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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Railways (Elevated) United States

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Academic literature on the topic 'Railways (Elevated) United States'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Railways (Elevated) United States"

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Divall, Colin. "Railways in Britain and the United States, 1830-1940 (review)." Technology and Culture 44, no. 2 (2003): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2003.0062.

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Cohen, Jim. "Divergent Paths, United States and France: Capital Markets, the State, and Differentiation in Transportation Systems, 1840–1940." Enterprise & Society 10, no. 3 (September 2009): 449–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008132.

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Why do the United States and France, both capitalist economies that were dominated by private railways in the 19th and early 20th centuries, have very different transport systems today? After World War II France developed 200 mph high speed trains, while railways in the United States declined to near irrelevance. This paper argues that cross-national divergence was caused by private and public actions that structured capitalmarkets and controlled planning. In the United States private financial institutions used capital markets to shape rail development. In France, by way of contrast, the state directly intervened in financial markets and controlled planning. Both systems thrived until World War I. But, then, faced with growing competition from cars, buses and trucks and burdened by excessive debt, they declined towards bankruptcy. The Great Depression became a defining moment as a Socialist-dominated government in France nationalized railways while in the United States, President Roosevelt's New Deal failed to enact policies to ensure the competitive viability of rail in relation to motorized transport. Rarely used archival sources provide much of the evidence for this argument.

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Button, Kenneth. "Is there any economic justification for high-speed railways in the United States?" Journal of Transport Geography 22 (May 2012): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.025.

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Peake, R. T. "Radon and Geology in the United States." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (August 1, 1988): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080265.

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Abstract Regional geology and indoor radon concentrations appear to be related in the US. Using data from probability based samples, indoor radon frequency distributions have been developed in areas with similar regional geology. These frequency distributions can be used to define relative radon potential in the US. The geologic factors which determine regional radon potential are: (1) Lithologic: Rock types with known or potentially high uranium concentrations have a high probability of generating elevated indoor radon levels. Lithologies with US DOE National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) equivalent uranium concentrations greater than 3 ppm may constitute high radon potential areas. (2) Soils: Soil permeability greatly influences radon potential. For Example, evidence suggests that high permeabilities (>0.01 cm.s-1) can cause elevated indoor radon levels even if radium concentrations are low.

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Wheeler, David C., Joseph Boyle, Shyam Raman, and Erik J. Nelson. "Modeling elevated blood lead level risk across the United States." Science of The Total Environment 769 (May 2021): 145237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145237.

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Alarcon, Walter A., Sherri Davidson, Brigitte Dufour, Matthew Roach, Kaleb Tsang, Susan F. Payne, Amanda M. DeLoreto, et al. "Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Employed Adults — United States, 1994–2013." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63, no. 55 (October 14, 2016): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6355a5.

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Alexander, Barbara, Nathaniel Rodman, S. B. White, and Jeffrey Phillips. "Areas of the United States With Elevated Screening Levels of 222Rn." Health Physics 66, no. 1 (January 1994): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199401000-00007.

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Quilter, Laura, Sancta St Cyr, Vincent Abitria, Andrew Ancharski, Ilene Bautista, Jose Bazan, Karen Carifo, et al. "125. eGISP: Enhanced Surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility in the United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy209.015.

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Abstract Background The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), which monitors trends in N. gonorrhoeae susceptibility among men with gonococcal urethritis in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, has informed treatment recommendations for 3 decades. However, it has been speculated that susceptibility patterns may differ in women, as well as in the pharynx and rectum. We describe preliminary findings from the enhanced GISP (eGISP), which expands surveillance to pharyngeal, rectal, and endocervical isolates. Methods In August 2017, select jurisdictions were funded to collect urogenital and extragenital specimens from men and women seen in participating STD clinics. Positive gonorrhea cultures were sent to regional laboratories for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by agar dilution. Isolates with elevated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to azithromycin (AZI) (MIC ≥2.0 μg/mL), cefixime (CFX) (MIC ≥0.25 μg/mL), and/or ceftriaxone (CRO) (MIC ≥0.125 μg/mL) were designated as Alert isolates. Clinical and epidemiological data were linked to AST results. Results From August 2017 to February 2018, 4 clinics in 4 jurisdictions submitted 468 positive gonococcal specimens for AST; 36.1% were from men who have sex with men (MSM), 51.9% from men who have sex with women (MSW), and 12.0% from women. Overall, 71.8% were urethral, 7.9% endocervical, 7.1% rectal, and 13.2% pharyngeal. Seventy-two isolates (15.4%) were Alerts: 97.2% (N = 70) had elevated MICs to AZI, 2.8% (N = 2) had elevated MICs to CFX, and none had elevated MICs to CRO. No isolate had elevated MICs to both AZI and CFX. Among MSM, 15.9% of urogenital isolates and 16.1% of extragenital isolates had an elevated AZI MIC. Among MSW, 11.8% of urogenital isolates and 14.3% of pharyngeal isolates had an elevated AZI MIC. Among women, 24.3% of endocervical isolates and 26.3% of extragenital isolates had an elevated AZI MIC. Conclusion Preliminary eGISP data suggest that enhanced surveillance of pharyngeal, rectal, and endocervical isolates is feasible and that elevated MICs to azithromycin are common among males and females. Including isolates from extragenital anatomic sites and women may help strengthen N. gonorrhoeae surveillance capacity. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Friedricks, William B. "A Metropolitan Entrepreneur Par Excellence: Henry E. Huntington and the Growth of Southern California, 1898–1927." Business History Review 63, no. 2 (1989): 329–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115699.

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Henry E. Huntington, according to the following article, placed his imprint on the development of his region, the Los Angeles basin, to an extent unique among urban entrepreneurs. His great wealth and foresight, and especially his interests in street railways, real estate development, and hydroelectric power, enabled him to become a de facto city planner for one of the most important metropolitan regions in the United States.

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Ahijevych, D. A., C. A. Davis, R. E. Carbone, and J. D. Tuttle. "Initiation of Precipitation Episodes Relative to Elevated Terrain." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 22 (November 1, 2004): 2763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3307.1.

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Abstract The western and central United States experience a pronounced diurnal cycle in rainfall during the warm season. Over the higher terrain west of 105°W, most precipitation occurs in the afternoon, whereas the central United States experiences more nocturnal events. This coherent phase transition between the Rocky Mountains and the U.S. Great Plains is well defined for all warm seasons between 1996 and 2003, provided that the rainfall observations are remapped relative to the elevated terrain in the western United States prior to north–south averaging. Due to the westward shift of the Continental Divide north of 42°N and its intersection with the warm season storm track for 2002, the diurnal coherence greatly improves after remapping the 2002 rainfall observations. This speaks to the long-range influence of orography on precipitation frequency and suggests that the primary east–west corridor of precipitation for an individual warm season intersects the cordillera over a fairly narrow latitude range.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Railways (Elevated) United States"

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Fournier, Martine. "Rails and ties : a comparison of late nineteenth-century images of western railways in Canada and the United States." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/MQ47873.pdf.

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Ziemke, Dominik. "Comparison of high-speed rail systems for the United States." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37286.

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After decades of standstill in intercity passenger rail in the United States, the Obama administration recently started major initiatives to implement high-speed ground transportation projects that are expected to improve the nation's transportation system significantly, addressing most prevailing issues like congestion and energy prices while having positive effects on the economy. This study evaluates and compares two high-speed ground transportation systems that have the potential to improve intercity passenger transportation in the United States significantly: the wheel-on-rail high-speed system and the high-speed maglev system. Both high-speed ground transportation systems were evaluated with respect to 58 characteristics organized into 7 categories associated with technology, environmental impacts, economic considerations, user-friendliness, operations, political factors, and safety. Based on the performance of each system in each of the 58 characteristics, benefit values were assigned. In order to weight the relative importance of the different characteristics, a survey was conducted with transportation departments and transportation professionals. The survey produced weighting factors scoring each of the 58 characteristics and the 7 categories. Applying a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach, the overall utility values for either system were calculated based on the benefit values from the systems comparison and the weighting factors from the survey. It was shown that the high-speed maglev system is generally slightly superior over the wheel-on-rail high-speed system. Because the magnitude of the difference in the overall performance of both transportation systems is not very big, it is recommended that every project in the high-speed intercity passenger transportation market consider both HSGT systems equally.

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Cordeira, Jason M., Nicholas D. Metz, Macy E. Howarth, and Thomas J. Galarneau. "Multiscale Upstream and In Situ Precursors to the Elevated Mixed Layer and High-Impact Weather over the Midwest United States." AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625064.

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Two severe MCSs over the upper Midwest United States resulted in >100mm of rain in a similar to 24-h period and. 200 severe weather reports, respectively, during 30 June-2 July 2011. This period also featured 100 (104) daily maximum high (low) temperature records across the same region. These high-impact weather events occurred in the presence of an elevated mixed layer (EML) that influenced the development of the severe MCSs and the numerous record high temperatures. The antecedent large-scale flow evolution was influenced by early season Tropical Cyclone Meari over the western North Pacific. The recurvature and subsequent interaction of Meari with the extratropical large-scale flow occurred in conjunction with Rossby wave train amplification over the North Pacific and dispersion across North America during 22 June-2 July 2011. The Rossby wave train dispersion contributed to trough (ridge) development over western (central) North America and the development of an EML and the two MCSs over the upper Midwest United States. A composite analysis of 99 warm-season days with an EML at Minneapolis, Minnesota, suggests that Rossby wave train amplification and dispersion across the North Pacific may frequently occur in the 7 days leading up to EMLs across the upper Midwest. The composite analysis also demonstrates an increased frequency of severe weather and elevated temperatures relative to climatology on days with an EML. These results suggest that EMLs over the upper Midwest may often be preceded by Rossby wave train amplification over the North Pacific and be followed by a period of severe weather and elevated temperatures.

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Books on the topic "Railways (Elevated) United States"

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Sorrell, Lewis C. Government ownership and operation of railways for the United States. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1988.

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Hofsommer, Donovan L. Grand Trunk Corporation: Canadian national railways in the United States, 1971-1992. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995.

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Haney, Lewis H. A congressional history of the railways in the United States, 1850-1887. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin, 1988.

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4

Dunn, Richard. Narrow gauge to no man's land: U.S. Army 60 cm gauge railways of the First World War in France. Los Altos, CA, U.S.A: Benchmark Publications, 1990.

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Dunn, Richard. Narrow gauge to no man's land: U.S. Army 60 cm gauge railways of the First World War in France. Los Altos, CA, U.S.A: Benchmark Publications, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. U.S. Department of Agriculture: Status of the food and agriculture councils needs to be elevated : report to the Secretary of Agriculture. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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Office, General Accounting. U.S. Department of Agriculture: Status of the food and agriculture councils needs to be elevated : report to the Secretary of Agriculture. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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Nelson, Scott Reynolds. Iron confederacies: Southern railways, Klan violence, and Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

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9

A century of subways: Celebrating 100 years of New York's underground railways. New York: Fordham University Press, 2003.

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Richards, Tom. Was your grandfather a railwayman?: A directory of records relating to staff employed by railways in the following countries with details of materials and repositories - United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Eire, India, New Zealand, United States of America. Bristol: T. Richards, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Railways (Elevated) United States"

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Dailey, Peter S., Greta Ljung, Gerhard Zuba, and Jayanta Guin. "Probability of Hurricane Intensification and United States Hurricane Landfall under Conditions of Elevated Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures." In Hurricanes and Climate Change, 121–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09410-6_7.

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Brett Runion, G., H. Allen Torbert, Stephen A. Prior, and Hugo H. Rogers. "Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Soil Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Southeastern United States." In SSSA Special Publications, 233–62. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub57.2ed.c15.

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Craig, Erica H., Tim H. Craig, and Mark R. Fuller. "Using TreeNet, a Machine Learning Approach to Better Understand Factors that Influence Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Wintering Golden Eagles in the Western United States." In Machine Learning for Ecology and Sustainable Natural Resource Management, 243–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96978-7_12.

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Pittman, Russell. "Railways and railways regulation in the United States: surely you dont want Jones back?" In Handbook on Railway Regulation, 225–40. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789901788.00019.

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Murray, Robert. "“To Be Called a Free Colored Man in the States Is Synonymous with What We Here Term Slavery”." In Atlantic Passages, 23–74. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066752.003.0002.

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In chapter 1 Murray establishes the trajectories of several Liberian settlers’ during their travels in the United States, what they wanted to accomplish, and what they actually attained. He traces how the settlers’ whiteness became entangled with arguments regarding their relative “civilization” and the power that discourse provided to certain well-positioned settlers to make claims for an elevated status. These settlers sought a liminal position between antipodal whiteness and blackness; they hoped to remain undefined and unfixed and, in this manner, slip through American society’s racialized norms. The same ships that returned Liberian settlers to America also brought native Africans across the Atlantic to America. The resulting exchange between the two societies shaped racial consciousness not only in the United States but also within the Liberian colonies themselves.

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"Shark Nursery Grounds of the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast Waters of the United States." In Shark Nursery Grounds of the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast Waters of the United States, edited by JOHN K. CARLSON. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569810.ch18.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—A dynamic mass-balance ecosystem model (Ecopath with Ecosim) was used to investigate how relative changes in fishing mortality on sharks can affect the structure and function of Apalachicola Bay, Florida, a coastal marine ecosystem. Simulations were run for 25 years, wherein fishing mortality rates from recreational and trawl fisheries were doubled for 10 years and then decreased to initial levels. Effect of time/area closures on ecosystem components were also tested by eliminating recreational fishing mortality on juvenile blacktip sharks <em>Carcharhinus limbatus</em>. Simulations were run assuming mixed control and top-down control. In the mixed control, biomass of juvenile coastal sharks (finetooth shark <em>C. isodon</em>, spinner shark <em>C. brevipinna</em>, sandbar shark <em>C. plumbeus</em>), juvenile blacktip sharks, and bull sharks <em>C. leucas </em>declined up to 57% when recreational fishing mortality was doubled. Increases in biomass were also observed for the Atlantic sharpnose shark <em>Rhizoprionodon terraenovae </em>and, to a lesser extent, skates and rays. Increasing the fishing mortality imposed by trawl fisheries affected only a few elasmobranch groups, primarily skates and rays. Increases and decreases in biomass lasted only as long as fishing mortality was elevated, although a lag time was observed for some groups to recover to initial biomass. Simulating a time/ area closure for juvenile blacktip sharks caused increases in their biomass but decreases in juvenile coastal shark biomass, a competing multispecies assemblage that is the apparent competitor. Topdown control scenarios resulted in greater variation and magnitude of response than those elicited under mixed control, although the direction of the response was similar. In general, reduction of targeted sharks did not cause strong top-down cascades.

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"Shark Nursery Grounds of the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast Waters of the United States." In Shark Nursery Grounds of the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast Waters of the United States, edited by JAMES GELSLEICHTER, NANCY J. SZABO, and JOHN J. MORRIS. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569810.ch10.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Because of their tendency to accumulate in estuaries and coastal regions, organochlorine (OC) contaminants such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent potential threats to the quality of essential fish habitat for many shark species. These compounds pose special risks to immature sharks in particular because of their ability to impair growth and sexual maturation in juvenile fish at environmentally relevant levels of exposure. In order to assess the extent of these risks in shark populations on the East Coast of the United States, the present study examined concentrations of 30 OC pesticides/pesticide metabolites and total PCBs in juvenile sandbar <em>Carcharhinus plumbeus </em>and blacktip <em>C. limbatus </em>sharks from seven major nursery areas in the western Atlantic Ocean and eastern Gulf of Mexico. Quantifiable levels of PCBs and 13 OC pesticides/ pesticide metabolites were detected via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in liver of 25 young-of-the-year blacktip sharks from the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast and three regions on Florida’s gulf coast: Cedar Key, Tampa Bay, and Charlotte Harbor. Similarly, quantifiable levels of PCBs and 14 OC pesticides/metabolites were detected in 23 juvenile <em>C. plumbeus </em>from three sites on the northeastern U.S. coast: middle Delaware Bay, lower Chesapeake Bay, and Virginia’s eastern shore. Liver OC concentrations in Atlantic sandbar and blacktip sharks were higher than expected and, in some cases, comparable with elevated levels observed in deep-sea and pelagic sharks. Although significantly lower than those observed in Atlantic sharks, pesticide and PCB levels in Florida blacktip sharks were similar to, if not greater than, OC concentrations reported in adults of other coastal shark species. Based on these data, OC contamination appears to pose significant threats to habitat quality in sandbar and blacktip shark nursery areas on the U.S. Atlantic coast.

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Zavatta, Benedetta. "The Reception of the Emerson-Nietzsche Relation." In Individuality and Beyond, translated by Alexander Reynolds, 1–16. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190929213.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 investigates the reasons why the Emerson-Nietzsche relationship tended to be played down, where it was not frankly and entirely denied, for almost a century. This is not a matter of chance but rather the sign of a long-protracted political and cultural hostility between Germany and the United States, with Nietzsche and Emerson being elevated to the status of cultural icons in their respective countries. This chapter considers the reception of Emerson in Europe during Nietzsche’s lifetime and the stereotype of Emerson as an Idealist mystic, innocently optimistic and unaware of social problems that had become disseminated there. Also considered is the reception of Nietzsche in the United States and the myth of his complicity in Nazism—a myth exploded only after the publication, from the end of the 1960s on, of the Critical Edition of his works and private notes.

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Schafer, Jason J., Elizabeth M. Sherman, Taylor K. Gill, and Jatandra Birney. "Understanding and Managing Antineoplastic and Antiretroviral Therapy." In Fundamentals of HIV Medicine 2019, 301–8. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190942496.003.0030.

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Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to • Identify contemporary challenges and describe strategies in managing antineoplastic and antiretroviral therapy in patients with cancer and HIV infection. In 2010, more than 7,500 of the estimated 1.1 million people living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States were diagnosed with cancer (National Comprehensive Cancer Network [NCCN] Guidelines, 2018). The incidence is approximately 50% greater than the incidence of cancer expected in the general population. The elevated risk of cancer in PLWH is likely multifactorial and due to underlying immune deficiency, coinfection with oncogenic viruses, and a higher prevalence of other cancer-related risk factors such as the use of tobacco products....

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Hughes, Jennifer, Tony Durkee, and Gergö Hadlaczky. "Suicide and attempted suicide among indigenous people." In Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention, edited by Danuta Wasserman and Camilla Wasserman, 241–48. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0029.

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There are hundreds of indigenous groups and peoples around the world. Examples are the Australian Aborigines, the North American Indians (Native Americans) of the United States (US) and Canada, and the Māori of New Zealand. Indigenous people often have elevated suicide rates compared with the general population in their countries, and divergent epidemiological characteristics. Social, economic, political, environmental, and historical factors influence Indigenous people’s mental health. In this chapter, the adoption of culture-specific prevention strategies as well as community-based interventions in countries where indigenous peoples live are proposed and discussed, including the importance of involving the tribal leaders in the communities, clergies, and schools, and to sustain the indigenous heritage of the region.

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Conference papers on the topic "Railways (Elevated) United States"

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Turla, Tejashree, Xiang Liu, Zhipeng Zhang, and Zheyong Bian. "Analysis of Train Collision Risk in the United States: 2001 to 2015." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6157.

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Railways have a substantial contribution to the economy of the United States. However, a train accident can result in casualties and extensive damages to infrastructure and the environment. Most of the prior research focused on derailments or grade-crossing accidents rather than the study of train collisions. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) identifies over 300 causes for all types of accidents, among which we aim to recognize the major factors that cause train collisions. Evaluating how collision frequency and severity vary with the accident cause is the key part of this research, in order to identify, evaluate and mitigate transportation risk. This paper presents a statistical analysis of passenger and freight train collisions in the United States from 2001 to 2015 to statistically analyze train collision frequency, severity, accident cause, and safety risk. The analysis finds that human errors and signal failures are among the most common causes of train collisions in U.S. in the 15-year study period. There is a significant decline in the overall train collision frequency by year. By observing these trends with respect to train collisions, possible accident prevention strategies could be developed and implemented accordingly.

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Thurston, David F. "Risk Based Broken Rail Detection on Railways." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3702.

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There has been a long debate among train control professionals related to broken rail detection; where it is required and how it is achieved. Despite this ongoing discussion, there has been little research in terms of the actual practical application of new technology or risk mitigation approaches since conventional track circuits have been applied to detect broken rails. This paper first looks at conventional broken rail detection as implemented with various track circuit types, then reviews the current research on alternate means of detection throughout the world. The paper will then quantify a risk based approach utilizing existing technologies to mitigate the broken rail requirements currently mandated for higher speed rail systems in the United States. Further, the implications for train control systems for both transit and the general system of railroads will be examined.

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Alappattu, Denny P., and Qing Wang. "Evaporation and elevated duct properties over the subtropical eastern pacific ocean region using MAGIC data." In 2016 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi-nrsm.2016.7436231.

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Engels, Eric, Monica D'Arcy, Ruth Pfeiffer, Meredith Shiels, Lindsay Morton, Amy Kahn, and Charles Lynch. "Abstract 1056: Elevated incidence of rare cancers among solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) in the United States." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-1056.

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Cockle, John. "Risk Acceptance and Application of the Common Safety Method in the United States." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5747.

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The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that will require passenger rail operators in the United States to develop a System Safety Program using a risk-based hazard management approach. Identified as 49 CFR, Part 270 System Safety Rule [1], the NPRM describes the basic requirements for a system safety program plan, including the need for a method for accepting risk. The NPRM does not, however, identify how the responsible party should actually go about managing risk. That is left up to the railways themselves. In Europe, hazard management is applied in the railroad industry (including high-speed rail systems) under the regulatory authority of the European Union. European Commission Regulation 352/2009/EC [2] outlines a Common Safety Method (CSM) on Risk Evaluation and Assessment for Railways of the European Union, commonly known as the CSM Regulation and the heart of the railway safety program in Europe. The CSM Regulation includes the standard risk assessment process elements: identification of the hazards, corresponding risks, mitigation measures to reduce the risk, and the resulting safety requirements to be fulfilled by the system under assessment. What sets the CSM Regulation apart from other risk assessment programs is that it provides a methodology for determining when acceptable risk is achieved. The risk acceptability of the system under assessment is evaluated using one or more of the following risk acceptance principles: a) The application of relevant codes of practice; b) A comparison with similar systems (reference systems); c) Explicit risk estimation. In essence, the responsible party can accept risk that has either been regulated to an acceptable level by an authority having jurisdiction or a widely-accepted industry practice, or if the risk has been successfully addressed by a similar railway system through that railway’s engineering and operational controls. If neither of these cases applies the responsible party can estimate the risk and choose to accept it or not. A common approach, even internationally, is to develop an explicit risk estimation process based on the U.S. Department of Defense Military Standard 882E (MIL-STD-882E) [3]. Safety hazards are identified, analyzed for risk (severity and probability), and mitigations are progressively applied until a level of safety is achieved that is as low as reasonably practicable. The California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA) has adopted a risk-based hazard management program to achieve an acceptable level of safety for the design, construction, implementation and operation of the California High-Speed Rail System. CHSRA has deliberately used both domestic and international guidance and standards in the development of this program in an effort to apply the most up-to-date processes and philosophies, and to draw upon the impressive safety legacy of international high-speed railway operators. This paper will describe the relevant regulations and guidance (both domestically and internationally), review the elements of a risk acceptance program based upon the CSM Regulation, and apply the program to a select set of hazards to demonstrate how appropriate mitigations can be determined and residual risk accepted. The paper will also identify potential future applications for the CSM Regulation here in the United States, and will challenge the reader to manage hazards using a risk-based approach that incorporates the basic framework of the CSM Regulation.

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Han, Hai-Chao, Avione Y. Lee, Ramsey H. Shadfan, and Yangming Xiao. "Aneurismal Arteries are Vulnerable to Mechanical Buckling." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14192.

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Rupture of aneurysms is a leading cause of death in the United States. Extensive biomechanical studies have shown that mechanical stress in aneurysm walls plays a critical role in the rupture of aneurysms. Highly elevated local stress and degraded aneurismal walls are believed to make aneurysms vulnerable to rupture [1–3]. Asymmetric aneurysms with irregular shape and wall thickness are vulnerable to rupture. Aneurismal arteries are often tortuous such as in the Loeys-Dietz syndrome [4], but the mechanism is unclear.

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Charonko, John J., Rahul Kumar, Kelley Stewart, William C. Little, and Pavlos P. Vlachos. "A Relationship Between Pressure Fields and Flow Patterns During Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Using 2D Phase Contrast MRI." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19423.

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Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction (LVDD) is a disease in which the heart is unable to properly fill the left ventricle before the systolic contraction pushes the blood out of the chamber into the rest of the body [1]. It is frequently characterized by elevated filling pressures within the heart. Over 70 million people in the United States with high blood pressure are at risk for LVDD [2], and numerous studies have shown a link between LVDD and heart failure. However, due to compensatory mechanisms early stage dysfunction can be difficult to diagnose.

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Greene, Rob. "Vibration Control Design for Light Rail Transit: A Single Project With the Full Rainbow of Vibration Control Features: Case Study." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5617.

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Because of the recent emphasis on rail transit infrastructure expansion and rebuilding in the United States, there is concern about the potential adverse vibration effects on existing activities that are sensitive to vibration and ground-borne-noise located in proximity to new or reactivated rail system rights-of-way. A Southern California at-grade/elevated LRT system that is currently under construction required the design and specification of extensive vibration control features. The final design needed to include the entire range of vibration mitigation tools presented in the Federal Transit Administration guidance manual. Designs and Contract Specifications included simple single-layer ballast mats; multi-layer ballast mats; high-resilience direct fixation fasteners; potential wheel-squeal solutions; low-vibration special trackwork; continuously-supported, street-running, floating slab track; and discrete, steel-helical-spring-supported floating slab track. It is noteworthy that the discrete steel-spring-supported FST is the first use of this vibration control approach in an at-grade rail system in the United States. This paper will discuss the overall approach, data analysis, solutions development, and the final designs prepared for this project and how this information may be beneficial to other projects with similar issues.

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Ahmad, Asad, Nathan Gallant, Rasim Guldiken, and Onursal Onen. "Surface Functionalization of an Ovarian Cancer Diagnostic Biosensor." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64311.

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Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death among women in United States and the disease has 1.4% (1 in 71) lifetime risk. Patients with ovarian cancer have a short median survival time after diagnosis with their 5-year survival rate being less than 40%. Early stage ovarian cancer represents an important target for screening since it is lethal in most late stage cases (1). Currently the primary screening procedure for ovarian cancer are blood levels of cancer antigen (CA) 125, however CA 125 levels can also be elevated due to other disorders and do not provide conclusive results (2). Utilizing the research done at the Cell and Molecular Biology department at the University of South Florida which conclusively revealed that urinary levels of bcl-2 are elevated in ovarian cancer patients (3), this research it the first of its kind looking to assess the capture of an analyte protein on a series of potential bioconjugated surfaces for use in a novel acoustic biosensor. Therefore, this research addresses the need for a reliable and economic testing platform to detect ovarian cancer.

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Myers, Kristin M., and Thao D. Nguyen. "The Bulge Inflation Response of Bovine Sclera." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204250.

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Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States and in the world [1]. It is caused by damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. Despite therapeutic efforts to reduce the rate of vision loss in glaucoma patients, the rate of blindness remains high [2]. There is evidence that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) plays an important role in the damage to RGCs [3–5], but the relationship between the mechanical properties of the connective tissue and how it affects the cellular function is not understood. The load-bearing eye wall consists of the cornea and the sclera. Both tissues are collagen rich structures with preferentially aligned collagen lamellae dictating its mechanical response. Previous studies have shown that the viscoelastic material response of the eye wall differs between normal and glaucoma animal tissues [6]. However, these previous studies relied on strip testing of tissue samples.

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