton, Associate Director, Health Services Quality and Public Health Issues, Health, Education, and Human Services Division, before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. The Office, 1998.

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9

Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029.

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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.

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10

Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029_update_001.

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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.

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11

Jordan, Joanne M., Kelli D. Allen, and Leigh F. Callahan. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in osteoarthritis and its outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0010.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint condition worldwide. It can impair mobility and result in significant disability, need for total joint replacement, and healthcare utilization. OA is unusual in those younger than 40 years, then commonly the result of an underlying metabolic disorder or a prior joint injury. Some geographic and racial/ethnic variation exists in the prevalence and incidence of OA for specific joints, likely due to variation in genetics, anatomy, and environmental exposures. Many OA outcomes vary by socioeconomic status and other social factors. This chapter describes demographic and social determinants of knee, hip, and hand OA, including how these factors impact radiographic and symptomatic OA, OA-related pain and function, and its treatment.

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12

Petersohn, Jeffrey D. Cervical Transforaminal/Nerve Root Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0004.

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This chapter reviews relevant anatomic features of the cervical spine. Discussion of details of preoperative evaluation, operative positioning, and necessary optimization of radiographic features with c-arm manipulation follows. Details of technique including use of radiocontrast injection and digital subtraction angiography are discussed in the context of optimal techniques to avoid and minimize complications. Lastly, efficacy and outcomes are discussed briefly.

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13

Sarwark, John, and Cynthia LaBella, eds. Pediatric Orthopaedics and Sports Injuries. 2nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108521.

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All-new guide on the diagnosis and treatment and referral of orthopaedic problems and sports injuries. The new Pediatric Orthopaedics and Sports Injuries: A Quick Reference Guide efficiently delivers the essential guidance and how-to-do-it recommendations you need. Turn here for concise summaries of disorders and injuries. Proven evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation approaches. Practice-tested tips, and invaluable clinical pearls. Efficiently respond to diverse clinical challenges: Common sports injuries, Trauma, Limb disorders, Spine disorders Hip and pelvis disorders, Infections, Tumors, Skeletal dysplasias. Plus, you'll find step-by-step help with musculoskeletal examination and evaluation; casting and splinting; imaging techniques, and rehabilitation strategies. The book features many illustrations, clinical photographs and radiographic images to demonstrate physical examination techniques and pathologic physical findings, as well as tables and figures to aid in diagnosis. Streamline orthopedic problem-solving: Etiology/epidemiology, Signs and symptoms, Differential diagnosis, How to make the diagnosis, Treatment, Rehabilitation, Expected outcomes/prognosis, Coding for proper payment, and when to refer.

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14

Sarwark, John F., and Cynthia R. LaBella, eds. Pediatric Orthopaedics and Sports Injuries. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581105162.

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All-new guide on the diagnosis and treatment and referral of orthopaedic problems and sports injuries. The new Pediatric Orthopaedics and Sports Injuries: A Quick Reference Guide efficiently delivers the essential guidance and how-to-do-it recommendations you need. Turn here for concise summaries of disorders and injuries. Proven evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation approaches. Practice-tested tips, and invaluable clinical pearls. Efficiently respond to diverse clinical challenges: Common sports injuries, Trauma, Limb disorders, Spine disorders Hip and pelvis disorders, Infections, Tumors, Skeletal dysplasias. Plus, you’ll find step-by-step help with musculoskeletal examination and evaluation; casting and splinting; imaging techniques, and rehabilitation strategies. The book features many illustrations, clinical photographs and radiographic images to demonstrate physical examination techniques and pathologic physical findings, as well as tables and figures to aid in diagnosis. Streamline orthopedic problem-solving: Etiology/epidemiology, Signs and symptoms, Differential diagnosis, How to make the diagnosis, Treatment, Rehabilitation, Expected outcomes/prognosis, Coding for proper payment, and when to refer.

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15

Sieper, Joachim. Axial spondyloarthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113_update_003.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2% and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA-B27 in a given population. AxSpA can be split in patients with radiographic axSpA (also termed ankylosing spondylitis (AS)) and in patients with non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA). For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axSpA have been developed by the Assessment of Spondylo-Arthritis International Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of nr-axSpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA-B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.

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16

Sieper, Joachim. Ankylosing spondylitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113.

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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2 and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA B27 in a given population. For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) have been developed by the Assessement of Spondylo-Arthritis international Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of non-radiographic axial SpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.

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17

Javaid, Kassim, and Paul Wordsworth. Osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.010007.

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♦ Osteoarthritis is the outcome of many different disease processes♦ Correlation between radiographic appearance and symptoms is poor♦ Prevalence increases rapidly with age♦ A multidimensional approach in treatment should include patient education, physical therapy, analgesia, and ergonomic assessment♦ Surgical approaches to treatment should adopt a holistic approach.

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18

Casting Type Calcifications: Sign of a Subtype With Unpredictable Outcome (Breast Cancer - Early Detection with Mammography). George Thieme Verlag, 2007.

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19

McCarthy, Ellen Patricia. Prior mammography utilization: Does it explain black-white differences in breast cancer outcomes? 2002.

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20

Hochman, Michael E. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Low Back Pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0012.

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This chapter, found in the back pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for low back pain. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Researchers concluded that although spinal MRIs (compared with plain radiographs) are reassuring for patients with low back pain, they do not lead to improved functional outcomes; also, spinal MRIs detect anatomical abnormalities that would otherwise go undiscovered, possibly leading to spinal surgeries of uncertain value. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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21

Weston, Michael J. Renal radiology. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0009.

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This chapter acts as an introduction to Chapters 10–16 and highlights the uses of plain radiography, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide studies, and image-guided intervention. All imaging studies work best if a specific question is asked. This helps to choose both the best modality and protocol to answer the question. The clinical information given will often assist the interpretation of the findings. The more vague the indication for a scan, the less likely that useful information will be provided. Both the requesting clinician and the radiologist need to be clear how the scan result will alter management. Performing imaging procedures that will not alter the outcome is wasteful and unkind to the patient.

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Books on the topic 'Radiographic outcomes'

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