Relevant bibliographies by topics / Railroads and state – Zambia

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Railroads and state – Zambia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Railroads and state – Zambia"

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Nice, David C. "State regulation of railroads." Transportation Research Part A: General 21, no. 6 (November 1987): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(87)90030-6.

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Poinsot, Philippe. "JULES DUPUIT AND THE RAILROADS: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE STATE?" Journal of the History of Economic Thought 38, no. 2 (May 11, 2016): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837216000080.

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The emergence of railroads in France in the nineteenth century raised new debates on analytical issues. The issue lies in the fact that they are natural monopolies. In this paper, I focus on Jules Dupuit’s work on the operations of the railroads. Curiously, he seemed to have defended two contrasting positions: on the one hand, he claimed that unlimited competition is the most efficient way to operate in the railroads; on the other, he stated that State management was the best way to run them. I aim to restore the consistency of Dupuit’s positions. I show that, for him, unlimited competition is not possible in the railroads and that it is not necessarily good for the welfare of society. Therefore, the State should regulate this sector. Then, I specify the conditions under which Dupuit believed the State should manage the railroads instead of offering concessions to private companies.
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Callen, Zachary. "Congress and the Railroads." American Politics Research 40, no. 2 (November 23, 2011): 293–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x11427072.

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This article argues that American federalism led both to a greater national role in rail promotion and more centralized railroads in the antebellum period. Local competition among states led Congressional representatives from state unable to build local railroads to turn to federal assistance. Early support for railroads came from representatives in the South and frontier, who were primarily drawn into rail coalitions because of their own inability to build local rail networks. However, over time, competition among states within the coalition as well as concerns about federal power led many initial members of the coalition to drop out. In their place, states that favored a stronger federal state stepped into the coalition and subsequently built a more nationally oriented rail system. This analysis argues that the shifting of policies from local control to national oversight due to local resource shortages is an important aspect of American states building.
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Mphaisha, Chisepo J. J. "The state of democratisation in Zambia." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 38, no. 3 (November 2000): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662040008447829.

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van Binsbergen, Wim. "Chiefs and the State in Independent Zambia." Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 19, no. 25-26 (January 1987): 139–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1987.10756397.

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Keefer, Philip. "Protection Against a Capricious State: French Investment and Spanish Railroads, 1845–1875." Journal of Economic History 56, no. 1 (March 1996): 170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700016065.

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Infrastructure construction is often associated with excessive, even corrupt, profits. This article argues that construction profits earned in Spanish railroads in the mid-nineteenth century were a response to the lack of credibility of the Spanish state. It also makes the first attempt to document excess construction profits in Spanish railroads by demonstrating, for example, financial links between railroad stockholders and the providers of construction goods and services and by directly estimating construction profits. The estimated excess construction profits only provided railroad entrepreneurs with a normal rate of return to their entire railroad-related investments.
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Schweitzer, Peter, and Olga Povoroznyuk. "Introduction." Transfers 10, no. 2-3 (December 1, 2020): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2020.10020311.

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This introduction attempts to situate railroads, which have rarely been the object of ethnographic attention, within current debates of anthropology and related disciplines. While mobility is certainly one dimension of human-railroad entanglements, the introduction calls to explore political, social, material, and affective lives of railroads in Europe and Asia as well. Often, connections provided by railroads are precarious at best: enveloped in state and local politics, they appear to some as promise and to others as menace. Planning, construction, decay, and reconstruction constitute the temporal and material life cycle of these infrastructures. Attending to particular ethnographic and historical contexts, the introduction aims to demonstrate how railroads, these potent symbols of modernity, continue to be good to think with.
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Pilkey-Jarvis, Linda, and Nhi Irwin. "Complexities of Oil Spill Contingency Planning for Railroads – Lessons Learned In Washington State." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2096–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2096.

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Abstract 2017-405 With the energy renaissance in the United States and the lack of inland pipeline distribution systems, increasingly railroads are transporting crude oil to coastal ports for refining and for further distribution over the water. In Washington State, rapidly changing modes of crude oil transportation, shifting away from vessel and towards rail delivery, resulted in a regulatory requirement for rail operators to develop state approved oil spill contingency plans. Oil spill planning for railroads can be complex, for instance, planning for spills in all types of terrains, environments and habitats, as railroads cross both inland and marine waters. Washington State regulations for railroad contingency plans have been developed in response to changes in oil movement and this paper presents lessons learned from that endeavor. During the rule process, a unit train carrying Bakken crude oil derailed in the Columbia River Gorge, providing an opportunity to draw those lessons into the final rules as adopted. This paper describes the State’s approach to working with large and small rail operators and concerned citizens, and shares the lessons that address the obstacles and opportunities unique to complex railroad oil spill planning.
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Gould, Jeremy. "Strong Bar, Weak State? Lawyers, Liberalism and State Formation in Zambia." Development and Change 37, no. 4 (July 2006): 921–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00507.x.

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Berk, Gerald. "Adversaries by Design: Railroads and the American State, 1887–1916." Journal of Policy History 5, no. 3 (July 1993): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600007259.

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It has become commonplace to acknowledge the exceptionally adversarial nature of business-government relations in the United States. When compared to their counterparts in Germany, France, Japan, and the Nordic countries, American business executives have much more autonomy from the state; and yet, there is also greater distrust between business and government. Such adversarial relations, many students of comparative political economy argue, puts the United States in the late twentieth century at a disadvantage. Faced with competitors in the world market who cooperate with their respective governments on investment, training, and long-term sectoral development, American corporations compete in global markets under a considerable handicap.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Railroads and state – Zambia"

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Sakala, Henry. "Public-private partnerships in the transport sector : a case study of the railway systems of Zambia Limited." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/980.

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Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically, passenger railway service has played a vital role in the socio-economic activities in Zambia. Its capacity to transport a great mass of people at a low cost has had a profound appeal, especially amongst the low-income segment of society, in this country. This research report sought to examine the concessioning process for Railway Systems of Zambia Limited in relation to international best practice, to examine the extent of passenger train delays in relation to acceptable international standards and to recommend policy and remedial measures. A review of relevant literature on public-private partnerships in infrastructure projects including passenger railway concessioning and passenger train punctuality, in relation to international standards was undertaken. The research covered the period 2002 to 2007, with an average sample size of 11% (144 passenger train trips out of 1 344). Data from timetables and train logbooks, relating to arriving and departing trains, enabled the computation of the extent of delays or punctuality of trains. While international best practice requires passenger trains to operate at between 90% and 95% punctuality rate within 10 to 15 minutes of the timetable, Railway Systems of Zambia’s passenger trains, for the period 2004 to 2007, recorded between 92% and 100% delay rates for trains expected to arrive within 10 and 15 minutes of the timetable. The maximum delay for the arrival of a train in 2005 was 1 422 minutes (23 hours 42 minutes). Therefore, this research report recommends the formulation of a policy framework, a legal and regulatory framework and the establishment of an institutional arrangement that will be responsible for public-private partnerships projects in Zambia. In addition, increased investment in the railway infrastructure by the concessionaire is recommended in order for trains to increase speed and therefore improve their punctuality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Histories het spoorweg passasiersdienste nog altyd ‘n deurslaggewende rol in die sosio-ekonomiese aktiwiteite van Zambië gespeel. Die kapasiteit om groot massas mense teen ‘n lae koste te vervoer, was baie aanloklik in hierdie land, veral vir die lae-inkomstegroep van die gemeenskap. Hierdie navorsingsverslag poog om die konsessioneringsproses van die Spoorwegsisteem van Zambië Beperk, in verhouding tot internasionale toppraktyke, te ondersoek; om die omvang van passasierstreinvertragings in verhouding tot internasionaal aanvaarbare standaarde te ondersoek en ook om beleid en herstellende veranderings aan die hand te doen. ‘n Verslag van toepaslike letterkunde oor publiek-private vennootskappe in infrastruktuurprojekte, wat spoorweg passassiers konsessionering en stiptelikheid van passasierstreine vergelyk met internasionale standaarde, is onderneem. Die navorsing dek die periode van 2002 tot 2007, met ‘n gemiddelde steekproef grootte van 11% (144 passasiers treinritte uit ‘n total van 1 344). Data van treinroosters en treinjoernale, wat verband hou met die aankoms en vertrek van treine, het die berekening van die omvang van vertragings of stiptelikheid van die treine moontlik gemaak. Terwyl internasionale toppraktyke vereis dat passasierstreine binne ‘n 90% en 95% stiptelikheidskoers van 10 tot 15 minute, volgens die reisrooster, moet funksioneer, het die passasierstreine van Zambië vir die periode van 2004 tot 2007, ‘n vertragingskoers van tussen 92% en 100% vir treine wat binne 10 tot 15 minute van die reisrooster se tye moes aankom, aangeteken. Die maksimum vertraging op die aankomstyd van ‘n trein was in 2005 teen 1 422 minutes (23 hours 42 minutes). Derhalwe beveel hierdie navorsingsverslag aan dat ‘n beleidsraamwerk en ‘n wets- en reguleringsraamwerk geformuleer moet word, asook die instelling van ‘n genootskapsooreenkoms, wat verantwoordelik sal wees vir die publiek-private vennootskapprojekte in Zambië. Ter aanvulling word ‘n verhoogde belegging, deur die konsessionaris, in die spoorweg infrastruktuur aanbeveel sodat treine vinniger kan ry en dus meer stiptelik sal wees.
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Tjia, Yin Nor. "Explaining railway reform in China : a train of property rights re-arrangements /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202008%20TJIA.

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Tang, Bede Siman. "On the viability of mass rail transit development /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202009%20TANG.

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Craig, John Robert. "State enterprise and privatisation in Zambia 1968-1998." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/461/.

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In the 1980s and 1990s, privatisation has been widely adopted across the developing world and has reversed the previous trend towards the expansion of state enterprise. This thesis examines the establishment, operation and privatisation of the state enterprise sector in Zambia between 1968 and 1998. Following the economic reforms announced at Mulungushi (1968) and Matero Hall (1969), state enterprise came to dominate the economy. In 1990 a policy of limited privatisation was introduced which was subsequently extended to cover the entire state enterprise sector. By the end of 1998, this had resulted in the privatisation of the majority of state enterprises. The thesis examines the changing role of state enterprise from a political perspective, with the state analysed as the agent of policy choice and implementation. It examines the reasons for the growth in state enterprise, evaluates its performance and identifies the factors which prompted the adoption of privatisation and influenced its implementation. It argues that the growth of state enterprise was primarily a response to the inadequacies of the existing private sector in meeting the state's developmental objectives. However, the strategy pursued by the state enterprise sector proved to be commercially and financially unsustainable. To these problems were added pressure from creditors and donors for Zambia to adopt policies of market liberalisation. This resulted in the adoption of a strategy of comprehensive privatisation. The thesis examines how the choice of the method of privatisation of individual enterprises reflected the objectives of the government in undertaking the programme and the constraints under which it was implemented. The Zambian Government sought to promote competitive industrial structures, indigenous ownership and the viability of the enterprises involved in the process. It has, however, been constrained in this by a number of factors, including the existing legal rights of minority shareholders, the weak commercial and financial position of many state enterprises and the macro-economic environment in which the programme has been undertaken.
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Cramer, Barton Emmet. "North American freight rail regulatory evolution, strategic rejuvenation, and the revival of an ailing industry /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/181.

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Lall, Ashish Carleton University Dissertation Economics. "Cost function regularity and economies of scale, scope, and total factor productivity: an application to class I Canadian railways, 1956-81." Ottawa, 1992.

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Negi, Rohit. "Copper Capitalism Today: Space, State and Development in North Western Zambia." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1248715316.

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Mwefyeni, Ephraim Chali. "The effect of agricultural service provision on performance of smallholder farmers in Zambia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97172.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
Zambia, a country in Sub Saharan Africa, is home to over 13 million people. Of this population, 61 percent are found in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihood, making the sector a key area for the development of the country. Agriculture remains a key sector because of its huge potential and the number of people that are dependent on it. However, smallholder farmers face many challenges, which include inadequate market and price information, inability to access credit, inadequate extension services, low input supply and low usage of hybrid seed amongst others. Given this situation, the study undertook to use quantitative research methods to determine the effect of agricultural services on smallholder performance in Zambia. It also focused on determining whether the sources of agricultural services affect performance. The results of the study reported that sources of fertilizers, maize seed and loans had a significant influence on yield of maize achieved by farmers. Access and utilisation of fertilizer, seed and maize price information had also shown that there was a relationship between these variables and yield produced. With these results, it is imperative to understand and manage the level of government involvement in the provision of agricultural services so that private sector participation is not discouraged.
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Macha, Herbert. "State or public service broadcasting?: an analysis of the coverage of political issues and debates during an election campaign on television news." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006234.

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Public Service Television remains a key institution of democratisation in the context of emerging democracies in Africa, especially with the advent of liberalisation and commercialisation of the media. The democratic changes taking place in Zambia require a genuine public service broadcasting television that will promote pluralism in the public sphere. Among the many available strategies and mechanisms for fostering a sustainable democratic and cultural environment, public service broadcasting is still the best. This study set out to examine representation of political issues and debates during election campaign on ZNBC television news to assess the extent to which it plays a role as a public broadcaster in the mediation of pluralistic politics. Election news on television, in line with the public sphere argument was found to be essential for investigating the nature of public service television from the point of view of impartiality, universality and diversity. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods the study has confirmed the hypothesis that the role of a public service television in the mediation of pluralistic politics is compromised by ZNBC's partial and unbalanced coverage of elections. As a result ZNBC, as a public service broadcaster is undermining the very democracy it is expected to promote. Public service television should take new forms if it is to be recognised and appreciated by the public as a genuine, open and democratic public sphere. I therefore recommend that a system of license fee for viewers be introduced. Secondly, government should increase funding into public service television to supplement revenue from license fee and advertising. Thirdly, I recommend the appointment of an independent board whose members will be appointed for a fixed term, by public nomination and a process of public hearing, according to publicly available criteria, which guarantees diversity of political, ethnic, social and professional background. Fourthly I suggest the formation of an Election News Coverage Committee comprising of journalists, academicians, the church and civic organisation that will formulate and implement editorial policy on election coverage and above all monitor and the coverage of elections on ZNBC television news.
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Lukweza, Chishala. "An investigation into the state-of-practice of information security within Zambian copper mines: a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002776.

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Zambian copper mines have embraced the use of information technologies for strategic operations and competitive advantage. This dependence on these technologies has not only been seen in the physical aspects of business operations but also in the use of information systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs) for strategic decision making and increased usage of Industrial Control Systems (ICS’) that are meant to enhance operational efficiency in production areas. A survey was conducted to explore leadership perceptions on information security practices in Zambian copper mines and an ISO/IEC 27002 Audit Tool was administered to middle management in a particular mine for an in-depth analysis of their information security practices. Results revealed that although information security controls may have been put in place in these organisations, there are still areas that require attention. Senior management and middle management have different perceptions as to the extent to which information security practices are conducted in these copper mines. This implies that management may not be fully involved in certain aspects of these organisations’ information security practices. The results concluded that management needs to be fully involved and provide support for information security programs. Furthermore, these information security programs should be standardised so as to effectively protect these organisations’ information assets. This should also include the involvement of personnel as key players in the information security process.
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Books on the topic "Railroads and state – Zambia"

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Osei-Hwedie, Bertha Zimba. Tanzania-Zambia Railroad (Tazara): An analysis of Zambia's decision-making in transportation. Lawrenceville, Va: Brunswick Pub. Co., 1990.

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Chris, Elbers, Gunning Jan, and Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. Inspectie Ontwikkelingssamenwerking en Beleidsevaluatie, eds. Primary education in Zambia. The Hague: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008.

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Kemp, A. A. M. de. Primary education in Zambia. The Hague: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008.

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Implementing educational policies in Zambia. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1990.

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The 1996 Zambia National Housing Policy. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2010.

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State-civil society and donor relations in Zambia. Lusaka, Zambia: UNZA Press, 2010.

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Banda, Alick. Church-State Relations in Zambia: A Policy Proposal. 2nd ed. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2003.

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Maryland. Dept. of Transportation. Maryland State Rail Plan. [Annapolis]: Maryland Dept. of Transporation, 1985.

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Administration, Maryland State Railroad. Maryland state rail report. [Maryland]: State Railroad Administration, Dept. of Transportation, 1989.

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Waterways, Minnesota Dept of Transportation Office of Railroads and. Minnesota state rail plan. [St. Paul]: The Office, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Railroads and state – Zambia"

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Klinken, Adriaan van. "Sexual citizenship in postcolonial Zambia." In Christian Citizens and the Moral Regeneration of the African State, 133–47. New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315277653-9.

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de Janvry, Alain, Hideyuki Nakagawa, and Elisabeth Sadoul. "Poverty, Politics and Projects under Community Participation in Zambia." In Community, Market and State in Development, 148–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230295018_10.

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Paton, Bill. "Zambia: Labour Export and the Creation of a State." In Labour Export Policy in the Development of Southern Africa, 71–106. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13499-1_3.

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"Zambia." In The State of Commodity Dependence, 53. UN, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/2aec432c-en.

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"Zambia." In The State of Commodity Dependence, 218. UN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/3d90c8b0-en.

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"From Independence to the One-Party State, 1964 - 1972." In Mineworkers in Zambia. Tauris Academic Studies, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755624706.ch-003.

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"ZAMBIA – LIFE IN A FRONTLINE STATE." In A Path Through Hard Grass, 202–17. Basler Afrika Bibliographien, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh9vvtz.20.

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Collins, Richard B., Dale A. Oesterle, and Lawrence Friedman. "Corporations." In The Colorado State Constitution, 307–28. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0015.

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This chapter assesses Article XV of the Colorado Constitution, concerning corporations. Section 2 forbids special corporate charters and requires the state to have a general incorporation code. Section 3 reserves legislative power to revoke, alter, or amend the charters of private corporations. Section 5 is an antitrust rule specific to railroads, and Section 6 forbids railroads’ discrimination among customers. Section 8’s guarantees the general assembly’s power of eminent domain over property held by corporations. Section 10 requires foreign corporations doing business in the state to have a place of business and resident agent in Colorado. Section 12’s ban on retrospective laws should be read with Article II, Section 11.
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"Enemies Within? Opposition To The Zambian One-Party State, 1972–1980." In One Zambia, Many Histories, 98–125. BRILL, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004165946.i-304.34.

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Metzler, John D. "From Chipembi, Zambia to Michigan State University." In Mennonites and Post-Colonial African Studies, 101–13. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003058281-11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Railroads and state – Zambia"

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Patel, Dilip M., and Joshua C. Callen. "Positive Train Control: Where Are We, and What Next?" In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74116.

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Positive Train Control (PTC) must be up and running by December 2015. Railroads have already submitted their Implementation Plans, identifying the type of PTC system each plans to use. Every one of these systems must have Type Approval from FRA before being placed in service. To date, three different systems have gained Type Approval. Others are at various points in the Type Approval process. This paper will provide the train control background, starting with where we were and how we got where we are with PTC mandate. The paper will survey the systems that have been approved or are in the process. For each, an overview of the technology will be provided, along with an assessment of the current state of development and the work that is needed to get to the finish line. Issues of interoperability and radio spectrum use will be highlighted. Finally, an assessment of the “big picture” will be offered, including the roles of railroads, suppliers, and regulators.
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Reinsmith, Alexander, and Bryan W. Schlake. "Standardization of High-Wide Load Measurement Using Laser-Based Technology." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5682.

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Each year, thousands of open-top loads are shipped across North America over the Class I railroad network. Many of these loads are high-value, high-risk shipments, presenting considerable operational challenges for the carriers due to special handling requirements. Shipments that extend beyond a standard geometric envelope, denoted by various “plates” in the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Open Top Loading Rules (OTLR), are considered to be over dimensional, or High-Wide Loads (HWLs). Historically, railroad mechanical personnel have measured HWLs manually using a tape measure, plumb line, level, and various homemade devices. Measurement methodologies and philosophies can vary widely among mechanical inspectors. As a result, railroads have recently sought out new technologies to standardize the measurement process, resulting in greater safety, efficiency, accuracy and documentation. Taking the lead in this effort, Norfolk Southern Corp. (NS), BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad have all worked closely with InfraMeasure, Inc. in their development of a patent pending, portable, laser-based measurement system known as SafeLoad®. This paper documents the development of this technology, including the completion of successful repeatability tests and the training of dozens of car inspectors from multiple railroads on the use of the system. In 2014, laser-based measurement technology was deployed across the entire NS network and was also used extensively by Union Pacific Railroad. In addition, BNSF and other Class I railroads began testing with the thought of implementing in the near future. Repeatability tests performed among newly trained employees indicated high levels of precision, with field measurements deviating by no more than 0.25 inches among various inspectors. Additional field testing confirmed a reduction in labor time and personnel required to measure HWLs by as much as one half while significantly improving measurement accuracy and reducing fall related risks by eliminating the need to climb on HWLs. In addition to these immediate benefits, the early stages of implementation have highlighted a potential long-term need for standardized measurement training within the industry. Anticipating the growing knowledge gap left by attrition, railroad mechanical departments are placing greater emphasis on training new car inspectors to assume the safety critical task of HWL measurement. This paper explores the current state of HWL measurement in the US railroad industry and identifies potential solutions, using technology, to further standardize both the practice of measuring HWLs and the training of new inspectors.
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Glennie, Neil. "CBTC Equipment EMC Qualification Testing." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3711.

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Many railroads are installing new Communications Based Train Control (CBTC) systems and replacing their relay based signaling equipment with solid state equivalents. When installing new signaling and train control equipment on a property, laboratory Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing is an important part of the qualification process. Much of the new train control equipment is designed and manufactured overseas and Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) equipment is frequently incorporated into subsystem designs. It is, therefore, important that the railroads and system providers understand the railroad EMC requirements, and that the equipment being installed is tested to the appropriate standards in the laboratory in order to ensure that it will operate as intended in the field. The two main equipment level laboratory qualification testing standards referenced in railway signaling contract specifications are the Military Standard MIL STD-461F and the CENELEC (European Committee For Electrotechnical Standardization) Standard EN 50121 (IEC equivalent IEC 62236). Although the two standards are similar, there are some key differences that can lead to costly delays if not properly understood and addressed. This paper will provide a comparison of these two standards, including the different test methodologies, specific test procedures, and test limits.
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Oikawa, Tomoe, Takahiro Koga, Takeo Kondo, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Wataru Miyazaki, and Atsushi Idoji. "The State of Transfer Systems: An Analytical Study With Respect to Human Information Recognition—An Approach From a Smooth Transfer System in Marine Transportation." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20668.

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The purpose of this research is to examine in detail provision of signs for ensuring smooth movement, conducted by transportation companies at traffic nodes, and to identify future issues to be solved for maintenance of marine-based traffic nodes. To this end, as the study site, we selected the City of Hiroshima in Japan, where a wide variety of traffic nodes, such as railroads, streetcars, buses, and ferries, are available. In particular, as main facilities to be studied, we focused on Ujina Terminal, which is a marine traffic node, and Hiroshima Station, which is an onshore traffic node. We examined the current status of and problems with facility plans and sign plans at traffic nodes through field exploration of the City of Hiroshima and questionnaires with tourists. As a result, it was found that in order to formulate a sign plan that can ensure security, cooperation with not only land traffic nodes but also marine traffic nodes will be an important issue in future when providing signs at marine traffic nodes for ensuring smooth movement.
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Jones, Kerry. "Improved Quality Truck Castings." In ASME 2013 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2013-4722.

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Component failure in bolsters and side frames remains a problem for both railroads and suppliers, causing expensive repairs and even derailments. To understand and combat this problem, an evaluation of the steel was required. Bolsters were obtained from several suppliers to evaluate the current state of Association of American Railroads (AAR) M-201 standard for Grade B+ cast steel. Charpy impact and tensile test samples were machined from critical areas of these castings and tested at an independent laboratory. Distinct differences were found in processes and in mechanical properties between some suppliers. Supplier names are not identified in this paper. Based on the chemical and mechanical testing results and data analysis, changes to AAR M-201 Grade B+ requirements have been proposed. Additional bolsters have been obtained for further testing. These bolsters will incorporate the proposed changes to the standard and the same mechanical testing will be performed on them to determine the effectiveness of the proposed changes. Full scale static or fatigue testing will be conducted on additional bolsters. A survey of scrapped bolsters and side frames from several railcar producers and reclaim operations was conducted to determine the leading causes of failures of components removed from service. These results form the basis for a database that can be used to identify failure trends.
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Morgan, Curtis A., Lisa Loftus-Otway, Nathan M. Hutson, and Jeffery E. Warner. "Preservation and Reuse of Abandoned Rail Corridors: Legal and Policy Issues." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74091.

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The paralleling of existing rail lines in excess right-of-way (R/W) and/or the re-use of corridors first used by railroad companies has long been a method for acquiring linear corridors for other transportation uses. The practice of re-using rail alignments is a logical one given that railroads steered development patterns in the United States prior to the highway era and the corridors that served the railroads also effectively serve existing population centers. The long period of railroad consolidation since the end of World War II resulted in the abandonment and loss of many rail corridors that would now have been extremely valuable for transportation development. Preserving former rail corridors is beneficial to transportation planners at the local and state level, as they can be employed for new transportation uses or multiuse recreational trails. This paper discusses the findings of a multifaceted research project that examined issues associated with acquisition, preservation, and re-use of abandoned rail corridors in Texas. The paper summarizes the legal and policy review that analyzed Texas, Federal, and other state abandonment policies to determine what, if any, changes would be necessary for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to take advantage of future opportunities to acquire and preserve these corridors. The paper also reviews results that identified and documented past Texas rail abandonments and identification of potential uses for existing/prospective abandoned corridors. The paper concludes with an overview of the findings of this study which noted that as the state’s population continues to grow, preserving all potential transportation corridors for rail or alternative uses will grow in importance.
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Brecher, Aviva, and Melissa Shurland. "Study on Improving Rail Energy Efficiency (E2): Best Practices and Strategies." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5621.

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A recent Volpe Center report [1] for the Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA) Rail Energy, Environment, and Engine (E3) Technology research and development program reviewed rail industry best practices (BPs) and strategies for improving energy efficiency (E2) and environmental sustainability. The review included examples of and opportunities for adoption of international transferrable BPs, and US technologies for equipment, operations and logistics software tools that have measurably improved E2 performance for passenger and freight railroads. Drivers providing renewed impetus for rail industry E2 advances include environmental compliance requirements with US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) locomotive emission standards, US Department of Transportation Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality improvement program grants, state, regional and urban clean diesel campaigns, as well as the FRA National Rail Plan, and High-Speed Intercity Passenger Rail (HSIPR) initiatives. The report presented comparative rail system energy efficiency data and trends relative to competing modes, illustrated the benefits of energy-efficient technologies, and of alternative fuels use. Based on a comprehensive literature review and on experts’ inputs, the report highlighted models of corporate rail sustainability plans and system-wide BPs and success stories. Available rail equipment and operational practices proven to improve E2 with environmental and economic benefits for all rail industry segments were illustrated. Findings and recommendations for further improving rail E2 and sustainability were tailored to the specific needs and goals of intercity and commuter passenger rail, and freight railroads (Class I-III). Key opportunities highlighted included: public-private partnerships (P3) with Federal agencies (FRA, EPA/SmartWay) for joint research, development test and evaluation (RDT&E)on advanced equipment (electric and hybrid, or dual fuel locomotives), or alternative fuels (biodiesel, CNG/LNG, Fuel cells/Hydrogen); participation in international rail organizations (UIC) and trade associations (AAR, AREMA, APTA, AASHTO), and partnering with regional and State environmental protection agencies for cross-enterprise E2 and sustainability improvements.
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Schlesinger, Dave. "Criticality of Railroad Training." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5782.

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With the advent of Positive Train Control (PTC), railroads have significantly expanded their communications, signaling, networking and information technology systems. This has required training for existing staff as well as new staff with experience in these areas from industries other than railroading. At the same time, railroads must ensure that maintenance and operations are supported by properly trained employees who execute their responsibilities consistent with regulatory and railroad requirements. Certainly, this is the case for the vast majority of railroad employees; however, in those rare instances when employees deviate from their training, the results can be catastrophic. This has played out recently at Metro North Railroad, which has suffered five accidents over a ten month period, resulting in six fatalities, one hundred and twenty-eight injuries and twenty-eight million dollars in property damage. The lessons from these tragedies, from the perspective of human behavior, and more specifically, training is discussed. Indeed, these accidents, in part, occurred because the railroad’s training program did not achieve its desired outcome, to mold human behavior; especially while performing safety-critical work. This is consistent with the findings of a recent Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) safety review of Metro North Railroad, which found ineffective training was at least in part to blame for the aforementioned rash of accidents. The rigorous training requirements, that are part of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA), are detailed. These requirements are intended to ensure that employees are properly prepared to maintain and operate these complex systems and have the added benefit of helping to prepare new employees to take the place of departing, highly experienced individuals. Recognizing the criticality of this training, this paper details training best practices and how they can most effectively be leveraged by railroads. Properly applied, they can reduce accidents, stem the loss of institutional knowledge and properly prepare railroad staff to maintain and operate their new PTC systems. This paper discusses how comprehensive training programs should be built on a foundation of organizational understanding, created by conducting training needs analysis. This analysis seeks to identify the current state of knowledge of key personnel, and compares it to that needed to properly support new organizational goals, such as to maintain and operate PTC. These organizational goals, coupled with the training needs analysis findings, then drive the enhancement of existing training programs, and, in some cases, the creation of new programs. In order to maximize effectiveness of these programs, it was found that training must be conducted using real-life case studies and in a manner that is engaging and interactive.
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Catella, N. D., and R. A. Mayville. "The Effect of Higher Prestress on Concrete Railroad Tie Behavior." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5800.

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Prestressed concrete crossties are used extensively by North American railroads because they offer improved service life and consistent performance. Recent industry trends have encouraged manufacturers to effectively increase concrete ties’ prestressing force to improve their structural performance in flexure and shear. This paper presents the results of linear and nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analyses of typical concrete crossties to study the stress state of crossties at prestress transfer and to identify potential negative consequences of increasing effective prestressing force. The analyses utilize finite-sliding contact with Coulomb friction to model interaction between prestressing strands and adjacent concrete. Variation of several parameters that affect stress state at prestress transfer are considered, including magnitude of prestressing force, stiffness of concrete, crosstie geometry, and strand configuration. The analyses indicate that tensile stresses develop near the ends of the crossties at prestress transfer and their magnitudes increase with decreasing transfer length and increasing prestress force. These tensile stresses may account for widespread longitudinal cracking that has been observed in premature failure of concrete crossties in the last ten years.
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Roy, B., P. Windover, L. Panzica, K. O’Neal, J. Tario, and J. English. "Real-World Benefits of the Diesel Warming System for Short Line Locomotives." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74052.

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Locomotive idle reduction technology has the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and related emissions, but its use is limited in short line railroads. These operations typically minimize capital investments and accept higher maintenance and operational costs that correspond with their specific work load at that time. Therefore, most use older locomotives that are less efficient and more polluting. This business model does not enable them to invest in new technology, especially if there is some risk because it has not been widely used for their particular application. New York State has an extensive network of 29 short line railroad operations that collectively own and operate approximately 42% of the overall railroad infrastructure. To justify the purchase of idle reduction technology, the short line operators need documented benefits with proof of short payback, reliability, and ease of operation. Therefore, New West Technologies and Power Drives Incorporated with funding from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority and support from the New York State Department of Transportation are demonstrating the Powerhouse™ Diesel Warming Systems (DWS) on seven short line railroads operating in New York State. The two Powerhouse™ DWS models demonstrated in this project are the 120V electric plug-in version (DWS-120) and the auxiliary power unit (DWS-APU). Allowing the locomotive to be shutdown in cold weather, both models heat the engine coolant with a diesel fired burner. The DWS-120 circulates the heated fluid with an electric water pump powered from a standard external 120VAC source. The APU model runs the pump with a small EPA-certified onboard diesel genset which provides added flexibility to where and when it can be used. Eleven locomotives were outfitted with this technology to evaluate the real-world operational experience, along with the benefits and cost savings that can be achieved from their use. This paper documents the energy, emission, and economic benefits realized by the multiple short line railroad partners that installed and utilized the Powerhouse™ DWS over the 2011–2012 cold season. The system provides an average fuel savings of 3.5 to 6.0 gallons per hour and emission reductions of up to 99% for NOX, 97% for PM, and 91% for CO2. In addition, feedback on the system’s performance and the technology’s noise reduction potential are presented. Overall, the anticipated outcome of this project is to validate the reduced fuel use, lower emissions, and lower costs, which will assist the business economics of an inherently efficient mode of transportation.
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