Academic literature on the topic 'Raillietia spp'

We evaluated the dynamics of ear infestations caused by Rhabditis spp. and Raillietia spp., which were correlated with animal age, intensity of clinical signs and climate factors. Sixty-four Gir cattle were distributed into three groups: GA - 23 calves with 4 to 6 months of age; GB - 18 calves with 7 to 12 months of age; and GC - 23 heifers with 13 to 33 months of age. Five samplings, defined as S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 were performed every three months from August 2008 to August 2009. The ear secretion was collected using the auricular washing method for the right ear and a swab for the left ear. A clinical assessment of the animals was performed, and they were classified according to the presence and severity of otitis. The highest relative frequency of rhabditosis was 52.2% in GC at the last sampling. In the first sampling, 42.2% of the animals were infested by Raillietia spp. The older cattle were more susceptible to infestations by both parasites. No correlation of Rhabditis spp. and Raillietia spp. parasitism with climate factors was found. The results showed that both parasites could infest Gir cattle, and in most cases, there was no co-infestation. Only older animals parasitized by the nematode showed clinical signs of the disease.

Esse estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a associação entre micoplasmas e ácaros (Raillietia auris e R. flechtmanni) no conduto auditivo de bovinos. Foram realizadas lavagens no conduto auditivo externo de 60 bovinos abatidos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Para a lavagem dos condutos auditivos foi utilizada solução salina tamponada (PBS, pH 7.2) em seringas estéreis de 60mL. Para o isolamento de micoplasmas foram utilizados pools de ácaros por animal, lavados sucessivamente em 1mL de meio Hayflick modificado. Os lavados dos ácaros foram diluídos de 10-1 até 10-5 e repicados em meio Hayflick modificado, sólido e líquido e incubados a 37°C por 48-72 horas em microaerofilia. A identificação das espécies de micoplasmas foi realizada pelo teste da imunoperoxidase indireta (IPI). Verificou-se alta prevalência de ácaros do gênero Raillietia spp. 76,7% (46/60). O parasitismo por ácaros e micoplasmas foi verificado em 40 animais (74,1%), sendo esta associação significativa (p<0,001). Dos ácaros processados para isolamento de micoplasmas, 193 foram fêmeas e 25 machos. A frequência de Mycoplasma em Raillietia spp. foi de 81,2% (177/218) (p<0.001). Das fêmeas identificadas, 52,3% (101/193) foram R. auris e 47,7% (92/193) R. flechtmanni. A frequência de Mycoplasma nas fêmeas de R. auris foi de 75,2% (76/101) e na espécie R. flechtmanni foi de 88% (81/92) (P<0.05). As espécies de micoplasmas tipificadas pela IPI nos ácaros Raillietia auris foram: M. alkalescens 6,9%, M. arginini 3,4%, M. bovirhinis 9,2%, M. conjunctivae 18,4%, M. mycoides mycoides LC 8,0%, M. capricolum 5,7%. Em R. flechtmanni as espécies de micoplasmas identificadas foram: M. alkalescens 12,2%, M. arginini 1,0%, M. bovirhinis 18,9%, M. bovis 2,2%, M. conjunctivae 21,0%, M. mycoides mycoides LC 11,0% e M. capricolum 4,4%. As espécies de micoplasmas identificadas no conduto auditivo externo dos bovinos foram as mesmas presentes nos ácaros R. auris e R. flechtmanni. Os resultados confirmam que o conduto auditivo externo de bovinos é um habitat de Mycoplasma spp., incluindo espécies potencialmente patogênicas para os rebanhos, além dos ácaros R. auris e R. flechtmanni estarem associados com esses molicutes carreando-os em seu organismo.

Pigeons are closely related to human life and are both a source of food and object for hobbies and sports. Parasitic diseases of birds are the main reason for their growth retardation, reduced productivity and viability. The article presents the results of studying the prevalence of trichomonosis, cestodes and nematodes among the population of wild and domestic pigeons in the south of Ukraine. According to the results of the conducted researches it is established that in the south of Ukraine endoparasitoses of domestic and wild pigeons are quite widespread, and all species of this bird are carriers of Trichomonas gallinae. At the same time, the highest rate of Trichomonas infection was recorded in Columba palambus and C. livia domestica, and the overall infestation of males is higher by 4.4% compared to females. It was determined that domestic pigeons C. livia domestica were infested with trichomonosis (27.5%) and nematodes (Ascaridia columbae, 57.1%), C. palambus – trichomonosis (32.1%) and cestodes (Raillietina spp., 82.4%), Streptopelia turtur – cestodes (Raillietina spp., 12.5%) and S. decaocto – cestodes (Raillietina spp., 71.4%) and nematodes (Heterakis gallinarum, A. columbae – 33.3% and 44.4% respectively). The overall rate of infestation of pigeons with cestodes was 28.4% and the incidence in males was higher by 3.9% compared to females. It was found that the most common species among pigeon cestodes is Raillietina spp. In addition, 22.9% of pigeons are carriers of nematodes (H. gallinarum, A. columbae and Capillaria spp.). Continuous monitoring of pigeon parasites is necessary because they, in most cases, come into contact with other species of poultry and are a source of general invasion. In terms of further research, it would be promising to study the prevalence of helminthic infestation among wild migratory birds.

The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections and the gross pathological lesions produced by them were studied from February 2012 to January 2013 in the Department of Pharmacology of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. In this study, a total of 320 indigenous chickens aged ranging from 2 to 4 months were examined to identify the different types of gastrointestinal helminth infections in indigenous chickens. During routine examination, six species of helminth parasites were recorded, of which five species of nematodes such as Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Capillaria spp, Acuaria hamulosa and Dispharynx spiralis; and one species was cestode called Raillietina tetragona. The highest prevalence was observed for Ascaridia galli (41.56%) followed in descending order by Raillietina tetragona (19.68%), Heterakis gallinarum (15.62%), Acuaria hamulosa (8.75%), Capillaria spp. (4.68% ) and Disopharinx spiralis (1.56%). The gross pathological lesions were observed in case of Acuaria hamulosa and Heterakis gallinarum infection. In case of Acuaria hamulosa infection keratinization of gizzard mucosa and cross section of adult Acuaria hamulosa were seen along with marked infiltration of neutrophils. The results of this study suggest that both nematodes and cestodes are highly prevalent in indigenous chickens in the studied area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21275 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2014). 12 (2): 135-139

La paloma doméstica (Columba livia domestica) es una especie de ave columbiforme muy bien adaptada a los ambientes intervenidos por el ser humano. Sin embargo, puede servir de transportador de microorganismos patógenos de interés médico-zoonótico. Entre agosto de 2017 y agosto de 2018 se recolectaron heces de poblaciones ferales de palomas domésticas para determinar la ocurrencia de parásitos intestinales en tres sitios de la ciudad de Coro, estado Falcón, Venezuela: en el Hospital Universitario “Alfredo Van Grieken”, en el terminal de pasajeros municipal y en la Universidad Nacional Experimental “Francisco de Miranda”. Las muestras (n= 516) se analizaron mediante cinco métodos coprológicos: directo, flotación de Willis-Molloy, flotación de Faust, sedimentación en tubo y coloración de Kinyoun. El análisis parasitológico reveló la presencia en el 54.3% (280/516) de las muestras fecales de 12 taxones enteroparasitarios, de las cuales varias son consideradas potencialmente de importancia médico-zoonótico (Criptosporidium spp, Blastocystis spp, Cyclospora spp). Los taxones más prevalentes fueron Cryptosporidium spp (38.5%), Isospora spp (19.4%), Cyclospora spp (13%) y Raillietina spp (7.8%). Se discute las implicaciones de estos hallazgos en el contexto de la salud pública.

The Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) is a Mediterranean Galliformes, recently classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, due to the constant and significant decline of its global population. While the gastrointestinal parasites of the species are well studied in some part of its range (Iberian peninsula), limited information is available for the Italian populations, that represent the eastern limit of the species range. This study was conducted to fill this gap of knowledge, determining the composition, richness, prevalence, intensity and abundance of A. rufa gastrointestinal parasite community in two populations in Italy. During the autumn seasons 2008–2009 and 2009–2010, necropsies were conducted on 18 Red-legged partridge from the southern part of Alessandria province (Piedmont, northwestern Italy) and 34 from the Parma province (Emilia Romagna, northern Italy). All the animals were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites. Additionally, 229 fecal samples were collected from live animals in Alessandria province. Prevalence, abundance and intensity of infection were calculated for each parasite species, except for coccidia for which only the prevalence was determined. The following parasites were observed: Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia spp., Ascaridia columbae, Raillietina spp., Eimeria spp. The highest parasite prevalence was found in Alessandria province for Eimeria sp., infecting almost half of the sampled animals (P: 45%, CI95%: 39–51). Eimeria sp. was also the most prevalent parasite in Parma province but with much lower prevalence (P: 19%, CI95%: 5–32). Intestinal helminths prevalence ranged from 3% (CI95%: 0–9) for A. columbae and Raillietina spp. (Parma Province) to 9% for H. gallinarum in both Parma (CI95%: 0–19), and Alessandria province (CI95%: 0–22). To our knowledge, this is the first study providing information on the gastrointestinal parasites of the Red-legged partridge in Italy. Ascaridia columbae, a parasite typical of the domestic pigeon, was reported for the first time in A. rufa. The epidemiological descriptors reported herein could serve as a basis for future studies, allowing for epidemiological comparison across countries, locations, and time periods.

Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de parásitos internos y externos en palomas comunes (Columba livia) del área urbana de la ciudad de Villavicencio, Meta, durante la transición verano a invierno del año 2017. Materiales y Métodos. Se capturaron 72 palomas de tres comunas de la ciudad y sometidas a inspección visual para parásitos externos, a la vez se obtuvo muestras de material fecal para análisis coprológico mediante el método de Sheather’s. Se realizaron frotis con las muestras de sangre y tinción con Giemsa para agentes hemotrópicos. Resultados. En el 100% de las muestras se encontraron dos especies de parásitos externos: piojos malófagos (Columbicola columbae) y mosca de paloma (Pseudolynchia canariensis). Dentro de los parásitos internos se encontraron dos protozoarios: Haemoproteus spp. 26.5% (9/34) en frotis sanguíneo y Eimeria spp. 36% (26/72) en heces, seguido de los nematodos: Ascaridia spp. 4.2% (3/72) y Capillaria spp. 13.8% (10/72) y cestodos: Raillietina spp. 1.38% (1/72). No se encontró asociación del parasitismo con el sexo de la paloma o la comuna de muestreo. Conclusiones. La presencia de parásitos internos fue baja, excepto para Eimeria spp., estos datos representan información importante del riesgo potencial para la salud animal y humana, especialmente para poblaciones comerciales de aves y la avifauna nativa. Estos resultados indican que se requieren programas sanitarios y de control en las poblaciones de palomas de la ciudad.

The study was conducted on 65 local adult chickens (Gallus domesticus) to investigate macro - and microscopically presence of external and internal parasites and their prevalence in Sulaimani region-Kurdistan/Iraq from May to July 2012. Results showed that 90.77 % out of total examined chickens were infested with ecto-parasites, out of that 81.36 % (48/59) were infested with lice such as (Menacanthus stramineus, Goniocotes gallinae, Menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Cuclotogaster heterographus ) and 62.72 (37/59) of it with larval stage of soft tick such as (Argas persicus). Mixed infestations with more than two ecto-parasite species were detected. On the other hand 89.23% out of 65 examined chickens were infected by internal parasites including nematodes and cestodes such as (Heterakis gallinarum which formed 81% and the remains were Ascaridia galli, Cheilospirura hamulosa, Capillaria spp., Raillietina spp., Choanotaenia infundibulum, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Hymenolepis carioca and Davaniea proglottina).

The study took place in Teófilo Otoni municipality, MG, Brazil from august 2008 to august 2009. Experiment A evaluated dynamic of the parasitic infection caused by the nematode Rhabditis spp. and the mite Raillietia spp. It were used sixty four animals of a dairy herd, Gir breed, males and females, age ranging from 04 to 33 months. Every three months, material of the external auditory canal of all the animals was collected by flushing the right ear and at the same time the left ear was swabbed in order to observe the presence of parasites. The frequency of total positives for Rhabditis spp was 9.4 to 10.9% in the first three collections, increasing to 18.8 and 29.7% in the second and third collections respectively. The higher frequency found was 52.2% in the last sampling of the group 3. Results showed a positive correlation between frequency rate and age of the animals. Regarding the parasitic disease caused by Railiettia spp. It was observed that 42.2% of the animals were infested with parasitic intensity ranging from 1 to 13 mites per animal. In subsequent samplings, it was observed a decrease in the total of positive animals and parasite loads, suggesting interference of the sampling method on mite population. The study showed that the ear flushing was more efficient to detect infestations caused by both parasites, including sub-clinical cases. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation between climatic factors, number of animals infected by the nematode and the severity of ear infections. Furthermore, it was observed a positive correlation between climatic factors and parasitic disease caused by mites. In Experiment B, it were studied twenty-six pregnant cows, age ranging from 3 to 14 years when fourteen (53.8%) were parasitized bilaterally by Rhabditis spp. The maximum intensity of clinical signs observed was grade 3, classified as moderate. Six cows with clinical signs of otitis were submitted to a intensive treatment protocol which consisted of multi washing of the external auditory canal with modified Dakin's solution (sodium hypochlorite 0.025%) and 1:1 solution of alcohol-ether, plus topical organophosphorus larvicide/repellent (Fenitrothion 6.8%). Animals were observed for 135 days with treatments, initially every 10 days, then every 15 days and one more last treatment interval period of 30 days. All the animals, positive and negative for parasites, treated or untreated, were kept together throughout all the experimental period.
No Experimento A deste estudo avaliou-se a dinâmica da infestação parasitária auricular causada pelo nematóide Rhabditis spp. e pelo ácaro Raillietia spp. em 64 bovinos da raça Gir Leiteira, de ambos os sexos, com idade de 04 a 33 meses em uma propriedade localizada no município de Teófilo Otoni, MG. Durante o período de agosto de 2008 a agosto de 2009, a cada três meses, coletou-se material do conduto auditivo externo de todos os animais através da lavagem auricular na orelha direita e zaragatoa (swab) na orelha esquerda para verificação da presença dos parasitos. A freqüência de positivos totais para rhabditiose foi de 9,4 a 10,9% nas três primeiras coletas, com crescimento gradual de 18,8 e 29,7% nas duas últimas coletas. A maior freqüência relativa encontrada foi de 52,2% na última coleta nos animais do grupo 3, que estavam então com idade entre 24 e 45 meses. Os resultados mostraram haver correlação positiva entre o aumento da taxa de freqüência e a idade dos animais. Com relação à parasitose causada pela Railiettia spp. verificou-se que 42,2% do total de 64 animais estavam infestados, com intensidade parasitária variando de 1 a 13 ácaros por animal. Nas coletas posteriores houve uma diminuição na quantidade de animais positivos e também na carga de parasitos, sugerindo a possibilidade de interferência do método de coleta na população de ácaros. Quanto à eficiência dos métodos de diagnóstico parasitológico, os achados mostraram que a lavagem auricular foi mais eficiente para detectar infestações causadas por ambos os parasitas, inclusive detectando casos sub-clínicos. A análise estatística mostrou haver correlação negativa entre os fatores climáticos, a quantidade de animais parasitados pelo nematóide e a gravidade da otite. Por outro lado, observou-se correlação positiva entre os fatores climáticos e a parasitose causada pelo ácaro. No Experimento B, estudou-se o complexo otite parasitária através da avaliação clínica e parasitológica de vinte e seis vacas gestantes, com idades entre 3 e 14 anos. Dessas, quatorze (53,8%) estavam parasitadas bilateralmente pelo Rhabditis spp. e apresentaram sinais clínicos de otite. A intensidade máxima observada foi de grau 3, classificada como moderada. Seis vacas com sinais clínicos de otite mais grave foram submetidas ao protocolo de tratamento que consistiu de lavagens seriadas do conduto auditivo externo com solução de Dakin modificada (hipoclorito de sódio a 0,025%) e solução 1:1 de álcool-éter, além da aplicação tópica de produto larvicida e repelente à base de organofosforado (Fenitrothion 6,8%). Os animais foram acompanhados durante 135 dias com intervenções, inicialmente a cada 10 dias, posteriormente a cada 15 dias e o último tratamento intervalado de 30 dias. Todos os animais do lote, positivos e negativos, tratados e não tratados, foram mantidos juntos durante todo o período de duração do experimento.

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Mycoplasma are the smallest and more fastidious prokaryotes known, being responsible by high economical losses in livestock production. Mycoplasmas has been found frequently in the ear canal of goats. In these cases, are very closely related with mites, Psoroptidae and Raillietidae, that carried and disseminate mycoplasmas among the flocks. In Brazil, studies related mycoplasmas in the ear canal of bovine inexist. Like this, in the Chapter I, were surveyed up data on prevalence of mycoplasmas in the ear canal of bovine and your association with mites Raillietia spp., and identification of the two Raillietia species that occur in bovine of southeast, State Rio de Janeiro. The prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in the ear canal of bovine was considered high, 80% (48/60). In these animals high prevalence was verified Raillietia spp. 76.7% (46/60). The parasitism by mycoplasmas and mites was verified in 40 animals (74.1%), this association was highly significant (p<0.001). Of the females of identified Raillietia 52.3% (101/193) were R. auris and 47.7% (92/193) were R. flechtmanni. In this study, was proven that mycoplasmas and mites in the ear canal of the bovine are closely related and these habitat occur pottentially patogenic mycoplasmas for cattle herds. In the Chapter 2, Mycoplasma mycoides Cluster (GMM) was diagnosed by PCR-REA and indirect immunoperoxidase (IPI), both, carried out in mycoplasmas isolates of hte ear canal. In this study, 35 strains selected in agreement with their biochemistry and physiologic proprieties, were used. Under IPI the prevalence obtained for GMM was 20.0% (12/60) while by PCR-REA it was 41.7% (25/60). The IPI typing of these isolates resulted in 58.3% (7/12) for M.mycoides mycoides LC and 41.7% (5/12) for M. capricolum. PCR-REA for M. mycoides Cluster was confirmed by the amplicon size of 785bp, compatible with this group. After restriction analysis with AluI in all M. mycoides cluster strains and ear canal samples the fragments size obtained were compatible with this group, and neither fragment of 370bp that is compatible with MmmSC of bovine origen it was visualized.
Mycoplasmas s?o os menores e mais fastidiosos procariotos conhecidos, sendo respons?veis por altas perdas econ?micas relacionadas a produtividade em ruminantes. Micoplasmas tem sido encontrados com frequ?ncia em conduto auditivo de caprinos. Nestes casos, est?o estreitamente relacionados com ?caros Psoroptidae e Raillietidae, que carreiam e disseminam micoplasmas entre os rebanhos. No Brasil, estudos sobre Mycoplasma em conduto auditivo de bovinos inexistem. Assim, no Cap?tulo I, foram levantados dados sobre preval?ncia de micoplasmas presentes no conduto auditivo de bovinos e sua associa??o com ?caros Raillietia spp., al?m da identifica??o das duas esp?cies de Raillietia spp. parasitas de conduto auditivo de bovinos da regi?o sudeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A preval?ncia de Mycoplasma spp. no conduto auditivo de bovinos foi considerada alta, 80% (48/60). A preval?ncia de Raillietia spp. foi de 76,7% (46/60). Em 40 (74,1%) animais verificou-se parasitismo por Raillietia spp. e Mycoplasma spp., esta associa??o foi altamente significativa (p<0,001). Das f?meas de Raillietia identificadas 52,3% (101/193) foram R. auris e 47,7% (92/193) foram R. flechtmanni. comprovou-se que micoplasmas e ?caros do conduto auditivo de bovinos est?o estreitamente relacionados e que neste s?tio de localiza??o est?o presentes Mycoplasmas com alto potencial patog?nico para bovinos. No Cap?tulo II, foi realizada tipifica??o molecular dos isolados de Mycoplasma pertencentes ao Grupo Mycoplasma mycoides (GMM) atrav?s da t?cnica de PCR-REA, sendo estes resultados comparados com os obtidos na t?cnica de imunoperoxidase indireta (IPI). A preval?ncia obtida para o GMM na IPI foi de 20,0% (12/60) enquanto na PCR-REA foi de 41,7% (25/60). Das esp?cies de Mycoplasma tipificadas pela IPI 58,3% (7/12) foram M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC e 41,7% (5/12) foram M. capricolum. Na PCR-REA, GMM, foi confirmado pela visualiza??o de um amplicon de 785bp, compat?vel com este grupo. Na clivagem do produto da PCR com a enzima de restri??o AluI, os fragmentos obtidos foram compat?veis com cepas padr?o do GMM, e dos isolados de conduto auditivo de bovinos estudados, nenhum fragmento de 370pb compat?vel com MmmSC, biotipo bovino foi encontrado.