Journal articles: 'Railways (Elevated) United States'

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Divall, Colin. "Railways in Britain and the United States, 1830-1940 (review)." Technology and Culture 44, no. 2 (2003): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2003.0062.

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Cohen, Jim. "Divergent Paths, United States and France: Capital Markets, the State, and Differentiation in Transportation Systems, 1840–1940." Enterprise & Society 10, no. 3 (September 2009): 449–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008132.

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Why do the United States and France, both capitalist economies that were dominated by private railways in the 19th and early 20th centuries, have very different transport systems today? After World War II France developed 200 mph high speed trains, while railways in the United States declined to near irrelevance. This paper argues that cross-national divergence was caused by private and public actions that structured capitalmarkets and controlled planning. In the United States private financial institutions used capital markets to shape rail development. In France, by way of contrast, the state directly intervened in financial markets and controlled planning. Both systems thrived until World War I. But, then, faced with growing competition from cars, buses and trucks and burdened by excessive debt, they declined towards bankruptcy. The Great Depression became a defining moment as a Socialist-dominated government in France nationalized railways while in the United States, President Roosevelt's New Deal failed to enact policies to ensure the competitive viability of rail in relation to motorized transport. Rarely used archival sources provide much of the evidence for this argument.

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Button, Kenneth. "Is there any economic justification for high-speed railways in the United States?" Journal of Transport Geography 22 (May 2012): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.025.

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Peake, R. T. "Radon and Geology in the United States." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (August 1, 1988): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080265.

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Abstract Regional geology and indoor radon concentrations appear to be related in the US. Using data from probability based samples, indoor radon frequency distributions have been developed in areas with similar regional geology. These frequency distributions can be used to define relative radon potential in the US. The geologic factors which determine regional radon potential are: (1) Lithologic: Rock types with known or potentially high uranium concentrations have a high probability of generating elevated indoor radon levels. Lithologies with US DOE National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) equivalent uranium concentrations greater than 3 ppm may constitute high radon potential areas. (2) Soils: Soil permeability greatly influences radon potential. For Example, evidence suggests that high permeabilities (>0.01 cm.s-1) can cause elevated indoor radon levels even if radium concentrations are low.

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Wheeler, David C., Joseph Boyle, Shyam Raman, and Erik J. Nelson. "Modeling elevated blood lead level risk across the United States." Science of The Total Environment 769 (May 2021): 145237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145237.

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Alarcon, Walter A., Sherri Davidson, Brigitte Dufour, Matthew Roach, Kaleb Tsang, Susan F. Payne, Amanda M. DeLoreto, et al. "Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Employed Adults — United States, 1994–2013." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63, no. 55 (October 14, 2016): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6355a5.

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Alexander, Barbara, Nathaniel Rodman, S. B. White, and Jeffrey Phillips. "Areas of the United States With Elevated Screening Levels of 222Rn." Health Physics 66, no. 1 (January 1994): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199401000-00007.

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Quilter, Laura, Sancta St Cyr, Vincent Abitria, Andrew Ancharski, Ilene Bautista, Jose Bazan, Karen Carifo, et al. "125. eGISP: Enhanced Surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility in the United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy209.015.

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Abstract Background The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), which monitors trends in N. gonorrhoeae susceptibility among men with gonococcal urethritis in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, has informed treatment recommendations for 3 decades. However, it has been speculated that susceptibility patterns may differ in women, as well as in the pharynx and rectum. We describe preliminary findings from the enhanced GISP (eGISP), which expands surveillance to pharyngeal, rectal, and endocervical isolates. Methods In August 2017, select jurisdictions were funded to collect urogenital and extragenital specimens from men and women seen in participating STD clinics. Positive gonorrhea cultures were sent to regional laboratories for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by agar dilution. Isolates with elevated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to azithromycin (AZI) (MIC ≥2.0 μg/mL), cefixime (CFX) (MIC ≥0.25 μg/mL), and/or ceftriaxone (CRO) (MIC ≥0.125 μg/mL) were designated as Alert isolates. Clinical and epidemiological data were linked to AST results. Results From August 2017 to February 2018, 4 clinics in 4 jurisdictions submitted 468 positive gonococcal specimens for AST; 36.1% were from men who have sex with men (MSM), 51.9% from men who have sex with women (MSW), and 12.0% from women. Overall, 71.8% were urethral, 7.9% endocervical, 7.1% rectal, and 13.2% pharyngeal. Seventy-two isolates (15.4%) were Alerts: 97.2% (N = 70) had elevated MICs to AZI, 2.8% (N = 2) had elevated MICs to CFX, and none had elevated MICs to CRO. No isolate had elevated MICs to both AZI and CFX. Among MSM, 15.9% of urogenital isolates and 16.1% of extragenital isolates had an elevated AZI MIC. Among MSW, 11.8% of urogenital isolates and 14.3% of pharyngeal isolates had an elevated AZI MIC. Among women, 24.3% of endocervical isolates and 26.3% of extragenital isolates had an elevated AZI MIC. Conclusion Preliminary eGISP data suggest that enhanced surveillance of pharyngeal, rectal, and endocervical isolates is feasible and that elevated MICs to azithromycin are common among males and females. Including isolates from extragenital anatomic sites and women may help strengthen N. gonorrhoeae surveillance capacity. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Friedricks, William B. "A Metropolitan Entrepreneur Par Excellence: Henry E. Huntington and the Growth of Southern California, 1898–1927." Business History Review 63, no. 2 (1989): 329–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115699.

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Henry E. Huntington, according to the following article, placed his imprint on the development of his region, the Los Angeles basin, to an extent unique among urban entrepreneurs. His great wealth and foresight, and especially his interests in street railways, real estate development, and hydroelectric power, enabled him to become a de facto city planner for one of the most important metropolitan regions in the United States.

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Ahijevych, D. A., C. A. Davis, R. E. Carbone, and J. D. Tuttle. "Initiation of Precipitation Episodes Relative to Elevated Terrain." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 22 (November 1, 2004): 2763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3307.1.

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Abstract The western and central United States experience a pronounced diurnal cycle in rainfall during the warm season. Over the higher terrain west of 105°W, most precipitation occurs in the afternoon, whereas the central United States experiences more nocturnal events. This coherent phase transition between the Rocky Mountains and the U.S. Great Plains is well defined for all warm seasons between 1996 and 2003, provided that the rainfall observations are remapped relative to the elevated terrain in the western United States prior to north–south averaging. Due to the westward shift of the Continental Divide north of 42°N and its intersection with the warm season storm track for 2002, the diurnal coherence greatly improves after remapping the 2002 rainfall observations. This speaks to the long-range influence of orography on precipitation frequency and suggests that the primary east–west corridor of precipitation for an individual warm season intersects the cordillera over a fairly narrow latitude range.

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Looker, Anne C. "Prevalence of Elevated Serum Transferrin Saturation in Adults in the United States." Annals of Internal Medicine 129, no. 11_Part_2 (December 1, 1998): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-11_part_2-199812011-00004.

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Clark, Jeanne M., Frederick L. Brancati, and Anna Mae Diehl. "The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States." American Journal of Gastroenterology 98, no. 5 (May 2003): 960–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07486.x.

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Coghill, Anna E., Meredith S. Shiels, Gita Suneja, and Eric A. Engels. "Elevated Cancer-Specific Mortality Among HIV-Infected Patients in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 21 (July 20, 2015): 2376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.5967.

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Purpose Despite advances in the treatment of HIV, HIV-infected people remain at increased risk for many cancers, and the number of non–AIDS-defining cancers is increasing with the aging of the HIV-infected population. No prior study has comprehensively evaluated the effect of HIV on cancer-specific mortality. Patients and Methods We identified cases of 14 common cancers occurring from 1996 to 2010 in six US states participating in a linkage of cancer and HIV/AIDS registries. We used Cox regression to examine the association between patient HIV status and death resulting from the presenting cancer (ascertained from death certificates), adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, year of cancer diagnosis, and cancer stage. We included 1,816,461 patients with cancer, 6,459 (0.36%) of whom were HIV infected. Results Cancer-specific mortality was significantly elevated in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected patients for many cancers: colorectum (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.49; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.84), pancreas (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.35 to 2.18), larynx (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.47), lung (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.39), melanoma (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.70), breast (HR, 2.61; 95% CI, 2.06 to 3.31), and prostate (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.41). HIV was not associated with increased cancer-specific mortality for anal cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. After further adjustment for cancer treatment, HIV remained associated with elevated cancer-specific mortality for common non–AIDS-defining cancers: colorectum (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.80), lung (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.44), melanoma (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.27), and breast (HR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.86 to 3.73). Conclusion HIV-infected patients with cancer experienced higher cancer-specific mortality than HIV-uninfected patients, independent of cancer stage or receipt of cancer treatment. The elevation in cancer-specific mortality among HIV-infected patients may be attributable to unmeasured stage or treatment differences as well as a direct relationship between immunosuppression and tumor progression.

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McCoy, Laurel P., Patrick S. Market, Chad M. Gravelle, Charles E. Graves, Neil I. Fox, Scott M. Rochette, Joshua Kastman, and Bohumil Svoma. "Composites of Heavy Rain Producing Elevated Thunderstorms in the Central United States." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6932798.

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Composite analyses of the atmosphere over the central United States during elevated thunderstorms producing heavy rainfall are presented. Composites were created for five National Weather Service County Warning Areas (CWAs) in the region. Events studied occurred during the warm season (April–September) during 1979–2012. These CWAs encompass the region determined previously to experience the greatest frequency of elevated thunderstorms in the United States. Composited events produced rainfall of >50 mm 24 hr−1 within the selected CWA. Composites were generated for the 0–3 hr period prior to the heaviest rainfall, 6–9 hours prior to it, and 12–15 hours prior to it. This paper focuses on the Pleasant Hill, Missouri (EAX) composites, as all CWA results were similar; also these analyses focus on the period 0–3 hours prior to event occurrence. These findings corroborate the findings of previous authors. What is offered here that is unique is (1) a measure of the interquartile range within the composite mean fields, allowing for discrimination between variable fields that provided a strong reliable signal, from those that may appear strong but possess large variability, and (2) composite soundings of two subclasses of elevated thunderstorms. Also, a null case (one that fits the composite but failed to produce significant rainfall) is also examined for comparison.

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Bell, David N. F., and David G. Blanchflower. "Underemployment in the United States and Europe." ILR Review 74, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 56–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919886527.

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The authors produce estimates for a new and better rate of underemployment for 25 countries using the European Labor Force Survey that is based on workers’ reports of their preferred hours at the going wage. Both voluntary and involuntary part-time workers report they want more hours. Full-time workers who say they want to change their hours, mostly say they want to reduce them. When the Great Recession hit, the number of hours of those who said they wanted more hours increased, and the number of hours of those who said they wanted fewer hours decreased. The percentage of workers in both categories remains elevated. The authors provide evidence for the United Kingdom and the United States as well as from an international sample that underemployment lowers pay in the years after the Great Recession, but the unemployment rate does not. They also find evidence for the United States that decreases in the home ownership rate have helped to keep wage pressure in check. Underemployment replaces unemployment as the main influence on wages in the years since the Great Recession.

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Rykova, Inna N., and Andrey A. Alaev. "Prospects for the development of high-speed railway communication in Russia based on the analysis of foreign experience." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 1(2021) (March 25, 2021): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-1-136-145.

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The article is devoted to the experience of the implementation of high-speed railways in foreign countries and the possibility of its use in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the issues of financial and economic justification of such projects, using the criteria of commercial and budgetary efficiency. Particular attention is paid to China in the article, since this country today has the greatest experience in the implementation of projects in the field of high-speed rail communication. The emergence of high-speed rail in China not only became a technological breakthrough, but also played an important role in stimulating the country’s economy and enhancing domestic demand. At the moment, 57% of all high-speed railways in the world are in China alone. The experience of the United States is also of scientific interest, in particular, in the consideration and evaluation of high-speed rail projects. Despite the high level of economic development in the United States, high-speed rail transport is practically undeveloped, which is largely due to historical reasons. Cheap oil, along with improvements to cars and airplanes, and government subsidies for highway and airport construction, have made these vehicles more accessible to most of the population and highlighted them. Despite these circumstances, the authorities of many states are interested in the implementation of high-speed rail projects. At the same time, the question of the possibility and expediency of switching passenger flows from existing modes of transport remains relevant in the United States. In the final part of the article, using the example of specific projects, the prospects for the development of high-speed railway communication in Russia are assessed and proposals for the development of the transport complex as a whole are given.

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Muckensturm, Joshua R., and Dave C. Longhorn. "Assessing the vulnerability of military theater distribution routes." Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics 3, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdal-07-2018-0012.

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Purpose This paper introduces a new heuristic algorithm that aims to solve the military route vulnerability problem, which involves assessing the vulnerability of military cargo flowing over roads and railways subject to enemy interdiction. Design/methodology/approach Graph theory, a heuristic and a binary integer program are used in this paper. Findings This work allows transportation analysts at the United States Transportation Command to identify a relatively small number of roads or railways that, if interdicted by an enemy, could disrupt the flow of military cargo within any theater of operation. Research limitations/implications This research does not capture aspects of time, such as the reality that cargo requirements and enemy threats may fluctuate each day of the contingency. Practical implications This work provides military logistics planners and decision-makers with a vulnerability assessment of theater distribution routes, including insights into which specific roads and railways may require protection to ensure the successful delivery of cargo from ports of debarkation to final destinations. Originality/value This work merges network connectivity and flow characteristics with enemy threat assessments to identify militarily-useful roads and railways most vulnerable to enemy interdictions. A geographic combatant command recently used this specific research approach to support their request for rapid rail repair capability.

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Pepper, Carolyn M. "Suicide in the Mountain West Region of the United States." Crisis 38, no. 5 (September 2017): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000451.

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Abstract. Background: The Mountain West region of the United States consistently reports the highest rates of suicide in the country. This pattern could reflect a regional culture-of-suicide script in support of suicide that implicitly influences individual's behavior. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether suicide rates are elevated in the Mountain West across a wide range of demographic groups, thereby supporting a regional cultural script. Method: Suicide rates in the Mountain West between 1999 and 2014 were compared to the rest of the country across a wide range of demographic categories and levels of population density using the Center for Disease Control Multiple Causes of Death dataset published on the WONDER online database. Results: Suicide rates are elevated in the Mountain West for men and women, all racial groups, all age groups, and at every level of population density compared to the rest of the country. Limitations: Missing and suppressed data, the use of coroner reports, and the arbitrary nature of state and regional boundaries are all discussed as possible limitations to this study. Conclusion: These findings support a broad culture-of-suicide script that is pervasive in this region across demographic groups and all levels of population density.

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Weiss, Debora, Carrie D. Tomasallo, Jon G. Meiman, Walter Alarcon, Nathan M. Graber, Kristine M. Bisgard, and Henry A. Anderson. "Elevated Blood Lead Levels Associated with Retained Bullet Fragments — United States, 2003–2012." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66, no. 5 (February 10, 2017): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6605a2.

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Resnick, Helaine E., and Gregory L. Foster. "Prevalence of elevated ankle-brachial index in the United States 1999 to 2002." American Journal of Medicine 118, no. 6 (June 2005): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.11.025.

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Dongarwar, Deepa, and Hamisu Mohammed Salihu. "Risk of Stillbirth after Infertility Treatment in the United States: 2014-2017." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 9, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.345.

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To estimate the risk of stillbirth following infertility treatment in the United States (US), we analyzed data from the US Natality and Fetal Death files from 2014 to 2017. We built Cox proportional regression models to generate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for the risk of stillbirth among women who utilized various modalities of infertility treatment within the study period. Women who used any infertility treatment and, specifically, assisted reproductive technology (ART), had an elevated risk of stillbirth (HR: 1.21, 95% CI:1.09 -1.33) compared to women who did not use ART. We concluded that in this population, the risk of stillbirth was elevated among women using infertility treatment. Key words: • ART • Infertility treatment • Fertility enhancing drugs • Stillbirth in US Copyright © 2020 Dongarwar and Salihu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Magno, Hector, and Beatrice Golomb. "Measuring the Benefits of Mass Vaccination Programs in the United States." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040561.

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Since the late 1940s, mass vaccination programs in the USA have contributed to the significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. To assist the evaluation of the benefits of mass vaccination programs, the number of individuals who would have suffered death or permanent disability in the USA in 2014, had mass vaccination never been implemented, was estimated for measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B, varicella, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The estimates accounted for mortality and morbidity trends observed for these infections prior to mass vaccination and the impact of advances in standard of living and health care. The estimates also considered populations with and without known factors leading to an elevated risk of permanent injury from infection. Mass vaccination prevented an estimated 20 million infections and 12,000 deaths and permanent disabilities in 2014, including 10,800 deaths and permanent disabilities in persons at elevated risk. Though 9000 of the estimated prevented deaths were from liver cirrhosis and cancer, mass vaccination programs have not, at this point, shown empirical impacts on the prevalence of those conditions. Future studies can refine these estimates, assess the impact of adjusting estimation assumptions, and consider additional risk factors that lead to heightened risk of permanent harm from infection.

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Horgan, Katherine L., David M. Schultz, John E. Hales, Stephen F. Corfidi, and Robert H. Johns. "A Five-Year Climatology of Elevated Severe Convective Storms in the United States East of the Rocky Mountains." Weather and Forecasting 22, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 1031–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf1032.1.

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Abstract A 5-yr climatology of elevated severe convective storms was constructed for 1983–87 east of the Rocky Mountains. Potential cases were selected by finding severe storm reports on the cold side of surface fronts. Of the 1826 days during the 5-yr period, 1689 (91%) had surface fronts east of the Rockies. Of the 1689 days with surface fronts, 129 (8%) were associated with elevated severe storm cases. Of the 1066 severe storm reports associated with the 129 elevated severe storm cases, 624 (59%) were hail reports, 396 (37%) were wind reports, and 46 (4%) were tornado reports. A maximum of elevated severe storm cases occurred in May with a secondary maximum in September. Elevated severe storm cases vary geographically throughout the year, with a maximum over the south-central United States in winter to a central and eastern U.S. maximum in spring and summer. A diurnal maximum of elevated severe storm cases occurred at 2100 UTC, which coincided with the diurnal maximum of hail reports. The wind reports had a broad maximum during the daytime. Because the forecasting of hail from elevated storms typically does not pose as significant a forecast challenge as severe wind for forecasters and tornadoes from elevated storms are relatively uncommon, this study focuses on the occurrence of severe wind from elevated storms. Elevated severe storm cases that produce only severe wind reports occurred roughly 5 times a year. To examine the environments associated with cases that produced severe winds only, five cases were examined in more detail. Common elements among the five cases included elevated convective available potential energy, weak surface easterlies, and shallow near-surface stable layers (less than 100 hPa thick).

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Gandler, Stefan. "Etnocentrism and Critical Theory Two cases: United States and Mexico." Comunicações 24, no. 2 (September 11, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15600/2238-121x/comunicacoes.v24n2p33-56.

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How is it possible to understand a specific cultural determination of human praxis, especially the productive and consumptive one, without falling into ethnologising human subjects in their everyday forms of reproduction, or constructing biological fixations? The former senior faculty of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Bolívar Echeverría (Riobamba, Ecuador 1941 – Mexico City 2010), who does not limit human culture to its ‘elevated’ forms and bases his analysis in the precise manner of material reproduction, finds an adequate image of this relationship between freedom and tradition, between individuality and a historically- and geographically-determined collectivity. This image lies in human languages, their innumerable speech acts and in a science that studies the relation of interdependence among them: semiology.

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St. Cyr, Sancta, Ellen Kersh, Hillard Weinstock, and Elizabeth Torrone. "1167. Trends in Multi-Drug-Resistant Gonorrhea, Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, United States, 1987–2016." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1000.

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Abstract Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae’s ability to develop resistance to antibiotics used for treatment and a limited development of new therapies have made this organism one of three urgent threat pathogens in the United States. We provide the first report of US trends in multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug-resistant (XDR) gonorrhea. Methods The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) monitors trends in antimicrobial susceptibility in N. gonorrhoeae in the United States. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by agar dilution is performed on urethral isolates from male patients at participating STD clinics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are used to identify isolates with resistance or reduced susceptibility using the following criteria: fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin [MIC ≥1.0 μg/mL]) and elevated MICs to cephalosporins (cefixime [MIC ≥0.25 μg/mL], ceftriaxone [MIC ≥0.25 μg/mL]) and macrolides (azithromycin [MIC ≥1.0 μg/mL before 2005 and ≥2.0 μg/mL 2005–2016]). In this analysis, MDR is defined as resistance or elevated MICs to ≥2 classes of antimicrobials; XDR as resistance or elevated MICs to ≥3 classes. This classification excludes penicillin and tetracycline due to their long history and high prevalence of gonococcal resistance. Results During 1987–2016, 159,445 isolates were collected through GISP. In 1998, the first MDR strains were identified. Although only 0.04% of isolates that year, these isolates showed elevated MICs to both cephalosporins and macrolides. By 2010, 1.0% of GISP isolates were MDR with elevated MICs or resistance to two of the cephalosporins, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones. In 2011, the proportion of isolates that were MDR peaked at 1.3%. In 2016, after minor fluctuations, 1.1% of GISP isolates were considered MDR. Only one occurrence of XDR, in 2011, has been seen in GISP. The strain was resistant to fluoroquinolones with elevated MICs to both cephalosporins and macrolides. Conclusion MDR and XDR gonorrhea have remained low over the past three decades; however, dual treatment with cephalosporins and macrolides is the last remaining recommended therapy for N. gonorrhoeae. Until new treatment options become available, a combination of surveillance and ensuring appropriate treatment are needed to delay further resistance. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Emrich, Christopher T., and Susan L. Cutter. "Social Vulnerability to Climate-Sensitive Hazards in the Southern United States." Weather, Climate, and Society 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011wcas1092.1.

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Abstract The southern United States is no stranger to hazard and disaster events. Intense hurricanes, drought, flooding, and other climate-sensitive hazards are commonplace and have outnumbered similar events in other areas of the United States annually in both scale and magnitude by a ratio of almost 4:1 during the past 10 years. While losses from climate-sensitive hazards are forecast to increase in the coming years, not all of the populations residing within these hazard zones have the same capacity to prepare for, respond to, cope with, and rebound from disaster events. The identification of these vulnerable populations and their location relative to zones of known or probably future hazard exposure is necessary for the development and implementation of effective adaptation, mitigation, and emergency management strategies. This paper provides an approach to regional assessments of hazards vulnerability by describing and integrating hazard zone information on four climate-sensitive hazards with socioeconomic and demographic data to create an index showing both the areal extent of hazard exposure and social vulnerability for the southern United States. When examined together, these maps provide an assessment of the likely spatial impacts of these climate-sensitive hazards and their variability. The identification of hotspots—counties with elevated exposures and elevated social vulnerability—highlights the distribution of the most at risk counties and the driving factors behind them. Results provide the evidentiary basis for developing targeted strategic initiatives for disaster risk reduction including preparedness for response and recovery and longer-term adaptation in those most vulnerable and highly impacted areas.

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Johann, Lisa, and Serge A. Shapiro. "Understanding Vectorial Migration Patterns of Wastewater-Induced Earthquakes in the United States." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 5 (August 4, 2020): 2295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200064.

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ABSTRACT The recent surge of earthquakes in the central United States is linked to the disposal of large volumes of wastewater. Even if injection rates have been decreasing since 2015, the seismic hazard remains elevated. Moreover, some events in Kansas occur far from disposal wells. We applied a multidimensional cross-correlation technique to analyze the spatiotemporal relation between fluid injection and earthquakes. While a strong correlation is observed in east-northeastern direction of the disposal wells for the majority of events, some earthquakes occur in northeastern direction far from the disposal wells. We explain this pattern and the large-scale evolution of borehole pressure observations by directional migration of poroelastic stresses and pore pressure diffusion. This follows from our principal 2D poroelastic finite-element model that has a predicting power and identifies controlling parameters of the process. These are the permeability of the basement and its anisotropic character as well as the distribution of critical fault strengths. Our results suggest that remote locations may be destabilized even when injection rates are declining. Thus, a volume reduction may only provide an immediate effect to lower the seismicity locally. It follows that a state-wide reduction in earthquakes may require longer waiting times and that the hazard of induced seismicity may remain elevated for tens of years.

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McMahon, Peter B., Kenneth Belitz, James E. Reddy, and Tyler D. Johnson. "Elevated Manganese Concentrations in United States Groundwater, Role of Land Surface–Soil–Aquifer Connections." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04055.

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Berkowitz, Carl M., Jerome D. Fast, Stephen R. Springston, Richard J. Larsen, Chester W. Spicer, Paul V. Doskey, John M. Hubbe, and Robert Plastridge. "Formation mechanisms and chemical characteristics of elevated photochemical layers over the northeast United States." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 103, no. D9 (May 1, 1998): 10631–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd03751.

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Coresh, Josef, G. Laura Wei, Geraldine McQuillan, Fredrick L. Brancati, Andrew S. Levey, Camille Jones, and Michael J. Klag. "Prevalence of High Blood Pressure and Elevated Serum Creatinine Level in the United States." Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 9 (May 14, 2001): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.9.1207.

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Dominitz, Jason A., Edward J. Boyko, Thomas D. Koepsell, Patrick J. Heagerty, Charles Maynard, and Jennifer L. Sporleder. "Elevated prevalence of hepatitis C infection in users of United States veterans medical centers." Hepatology 41, no. 1 (January 2005): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.20502.

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James, Bridie, and Martin Daly. "Cohabitation Is No Longer Associated With Elevated Spousal Homicide Rates in the United States." Homicide Studies 16, no. 4 (August 20, 2012): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767912457168.

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Cooper, O. R., and J. L. Moody. "Meteorological controls on ozone at an elevated eastern United States regional background monitoring site." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 105, no. D5 (March 1, 2000): 6855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jd901015.

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Ruhl, Constance E., and James E. Everhart. "Elevated Serum Alanine Aminotransferase and γ-Glutamyltransferase and Mortality in the United States Population." Gastroenterology 136, no. 2 (February 2009): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.052.

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Schecter, Arnold, John D. Constable, Joseph V. Bangert, Huayi Tong, Saleh Arghestani, Stephen Monson, and Michael Gross. "Elevated body burdens of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in adipose tissue of United States Vietnam veterans." Chemosphere 18, no. 1-6 (January 1989): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90152-5.

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Kley, Dieter, Heiner Geiss, and Volker A. Mohnen. "Tropospheric ozone at elevated sites and precursor emissions in the United States and Europe." Atmospheric Environment 28, no. 1 (January 1994): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90030-2.

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Miyamoto, Yuri, Jennifer Morozink Boylan, Christopher L. Coe, Katherine B. Curhan, Cynthia S. Levine, Hazel Rose Markus, Jiyoung Park, et al. "Negative emotions predict elevated interleukin-6 in the United States but not in Japan." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 34 (November 2013): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.173.

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Muntner, Paul, Jonathan Winston, Jaime Uribarri, Devin Mann, and Caroline S. Fox. "Overweight, Obesity, and Elevated Serum Cystatin C Levels in Adults in the United States." American Journal of Medicine 121, no. 4 (April 2008): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.003.

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Reilly, M. D. "Urban electric railway management and operation in Britain and America 1900–14." Urban History 16 (May 1989): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800009159.

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The debate about the comparative performance of the British and American economies around the turn of the century has involved most industrial sectors. In the case of the railways, the argument goes back at least to 1887, when a critical analysis of English railway operations compared to those of the United States was published. For British railway companies, the years after 1900 were a particularly difficult time especially in the capital market, and many new investment projects were abandoned, although not solely because of adverse conditions in the capital market. A substantial number of these projects were probably of a marginal nature but the eighteen-year period between 1890 and 1908 also saw the development of a new type of railway – the urban rapid transit system. This was in response to two very different factors – the continuing growth of cities and the application of electric power in a form suitable for railway use. The spread of these systems in Britain paralleled their expansion in the United States.

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JACKMAN, R. P., C. SCHLICHTING, W. CARR, and A. DUBOIS. "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in United States Navy submarine crews." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805005169.

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Helicobacter pylori prevalence is elevated in German submarine crews and in United States Navy (USN) surface fleet personnel, but H. pylori prevalence in USN submariners was unknown. The goal of the study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori in the crews of USN nuclear submarines compared to other military personnel and to the general US population. The presence of H. pylori IgG antibodies was determined in serum samples using a commercial ELISA. Only 47 out of 451 submariners (9·4%) were H. pylori positive, which is similar to that of the US general population with a similar level of education. In contrast, H. pylori prevalence is significantly higher in US Army recruits (26%), USN surface fleet personnel (25%), and German diesel submariners (38%). These data demonstrate that submarine service (and by inference activity requiring isolation and close contact, per se) is not a risk factor for H. pylori infection.

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Matthew, Olayemi O., Paul F. Monaghan, and John S. Luque. "The Novel Coronavirus and Undocumented Farmworkers in the United States." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 31, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291121989000.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has greatly impacted frontline workers’ health in 2020. The objective of this commentary is to evaluate some of the challenges faced by undocumented farmworkers in the context of the current global pandemic and possible risk mitigation strategies. Undocumented farmworkers make considerable contributions to the U.S. economy and food production, but they are at an elevated risk for contracting Covid-19. Their risk is compounded by their employment and legal status, as well as their poor working and living conditions which makes it difficult for them to observe Covid-19 precautionary measures. U.S. immigration policy disincentivizes undocumented farmworkers from seeking healthcare services. Contact tracing challenges could be overcome by gaining trust with subsequent increased testing and care. Extending eligibility of safety net programs for undocumented farmworkers will help to ease the burden of Covid-19, thereby improving their overall health and productivity.

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WILSON, ALAN. "GEOGRAPHICAL MODELING FOR ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY: TWO CASE STUDIES." Advances in Complex Systems 15, no. 01n02 (March 2012): 1150008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525911003384.

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This paper explores the role of mathematical models in archaeology and history. Variants of a particular model — an entropy-maximizing spatial interaction model which also functions as a location model — are presented through two case studies. The first is an example from Archaeology which throws light on settlement sizes in the 9th and 8th century BC Greece; the second is from History and explores the evolution of the United States' urban system from 1790–1870 with particular reference to the impact of railways. The approach is essentially interdisciplinary and uses concepts from Geography, Economics, Physics and Ecology.

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Parker, Matthew D., and David A. Ahijevych. "Convective Episodes in the East-Central United States." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3707–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2098.1.

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Abstract Nine years of composited radar data are investigated to assess the presence of organized convective episodes in the east-central United States. In the eastern United States, the afternoon maximum in thunderstorms is ubiquitous over land. However, after removing this principal diurnal peak from the radar data, the presence and motion of organized convective systems becomes apparent in both temporally averaged fields and in the statistics of convective episodes identified by an objective algorithm. Convective echoes are diurnally maximized over the Appalachian chain, and are repeatedly observed to move toward the east. Partly as a result of this, the daily maximum in storms is delayed over the Piedmont and coastal plain relative to the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic coast. During the 9 yr studied, the objective algorithm identified 2128 total convective episodes (236 yr−1), with several recurring behaviors. Many systems developed over the elevated terrain during the afternoon and moved eastward, often to the coastline and even offshore. In addition, numerous systems formed to the west of the Appalachian Mountains and moved into and across the eastern U.S. study domain. In particular, many nocturnal convective systems from the central United States entered the western side of the study domain, frequently arriving at the eastern mountains around the next day’s afternoon maximum in storm frequency. A fraction of such well-timed systems succeeded in crossing the Appalachians and continuing across the Piedmont and coastal plain. Convective episodes were most frequent during the high-instability, low-shear months of summer, which dominate the year-round statistics. Even so, an important result is that the episodes still occurred almost exclusively in above-average vertical wind shear. Despite the overall dominance of the diurnal cycle, the data show that adequate shear in the region frequently leads to long-lived convective episodes with mesoscale organization.

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Torche, Florencia, and Tamkinat Rauf. "The Political Context and Infant Health in the United States." American Sociological Review 86, no. 3 (April 26, 2021): 377–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00031224211000710.

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Most social determinants of health are shaped by political decisions. However, beyond specific policies, there is limited empirical investigation into the consequences of the changing political context on population health in the United States. We examine a salient political factor—the party of the president and governor—as a determinant of infant health between 1971 and 2018 using a battery of fixed-effects models. We focus on infant health because it has far-reaching implications for future population health and inequality. Our analysis yields three findings: (1) Democratic presidents have a beneficial effect on infant health outcomes, with stronger effects for Black infants compared to White infants. (2) The president’s party effect materializes after two years of a Democratic transition, and remains elevated until the end of the party’s tenure in office. (3) Specific measurable social policies appear to play a minor role in explaining the beneficial effect of Democratic administrations. Our findings suggest the party in power is an important determinant of infant health, particularly among vulnerable populations, and they invite a deeper examination of mechanisms.

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Ayoade, Folusakin, and John Todd. "Clinical Outcomes of Prosthetic Knee Joint Infection in a United States Tertiary Healthcare Center." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.080.

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Abstract Background The 2013 IDSA prosthetic joint infection (PJI) guidelines identified some research gaps, some of which include what factors may predict PJI outcome. We therefore conducted a retrospective single-center study with the goal of addressing some of these gaps. Objectives 1. Describe the incidence, pathogens, role of inflammatory markers, and treatment outcomes of knee PJI. 2. Identify correlations between joint aspiration (JA) and intraoperative (IO) cultures. Methods We retrospectively analyzed all adult knee PJI that were diagnosed and managed at our institution between 1/1/2005 and 12/31/2015. Statistical analysis was done using the paired t-test, Fisher exact and McNemar χ 2 tests as applicable. Results Forty-six subjects met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. See table below. The incidence rate of PJI for the study period was 5.4%.. Staph. aureus was the commonest pathogen accounting for 11(65%) JA and 13(40%) of IO cultures. Low virulence organisms [Staph. epidermidis n = 8 (25%) and Corynebacterium spp. n =1 (3%)] were only recovered from IO cultures. Gram-negative bacilli accounted for 5(30%) JA and 7(28%) IO cultures.. JA correlates well with IO cultures using paired sample correlations (t-test); (correlation 0.61, P = 0.027).. 97% of subjects had elevated ESR while 96% had elevated CRP.. Concerning outcome, there was no statistically significant difference between groups based on implant duration (P = 0.98), symptom onset (P = 0.23), pathogen type (P = 0.83), and treatment options (P = 0.39). Conclusion 1. JA culture is a good predictor of IO culture in knee PJI. 2. Yield of low virulence organisms from JA culture is poor. 3. Elevated ESR and CRP can support diagnosis of knee PJI. 4. Implant duration, pathogen type, duration of symptoms and treatment type do not appear to affect outcome. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Vasunilashorn, Sarinnapha, Jung Ki Kim, and Eileen M. Crimmins. "International Differences in the Links between Obesity and Physiological Dysregulation: The United States, England, and Taiwan." Journal of Obesity 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/618056.

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Excess weight has generally been associated with adverse health outcomes; however, the link between overweight and health outcomes may vary with socioeconomic, cultural, and epidemiological conditions. We examine associations of weight with indicators of biological risk in three nationally representative populations: the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, and the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study in Taiwan. Indicators of biological risk were compared for obese (defined using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference) and normal weight individuals aged 54+. Generally, obesity in England was associated with elevated risk for more markers examined; obese Americans also had elevated risks except that they did not have elevated blood pressure (BP). Including waist circumference in our consideration of BMI indicated different links between obesity and waist size across countries; we found higher physiological dysregulation among those with high waist but normal BMI compared to those with normal waist and normal BMI. Americans had the highest levels of biological risk in all weight/waist groups. Cross-country variation in biological risk associated with obesity may reflect differences in health behaviors, lifestyle, medication use, and culture.

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Strader, Stephen M., Walker S. Ashley, Thomas J. Pingel, and Andrew J. Krmenec. "Observed and Projected Changes in United States Tornado Exposure." Weather, Climate, and Society 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0041.1.

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Abstract This study examines how tornado risk and societal exposure interact to create tornado disaster potential in the United States. Finescale historical and projected demographic data are used in a set of region-specific Monte Carlo tornado simulations to reveal how societal development has shaped, and will continue to shape, tornado disaster frequency and consequences. Results illustrate that although the U.S. Midwest contains the greatest built-environment exposure and the central plains experience the most significant tornadoes, the midsouth contains the greatest tornado disaster potential. This finding is attributed to the relatively elevated tornado risk and accelerated growth in developed land area that characterizes the midsouth region. Disaster potential is projected to amplify in the United States due to increasing built-environment development and its spatial footprint in at-risk regions. In the four regions examined, both average annual tornado impacts and associated impact variability are projected to be as much as 6 to 36 times greater in 2100 than 1940. Extreme annual tornado impacts for all at-risk regions are also projected to nearly double during the twenty-first century, signifying the potential for greater tornado disaster potential in the future. The key lesson is that it is the juxtaposition of both risk and societal exposure that drive disaster potential. Mitigation efforts should evaluate changes in tornado hazard risk and societal exposure in light of land-use planning, building codes, and warning dissemination strategies in order to reduce the effects of tornadoes and other environmental hazards.

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Mueller, Patricia W., and Samuel P. Caudill. "Urinary Albumin Excretion in Children: Factors Related to Elevated Excretion in the United States Population." Renal Failure 21, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1999): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08860229909085091.

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Santella, Nicholas, David T. Ho, Peter Schlosser, and Martin Stute. "Widespread elevated atmospheric SF6 mixing ratios in the Northeastern United States: Implications for groundwater dating." Journal of Hydrology 349, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.031.

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Liu, Taojun, Nicolas Luco, and Abbie B. Liel. "Increases in Life-Safety Risks to Building Occupants from Induced Earthquakes in the Central United States." Earthquake Spectra 35, no. 2 (May 2019): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/041618eqs095m.

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Earthquake occurrence rates in some parts of the Central United States have been elevated for a number of years; this increase has been widely attributed to deep wastewater injection associated with oil and gas activities. This induced seismicity has caused damage to buildings and infrastructure and substantial public concern. In March 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) published its first earthquake ground motion hazard model that accounts for the elevated seismicity, producing a one-year forecast encompassing both induced and natural earthquakes. To assess the potential impact of the elevated seismicity on buildings and the public, this paper quantifies forecasted risks of (1) building collapse and (2) the falling of nonstructural building components by combining the 2016 USGS hazard model with fragility curves for generic modern code-compliant buildings. The assessment shows significant increases in both types of risk compared to that caused by noninduced earthquakes alone; the magnitude of the increases varies from a few times to more than 100 times, depending on location, building period (which is correlated to building height), alternatives for the hazard model, and type of risk of interest. For exploratory purposes only, we also estimate revised values of the risk-targeted ground motion that are currently used for designing buildings.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Railways (Elevated) United States'

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