Journal articles on the topic 'Railroad village'

Abstract In July 2019, the village of Nizhniy Bestyakh in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), the Russian Far East, was finally able to celebrate the opening of an eagerly awaited railroad passenger connection. Through analysis of rich ethnographic data, this article explores the “state of uncertainty” caused by repeated delays in construction of the railroad prior to this and focuses on the effect of these delays on students of a local transportation college. This college prepares young people for railroad jobs and careers, promising a steady income and a place in the Republic's wider modernization project. The research also reveals how the state of uncertainty led to unforeseen consequences, such as the seeding of doubt among students about their desire to be a part of the Republic's industrialization drive.

There was once a city here in Southern California, a lovely replica and reimagining of a village from the Piedmont area of Italy. Once, it was the center of life for hundreds of families who came from the mountains of southern Italy to work for Secondo Guasti, who picked grapes and made them into wine and packed the barrels onto railroad cars. Secondo Guasti built an entire little world here, with a town named for himself. The surrounding land was planted in vineyards, grapes famous for sacramental wines, communion wines, and a world-famous dark red port. The Italian Vineyard Company was the largest vineyard in the world in 1917, with 5,000 acres of grapevines that produced 5 million gallons of wine a year, vintages that were sent all over the world.

Dissemination and training on fire preparedness and settlement, Widya Mulya, University of Balikpapan, Pupuk Raya Street Gunung Bahagia, Balikpapan City. The high level of population growth has resulted in increasingly dense residential growth. Fires are one of the non-natural disasters that usually occur in the residential area or in densely populated residential areas. The Balikpapan City Government noted that in 2015 there were 46 fire incidents, in 2016 there were 35 fire incidents. In Gunung Sari Ulu Urban Village in Balikpapan City, there was a fire in 2013 at RT 66 and RT 69 (kaltim.tribunnews.com). The source of the fire in the community settlements was due to electric currents and stoves, the fires could be handled early so there was no widespread fire disaster, the community could practice extinguish the fire with simple equipment such as cloth/ towel soaked. If the level of high panic accurs mainly in the case of housewives in handling gas stoves, they can immediately evacuate inside the house such as passing through the railroad lane by wrapping the body using a wet cloth, walking down to minimize inhaled smoke and vision. Asking for help from neighbors and storing emergency telephone numbers if the fire disaster spreads more widely such as fire station, police stations, hospital for ambulances.Keywords: Preparedness, Fire, Settlements.

ABSTRAK Field Research Center (FRC) merupakan bagian dari program Teaching Industry Sekolah Vokasi Universitas Gadjah Mada. FRC dibangun bertujuan untuk mengembangkan hasil penelitian dan pengabdian agar menjadi sebuah produk yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat serta mendekatkan mahasiswa pada obyek materi pembelajaran agar menjadi lulusan yang siap bekerja. Rencana FRC akan dibangun di atas tanah seluas 6,5 hektar di Kelurahan Wates, Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Disekitar lokasi pembangunan FRC, terdiri atas kawasan penyangga seluas 29 hektar. Kawasan penyangganya terdiri atas berbagai berbagai sarana dan prasarana, seperti sarana pendidikan, kesehatan, pertahanan dan keamanan, jalan, sungai, rel kereta api, dan lain sebagainya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan informasi geospasial sarana dan prasarana yang berada disekitar lokasi FRC. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas data citra foto udara dan hasil dijitasi. Data citra foto udara diambil dengan menggunakan wahana pesawat tanpa awak (UAV) dengan tinggi terbang 270 meter dan ketelitian 0,775 pix. Data vektor yang dihasilkan dari proses dijitasi on-screen terdiri atas unsur geospasial bangunan (geometri poligon dan titik), jalan (geometri poligon), sungai (geometri poligon), drainase (geometri garis), rel kereta api (geometri garis), dan batas administrasi kelurahan (geometri garis). Masing-masing unsur geospasial disertai dengan data atribut yang diperoleh dari hasil survei lapangan. Sistem informasi geospasial sarana dan prasarana disajikan dalam skala 1:15.000. Sistem informasi geospasial ini diharapkan dapat membantu Kelurahan Wates dalam mengembangkan sarana prasarana yang terdapat pada sekitar lokasi FRC. Kata Kunci: Field Research Center, sistem informasi geospasial, sarana prasarana, peta skala besarABSTRACT Field Research Center (FRC) is part of Teaching Industry program of Vocational School. FRC was build to develop research and service result into products. The products utilized by the community and bring students closer to learning material objects in order to become graduates who are ready to work. FRC will be build on 6.5 hectares of land in Kelurahan Wates, Kulon Progo Regency. Around the location of the FRC construction consists of a 29 hectare supporting area. The supporting area consists of various facilities and infrastructure, such as education, health, defense and security facilities, roads, rivers, railroads, and so on. This study aims to present geospatial information for infrastructure around the FRC location. The data used in this study consisted of aerial photo image data and results of digitization. Aerial photo image data taken using a drone vehicle (UAV) with a height of 270 meters and accuracy of 0.775 pix. Vector data generated from digitizing on-screen process. These are consists of six geospatial elements, such as building (polygon geometry and dots), roads (polygon geometry), rivers (polygon geometry), drainage (line geometry), railroad tracks (line geometry), and boundaries village administration (line geometry). Each geospatial element accompanied by attribute data that obtained from field surveys. Geospatial information about infrastructure presented on big scale of 1: 15,000. This geospatial information expected to help Kelurahan Wates developing infrastructure around the FRC location. Keywords: Field Research Center, geospatial information system, infrastructures, big scale map

The study highlights relationship between changes in material culture (development of railroad network), social infrastructure (spread of dacha villages) and poetics of literary works in Russia of the second half of the 19th – early 20th c., addressing “dacha topos”. The paper draws on the texts, which introduce railroad as a symbol of destruction of traditional values under the pressure of bourgeois “industrialism” and pernicious “infernalityˮ (А. М. Zhemchuzhnikov, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. S. Serafimovich, А. А. Blok and others). The author shows that dacha, wrought by railroad civilization, is conceptualized as part of packed, petty-bourgeois, low-minded and soulless city as opposed to country estate as a lone “paradise on earth” and hermitage of high culture (А. P. Tchekhov, N. А. Leykin, А. P. Kamensky and others). The paper draws attention to metamorphoses of artistic time in passing from “estate topos” with inherent temporal static and cycliсity to “dacha topos” with precipitous and irreversible unfolding in time. The author concludes that the changes in artistic topics and temporality when addressing successive phenomena of estate and dacha are largely due to such new details of subjective figurativeness as the railroad and its attributes (locomotive, rails, wagons, anonymous passengers, travel speed etc.).

The increasing rate of population growth in urban areas has an impact on environmental imbalances, especially related to the expansion of residential areas. The purpose of this study was to identify slum areas and illegal / wild areas (squatter areas) based on indicators and parameters for each region. This type of research is descriptive quantitative research with population is all sub-districts in Padang City with total sampling. Slum area and squat mapping results in Padang city area are scattered in 7 villages in 5 sub-districts. Dadok Tunggul Hitam Koto Tangah Subdistrict Typology of slum areas Urban slums, Purus Padang Barat sub-district typology of downtown slums, Alai Parak Kopi District of North Padang typology of slums off the railroad tracks, Opposite of Palinggam typology of slums of Suburbs, Batang Arau slums typology River Suburb, Pasa Gadang Subdistrict of Padang Selatan typology of slum area of the Suburb, Sawahan Timur Padang Timur Subdistrict typology of slum area Railroad.

The capacity of the isolation room at the hospital appointed by the Government to treat Covid-19 patients is no longer able to accommodate the positive Covid-19 patients. Positive Covid-19 patients with no symptoms or other signs of worsening physical conditions are advised to do self-quarantine and isolation independently. This self-quarantine/isolation becomes a problem especially in densely populated settlements, especially informal settlements. The case study on this community service activity is an informal settlement located along the Surabaya railroad. Together with the Surabaya ARKOM team as partners, this community service activity conducting field observations with the results that there are still many poor house conditions in this area, the conditions of the houses are tight and not fulfilled the standards of a healthy house, which causes a larger potential spread of Covid-19 virus and makes it impossible to carry out self-isolation in their each homes. The solution offered is to create a communal isolation room module as an emergency isolation room for informal village communities during a pandemic or can be used in other certain emergency conditions with a participatory design method that meets health standards for isolation rooms designed with the easy and fast module applications process. The purpose of this activity is to provide a set of modules for communal quarantine units as prototypes that can be made by the community with a simple system, easily available materials, fast and prioritizing community participation in its assembling. Abstrak: Kapasitas ruang isolasi di Rumah Sakit yang ditunjuk Pemerintah untuk merawat pasien Covid-19 sudah tak mampu menampung membeludaknya pasien positif Covid-19. Pasien positif Covid-19 yang belum mengalami atau bahkan yang tidak menunjukkan gejala penurunan kondisi fisik, dianjurkan untuk melakukan karantina dan perawatan secara mandiri. Karantina secara mandiri ini menjadi tantangan tersendiri untuk permukiman padat penduduk, terutama permukiman informal. Menjadi studi kasus pada kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah permukiman informal yang berada di tepi kereta api. Bersama tim ARKOM Surabaya sebagai mitra melakukan observasi lapangan dengan hasil menunjukkan bahwa kondisi rumah yang memprihatinkan masih banyak terdapat di area ini, kondisi rumah berdempetan dan tidak sesuai standar rumah sehat inilah yang menyebabkan potensi besar penularan Covid-19 dan tidak memungkinkan untuk melakukan isolasi mandiri di rumah masing-masing. Solusi yang ditawarkan adalah membuat modul ruang karantina komunal sebagai ruang karantina darurat bagi masyarakat kampung informal pada masa pandemi atau kondisi darurat tertentu dengan metode desain partisipatif yang memenuhi standar kesehatan untuk sebuah ruang karantina yang didesain dengan proses aplikasi modul yang mudah, murah dan cepat. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah memberikan modul unit karantina komunal sebagai prototype yang dapat dibuat sendiri oleh masing-masing kampung padat penduduk dengan sistem yang sederhana (portable), material mudah didapat, cepat dan mengedepankan usaha partisipatif masyarakat dalam pembuatannya.

Proper names, including ethnonyms (folk, tribal and other ethnic community names), is an<br />essential component of any language lexis, which particularly brightly reveals a variety ofextralinguistic processes.<br />The aim of the paper is to analyze the conformity of ethnonym transonymization (the change of proper name class) and deonymization (the change of proper name into<br />appellative) in the culture of Latgale, and linguistic techniques and extralinguistic factors.<br />Linguo-culturological approach has been used in the research, and the link between cultural-<br />historical and social processes in the research of linguistic processes has been taken into<br />account. Determining the origin of ancient ethnonyms, the researchers of the Baltic languages<br />acknowledge a transonymization model typical to the Balts: hydronym → name of region<br />→ ethnonym (Zinkevičius 2005, 186–187). This paper attempts to reveal various ethnonym<br />(denoting mostly foreigners) transonymization models in the system of proper names of<br />Latgale, nominating motivation, and the types of word-formation.<br />It seems that the ethnonyms that denote the neighbouring nations (Estonians,<br />Lithuanians, Russians) most frequently turn into other proper names. Transonymization<br />models have been identifi ed as follows:<br />1) ethnonym → anthroponym → oikonym (or ethnonym → oikonym → anthroponym),<br />for example, l ī t a u n ī k i ‘the Lithuanians’ → L ī t a u n ī k s ‘a surname’ →<br />L ī t a u n ī k i ‘a village in Preiļi county’;<br />2) ethnonym → microtoponym, for example, ž y d i ‘the Jews’ → Ž y d a p ū r s<br />‘a marsh in Vārkava county’;<br />3) ethnonym → anthroponym, for example, č y g u o n i ‘the Roma people’ →<br />Č y g u o n s ‘a nickname for a dark-haired man’;<br />4) ethnonym (→ oikonym) → ergonym, for example, l a t g a ļ i ‘The Baltic tribe’ →<br />“L a t g a ļ i” ‘a farm in Mērdzene rural municipality of Kārsava county’.<br />Transonymization of ethnonyms in the culture of Latgale is motivated by historical<br />and social processes. Transonymization processes present the evidence of Latgalians’ stereotypical perception of foreigners, compact settlement of different ethnic groups in<br />Latgale, and historical events.<br />Various types of word-formation are used in the transonymization process:<br />1) semantic, i.e., only the meaning changes, the morphemic system of lexeme is notchanged, for example, ethnonym p o ļ a k i → oikonym P o ļ a k i (→ surname P o ļ a k s<br />(the male singular form of the ethnonym));<br />2) morphological, typically suffixes are added to ethnonyms (sometimes phonetic<br />changes in the root occur), for example, i g a u n i ‘the Estonians’ → surnames I k a u n ī k s<br />(ikaun-+-nīk-s); I g o v e n s (igov-+ - en-s);<br />3) syntactical, forming compound words, for example, the ethnonym k r ī v i<br />‘the Russians’ has motivated the oikonym K r ī v a s o l a &lt;Krīva sola ‘Russian Village’,<br />K r ī v m a i z e s &lt;Krīvu maizes ‘Russian bread’;<br />4) formation of analytical forms, where one of the components has ethnonymic<br />semantics and the second component is a nomenclature word (hill, meadow, marsh, lake,<br />etc.), for example, Ž y d a p ū r s ‘Jew’s marsh’, an attributive adjective, for example, a<br />village M a z i e L ī t a u n ī k i ‘small Lithuanians’, a substantive of other semantics, for<br />example, a meadow Č i g o n e i c a s j ū s t a ‘Gypsy’s belt’.<br />Proper names of foreign origin motivated by ethnonyms have taken their stable<br />place in the system of proper names of Latgale, for example, L a t i š i, a village in Pušmucova<br />rural municipality of Cibla civil-parish (in Russian латыши ‘the Latvians’).<br />Proper names of ethnonymic semantics, used to name various phenomena and<br />realities, are often included in the lexicon of various dialects of Latvian and even other<br />languages. If to assume the fact that ethnonyms are proper names, then it can be concluded<br />that the appellatives mentioned above have appeared in deonymization process: ethnonym<br />→ appellative. Moreover, the material of Latgalian dialects confirms the existence of deethnonymic<br />proper names, for example, a lot of different realities are associated with the<br />ethnonyms denoting Roma people: č y g u o n i ‘participants of masquerade parade’;<br />č y g o n k a 1) a sort of winter apples, the apple of this sort (dark green and red); 2) the railroad;<br />3) achimenes (flower, Achimenes); 4) mushrooms: wild champignon (Rozites caperata) or<br />ugly milkcap (Lactarius necator); č y g u o n a s a u l e ‘the moon’. Appellativeness of<br />ethnonyms has an associative character. The names are reflecting the Latgalians’ stereotypical<br />perception of appearance, occupation, character traits, and traditions of foreigners as alien<br />and different, however, acceptable and assimilable phenomena.

Urbanization has become a common phenomenon in big cities, with the exception of Jakarta. Urbanites (the name for people who are urbanizing) usually come to Jakarta to get jobs with higher wages than their home regions. Although the cost of living in Jakarta is relatively expensive, large revenues are the main focus for them. This is what has contributed to the emergence of slums in the capital, as happened in Pademangan Barat Village. The majority of migrants dominated by millennials work as shop employees in Mangga Dua and labor convection. They occupy semi-permanent buildings in narrow alleys, even to the extent that they fill along the edge of the railroad tracks that pass in Pademangan, which should be a green line. The existence of such housing makes the West Pademangan Area seem dingy, crowded with buildings, and loses its green space. This is because the rental price is cheap and sufficient to meet the needs of residents who only need a temporary resting place. The government has actually provided low-cost flats in Kemayoran, but it seems influential in reducing these slum dwellings. Vertical rental housing which simultaneously provides shared facilities also plays a role as a green space to compensate for the density of buildings in Pademangan. So that not only intended for residents, but also can be used by the surrounding residents, where analyzed by the author to be located in 10th RW (citizen association) of Pademangan Barat. AbstrakUrbanisasi telah menjadi fenomena yang umum terjadi di kota besar, tanpa terkecuali Jakarta. Kaum urban (sebutan untuk orang yang melakukan urbanisasi) biasanya datang ke Jakarta untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan dengan upah lebih tinggi dibandingkan daerah asal mereka. Karenanya, pengeluaran selama berada di Jakarta diminimalisir sebisa mungkin, termasuk dalam hal memilih tempat tinggal sementara. Hal inilah yang ikut mengakibatkan munculnya pemukiman kumuh di ibukota, sebagaimana yang terjadi di Kelurahan Pademangan Barat. Para pendatang yang didominasi generasi milenial ini mayoritas berprofesi sebagai karyawan toko di Mangga Dua dan buruh konveksi. Mereka menempati bangunan semi dan non-permanen di gang-gang sempit, bahkan hingga memenuhi sepanjang pinggir rel kereta api yang melintas di Pademangan, dimana semestinya merupakan jalur hijau. Keberadaan hunian seperti inilah yang membuat Kawasan Pademangan Barat terkesan kumuh, padat dengan bangunan, dan kehilangan ruang hijaunya. Meski hanya berupa bangunan berbahan triplek kayu yang menumpang di dinding pembatas rel kereta, namun kamar-kamar yang disewakan ini begitu diminati bahkan hingga kelebihan kapasitas. Hal ini dikarenakan harga sewanya yang murah dan cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan penghuni yang hanya memerlukan tempat beristirahat sementara. Pemerintah sebenarnya telah menyediakan rumah susun murah di Kemayoran, namun tampaknya berpengaruh dalam mengurangi hunian kumuh ini. Hunian sewa vertikal yang sekaligus menyediakan fasilitas bersama, turut berperan sebagai ruang hijau untuk mengimbangi kepadatan bangunan yang ada di Pademangan. Sehingga tidak hanya diperuntukkan bagi penghuni, namun juga dapat digunakan oleh warga sekitarnya, dimana berdasarkan analisa penulis berlokasi di RW 10 Kelurahan Pademangan Barat.

In 1904–5, French railroad engineer Paul Gaudin conducted a campaign of excavation focusing on the SE sector of Aphrodisias where a villager had found a relief fragment. Gaudin there uncovered (fig. 1) the tetrastyle façade of a fountain, which he incorrectly designated a “gymnasium”. The intercolumniations were decorated with re-used relief panels, which are now on display in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. The structure was further excavated, studied and reconstructed in 1989 by K. Görkay, but has yet to be fully published. “Gaudin’s Fountain” was built in late antiquity entirely of spolia from other monuments. It thus provides insights into late-antique practices of spoliation and re-use; it also illustrates late-antique renovations undertaken in the city’s final, Christian phase.

The beginning of the economic crisis in our country, the emergence of new elements against state security, led to the adoption in the year 1929 of the Lawfor the organization of the general state police and the Law on the organization of the rural gendarmerie. The role of policemen and gendares has intensified, both as activity and accountability. The mission of the two institutions was to ensure the maintenance of public order and security, enforcement of laws in urban and rural areas. In their jurisdiction they had: prevention of crime, investigation and prosecution of all offences provided by civil, military law, gathering of information on state security and reporting to the upper management. Regarding the police-gendarmerie relationship, very important were the Instructions of July 1930 to establish service links between the two institutions, drawn up by the General Inspectorate of Gendarmerie and approved by the Ministry of Interior. Close collaboration had to be in the interest of the service, order and public safety, without regard to other aspects. A good collaboration existed with the other local authorities. At the level of the Buzau county was constituted in the year 1931 the Administrative Cooperation Council, of which were part: the county prefect, the Chief of Police, the commander of the Legion of Gendarme, the commander of the Garrison. In the meetings were discussed the most important problems in Buzau County, as well as the measures taken. Police and gendarmerie reports record certain special events in Buzau County, such as: theft, insults, scandals, beatings, injuries, suicides, murders, accidents, fires, prunings, epidemics, disappearances, desertion, vagrancy. Measures were taken to prevent railroad attacks in order to ensure peace and public safety around the elections in order to prevent any acts of brutality on voters or supporters of one party or another. Among the powers of police and gendarmerie are the control of foreigners from towns and villages, their activity being closely supervised, and suspicious personswere banished from the country. They were checking even the Romanian citizens coming to the area, asking for information about their past from the policies of the cities where they had their last home. Police and gendarmerie received clear orders regarding the actions they had to undertake if the Communists attempted to provoke revolutionary movements and attacks against the authorities. At the same time, they informed the upper management about all meetings, congresses, meetings held in the village and the city. They reported information on how the events were, the number of participants, the people taking the floor.A number of documents deal with the legionary problem, the work carried out by the “Everything for the country“. We find that the police and gendarmerie authorities have taken repressive measures against the Legion organization. There have been searches at the home of the heads and members of the legionaries, they have confiscated weapons and various brochures, manifests. Some have been arrested, brought to military courts or been established as forced residence in other counties. Very important are the reports on the state of mind of the population, which include aspects relating to economic, social, political, minorities and religious sects. It was recorded the general dissatisfaction of the population due to the expensive clothing, footwear and food, felt in all social layers, but especially among the retired. About the minority population we learn that it consisted of: Hungarians, Bulgarians, Russians, Germans, Serbs, Polons, Turks, Greeks, Italians, Armenians, Albanians, Austrians. Among them there were people suspected of espionage. Police officers in collaboration with the Gendares played an important role in the withdrawal, control and supervision of refugees from Bessarabia and Northen Bukovina in the year 1940. For their verification, they were asked for maximum attention, some of whom may have been sent as spies. Research and supervision were difficult because of the large number of refugees and that some of them did not respect the home settlements fixed. By studying the archive documents I wanted to highlight the collaborative relations between the two structures, the cooperation missions, the formation of mixed patrols, the raids, the way to act according to the events that marked the history of Romanians.

Within a single conflict, the scale of government violence against civilians can vary greatly—from mass atrocities in one village to eerie restraint in the next. This article argues that the scale of anticivilian violence depends on a combatant's relative dependence on local and external sources of support. External resources make combatants less dependent on the local population, yet create perverse incentives for how the population is to be treated. Efforts by the opposition to interdict the government's external resources can reverse this effect, making the government more dependent on the local population. The article tests this relationship with disaggregated archival data on German-occupied Belarus during World War II. It finds that Soviet partisan attacks against German personnel provoked reprisals against civilians but that attacks against railroads had the opposite effect. Where partisans focused on disrupting German supply lines rather than killing Germans, occupying forces conducted fewer reprisals, burned fewer houses, and killed fewer people.

Gutmann’s company became involved with industrial wood processing in the mid-19th century, due to the demand for railroad ties for the purpose of building a railway network in the post-revolutionary Habsburg Monarchy. In the wood processing business, the company would hold its steady place word for almost a century, until the Ustasha regime and then the Communist government put an end to its tradition. Its fate was finally sealed in 1946 by the District People’s Court in Zagreb. Belišće was founded in 1884 and within a few years acquired the form of an industrial settlement with factory facilities, warehouses, administrative buildings, cultural centres, and typical apartment buildings. By the end of the interwar period, Belišće had the population of a smaller urban settlement, with a post office serving a number of surrounding villages, factories, a port on the river Drava, and a railway network as a starting point in connecting Slavonia-Podravina with the foot of Mount Papuk in Voćin.Gutmann’s industrial plants, infrastructure and workers were the backbone of a successful family business, which consequently built the township of Belišće.

Transport is one of the main factors causing soil pollution, since as much as 75% of the pollution is caused by this group in Lithuania. Lately the term “heavy metals” has been introduced into the science and agricultural literature as well. Heavy metals are classified as a group of chemical elements with the density of more than 5 g/cm3. In simple manner we can find heavy metals not in elements, but the salt or other structure forms. 80 of 100 or more elements can belong to the metal group, and ¾ of them belong to heavy metals’ group. The other metals are biologically important as well, for example cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, chromium and copper. Soil’ impurity is a serious environment protection problem for the railway system. Railway transport can condition soil’ contamination with oil products or emit a negligible quantity of carcinogen and heavy metals into the ground. The prove the thesis, the experimental research has been carried out in the following railway sections: Vilnius ‐ N. Vilnia (Pavilnio regional park), Ignalina ‐ Švenčioneliai in the territory of Aukštaitijos regional park, in Radviliškis town and one in Melnrage village . Soil from the railway stations near Radviliškis (Pb compounds biggest allowable concentration overrun 1,8 times) and Pavilnys (Ni biggest allowable concentration overrun 1,9 times, Cu ‐ 1,85 and Zn ‐ 1,1 times) has lost its natural structure as the result of intensive anthropogenesis effect. Therefore, the soil from these places belongs to impure soil categories. Soil from Ignalina ‐ Švenčioneliai railroad section is low impurity soil (biggest allowable concentration of Cu and Pb is overrun by 1,17 for Cu and by 1,16 times for Pb. Background concentration is overrun for almost all heavy metals’, except Cr and Mn ). Santrauka Vienas iš pagrindinių dirvožemio teršiklių yra transportas. Jam Lietuvoje priskiriama 75 % teršalų. Pastaruoju metu mokslinėje ir žemės ūkio literatūroje itin dažnai minimi sunkieji metalai. Tai grupė cheminių elementų, kurių tankis didesnis kaip 5 g/cm3 . Paprastai sunkieji metalai aptinkami ne elementų, o druskų ir kitų junginių formos. Iš 100 ar daugiau elementų apie 80 galima priskirti metalams, o 3/4 jų – sunkiesiems metalams. Biologiškai svarbūs ir tirti metalai yra kadmis, gyvsidabris, švinas, cinkas, chromas ir varis. Dirvožemio užterštumas – tai rimta geležinkelių sistemos aplinkos apsaugos problema. Geležinkelio transportas gali turėti įtakos dirvožemio užtaršai naftos produktais, nedideliais kancerogeninių medžiagų kiekiais, sunkiaisiais metalais. Tyrimai atlikti geležinkelio ruožuose: Vilnius – Naujoji Vilnia (Pavilnio regioninis parkas), Ignalina – Švenčionėliai Aukštaitijos nacionaliniame parke, miško teritorijoje netoli Švenčionėlių, Radviliškyje ir vienas Melnragės gyvenvietės teritorijoje. Geležinkelio stočių ties Radviliškiu (Pb junginių didžiausioji leidžiamoji koncentracija (DLK) viršija 1,8 karto) ir Pavilniu (Ni DLK viršija 1,9, Cu – 1,85, Zn – 1,1 karto) teritorijose dirvožemio natūrali sandara ir savybės dėl intensyvaus antropogeninio poveikio yra pakitę. Šių vietovių dirvožemiai priskiriami užterštų dirvožemių kategorijai. Geležinkelio atkarpos Ignalina – Švenčionėliai dirvožemį galima galima laikyti mažai užterštu (Cu DLK viršija 1,17, o Pb – 1,16 karto, foninę koncentraciją viršija beveik visi metalai, išskyrus Cr ir Mn). Резюме Одним из основных загрязнителей почвы является транспорт. К этой группе в Литве относят 75% загрязнителей. В последнее время в научной и сельскохозяйственной литературе появился термин „тяжелые металлы“. Это группа химических элементов, плотность которых превышает 5 г/см3 . Обычно тяжелые металлы встречаются не в виде элементов, а в виде солей и других соединений. Из 100 и более элементов примерно 80 можно отнести к металлам, а 3/4 из них – к тяжелым металлам. Биологически важными и наиболее исследованными являются кадмий, ртуть, свинец, цинк, хром и медь. Загрязнение почвы – важная проблема железнодорожной системы по охране природы. Железнодорожная деятельность может способствовать загрязнению нефтяными продуктами, небольшим количеством канцерогенов, происходящие процессы в которых в большoй мере способны влиять на другие компоненты литосферы (аэрационные зоны, подземные воды), растительность и условия проживания людей. Исследования производились на отрезках железной дороги Вильнюс–Н. Вильня (территория парка района Павилънис); Игналина–Швенченеляй; в городе Радвилишкис и недалеко от города Мелнраге. Почва около железнодорожных вокзалов Радвилишкиcа, где содержание Pb в 1,8 раза превышает верхнюю допустимую величину концентрации, и Павилъниса, где содержание Ni в 1,9 раза, Cu – в 1,85 раза и Zn – в 1,1 раза превышает верхнюю допустимую величину концентрации, утратила естественную структуру из-за интенсивного антропогенного влияния. Почва у этих мест подвержена смешиванию категорий почв. Почва у железной дороги Игналина– Швенченеляй менее смешанна. Там Cu в 1,17 раза и Pb в 1,16 раза превышают предельно допустимую величину концентрации. Фоновую концентрацию превышают почти все тяжелые металлы за исключением Cr и Mn.

Elazı, an eastern Anatolian province, became an internal border within Turkey in the 1930s, when neighboring Dersim’s historically autonomous Kurdish tribes rebelled against the Turkish state’s centralizing and assimilationist policies. The government responded with overwhelming force, destroying a third of the villages in the province, cordoning off Dersim, and forcibly evacuating survivors to western Turkey. Thereafter, travel beyond Elazı into this combat zone required special passport-like permits. Railroads, touted primarily as instruments of national integration and defense against foreign aggression, were in reality used to ferry troops into battle and Dersimis out of their homelands. New surveillance and communication technologies transformed the terrain into a highly militarized landscape. Despite formal similarities to their counterparts elsewhere in Turkey, Elazı’s state-run institutions engendered practices that reinforced ethnoreligious hierarchies. Zeynep Kezer describes this extraordinary concentration of the state apparatus between Dersim and Elazı during the early years of the Turkish Republic and explores the spatiality of borders as inhabited surfaces rather than linear formations in Spatializing Difference: The Making of an Internal Border in Early Republican Elazı, Turkey.

Kampung Aur settlement is one of the slums of 18 villages determined based on Medan Mayor Decree No. 640/039.K / I/2015, with a very poor slum level, 3.49 Ha slum area and 307 households. Location Slums are scattered in various areas in Medan City, including along the river banks, along railroads, port areas, industrial areas, trade areas, and border areas of Medan City. The focus of the study was the slums of Kampung Aur, Medan Maimun District and the reluctance of residents to be relocated. The research objectives are; to find out the factors that cause the reluctance of relocation of residents of slums in Kampung Aur, Medan Maimun District, Medan City. The research method used a qualitative descriptive. The results of research on the reluctance of residents due to relocation of several factors, among others; 1) Settlement that has been passed down from parents has finally become the basis for residents to claim their legal presence in agararia, 2) the location of Kampung Aur which is near and downtown such as offices, restaurants and others that are very supportive for the economic activities of citizens, 3) the high family ties between residents supported by the same ethnic / ethnic origin, and a sense of shared destiny, 4) basic housing services that are deemed sufficiently adequate such as access to and out of villages, roads that connect between RTs, available clean water facilities, and electricity servis, 5) there are facilities and infrastructure that can meet the needs of citizens to socialize with each other and strengthen family relationships.Keywords: Slums; Settlement; Phenomenon.

Abstract The 90th anniversary of the appearance of Atlas Polski Continental dla automobilistów (Continental Atlas of Poland for Automobilists) published by Continental Caoutchouc Compagnie Ltd Warsaw is nearing. The Atlas was the first publication of its kind after Poland had regained its independence in 1918. After mentioning the earlier 19th and the beginning of 20th century road maps, mainly from the region known as the Kingdom of Poland being at the time under the rule of the Russian Empire, the author of the article discusses the Continental road atlas. The date of publishing the Continental road atlas is not known, therefore in the article the author makes an attempt at establishing it on the basis of the map’s contents: railroad lines, settlement network and administrative borders. Unfortunately, the study does not allow one to unequivocally state the date of publication due to numerous shortcomings in the map’s contents. Nevertheless, the date may be estimated as the beginning of the year 1926. The atlas consists of 20 single-sided map sheets (foldouts) at the scale of 1:1,000,000, which cover the whole territory of Poland as well as some parts of neighboring countries, and a general map showing the division into sheets. The maps’ main contents consists of five categories of roads marked in red. Their background is composed of railroad lines, towns and villages in seven size classes according to the number of inhabitants, water network, some peaks and passes as well as mountain range names. Explanations of map symbols in the legend are given in five languages: Polish, Russian, German, French, English. The atlas very clearly shows the differences in the density and quality of roads between the regions of the Prussian and Austrian partitions and the road infrastructure-wise neglected Russian partition, especially its eastern part. Apart from mileage information for roads, the maps do not contain additional information specifically for motorists. They do not even show petrol stations or auto repair shops. What is really worth praise is the sole idea of creating such an automobile atlas and publishing it in 10,000 copies, a copy for every other Polish driver at the time! The fact speaks for the publisher’s, Continental Caoutchouc Compagnie’s, perspective. Despite numerous shortcomings discussed in the article, the Continental Atlas of Poland for Automobilists remains an unique work, which gave a beginning to a new kind of maps in Poland.

This paper presents a new 3D point cloud classification benchmark data set with over four billion manually labelled points, meant as input for data-hungry (deep) learning methods. We also discuss first submissions to the benchmark that use deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as a work horse, which already show remarkable performance improvements over state-of-the-art. CNNs have become the de-facto standard for many tasks in computer vision and machine learning like semantic segmentation or object detection in images, but have no yet led to a true breakthrough for 3D point cloud labelling tasks due to lack of training data. With the massive data set presented in this paper, we aim at closing this data gap to help unleash the full potential of deep learning methods for 3D labelling tasks. Our semantic3D.net data set consists of dense point clouds acquired with static terrestrial laser scanners. It contains 8 semantic classes and covers a wide range of urban outdoor scenes: churches, streets, railroad tracks, squares, villages, soccer fields and castles. We describe our labelling interface and show that our data set provides more dense and complete point clouds with much higher overall number of labelled points compared to those already available to the research community. We further provide baseline method descriptions and comparison between methods submitted to our online system. We hope semantic3D.net will pave the way for deep learning methods in 3D point cloud labelling to learn richer, more general 3D representations, and first submissions after only a few months indicate that this might indeed be the case.

After the Congress of Berlin in 1878, in Bosnia and Hercegovina we saw big changes. The Austrian government was building roads, and railroad tracks. In the Austro-Hungarian period, also they changed their architectural style; from the prevailing ottoman one to more like in Vienna or Prague. This situation was a short time, in live only one generation. These changes affected to life and behavior of Bosnia and Hercegovinas’ citizens. Was changed several people, because after the Austrian arrive, a lot of Muslims Bosniacs, and Turks, were left this part. There were elites in this place. Their positions, how “new elites” take people which they came from different part of the Habsburg Monarchy; Hungarians, Germans, Poles, Czechs, etc. They were taking new ideas, how feminism. The emancipation of women was something new in these places. The first woman, which was proclaiming the slogans, as teachers. On the article we can show two examples; Jelica Belović-Bernadzikowska, and Jagoda Truhelka. They were born in Osijek, from giving Bosnian part ideas, that girl needs to will independent and need to have good graduated. These modern ideas, supported, in a way, the government because in the country was a school program for girls. Austro-Hungarian politics was building a school for girls, and take some scholarship went girl studied in University, how Marija Bergman, born in Bosnia, daughter of some Jews officials. However teachers not only modern women, similar roles had women-doctors. Girls who graduated Faculty of Medicine, arrive in Bosnia and Hercegovina and help Muslim women. Poles Teodora Krajewska and Czechs Anna Bayerova also take ideas of feminism, but, most important that she was great respect between patience. Propagating the feministic ideas was thinking which affect all women. Most important was not only slogans but also changes in everyday life normal family in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The other day only men can work on the farmland or work. After the Congress of Berlin situations was changed. On the consequences, women must be going to work, often how a worker in fabric. Work was hard, but women first time have their cash. Automatically her position in society was better. These situations have consequences for the city, as like villages. We sow this situation in the book Vere Ehrlich, which researched this topic in the interwar period. In the article, we went to show, that this changing was things also women, which life to margin, how prostitutes. Naturally, their life was always difficult, but the new government also got assistance. Habsburg's administration knew, that better control of specific profession, because this is the way how deal with the epidemic of syphilis, and something like this. In this work, we use scientific literature and documents from archives, mainly the Archive of Federation Bosnia and Hercegovina, and Historical Archive from city Sarajevo, when was document fo Jelica Belović-Bernadzikowska. How method we use case study and analyzing to literature and historical sources.

Many potential tourism spots have been recently developed all over Malang, Indonesia. It all started from a university student’s project that transformed the packed living area of the colorful village of Jodipan (Kampung Warna Warni Jodipan) into a tourism destination. After this successful metamorphosis, the nearby villages started to develop their thematic villages. For example, across the bridge from Jodipan there is Kampung 3D and across the railroad track is Kampung Biru Arema. Near these places, there is Sukoharjo sub-district which is longing to do the same. One of the potential attractions on Sukoharjo is Haul Akbar Pondok Pesantren Darul Hadits Al-Faqihiyyah (the annual celebration of the Islamic boarding school Darul Hadits Al-Faqihiyyah), which is a pillar of religious tourism in Malang. This project explored a smartphone application design that would bring tourists to Sukoharjo. The design and development involved adapting prototype SDLC models to quickly involve the audience in the process. The prototype is expected to be used in a pilot project that further employs the development features of the smartphone application. Keywords: Smartphone application, potential tourism spots, prototype SLDC models

Amina Viktorivna Okueva (Ukrainian: ????? ?????????? ??????); was a Ukrainian doctor of Chechen descent, During the Euromaidan she worked as a medic in the Kyiv-2 battalion and saw combat in the city of Debaltseve after it was taken over by Russian-aligned rebels in 2015. She was killed in an ambush by unknown attackers on 30 October 2017. Her husband Adam Osmaev, a leader of the Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion. Okueva was killed in a military-style ambush on 30 October 2017 near the village of Hlevakha, Kyiv Oblast. Unidentified attackers opened fire on the car containing her and her husband while it slowed by a railroad crossing, firing five rounds into her including two fatal rounds into her head. Adam Osmaev was injured in the ambush but survived.

The process of urbanistic changes in space and time is not a steady one, nor always the same, followed by dissipation and demolition of objects, and the construction of new ones does not necessarily stabilize the process of changes within space. The changes that took place on the former narrow-gauge railroad Belgrade–Obrenovac reflect the changes in historical, cultural, and urban processes as well. The strategic plan of the development of the city and the villages altered, as certain sections of the railroad were being shut down. The observance of a particular infrastructure is, at the same time, the base for monitoring the urban changes through time. Forty years later, the railroad was not the only thing that had ceased to function. Using qualitative and historical methods, this study is an attempt to give answers to multiple questions, some of them being the reasons for the deconstruction of the railroad.

The article deals with the main periods of biography and activity of Baron Fedir von Schteingel whose life and work was closely connected with Volyn region. Fedir (Theodore Rudolf) von Schteingel was born on November 26, 1870 in Saint Petersburg into the family of Baltic German engineer and railroad builder Rudolf von Schteingel. Fedir’s father bought an estate in the village of Horodok not far from Rivne in Volyn province in1879. Fedir Schteingel spent most of his life there. He was interested in the history of Volyn from his student years. One of Schteingel’s activities was the research in the field of natural sciences. He was a member of several scientific societies. F. Schteingel and famous Ukrainian archeologist M. Bilyashivsky founded the first countryside historical museum in Ukraine in 1896. There were five sections with unique collections of exhibits, books, manuscripts and folklore materials there. Fedir Schteingel was engaged in charity work during all his life. He built and supported the two-grade vocational school in Horodok in which education was free of charge. He built a hospital with free treatment, a reading room, a mill, a bathhouse and supported a village fire brigade. Baron helped those who lost their possessions in a fire, paid pensions to invalids and poor people. He also provided financial assistance in building churches, hospitals, and orphanages in Zhytomyr, Kyiv and Warsaw. Fedir Schteingel was a famous public and political figure. He was a head and a member of governing bodies of different financial, legal, and educational institutions in Rivne and Kyiv for many years. He was a Head of Committee of South West Front of All-Russia Union of Cities in 1915-1917. He was elected Head of Executive Committee of Kyiv City Duma in March 1917. Schteingel began his political activity in 1906. He joined the Cadets Party and was elected Deputy of the First State Duma from Kyiv. He was a member of Cadets Party fraction and Ukrainian Duma community. He participated in masonic movement. He had been taking part in Ukrainian public and political life since 1908. He worked in Ukrainian Central Rada and Presidium of All-Ukrainian National Congress in 1917. He left the Cadets Party in June 1917 and joined the Ukrainian Party of Socialists and Federalists. Fedir Schteingel became the ambassador of Ukraine in Germany in 1918. He organized the first official visit of Hetman of Ukraine Pavlo Skoropadsky to Germany at the beginning of September 1918. Fedir Schteingel came back to Volyn in 1924 and continued his charity work. He represented the interests of Volyn and Ukrainian peasants to Polish authorities. He and his family secretly immigrated to Germany in autumn 1939. He spent the rest of his life in Radeberg near Dresden. He died on February 11, 1946.

<p><em>This research aims to explain how is the Madurese migrant women’s consumption pattern in the slums along the railroad tracks, Kemayoran Baru DKA Village, Krembangan District, Surabaya. Coming from the middle low-class family who have to survive for life in the migration area, in the research place, there are many Madurese migrant woman consumptive action. By using the concept of thought of Jeans P. Baudrillard about the people’s consumption, this research shows some results of consumption’s pattern of Madurese migrant women which include the consumption of family daily need, life style, and financial management strategy. The writer uses qualitative research method with phenomenology approach and getting the data by using participative observation and deep interview method in order to be able to get the data and distinguish it as the real phenomena that happen. The result of the study shows, the consumption patterns of Madurese migrant women have two considerations namely rational (economic) and irrational (consumptive). In fulfilling the household needs of Madurese migrant women, they are more inclined towards rational (economic) considerations, while in fulfilling lifestyle activities activities have been trapped in the play of signs that feel that a product is a reflection of their self-image (irrational-consumptive). They also do not forget to do such kind of investment like gold, house, or event field.</em> <em></em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><strong> </strong><strong><em>C</em></strong><strong><em>onsumption pattern, Madurese migrant women, </em></strong><strong><em>C</em></strong><strong><em>onsumptive action.</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana pola konsumsi perempuan migran Madura di Pemukiman Kumuh Bantaran Rel Kereta Api, Kelurahan Kemayoran Baru DKA, Kecamatan Krembangan, Kota Surabaya. Berasal dari keluarga ekonomi menengah kebawah, yang harus bertahan hidup di daerah migrasi, dan di lokasi penelitian banyak ditemui perempuan migran Madura yang melakukan perilaku konsumtif. Dengan memanfaatkan konsep pemikiran Jeans P. Baudrillard tentang masyarakat konsumsi, penelitian ini akan memaparkan sejumlah temuan mengenai pola konsumsi perempuan migran Madura yang mencakup konsumsi rumah tangga, gaya hidup, strategi dalam mengatur keuangan dan investasi. Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi serta dalam penggalian data menggunakan metode <em>participative observation</em> dan wawancara mendalam agar mendapatkan dan menafsirkan data sesuai dengan fenomena yang terjadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, pola konsumsi perempuan migran Madura memiliki dua pertimbangan yakni rasional (ekonomis) dan irasional (konsumtif). Pada pemenuhan kebutuhan rumah tangga perempuan migran Madura lebih condong pada pertimbangan rasional (ekonomis), sedangkan pada pemenuhan gaya hidup aktivitas telah terperangkap pada permainan nilai tanda yang merasa bahwa suatu produk sebagai cerminan dari citra dirinya (irasional-konsumtif). Perempuan migran Madura juga tidak lupa untuk melakukan investasi dalam bentuk emas, rumah, serta tanah.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata kunci : Pola konsumsi, </strong><strong>P</strong><strong>erempuan migran Madura, </strong><strong>P</strong><strong>erilaku konsumtif.</strong><strong></strong></p>

This paper seeks to situate 'chat' in the context of an evolving media-scape. I will argue that for at least a century and half new media have been expanding the spatial scale of communications, and in so doing altering the local contexts in which individuals communicate. This development is closely aligned with the genesis and evolution of an urban form that is itself significantly reliant on these new types of mediated communication. Individuals pursuing their everyday life in this environment must, as a matter of course, negotiate a complex array of media and communications. In doing so, they must also move through a range of media spaces on a continuum from the local to the global. Chat -- defined here as informal face-to-face conversation conducted in the familiarity of a shared context1 -- is a form of communication that seems to have persisted despite the changes noted above. Chat, then, provides a point of comparison from which to assess the effect of mediated communication. It also provides a link to a local communications space. I will argue that this local communications space is where individuals 'make sense' of a communications environment that operates primarily on a scale well beyond the local and well beyond that which most of us can hope to affect. The Rise of the Global, the Decline of the Local Carey (1981) argues that in the United States during the 19th century, as local communications were supplanted by a centralised national communications grid, local cultures and local politics were also supplanted. For Carey, the example of the telegraph is particularly relevant. He notes that the telegraph enabled communication to move faster than transportation for the first time (Communications as Culture 204-5). Giving the example of the trading of commodities, Carey argues that this property made the telegraph a powerful agent of decentralisation. The speed with which the telegraph could deliver business information allowed it to eliminate spatial differences by connecting all places within its network on an equal basis. In his words, "the telegraph puts everyone in the same place for the purposes of trade; it made geography irrelevant" (Communications as Culture 217). Yet despite this property of the medium of telegraphy, the establishment of a telegraph system in the United States only served to reinforce the dominance of New York as the central hub in the national network of transport and communications. The predominance of New York was established as early as the 1840s with the development of significant canal and railroad systems and although: this pattern of information movement has been importantly altered since the 1840s, its persistence, at least in outline, is even more striking ... despite the enormous size of the United States, a particular pattern of geographic concentration developed that gave inordinate power to certain urban centres. This development undercut local and regional culture. (Carey, "Culture, Geography, and Communications" 82)2 Thus the new medium of telegraphy expanded the scale of communication, bringing with it both the capacity to extend the individual beyond his or her own locality and the ability to make a particular locality and the individuals in it irrelevant. Carey concludes that the way electronic communications were initially deployed in the United States intensified the strength of the central communications hub. This increased the spatial extension and power of some at the hub, but with powerful and negative consequences for many local communities. McLuhan similarly emphasised the transformative power particularly of electronic communications, as illustrated in his now famous statement: In a culture like ours, long accustomed to splitting and dividing all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message. This is merely to say that the personal and social consequences of any medium -- that is, of any extension of ourselves -- result from the new scale that is introduced into our affairs by each extension of ourselves, or by any new technology. (McLuhan 15) The Rise of the Urban and a More Mediated Local Context Baldastry's study The Commercialisation of News in the Nineteenth Century shows a similar triumph of a medium able to command an expanded spatial reach over a more localised medium. It also demonstrates the changing role of media in the social relations of an increasingly urbanised population. Baldastry contrasts an earlier and more local partisan press with what was, then, an emergent large scale, fully commercial press (Baldastry 139). While the partisan newspapers of the earlier part of the 19th century needed to raise money to publish, their primary motivation was politics. The partisan press expressed strong views and assumed an already existing stock of knowledge embedded in the small community which formed its readership: The prototypical partisan newspaper of the Jacksonian era had a small circulation (a few hundred), appeared weekly, and circulated within its own region. Its readers were the inhabitants of small villages and towns, and local farmers. Word of mouth supplied the everyday news. (Baldastry 49) Increased urbanisation during the 19th century created a large, more easily accessible and more literate mass market for newspapers and their advertisers. By the 1850s, virtually every family in New York City was buying a newspaper. By 1880, six cities consumed 50% of the country's daily sheets (Baldastry 49). At the same time urban dwellers had a greater need for the news of events in their cities because the greater complexity of social organisation and weakened face-to-face ties meant it could not be provided in the traditional way. It could be said that urbanisation created new roles for the newspaper as the surveyor and synthesiser of large and dispersed urban populations (Baldastry 142). Following Berland, it can also be argued that the mass circulation commercial newspaper was also a constituent element in this urban form.3 The new media space provided by the mass circulation newspaper can be seen as an enabling element in the new form of social and spatial organisation present in the city. From this perspective, the evolution of the mass circulation press was both a response to and an agent in the rapid expansion of large metropolitan centres. Local News Mediating the Global in Local Terms There is little doubt that the complexity, scale and amount of mediation has increased significantly since these times. It is, then, interesting to reflect on the role that chat, particularly face-to-face chat, continues to play in a more intensely mediated society. In a world where so much social interaction occurs through communications media, chat may be a subversive element to a certain extent. Its happenstance form is 'other' to mediated communications. It produces its own communicative space in a random and ad-hoc manner. It lies outside the market and the state. However, mediated communications form an important context for chat. In particular, I believe that the role that chat may play in empowering individuals as they traverse this increasingly complex media scape will be reinforced by the availability of local media, with news media being a critical example of local media. The local news, weather, sport and advertising carried by local newspapers and the local windows of radio and television are all important contexts for chat. One of the reasons for this is that we can assume some level of shared knowledge or interest about these topics. At one level, a globalised media may bring us all together; for example, United States produced film and television programming might provide something to chat about for people of many nations and across most localities within Australia. However, for most of us, the realm of our personal effectivity -- what we can hope to influence and what affects us -- is highly local in character. As the preceding discussion points out, and as supported by analysis of Australian media4, the economics of media mean that continued viability of local news can not be guaranteed. In contemplating the absence of local news media it is instructive to think of the gap this creates between the places where the big decisions are made -- the State, national and global metropoles -- and the reporting of the effects of these decisions in our various locales. While it is easy enough to criticise local media for being parochial (what media isn't?) such a gap is profoundly dis-empowering. Also absent is any active construction of the local; that is, the binding together which comes from near universal access to media with a local context. One example of how local news media can work to both construct a local identity and to act as an intermediary between the local and the global is provided by Richardson in her analysis of Tamworth's local newspaper. She argues that by constructing a local 'world view' the local newspaper exerts a strong influence on how people make sense of global phenomena. While not necessarily cohering with the reality of life in Tamworth, this local 'world view' significantly influences the way local people deal with a world beyond the town which is in many ways threatening. Thus, through the pages of the local news "the country has actually appropriated even assimilated many of the notions that are most often associated with change [globalisation] in today's society, it also seems that this assimilation is on the country's terms" (Richardson 4). Unmediated chat may then be viewed as a sort of micro-local communication5. It operates on a much smaller scale than even local news media. However, local media may well be a significant resource used by people chatting about, trying to make sense of and seeking to act in a world in which communications media are becoming increasingly global. Chat is then one aspect of a complex communications environment where individuals routinely navigate through a range of media spaces -- from the most local through to the most global -- in the course of a day. It can also be seen as a potential site for subversion, appropriation and assimilation of communications and media operating on larger scales. The notion of 'transition discourse', introduced by Wills, may be a productive way of beginning to think about this issue. Transition discourses are the processes of temporary cultures that are essential to explain change. Thus, transition discourses are also temporary mannerisms and body techniques of 'habitus'. "Habitus refers to specialised techniques and ingrained knowledges which enable people to negotiate the different departments of existence" (Wills 3, qtd. in Craik). Both chat and local media may then serve as transition discourses, helping us to assimilate a constantly changing media-scape. Footnotes Communications media such as the telephone and e-mail support types of chat that do not fit this definition. These contexts are worthy of separate investigation. It is relevant to note that Carey's (1981) work is in turn influenced by the Canadian communications theorist, Harold Innis. Innis was not only a seminal communications theorist in his own right but also a major influence on the more famous Marshall McLuhan. In particular, Carey's argument that technological innovation in the medium of communications is central to social change draws on Innis's binary opposition between space binding and time binding media. Here any given medium is biased in terms of control of time or of space. Importantly for this discussion, time-binding media are associated very closely with oral culture, while space-binding media such as the telegraph are associated with demise of oral culture. For example, stone tablets are difficult to transport but durable and thus time-biased; while paper is easy to transport, but far less durable and thus space-biased. This bias will affect the type of social organisation possible and promote the growth of some types of institutions at the expense of others. Space-binding media facilitate the growth of empire because they "encourage a concern with expansion and the present ... the growth of the state, the military, and decentralised and expansionist institutions" (Carey, "Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan" 275). On the other hand, time-binding media are said to encourage a concern with cultural maintenance, the past, religion, hierarchical organisation and contractionist institutions (Carey, "Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan" 275). Berland's argument is based on the example of the spatial impact of television on the suburban form of cities in the post World War Two era. See O'Regan and Frankland for discussions of the impact of changes within broadcast television on locality specific content in regional Australia and in the capital cities. It is, in part, dependent upon the way we move through the physical space of our towns and suburbs. References Baldastry, Gerald. The Commercialization of the News in the 19th Century. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1992. Berland, Jody. "Angels Dancing: Cultural Technologies and the Production of Space." Cultural Studies. Ed. Lawrence Grossberg. New York: Routledge, 1992. 38-55. Carey, James. Communications as Culture. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. ---. "Culture, Geography, and Communications: The Work of Harold Innis in an American Context." Culture, Communication and Dependency. W. Melody, L. Salter, and P. Heyer, eds. New Jersey: Ablex, 1981. 73-91. ---. "Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan." McLuhan Pro and Con. Ed. R. Rosenthal. Baltimore: Pelican, 1969. 270-308. Craik, J. The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion. London: Routledge, 1994. Frankland, Mark. "Australian Television as Communications Space, Programming Space and Public Space." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 1999. Innis, Harold. Empire and Communications. London: Oxford UP, 1950. McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding the Media: The Extensions of Man. London: Sage, 1967. Warwick Mules. "Virtual Culture, Time and Images: Beyond Representation." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.2 (2000). 19 Aug. 2000 <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/images.php>. O'Regan, Tom."Towards a High Communication Policy: Assessing Recent Changes within Australian Broadcasting." Continuum 2.1 (1988): 135-58. Catherine Richardson. "The Politics of a Country Culture: State of Mind or State of Being?" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.2 (2000). 19 Aug. 2000 <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/country.php>. Nadine Wills. "Clothing Borders: Transition Discourses, National Costumes and the Boundaries of Culture." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.2 (2000). 19 Aug. 2000 <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/clothing.php>. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Mark Frankland. "Chatting in the Neighbourhood -- Does It Have a Place in the World of Globalised Media?." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.4 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/media.php>. Chicago style: Mark Frankland, "Chatting in the Neighbourhood -- Does It Have a Place in the World of Globalised Media?," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 4 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/media.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Mark Frankland. (2000) Chatting in the neighbourhood -- does it have a place in the world of globalised media?. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(4). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/media.php> ([your date of access]).