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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiographic simulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Derbyshire, Brian. "Correction of radiographic measurements of acetabular cup wear for variations in pelvis orientation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 3 (2018): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411918754924.

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Radiographic measurement of two-dimensional acetabular cup wear is usually carried out on a series of follow-up radiographs of the patient’s pelvis. Since the orientation of the pelvis might not be consistent at every X-ray examination, the resulting change in view of the wear plane introduces error into the linear wear measurement. This effect is amplified on some designs of cup in which the centre of the socket is several millimetres below the centre of the cup or circular wire marker. This study describes the formulation of a mathematical method to correct radiographic wear measurements for changes in pelvis orientation. A mathematical simulation of changes in cup orientation and wear vectors caused by pelvic tilt was used to confirm that the formulae corrected the wear exactly if the radiographic plane of the reference radiograph was parallel to the true plane of wear. An error analysis showed that even when the true wear plane was not parallel to the reference radiographic plane, the formulae could still provide a useful correction. A published correction formula was found to be ineffective.

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Rocca, A. B. D., S. Ferriani, and L. La Porta. "Simulation by computer of radiographic process." NDT & E International 25, no. 4-5 (1992): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(92)90289-s.

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3

Desponds, L., C. Depeursinge, M. Grecescu, C. Hessler, and J. F. Valley. "Simulation of the Radiographic Process in Mammography." Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik 2, no. 2 (1992): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-3889(15)70585-4.

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4

Costaridou, L., G. Panayiotakis, N. Pallikarakis, and B. Proimos. "Radiographic skills learning: procedure simulation using adaptive hypermedia." British Journal of Radiology 69, no. 826 (1996): 938–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-69-826-938.

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5

Moore, C. S., G. Avery, S. Balcam, et al. "Use of a digitally reconstructed radiograph-based computer simulation for the optimisation of chest radiographic techniques for computed radiography imaging systems." British Journal of Radiology 85, no. 1017 (2012): e630-e639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/47377285.

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6

Robertson, Faith C., Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr, Srinivasan Mukundan, and William B. Gormley. "Ventriculostomy-associated hemorrhage: a risk assessment by radiographic simulation." Journal of Neurosurgery 127, no. 3 (2017): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.8.jns16538.

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OBJECTIVEVentriculostomy entry sites are commonly selected by freehand estimation of Kocher's point or approximations from skull landmarks and a trajectory toward the ipsilateral frontal horn of the lateral ventricles. A recognized ventriculostomy complication is intracranial hemorrhage from cortical vessel damage; reported rates range from 1% to 41%. In this report, the authors assess hemorrhagic risk by simulating traditional ventriculostomy trajectories and using CT angiography (CTA) with venography (CTV) data to identify potential complications, specifically from cortical draining veins.METHODSRadiographic analysis was completed on 50 consecutive dynamic CTA/CTV studies obtained at a tertiary-care academic neurosurgery department. Image sections were 0.5 mm thick, and analysis was performed on a venous phase that demonstrated high-quality opacification of the cortical veins and sagittal sinus. Virtual ventriculostomy trajectories were determined for right and left sides using medical diagnostic imaging software. Entry points were measured along the skull surface, 10 cm posteriorly from the nasion, and 3 cm laterally for both left and right sides. Cannulation was simulated perpendicular to the skull surface. Distances between the software-traced cortical vessels and the virtual catheter were measured. To approximate vessel injury by twist drill and ventricular catheter placement, veins within a 3-mm radius were considered a hemorrhage risk.RESULTSIn 100 virtual lines through Kocher's point toward the ipsilateral ventricle, 19% were predicted to cause cortical vein injury and suspected hemorrhage (radius ≤ 3 mm). Little difference existed between cerebral hemispheres (right 18%, left 20%). The average (± SD) distance from the trajectory line and a cortical vein was 7.23 ± 4.52 mm. In all 19 images that predicted vessel injury, a site of entry for an avascular zone near Kocher's point could be achieved by moving the trajectory less than 1.0 cm laterally and less than 1.0 cm along the anterior/posterior axis, suggesting that empirical measures are suboptimal, and that patient-specific coordinates based on preprocedural CTA/CVA imaging may optimize ventriculostomy in the future.CONCLUSIONSIn this institutional radiographic imaging analysis, traditional methods of ventriculostomy site selection predicted significant rates of cortical vein injury, matching described rates in the literature. CTA/CTV imaging potentiates identification of patient-specific cannulation sites and custom trajectories that avoid cortical vessels, which may lessen the risk of intracranial hemorrhage during ventriculostomy placement. Further development of this software is underway to facilitate stereotactic ventriculostomy and improve outcomes.

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Miller, Craig L., Dale R. Welch, David V. Rose, and Bryan V. Oliver. "Detailed Simulation of the CYGNUS Rod Pinch Radiographic Source." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 38, no. 10 (2010): 2507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2010.2057448.

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8

Wu, Ching-Ho, Cheng-Chung Lin, Hsuan-Lun Lu, Tung-Wu Lu, and Lih-Seng Yeh. "EFFECTS OF PELVIC AND FEMORAL POSITIONING ON CANINE NORBERG ANGLE MEASUREMENTS AND TEST–RETEST RELIABILITY: A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-BASED SIMULATION STUDY." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 26, no. 06 (2014): 1450076. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237214500768.

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Canine hip dysplasia is a common disease in dogs, often diagnosed by using the Norberg angle (NA), an index for the laxity of the hip joint. Measurement of the NA can be affected by the pelvic and femoral positioning during imaging, the effects and test–retest reliability of which have not been documented. To bridge the gap in knowledge, computed tomography data from 11 Labrador Retriever dogs were obtained and used to generate synthetic ventrodorsal radiographs of the hip for NA measurements via a perspective projection model. Twenty-five synthetic radiographs of the hips were generated at positions defined by combinations of five pelvic tilt angles (-20° to 20° at 10° intervals) and five femoral elevation angles (from full extension to 40° at 10° intervals). For each radiograph, the NA was measured three times by each of the two experienced veterinarian examiners. It was found that both the increase in caudal pelvic tilt and femoral elevation increased the measured NA, although the intra- and inter-examiner reliability was very good for a given hip position. The current results suggest that careful positioning of the pelvis and femur during radiographic imaging is critical for accurately measuring the NA, and thus the laxity of the hip, for the clinical diagnosis of hip dysplasia.

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Omojola, AkintayoDaniel, MichaelOnoriode Akpochafor, SamuelOlaolu Adeneye, and UkemePius Aniekop. "Radiographic assessment of protective aprons and dose simulation to personnel." Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research 10, no. 2 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_14_19.

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10

Neitzel, U., J. Kosanetzky, and G. Harding. "Coherent scatter in radiographic imaging: a Monte Carlo simulation study." Physics in Medicine and Biology 30, no. 12 (1985): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/30/12/002.

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11

Hsieh, Ho-Hui, Yu-Ching Ni, Chia-Hao Chang, et al. "Mathematical observer for 3D radiographic scanner design." Applied Mathematical Modelling 53 (January 2018): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2017.09.021.

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12

Shiba, Naoto, Akio Inoue, Fujio Higuchi, Kyosuke Sonoda, Yoshifumi Wada, and Takashi Saito. "Radiographic simulation of osteotomies of the hip joint using personal computer." Orthopedics & Traumatology 39, no. 1 (1990): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.39.156.

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13

Nilsson, T., J. Ahlqvist, M. Johansson, and A. Isberg. "Virtual reality for simulation of radiographic projections: validation of projection geometry." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 33, no. 1 (2004): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/22722586.

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14

Gearhart, A., D. Carver, and M. Stabin. "SU-F-I-79: Validation of a Monte Carlo Radiographic Simulation." Medical Physics 43, no. 6Part8 (2016): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955907.

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15

Della Rocca, A. B., S. Ferriani, and L. La Porta. "Computer simulation of the radiographic image forming process: implementation and applications." NDT & E International 28, no. 3 (1995): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(95)91864-n.

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16

Cosson, Philip, and Zenghai Lu. "Geometric validation of a computer simulator used in radiography education." BJR|Open 2, no. 1 (2020): 20190027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjro.20190027.

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Objectives: The radiographical process of projection of a complex human form onto a two-dimensional image plane gives rise to distortions and magnifications. It is important that any simulation used for educational purposes should correctly reproduce these. Images generated using a commercially available computer simulation widely used in radiography education (ProjectionVRTM) were tested for geometric accuracy of projection in all planes. Methods: An anthropomorphic skull phantom was imaged using standard projection radiography techniques and also scanned using axial CT acquisition. The data from the CT was then loaded into the simulator and the same projection radiography techniques simulated. Bony points were identified on both the real radiographs and the digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). Measurements sensitive to rotation and magnification were chosen to check for rotation and distortion errors. Results: The real radiographs and the DRRs were compared by four experienced observers and measurements taken between the identified bony points on each of the images obtained. Analysis of the mean observations shows that the measurement from the DRR matches the real radiograph +1.5 mm/−1.5 mm. The Bland Altman bias was 0.55 (1.26 STD), with 95% limits of agreement 3.01 to −1.91. Conclusions: Agreement between the empirical measurements is within the reported error of cephalometric analysis in all three anatomical planes. The image appearances of both the real radiographs and DRRs compared favourably. Advances in knowledge: The commercial computer simulator under test (ProjectionVRTM) was able to faithfully recreate the image appearances of real radiography techniques, including magnification and distortion. Students using this simulation for training will obtain feedback likely to be useful when lessons are applied to real-world situations.

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17

Zhukovskiy, M. E., S. V. Podolyako, G. R. Jaenisch, and C. Bellon. "Numerical simulation of X-ray scattering processes during radiographic inspection of materials." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 42, no. 6 (2006): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061830906060052.

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18

Kwan, T. J. T., M. Berninger, C. Snell, T. S. F. Wang, and Lin Yin. "Simulation of the Cygnus Rod-Pinch Diode Using the Radiographic Chain Model." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 37, no. 4 (2009): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2009.2014767.

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19

Matsuyama, Eri, Du-Yih Tsai, Yongbum Lee, and Katsuyuki Kojima. "Investigation of Noise-Resolution Tradeoff for Digital Radiographic Imaging: A Simulation Study." Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 03, no. 10 (2010): 926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2010.310109.

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Lee, Yongbum, Du-Yih Tsai, and Eri Matsuyama. "A Simulation Study of Radiographic Image Quality Measurement Based on Transmitted Information." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 63, no. 3 (2007): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.63.341.

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21

Sapkaroski, Daniel, Marilyn Baird, Matthew Mundy, and Matthew Richard Dimmock. "Quantification of Student Radiographic Patient Positioning Using an Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation." Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 14, no. 4 (2019): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sih.0000000000000380.

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22

Nazemi, E., B. Rokrok, A. Movafeghi, and M. H. Choopan Dastjerdi. "Simulation of a complete X-ray digital radiographic system for industrial applications." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 139 (September 2018): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.05.017.

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23

Costaridou, L., K. Hatzis, G. Panayiotakis, B. Proimos, and N. Pallikarakis. "A learning tool in medical imaging: Using procedure graphs in radiographic process simulation." Medical Informatics 20, no. 3 (1995): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14639239508995009.

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24

Gutkin, M. Yu, A. G. Sheinerman, T. S. Argunova, et al. "Synchrotron radiographic study and computer simulation of reactions between micropipes in silicon carbide." Journal of Applied Physics 94, no. 11 (2003): 7076–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1624481.

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25

Jackson, Taylor J., Apurva S. Shah, Matthew J. Buczek, and John Todd R. Lawrence. "Simulation Training of Orthopaedic Residents for Distal Radius Fracture Reductions Improves Radiographic Outcomes." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 40, no. 1 (2020): e6-e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpo.0000000000001387.

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26

Capirci, Carlo, Polico Cesare, Giovanni Mandoliti, Giovanni Pavanato, Marcello Gava, and Simonetta Salviato. "The Role of A Conventional Simulator in Multileaf-Plan Simulation: A Proposal." Tumori Journal 87, no. 2 (2001): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160108700205.

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Modern computer networks provide satisfying levels of data recording and verification between the treatment planning system (TPS) and the accelerators, while the main weakness of the preparation chain remains the simulation. When a conventional simulator is employed, it may adversely affect the three-dimensional treatment planning system (3DPS) process because of the difficulty to document the leaf positions on the simulator location films and on the patient's skin. With a conventional simulator, hard copies of the DRRs of each field and CT scans at isocenter level are needed. In an attempt to transfer more information displayed from a BEV perspective from the 3DPS to simulator radiographs, this study aimed to reduce the quality loss by using a 2D conventional simulator in a 3DPS process. We realized an acetate photocopy of TPS data for each field, from a BEV perspective, containing: DRR, wire frames of the PTV, organs at risk and MLC aperture. The photocopies, with an appropriate magnification factor to obtain a correct projective value (ratio 1:1) at isocenter level, are carefully placed on the radiographic images on the same hard copy which allows us to better understand possible setup errors and obliges us to correct these. The method provides reliable documentation, facilitates treatment verification, and fulfils the criteria for MLC simulation. It is accurate, simple, and very inexpensive.

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27

Suzuki, Kazuaki, and Ian Haig. "Investigation of the application of phase contrast imaging using a point X-ray source to industrial non-destructive testing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2010 (2014): 20130036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0036.

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X-Tek Systems, a division of Nikon Metrology UK, designs, develops and manufactures microfocus X-ray radiography and computed tomography systems for industrial non-destructive testing. The range of X-ray acceleration voltages of its current standard products is 130–450 kV. It is widely known that X-ray images can be created using phase contrast formed by the natural propagation of X-rays. Simulation of the natural propagation of X-rays through a cylindrical test sample predicted a small contrast peak at the boundary between the cylinder material and air. Comparison data were obtained using an X-ray source with acceleration voltage above 100 kV. The simulation results correlated well with the experimental data. A further practical example (a ‘magic mirror’ amulet from an old Japanese shrine) is introduced and discussed. In this specimen, we detected intensity variation including the effect of phase contrast in the operating region above 100 kV. In summary, natural propagation phase contrast was observed in radiographic images from a standard point X-ray source with acceleration voltages exceeding 100 kV.

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Landewé, R. B. M., L. Sun, Y. F. Chen, D. Schlichting, and D. Van der Heijde. "FRI0044 ROBUST ANALYSES FOR RADIOGRAPHIC PROGRESSION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (2020): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1692.

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Background:Reducing structural damage is an important treatment goal for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Demonstrating a clinically meaningful, statistically significant difference in radiographic progression (assessed by van der Heijde modified total Sharp score, mTSS) is a common objective in trials for RA treatments.Complete collection of radiographic data is challenging, especially in long term follow-up and pediatric studies. Therefore, scores for individual joints or entire patients are regularly missing. A frequently used analysis method for mTSS is the analysis of covariance model, in which missing data are imputed using linear extrapolation (ANCOVA+LE). However, other ways to deal with missing information have also been proposed.Objectives:To evaluate robust analysis methods for mTSS data.Methods:Simulated data were used to compare a random coefficient model (RC) without imputation, ANCOVA+LE and ANCOVA with last observation carry forward imputation (LOCF).A log-normal distribution was used to generate baseline patient level data to simulate a 2-arm clinical trial using baseline mTSS and rate of change in mTSS from recently completed trials. Changes in mTSS (12, 28 and 44 week timepoints) were generated under linear, concave quadratic (fast progression then slow progression), and convex quadratic (slow progression then fast progression) assumptions, with the proportion of change forced to be 0 (a proportion of simulated patients do not have progression). A monotone missing pattern was assumed to generate a data set with missing data (the ‘observed’ dataset).ANCOVA analyses were performed using baseline and treatment as predictors. The RC model was applied using baseline, treatment, time, and time-by-treatment interactions as fixed effect and time as a random effect. Bias (difference between average of simulation sample mean and true value, the smaller the better), root mean square error (RMSE, a measure of variation among simulation samples, the smaller the better), power and type I error rate were compared between methods.Results:The random coefficient model provided better or at least similar results in bias, RMSE, power and type I error rate as ANCOVA+LE under evaluated scenarios (Table 1).Progression assumptionSimulation parameters(Number of simulations = 500; common sample size=300, baseline mTSS=~11.7)ModelBiasPowerRMSELinearppbo= 0.6, rpbo= 0.065ptrt= 0.68 rpbo= 0.046Δwk44= −0.49ANCOVA + Full0.0020.9240.140ANCOVA + LE0.0030.8660.155ANCOVA+LOCF0.1540.8440.190RC + FULL0.0010.920.139RC + OBS−0.0020.8720.156Concaveppbo= 0.6, rpbo= −0.0009, qpbo= 0.11ptrt= 0.68, rtrt= −0.0011, qtrt= 0.093Δwk44= −0.611ANCOVA + Full0.0020.9820.141ANCOVA + LE−0.0020.9260.180ANCOVA+LOCF0.1880.940.222RC + FULL0.0020.9780.141RC + OBS−0.0050.9240.174Convexppbo=0.6, rpbo= 0.0037, qpbo=−0.09ptrt= 0.68, rtrt= 0.003, qtrt= −0.1Δwk44= −0.83ANCOVA + Full0.00310.139ANCOVA + LE0.3430.9480.368ANCOVA+LOCF0.3910.9740.405RC + FULL−0.00410.140RC + OBS0.1990.9880.249Abbreviations: FULL = complete dataset with no missing values trt = active treatment, OBS = the ‘observed’ dataset, pbo = placebo, p= proportion of patients with no progression, r = linear progression rate (mTSS units per week), q = quadratic term coefficient. Δ = active treatment progression – placebo rConclusion:RC is a robust analysis method for mTSS. We recommend its use in primary analyses, especially for long-term extension and pediatric studies with a higher likelihood of missing data. This method can also provide reference for time points when no data are collected via estimated slope. ANCOVA+LE can be used for sensitivity analysis.References:None.Disclosure of Interests:Robert B.M. Landewé Consultant of: AbbVie; AstraZeneca; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Eli Lilly & Co.; Galapagos NV; Novartis; Pfizer; UCB Pharma, Luna Sun Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Yun-Fei Chen Shareholder of: Own shares in Eli Lilly and Company., Employee of: Employee of Eli Lilly and Company, Douglas Schlichting Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Désirée van der Heijde Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Cyxone, Daiichi, Eisai, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, UCB Pharma; Director of Imaging Rheumatology BV

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29

Kumar, S., M. Menaka, and B. Venkatraman. "Radiographic simulation and validation studies on weld joints of annular tanks and cylindrical tanks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 554 (June 10, 2019): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/554/1/012008.

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30

FORSBERG, J., and A. HALSE. "Radiographic simulation of a periapieal lesion comparing the paralleling and the bisecting-angle techniques." International Endodontic Journal 27, no. 3 (1994): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1994.tb00242.x.

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Quan, Qi, Lei Hong, Biao Chang, et al. "A radiographic simulation study of fixed superior pubic ramus fractures with retrograde screw insertion." Journal of Orthopaedics 13, no. 4 (2016): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2016.07.005.

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32

Weichselbaum, Ralph C., Daniel A. Feeney, Carl R. Jessen, Carl A. Osborne, Vladimere Dreytser, and James Holte. "LOSS OF UROCYSTOLITH ARCHITECTURAL CLARITY DURING IN VIVO RADIOGRAPHIC SIMULATION VERSUS IN VITRO VISUALIZATION." Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound 41, no. 3 (2000): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01486.x.

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33

Bliznakova, K., R. Speller, J. Horrocks, P. Liaparinos, Z. Kolitsi, and N. Pallikarakis. "Experimental validation of a radiographic simulation code using breast phantom for X-ray imaging." Computers in Biology and Medicine 40, no. 2 (2010): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.11.017.

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34

Kuruvilla, Anand M., Arthur Olch, A. Robert Kagan, et al. "Radiotherapy Planning for Simulation of Prostate Cancer: Computerized Tomographic Scanning vs. Conventional Radiographic Localization." Medical Dosimetry 14, no. 4 (1989): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-3947(89)90011-3.

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35

Rao, S., K. Levin, K. Garbarino, et al. "How Often Are Previously Undetected Radiographic Abnormalities Detected at the Time of CT Simulation?" International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 69, no. 3 (2007): S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.170.

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36

Chao, E. Y. S., J. D. Lynch, and M. J. Vanderploeg. "Simulation and Animation of Musculoskeletal Joint System." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 115, no. 4B (1993): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895541.

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This paper describes the development of computer-based software for three-dimensional geometric data base of the human musculoskeletal system. Using a computer graphics workstation, a user of the software will interactively display detailed information about the muscles, tendons, ligaments, bone, and joint anatomy. This software will enable a wide range of health care workers to viualize complex physiological data. In addition to geometric and visual realism, this software will include kinematic relationships which allow the calculation and display of the motion and forces of the joints, muscles, and tendons. This will permit a user to interactively move joints or tendons and display the resulting motion of the surrounding tissues, as well as internal reactive forces and joint pressure distribution. A two-dimensional version of this software is currently being used for knee and hip osteotomy preoperative planning, total joint replacement prosthesis design and dimensional selection, and osteochondral allograft sizing and reconstruction using radiographic data.

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James, Hannah K., Giles T. R. Pattison, Joanne D. Fisher, and Damian Griffin. "Cadaveric simulation versus standard training for postgraduate trauma and orthopaedic surgical trainees: protocol for the CAD:TRAUMA study multicentre randomised controlled educational trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (2020): e037319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037319.

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IntroductionThe quantity and quality of surgical training in the UK has been negatively affected by reduced working hours and National Health Service (NHS) financial pressures. Traditionally surgical training has occurred by the master-apprentice model involving a process of graduated responsibility, but a modern alternative is to use simulation for the early stages of training. It is not known if simulation training for junior trainees can safeguard patients and improve clinical outcomes. This paper details the protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled educational trial of a cadaveric simulation training intervention versus standard training for junior postgraduate orthopaedic surgeons-in-training. This is the first study to assess the effect of cadaveric simulation training for open surgery on patient outcome. The feasibility of delivering cadaveric training, use of radiographic and clinical outcome measures to assess impact and the challenges of upscaling provision will be explored.Methods and analysisWe will recruit postgraduate orthopaedic surgeons-in-training in the first 3 years (of 8) of the specialist training programme. Participants will be block randomised and allocated to either cadaveric simulation or standard ‘on-the-job’ training, learning three common orthopaedic procedures, each of which is a substudy within the trial. The procedures are (1) dynamic hip screw, (2) hemiarthroplasty and (3) ankle fracture fixation. These procedures have been selected as they are very common procedures which are routinely performed by junior surgeons-in-training. A pragmatic approach to sample size is taken in lieu of a formal power calculation as this is novel exploratory work with no a priori estimate of effect size to reference. The primary outcome measure is the technical success of the surgery performed on patients by the participating surgeons-in-training during the follow-up period for the three substudy procedures, as measured by the implant position on the postoperative radiograph. The secondary outcome measures are procedure time, postoperative complication rate and patient health state at 4 months postoperation (EQ-5D—substudies 1 and 2 only).Ethics, registration and disseminationNational research ethics approval was granted for this study by the NHS Research Authority South Birmingham Research Ethics Committee (15/WM/0464). Confidentiality Advisory Group approval was granted for accessing radiographic and outcome data without patient consent on 27 February 2017 (16/CAG/0125). The results of this trial will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and will inform educational and clinical practice.Trial registration numberISRCTN20431944

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Lennox, Kristin P., and Lee G. Glascoe. "A Bayesian Measurement Error Model for Misaligned Radiographic Data." Technometrics 55, no. 4 (2013): 450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00401706.2013.838192.

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Yadav, Lakshmi, Navreet Boora, and Raushan Kumar. "Assessment of Knowledge of Radiographic Students about Radiation Protection Devices, Their Use and Handling." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 6 (2021): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210634.

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Aim: The aim of this study to assess the knowledge of radiographic students about radiation protection devices, their use and handling. Methods: A prospective, questionnaire-based study was carried out in Department of Radiological and Imaging Techniques. A validated questionnaire was circulated among undergraduate and postgraduate Radiographic students. Result: Out of 169 participants was 150(88.7%) of undergraduate, postgraduate and diploma students of radiological and imaging techniques filled questionnaire in this study. To assess knowledge about radiation protection devices, their use and handling, which they gain during theory classes and from hospital posting. There were 58(38.7%) were female and 92 (61.3%) were male. Conclusion: Study concluded that there should be proper theory classes for the conduction of knowledge about radiation protection devices, their use and handling in radiology department. Training session and teaching standards should be taken in account for not only the number of hours required to obtain the knowledge with the equipment required to run the classes in the simulation-based learning environment. This questionnaire-based survey demonstrates that up-to-date radiation protection devices, their use and handling skill in among radiography students of college of paramedical sciences were not sufficient, this should be improved by the well-designed training and theoretical sessions. From this study, we suggest that all members of the health care community should attend the webinars, guest lectures and training sessions about knowledge of radiation protection devices, their use and handling in radiology department. Keywords: Radiation protection devices, Lead equivalent, X-ray, Radiology department.

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Stranix, John T., Daniel Cuzzone, Catherine Ly, et al. "Optimizing Safety of Iliac Bone Harvest Using an Acumed Drill: A Simulated Radiographic Study of 100 Patients." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 54, no. 6 (2017): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/15-341.

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Objective To determine the potential risk of visceral injury during Acumed drill iliac crest cancellous bone graft harvest. Design Radiographic iliac crest anatomic analysis with simulated drill course to measure cancellous bone available for harvest and proximity of vulnerable pelvic structures. Setting Single institution, tertiary care university hospital. Patients and Participants One hundred pelvic computed tomography scans performed on children 8 to 12 years old without traumatic or neoplastic pathology. Interventions Radiographic simulation of Acumed drill course within iliac bone. Main Outcome Measures (1) Potential for pelvic visceral injury. (2) Volume of cancellous bone safely available for harvest. Results Superior and medial cortical thickness at the reference point remained stable across age groups; however, lateral cortical thickness increased with age (3.13 to 3.74 mm, P < .001). Cancellous bone width increased with age at all depths measured ( P < .001). Through radiographic simulation, the drill could reach the bowel in 4% of cases and only through gross deviation (>30°) from the plane of the ilium. There were no cases of simulated bowel perforation within 3 cm of the reference point. The maximum cancellous volume safely harvested increased with age: 24 cc in 8-year-olds to 36 cc in 12-year-olds ( P < .001). Conclusions Acumed assisted iliac crest bone graft harvest is a safe technique in which substantial amount of cancellous bone can be obtained. The low risk of bowel perforation can be further minimized by limiting the depth of drill bit penetration to less than 3 cm.

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Gao, Yuan, Markus Haapasalo, Ya Shen, Hongkun Wu, Huiyong Jiang, and Xuedong Zhou. "Development of Virtual Simulation Platform for Investigation of the Radiographic Features of Periapical Bone Lesion." Journal of Endodontics 36, no. 8 (2010): 1404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.003.

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Kuo, Chien-Chung, Hsuan-Lun Lu, Tung-Wu Lu, et al. "Effects of positioning on radiographic measurements of ankle morphology: a computerized tomography-based simulation study." BioMedical Engineering OnLine 12, no. 1 (2013): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-925x-12-131.

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Baron, Gabriel, Philippe Ravaud, Adeline Samson, and Bruno Giraudeau. "Missing data in randomized controlled trials of rheumatoid arthritis with radiographic outcomes: A simulation study." Arthritis & Rheumatism 59, no. 1 (2007): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.23253.

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Sorokin, A. S., D. I. Galkin, and E. A. Ivanayskiy. "QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF RADIOGRAPHIC CONTROL INFORMATIVENESS USING ROC ANALYSIS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 251 (May 2019): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2019.05.pp.004-012.

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In industrial radiography the issue of replacing film detectors with digital ones is becoming increasingly relevant. Also remains unresolved the question of an objective comparison of various radiographic testing (RT). This article presents the results of research, aimed at obtaining a quantitative assessment of RT technology informativeness. In order to construct ROC curves, characterizing the quality of binary classification, using a specific RT technology, there was designed and manufactured a sample test, containing a simulation of the most difficult to detect by RK results (U-shaped grooves 0.1 mm wide and various depths) randomly distributed discontinuities. Such test sample was made using additive technology. Developed manufacturing technology made it possible to ensure sufficient accuracy of linear dimensions, taking into account the product’s design features. After exposure of test object to various detectors, there was a decoding procedure, conducted by experts, whose task was to establish the presence / absence of a defect in analyzed element of the image. Applying such technique, used in results analysis of deciphering the images of sample test, made it possible to minimize the influence of human factor and obtain ROC curves, reflecting the capabilities of RT technology only. The subsequent determination of ROC curves parameters allows to conduct a comparative analysis of informativeness of the technologies under consideration. The example of comparison between detectors Agfa D4 and Agfa D7, given in article’s conclusion, demonstrates the possibilities of presented technique.

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Bifulco, Paolo, Mario Sansone, Mario Cesarelli, Robert Allen, and Marcello Bracale. "Estimation of out-of-plane vertebra rotations on radiographic projections using CT data: a simulation study." Medical Engineering & Physics 24, no. 4 (2002): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4533(02)00021-8.

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Quan, Qi, Lei Hong, Biao Chang, et al. "The Scaphoid Safe Zone: A Radiographic Simulation Study to Prevent Cortical Perforation Arising from Different Views." PLOS ONE 12, no. 1 (2017): e0170677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170677.

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Kumar, Arvind, Jigyasa Passey, Lakshay Goel, et al. "New landmarks for ideal positioning of syndesmotic screw: a computerised tomography based analysis and radiographic simulation." International Orthopaedics 44, no. 4 (2019): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-019-04467-y.

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Boënnec, Ronan, Paul-Armand Dujardin, Benjamin Meunier, et al. "REDUCING PELVIS RADIOGRAPH EXPOSURE IN CHILDREN USING A DOSE SIMULATION X-RAY RESEARCH SOFTWARE." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 194, no. 2-3 (2021): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab083.

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Abstract Pelvis radiography is a frequent X-ray examination. The objective of our study was to determine the minimum dose to be delivered without reducing the quality. We included 60 children having a pelvis X-ray in four groups that were equally represented by weight ranges. A software simulated, for each radiograph, six additional simulated photonic noise images corresponding to 100, 80, 64, 50, 40 and 32% of the initial dose. The 360 radiographs were blindly scored by two radiologists using a semi-quantitative Likert scale. There was no significant difference in scoring between the reference radiograph and simulated radiographs at 80% of the dose in children between 0 and 15 kg and over 35 kg. Inter-observer reproducibility was moderate to very good. Pelvis X-ray doses might be reduced by 20% in children in our institution. Software that produces simulated X-ray with decreasing dose might be a useful tool for an optimization process.

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BIANCHINI, DAVID, PIER LUCA ROSSI, GIACOMO FELICIANI, ALESSANDRO LOMBI, IVAN CORAZZA, and ROMANO ZANNOLI. "CARBON DIOXIDE ANGIOGRAPHY: SIMULATION OF OPERATIVE CONDITIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC IMAGE OPTIMIZATION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 15, no. 02 (2015): 1540023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519415400230.

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Carbon dioxide angiography is based on the visualization (i.e., the radiographic contrast) of gas bubbles injected in blood vessels. By using an experimental X-ray bench, the energy response of a flat panel detector has been measured (Varian CB4030) and, with a dedicated phantom and a software simulation, the image contrast of vessels is injected with Iodine and CO 2. Moreover, the dynamical behavior of a moving gas bubble has been studied with the software simulator. The results show that the contrast generated by carbon dioxide is about one fourth of that obtained with iodine, demonstrating that CO 2 angiography should use different radiological settings with respect to iodine angiography. In particular, a kVp increase has a lower reduction of contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) with carbon dioxide than with iodinated contrast medium (CM), suggesting possible technological improvements both on radiological emission and image enhancement methods.

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Kehler, M., U. Albrechtsson, B. Andersson, H. Lárusdóttir, A. Lundin, and H. Pettersson. "Assessment of Digital Chest Radiography Using Stimulable Phosphor." Acta Radiologica 30, no. 6 (1989): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518903000603.

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In this pilot study, conventional and digital radiography of the chest was compared in 170 patients. Two digitized radiographs, one frequency modified and one simulating the conventional film-screen combination, and the conventional films were reviewed independently by 5 radiologists with different experience. In spite of the smaller size and lower spatial resolution of the digitized compared with the conventional radiograph, only slight differences were revealed in the observation of different pulmonary and mediastinal changes. Digitized radiography is therefore considered suitable for chest examinations.

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