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Journal articles on the topic 'Rain and rainfall – Botswana'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Masundire, Hillary M. "Rethinking Botswanas Water Policies: People to the Water not Water to the People." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 3, no. 10 (2022): 1276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1590.

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Botswana is a landlocked country situated in central southern Africa (approximately 20 -28° E and 18 - 26° S). It is a water-stressed country. Mean Annual Rainfall (MAR) ranges from under 140 mm to just under 600 mm. The average number of rain days receiving 5mm or more ranges from 18 to 26 days per year [1]. This means the average number of rainless days ranges from 339 to 357 days per year (Figure 1).

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2

Muselli, Marc, and Daniel Beysens. "Mapping past, present and future dew and rain water resources for biocrust evolution in southern Africa." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 69, no. 4 (2021): 400–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2021-0030.

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Abstract Biocrust sustainability relies on dew and rain availability. A study of dew and rain resources in amplitude and frequency and their evolution is presented from year 2001 to 2020 in southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, South Africa) where many biocrust sites have been identified. The evaluation of dew is made from a classical energy balance model using meteorological data collected in 18 stations, where are also collected rain data. One observes a strong correlation between the frequency of dew and rain and the corresponding amplitudes. There is a general tendency to see a decrease in d

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Akinyemi, Felicia O. "Climate Change and Variability in Semiarid Palapye, Eastern Botswana: An Assessment from Smallholder Farmers’ Perspective." Weather, Climate, and Society 9, no. 3 (2017): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0040.1.

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Abstract Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and variability in semiarid contexts. Despite the limited adaptation options often used and the largely subsistence agriculture practiced, studies have shown that smallholders have accumulated local knowledge about changes in climatic conditions. Farmers with field experience and an extensive stay in three sites in Palapye, eastern Botswana, were interviewed. This study related farmers’ perceptions of changes in climate with results from analysis of climate data. Major changes perceived are a reduction in

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Abdeta, Ayana Angassa, and Summer Mabula. "Role of farmer’s indigenous knowledge for adaptation and mitigation to Climate Change in Kgalagadi-North District, Botswana." Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2020.33.

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This paper presents perception of farmers in terms of adaptation and mitigation to climate change in Kgalagadi-North District. The study used qualitative survey method and results are derived from purposively selected interviews using semi-structured questionnaire. The research focused on participants who were aged 50 years and above. Data were summarized and analysed qualitatively using descriptive statistics. Farmers’ perceptions showed that frequent wildfire was major cause of climate change. Farmers further mentioned that they were affected by irregular rainfall, increased temperature and

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Vossen, P. "An analysis of agricultural livestock and traditional crop production statistics as a function of total annual and early, mid and late rainy season rainfall in Botswana." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 42, no. 4 (1988): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(88)90044-5.

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Kim, Min-Seong, and Byung Kwon. "Rainfall Detection and Rainfall Rate Estimation Using Microwave Attenuation." Atmosphere 9, no. 8 (2018): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080287.

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Eight microwave links operating at frequencies ranging from 6 to 8 GHz and with path lengths ranging from 5.7 to 37.4 km traversing the city of Seoul, Korea are used to detect rainfall and estimate path-averaged rainfall rates. Rainfall detection using rain-induced attenuation (dB) was validated by rain detectors installed at automatic weather stations, and the results confirmed that microwave links can be used to detect rainfall with an accuracy ≥80%. The power-law R-k relationships between rain-induced specific attenuation, k (dB km−1), and the rainfall rate, R (mm h−1), were established and

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7

Vossen, Paul. "Rainfall and Agricultural Production in Botswana." Afrika Focus 6, no. 2 (1990): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00602004.

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The interannual variability of traditional, rainfed agricultural production of Botswana, a country with a typical semi-arid climate, is almost completely accounted for by the quality of the rainy season. It appears that the variability of the national cattle death ratio, total planted area and crop yield are, for more than 95% accounted for by rainy season conditions. As a result, also the nutritional state of the population highly correlates with rainfall. Despite the severe droughts of 1978/79and1985/86, farmers were not discouraged to practice agriculture: in fact, crop production shows a s

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Khansa, Pavita, Evi Siti Sofiyah, and I. Wayan Koko Suryawan. "Determination of Rain Intensity Based on Rain Characteristics Observed from Rain Observation Stations Around South Jakarta." Journal of Advanced Civil and Environmental Engineering 3, no. 2 (2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jacee.3.2.106-115.

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South Jakarta has the highest rainfall concentration and the most flood location in Jakarta. Therefore, an urban drainage system is needed to control surface water so flood can be prevented. This research aims to support the urban drainage system planning by determining rainfall intensity based on three methods, those are Van Breen, Bell Tanimoto, and Hasper der Weduwen. The most suitable method will be selected by comparing the value of rainfall intensity with Talbot, Sherman, and Ishiguro approach. This research reveals that the most suitable method is the Van Breen Method with the Talbot eq

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Jiang, Haiyan, Jeffrey B. Halverson, Joanne Simpson, and Edward J. Zipser. "Hurricane “Rainfall Potential” Derived from Satellite Observations Aids Overland Rainfall Prediction." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 4 (2008): 944–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1619.1.

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Abstract The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission–based National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (MPA) product is used to quantify the rainfall distribution in tropical cyclones that made landfall in the United States during 1998–2004. A total of 37 tropical cyclones (TC) are examined, including 2680 three-hourly MPA precipitation observations. Rainfall distributions for overland and overocean observations are compared. It is found that the TC rainfall over ocean bears a strong relationship with the TC maximum wind, whereas the relationship for

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Yu, Zifeng, Yuqing Wang, Haiming Xu, et al. "On the Relationship between Intensity and Rainfall Distribution in Tropical Cyclones Making Landfall over China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 10 (2017): 2883–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0334.1.

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AbstractTRMM satellite 3B42 rainfall estimates for 133 landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) over China during 2001–15 are used to examine the relationship between TC intensity and rainfall distribution. The rain rate of each TC is decomposed into axisymmetric and asymmetric components. The results reveal that, on average, axisymmetric rainfall is closely related to TC intensity. Stronger TCs have higher averaged peak axisymmetric rain rates, more averaged total rain, larger averaged rain areas, higher averaged rain rates, higher averaged amplitudes of the axisymmetric rainfall, and lower amplit

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Sinatra, T., A. Awaludin, F. Nauval, and C. Purnomo. "Calibration of Spatial Rain Scanner using Rainfall Depth of Rain Gauges." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 893, no. 1 (2021): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012064.

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Abstract A spatial rain scanner has been developed based on a marine radar to satisfy the demand for spatial rain information for hydrological applications. Since the coverage of the rain scanner is 44 km in radius, it is necessary to expand the coverage by installing it in two sites that intersect each other performing a radar network. For this purpose, the first rain scanner has been installed at the Center for Atmospheric Science and Technology (PSTA) in Bandung and the second one at the Space and Atmospheric Observation Center (BPAA) Tanjungsari in Sumedang. This paper focuses on the calib

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Molongwane, Charles, Mary-Jane M. Bopape, Ann Fridlind, et al. "Sensitivity of Botswana Ex-Tropical Cyclone Dineo rainfall simulations to cloud microphysics scheme." AAS Open Research 3 (July 7, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13062.1.

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Background: Numerical weather and climate models rely on the use of microphysics schemes to simulate clouds and produce precipitation at convective scales. It is important that we understand how different microphysics schemes perform when simulating high impact weather to inform operational forecasting. Methods: Simulations a heavy rainfall event from 17-20 February 2017 over Botswana were made with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using four different microphysics schemes. The schemes used were the Weather Research and Forecasting Single Moment 6-class scheme (WSM6); Weather R

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Mapiam, Punpim Puttaraksa, Monton Methaprayun, Thom Bogaard, Gerrit Schoups, and Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis. "Citizen rain gauges improve hourly radar rainfall bias correction using a two-step Kalman filter." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 3 (2022): 775–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-775-2022.

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Abstract. The low density of conventional rain gauge networks is often a limiting factor for radar rainfall bias correction. Citizen rain gauges offer a promising opportunity to collect rainfall data at a higher spatial density. In this paper, hourly radar rainfall bias adjustment was applied using two different rain gauge networks: tipping buckets, measured by Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), and daily citizen rain gauges. The radar rainfall bias correction factor was sequentially updated based on TMD and citizen rain gauge data using a two-step Kalman filter to incorporate the two gauge

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Minda, Haruya, and Kenji Nakamura. "High Temporal Resolution Path-Average Rain Gauge with 50-GHz Band Microwave." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, no. 2 (2005): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-1683.1.

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Abstract Rain radar measures instantaneous spatial-average rainfall, while conventional rain gauges directly measure point rainfall with low temporal resolution. Thus differences in the resolution of the sensors create difficulties for rain radar validation, especially for spaceborne rain radar. Accordingly, rainfall measurement by microwave link has been proposed for several decades, as it estimates instantaneous path-average rainfall. Thus it is expected that the microwave link rain gauge will overcome, at least partly, the problems in the rain radar validation, toward which a 50-GHz band mi

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15

Song, Hwan-Jin, Byunghwan Lim, and Sangwon Joo. "Evaluation of Rainfall Forecasts with Heavy Rain Types in the High-Resolution Unified Model over South Korea." Weather and Forecasting 34, no. 5 (2019): 1277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-18-0140.1.

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Abstract Heavy rainfall events account for most socioeconomic damages caused by natural disasters in South Korea. However, the microphysical understanding of heavy rain is still lacking, leading to uncertainties in quantitative rainfall prediction. This study is aimed at evaluating rainfall forecasts in the Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System (LDAPS), a high-resolution configuration of the Unified Model over the Korean Peninsula. The rainfall of LDAPS forecasts was evaluated with observations based on two types of heavy rain events classified from K-means clustering for the relations

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Hwang, Seokhwan, Narae Kang, and Jung Soo Yoon. "Error Generation Characteristics of the Areal Rainfall Estimation Interpolation Method Using Rainfall Radar Data." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 6 (2022): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.6.273.

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This study evaluated the effects of watershed area, rain gauge density, rain gauge distribution, and rainfall movement direction on regional average rainfall estimates by comparing the spatial interpolation results. To this end, the interpolated watershed mean using radar grid data from the Ministry of Environment’s TM rain gauge point was compared with the watershed mean of all radar grids within the watershed. Results showed that eight or more rain gauges are required for accurate area average rainfall estimates in small watersheds of less than 500 km<sup>2</sup>. In addition, th

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17

Hu, Caihong, Chengshuai Liu, Yichen Yao, Qiang Wu, Bingyan Ma, and Shengqi Jian. "Evaluation of the Impact of Rainfall Inputs on Urban Rainfall Models: A Systematic Review." Water 12, no. 9 (2020): 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092484.

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Over the past several decades, urban flooding and other water-related disasters have become increasingly prominent and serious. Although the urban rain flood model’s benefits for urban flood simulation have been extensively documented, the impact of rainfall input to model simulation accuracy remains unclear. This systematic review aims to provide structured research on how rain inputs impact urban rain flood model’s simulation accuracy. The selected 48 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2019 on the Web of Science™ database were analyzed by key factors, including rainfal

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18

Lestari, Sopia, Alain Protat, Valentin Louf, Andrew King, Claire Vincent, and Shuichi Mori. "Subdaily Rain-Rate Properties in Western Java Analyzed Using C-Band Doppler Radar." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 61, no. 9 (2022): 1179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-21-0041.1.

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Abstract Jakarta, a megacity in Indonesia, experiences recurrent floods associated with heavy rainfall. Characteristics of subdaily rainfall and the local factors influencing rainfall around Jakarta have not been thoroughly investigated, primarily because of data limitations. In this study, we examine the frequency and intensity of hourly and daily rain rate, including spatial characteristics and variations across time scales. We use 6-min C-band Doppler radar and 1-min in situ data during 2009–12 to resolve spatial rain-rate characteristics at higher resolution than previous studies. A reflec

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Oyaro, J., and J. Ben-Edigbe. "The Extent of Capacity Loss Caused by Rainfall at Signalised Intersections." Open Transportation Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802014010214.

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Background: Even though their physical characteristics exert a constant influence on capacity and saturation flows, signalized intersections are fixed facilities not affected by rainfall. Whilst traffic conditions with varying effects can be regulated, rainfall conditions cannot be regulated but compensated for by warning drivers to reduce speed. Speed reduction has an impact on signalised intersection capacity, whilst signalised intersection capacity is a function of saturation flow, effective green, and cycle time. In this paper, a capacity loss is the differential percentage between ‘with a

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20

Cecinati, Francesca, Antonio Moreno-Ródenas, Miguel Rico-Ramirez, Marie-claire ten Veldhuis, and Jeroen Langeveld. "Considering Rain Gauge Uncertainty Using Kriging for Uncertain Data." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (2018): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110446.

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In urban hydrological models, rainfall is the main input and one of the main sources of uncertainty. To reach sufficient spatial coverage and resolution, the integration of several rainfall data sources, including rain gauges and weather radars, is often necessary. The uncertainty associated with rain gauge measurements is dependent on rainfall intensity and on the characteristics of the devices. Common spatial interpolation methods do not account for rain gauge uncertainty variability. Kriging for Uncertain Data (KUD) allows the handling of the uncertainty of each rain gauge independently, mo

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21

Loukas, A., and M. C. Quick. "Rain Distribution in a Mountainous Watershed." Hydrology Research 24, no. 4 (1993): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1993.0005.

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The orographic and temporal gradients of rainfall in a mountainous watershed in southwestern British Columbia have been analyzed and streamflow has been estimated using a watershed model. The study watershed is the Jamieson Creek watershed located approximately 30 km north of Vancouver in the Coastal Mountains. The purpose of the study was to determine whether rainfall follows a definable pattern in this mountainous watershed. Regression analysis has been performed for the total rainfall depth per event and hourly intensity for the period 1972-1975. Data is taken from the rainfall season of Ju

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Hambali, Roby, Djoko Legono, Rachmad Jayadi, and Satoru Oishi. "Improving Spatial Rainfall Estimates at Mt. Merapi Area Using Radar-Rain Gauge Conditional Merging." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 1 (2019): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0069.

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Rainfall monitoring is important for providing early warning of lahar flow around Mt. Merapi. The X-band multi-parameter radar developed to support these warning systems provides rainfall information with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, this method underestimates the rainfall compared with rain gauge measurements. Herein, we performed conditional radar-rain gauge merging to obtain the optimal rainfall value distribution. By using the cokriging interpolation method, kriged gauge rainfall, and kriged radar rainfall data were obtained, which were then combined with radar rainfall d

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Prakash, Satya, Ashwin Seshadri, J. Srinivasan, and D. S. Pai. "A New Parameter to Assess Impact of Rain Gauge Density on Uncertainty in the Estimate of Monthly Rainfall over India." Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 5 (2019): 821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0161.1.

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Abstract Rain gauges are considered the most accurate method to estimate rainfall and are used as the “ground truth” for a wide variety of applications. The spatial density of rain gauges varies substantially and hence influences the accuracy of gridded gauge-based rainfall products. The temporal changes in rain gauge density over a region introduce considerable biases in the historical trends in mean rainfall and its extremes. An estimate of uncertainty in gauge-based rainfall estimates associated with the nonuniform layout and placement pattern of the rain gauge network is vital for national

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Ciach, Grzegorz J., Witold F. Krajewski, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, et al. "Radar Rainfall Estimation for Ground Validation Studies of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission." Journal of Applied Meteorology 36, no. 6 (1997): 735–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-36.6.735.

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Abstract This study presents a multicomponent rainfall estimation algorithm, based on weather radar and rain gauge network, that can be used as a ground-based reference in the satellite Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The essential steps are constructing a radar observable, its nonlinear transformation to rainfall, interpolation to rectangular grid, constructing several timescale accumulations, bias adjustment, and merging of the radar rainfall estimates and rain gauge data. Observations from a C-band radar in Darwin, Australia, and a local network of 54 rain gauges were used to ca

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Widyawati, Ega, Nani Nagu, Muhammad Rizal, K. M. Zulkarnain, and Oki Syafrel. "Rationalization of Rainfall Station In Ternate Island." E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 10016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132810016.

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Good rainfall data can be obtained from recordings that are maintained and monitored continuously. Thus, the more rain stations there are, the more detailed the rainfall data will be. The rain station network density is expressed as the area of the watershed represented by one rain station. Meanwhile, the pattern of distribution of rain stations states the location of the placement of rain stations in the watershed. Ternate Island with an area of 76 km2 and has stations located in Akehuda Village, Gamayou Village, Tabona Village, Sasa Village, Kastela Village, and Sulamadaha Village. This stud

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Xu, Zhan Wei, and Gui Lin Zheng. "Implementation of a High-Precision Ultrasonic Rain Gauge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.382.

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A novel rain gauge based on acoustic self-calibration principle is proposed in the paper. Acoustic self-calibration principle can eliminate the uncertainty of the velocity of ultrasound and achieve accurate measurement of rainfall. The rain gauge not only overcomes the influence on the rainfall measurement under intensive rainfall conditions, but also improves the precision of rain gauge. Plenty of experiments have been done to validate the design. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show the effectiveness of the rain gauge. A full description of the rain gauge and implementatio

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Kirsch, Bastian, Marco Clemens, and Felix Ament. "Stratiform and Convective Radar Reflectivity–Rain Rate Relationships and Their Potential to Improve Radar Rainfall Estimates." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 10 (2019): 2259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-19-0077.1.

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AbstractThe variability of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) contributes to large parts of the uncertainty in radar-based quantitative rainfall estimates. The variety of microphysical processes acting on the formation of rainfall generally leads to significantly different relationships between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R for stratiform and convective rainfall. High-resolution observation data from three Micro Rain Radars in northern Germany are analyzed to quantify the potential of dual Z–R relationships to improve radar rainfall estimates under idealized rainfall type identificati

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Zhuge, Xiao-Yong, Fan Yu, and Cheng-Wei Zhang. "Rainfall Retrieval and Nowcasting Based on Multispectral Satellite Images. Part I: Retrieval Study on Daytime 10-Minute Rain Rate." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 6 (2011): 1255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1373.1.

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Abstract This study develops a method for both precipitation area and intensity retrievals based on multispectral geostationary satellite images. This method can be applied to continuous observation of large-scale precipitation so as to solve the problem from the measurements of rainfall radar and rain gauge. Satellite observation is instantaneous, whereas the rain gauge records accumulative data during a time interval. For this reason, collocated 10-min rain gauge measurements and infrared (IR) and visible (VIS) data from the FengYun-2C (FY-2C) geostationary satellite are employed to improve

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Molinié, Gilles, Davide Ceresetti, Sandrine Anquetin, Jean Dominique Creutin, and Brice Boudevillain. "Rainfall Regime of a Mountainous Mediterranean Region: Statistical Analysis at Short Time Steps." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 3 (2012): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jamc2691.1.

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AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of the rainfall regime of a Mediterranean mountainous region of southeastern France. The rainfall regime is studied on temporal scales from hourly to yearly using daily and hourly rain gauge data of 43 and 16 years, respectively. The domain is 200 × 200 km2 with spatial resolution of hourly and daily rain gauges of about 8 and 5 km, respectively. On average, yearly rainfall increases from about 0.5 m yr−1 in the large river plain close to the Mediterranean Sea to up to 2 m yr−1 over the surrounding mountain ridges. The seasonal distribution is also uneve

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Hudiono, Hudiono, Mochammad Taufik, Ridho Hendra Yoga Perdana, and Amalia Eka Rakhmania. "Telemetering of Rainfall Measurement Results Using 433 MHz Wireless Transmission." JURNAL INFOTEL 13, no. 3 (2021): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v13i3.603.

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The line of sight (LOS) microwave communication system, especially those operating at frequencies above 10 GHz, is very susceptible to rain attenuation, particularly in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Therefore, it is essential to calculate rain attenuation estimation values as a basis for consideration in designing a line of sight microwave communication system to get stable communication. In this study, telemetering was designed to measure the rainfall intensity from a rain gauge device through a 433 MHz wireless transceiver. Measurement of rainfall intensity values via an Arduino-cont

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Pendergrass, Angeline G., and Dennis L. Hartmann. "Two Modes of Change of the Distribution of Rain*." Journal of Climate 27, no. 22 (2014): 8357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00182.1.

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Abstract The frequency and intensity of rainfall determine its character and may change with climate. A methodology for characterizing the frequency and amount of rainfall as functions of the rain rate is developed. Two modes of response are defined, one in which the distribution of rainfall increases in equal fraction at all rain rates and one in which the rainfall shifts to higher or lower rain rates without a change in mean rainfall. This description of change is applied to the tropical distribution of daily rainfall over ENSO phases in models and observations. The description fits observat

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Ebert, Elizabeth E., Michael Turk, Sheldon J. Kusselson, et al. "Ensemble Tropical Rainfall Potential (eTRaP) Forecasts." Weather and Forecasting 26, no. 2 (2011): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010waf2222443.1.

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Abstract Ensemble tropical rainfall potential (eTRaP) has been developed to improve short-range forecasts of heavy rainfall in tropical cyclones. Evolving from the tropical rainfall potential (TRaP), a 24-h rain forecast based on estimated rain rates from microwave sensors aboard polar-orbiting satellites, eTRaP combines all single-pass TRaPs generated within ±3 h of 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC to form a simple ensemble. This approach addresses uncertainties in satellite-derived rain rates and spatial rain structures by using estimates from different sensors observing the cyclone at differe

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Soehardi, Fitridawati, and Marta Dinata. "Recent Analysis of Maximum Rain Period." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.3 (2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.3.12323.

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Control and Handling of Flood Issues No Regardless of optimum infrastructure availability in flood control efforts such as soil walls, irrigation networks, dams, drainage and others. Planning in the design of water structures for flood control needs to use accurate information and data of the population, such as information on the maximum rainfall data of the area with a certain repetition period, it is necessary to calculate the flood discharge of the plan so that it can calculate the capacity of the dam to be built. This study aims to determine the ratio of maximum rainfall using three calcu

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Berg, Wesley, Tristan L’Ecuyer, and John M. Haynes. "The Distribution of Rainfall over Oceans from Spaceborne Radars." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 3 (2010): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2330.1.

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Abstract A combination of rainfall estimates from the 13.8-GHz Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and the 94-GHz CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) is used to assess the distribution of rainfall intensity over tropical and subtropical oceans. These two spaceborne radars provide highly complementary information: the PR provides the best information on the total rain volume because of its ability to estimate the intensity of all but the lightest rain rates while the CPR’s higher sensitivity provides superior rainfall detection as well as estimates of drizzle an

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Mulyono, Bambang Heri, Lily Montarcih Limantara, Moh Sholichin, and Dian Sisinggih. "A SYNTHETIC PRECIPITATION MODEL TO DETERMINE THE USAGE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RAIN AS A DATA INPUT IN CALCULATING THE DESIGN FLOOD." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 4 (2022): 416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.4.37.

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In calculating the design-flood discharge, engineers often use the frequency-distribution analysis of rainfall data as the basis for obtaining the magnitude of the design flood. The distribution of rain stations is an important factor in determining the distribution of regional rainfall; however, not all catchments have sufficient rain stations to represent the distribution of precipitation in a watershed. This results in a flood hydrograph—obtained using a rainfall–runoff model that is based on the calculation of the estimated rainfall—with a low level of correlation with the observed hydrogr

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Subiyanti, Hesti, Ahmad Rifa’i, and Rachmad Jayadi. "Analisis Kelongsoran Lereng Akibat Pengaruh Tekanan Air Pori di Saluran Induk Kalibawang Kulonprogo." Semesta Teknika 14, no. 1 (2015): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/st.v14i1.566.

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During rainy seasons, landslide occurs every year in Talang Bawong, Kalibawang Irrigation Channel thatcan damage houses, school building, bridge and the channel. Considering this fact, a numerical analysis by modeling the slope at the site was conducted. The objectives of this research were to identify the rain characteristic in the research site and to recognize its influence towards the change of water pressure in soil as well as the slope failure. The input data of this analysis were slope topography, physical and mechanical properties of soil applied. Groundwater flow in the slope model wa

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Nasruddin and Aso. "Rain Effect Frequency of Infiltration Rate and Infiltration Capacity in Common Soil: Laboratory Test with Rainfall Simulator." Journal La Multiapp 1, no. 1 (2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v1i1.37.

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Analyzing the Influence of Rain Frequency Infiltration Rate and Infiltration Capacity in Common Soil Type (Laboratory Testing Study With Rainfall Simulator). Infiltration is the flow of water into the ground through the soil surface. This process is a very important part of the hydrological cycle and in the process of transferring rain into the flow of water in the soil before reaching the river. Infiltration (infiltration rate and capacity) is influenced by various variables, including soil type, slope inclination, density and type of vegetation, soil moisture content, and rainfall intensity.

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Morrissey, Mark L., Mark A. Shafer, Susan E. Postawko, and Barbara Gibson. "The Pacific Rain Gage Rainfall Database." Water Resources Research 31, no. 8 (1995): 2111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95wr01233.

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Kinnell, PIA. "Sediment transport by shallow flows impacted by pulsed artificial rainfall." Soil Research 31, no. 2 (1993): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930199.

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In many experiments using rainfall simulators, rainfall is applied to the target as a high intensity pulse so that there are often long periods when the soil receives no rain and there are short periods when the soil receives rain at an extremely high intensity. Because concerns exist about the use of such methods of applying rain in experiments designed to help predict erosion under natural conditions, experiments using intermittent and continuous artificial rainfall were performed and analysed in terms of a recently developed theory on erosion by rain-impacted flow. The results indicate that

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Orellana-Alvear, Johanna, Rolando Célleri, Rütger Rollenbeck, and Jörg Bendix. "Analysis of Rain Types and Their Z–R Relationships at Different Locations in the High Andes of Southern Ecuador." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 11 (2017): 3065–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0009.1.

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AbstractInformation on the spatiotemporal rainfall occurrence, its microphysical characteristics, and its reflectivity–rainfall (Z–R) relations required to provide rainfall mapping based on rain radar data is limited for tropical high mountains. Therefore, this study aims to analyze rainfall types in the Andes cordillera to derive different rain-type Z–R relations using disdrometer observations at three study sites representative for different geographic positions and elevations (2610, 3626, and 3773 m MSL). Rain categorization based on mean drop volume diameter (Dm) thresholds [0.1 < Dm (m

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Fisher, Brad L. "Statistical Error Decomposition of Regional-Scale Climatological Precipitation Estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 6 (2007): 791–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2497.1.

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Abstract Monthly rainfall estimates inferred from the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite contain errors due to discrete temporal sampling and remote spaceborne rain retrievals. This paper develops a regional-scale error model that uses the rain information in the ground data to disentangle the sampling and retrieval errors in the satellite estimate statistically. The proposed method computes a mean rain rate from monthly rainfall statistics for each TRMM rain sensor by subsampling high-resolution ground-based rain data at satellite overpass times. This additional rain-su

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Rakhmalia, Riza Indriani, Agus M. Soleh, and Bagus Sartono. "PENDUGAAN CURAH HUJAN DENGAN TEKNIK STATISTICAL DOWNSCALING MENGGUNAKAN CLUSTERWISE REGRESSION SEBARAN TWEEDIE." Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 4, no. 3 (2020): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/ijsa.v4i3.667.

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Rainfall prediction is one of the most challenging problems of the last century. Statistical Downscaling Technique is one of the rainfall estimation techniques that are often used. The goal of this paper is to develop the modeling of cluster-wise regression with rainfall data set that has Tweedie distribution. The data used in this paper were the precipitation from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) version 2 as the predictor variables and rainfall from BMKG as the response variable. Data were collected from January 2010 to December 2019 on the Bogor, Citeko, Jatiwangi, and Bandung rain

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Ling, Hongjie, Zhidong Wang, Shuai An, Guohuai Sun, and Yangyue Yan. "Research on Calculation Method of Rain Load on Structures Based on Discrete Particle Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (November 2, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2107987.

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With the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, the rain load of structures under high wind speeds accompanied by heavy rainfall conditions has become a hot issue for research. In this paper, based on the discrete particle model, the raindrop impact load correction formula is proposed. A rapid calculation method for the rain load of structures is formed through experimental verification. And the forecasting program is developed independently to complete the calculation of rain load per unit flat plate under different wind speed and rainfall intensity combination states. The rain load correcti

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Xu, Jiajia, Jianjun Zhang, Minyi Li, and Fenzhong Wang. "Effect of Rain Peak Morphology on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Miyun Water Source Reserve in China." Water 11, no. 12 (2019): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122429.

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The research on the impact of rainfall patterns on runoff and sediment yield is still insufficient, especially under natural rainfall conditions. We analyzed the influence of rain peak morphology on runoff and sediment yield based on the data of rainfall, runoff, and sediment in the bare runoff plot of Shixia, a small watershed in the Miyun district of Beijing, from 2007 to 2016. We took 0.4 mm min−1 as the standard of rain peak classification and the peak width, peak number, peak value, peak position and multi-peak continuity as the indexes of rain peak morphology. The results showed that: (1

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Wang, Wenyue, and Klemens Hocke. "Atmospheric Effects and Precursors of Rainfall over the Swiss Plateau." Remote Sensing 14, no. 12 (2022): 2938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14122938.

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In this study, we investigate the characteristics of atmospheric parameters before, during, and after rain events in Bern, Switzerland. Ground-based microwave radiometer data of the TROpospheric WAter RAdiometer (TROWARA) with a time resolution of 7 s, observations of a weather station, and the composite analysis method are used to derive the temporal evolution of rain events and to identify possible rainfall precursors during a 10-year period (1199 available rain events). A rainfall climatology is developed using parameters integrated water vapor (IWV), integrated liquid water (ILW), rain rat

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Pauthier, Basile, Benjamin Bois, Thierry Castel, D. Thévenin, Carmela Chateau Smith, and Yves Richard. "Mesoscale and Local Scale Evaluations of Quantitative Precipitation Estimates by Weather Radar Products during a Heavy Rainfall Event." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6089319.

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A 24-hour heavy rainfall event occurred in northeastern France from November 3 to 4, 2014. The accuracy of the quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) by PANTHERE and ANTILOPE radar-based gridded products during this particular event, is examined at both mesoscale and local scale, in comparison with two reference rain-gauge networks. Mesoscale accuracy was assessed for the total rainfall accumulated during the 24-hour event, using the Météo France operational rain-gauge network. Local scale accuracy was assessed for both total event rainfall and hourly rainfall accumulations, using the rec

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Hambali, Roby, Djoko Legono, and Rachmad Jayadi. "THE APPLICATION OF PYRAMID LUCAS-KANADE OPTICAL FLOW METHOD FOR TRACKING RAIN MOTION USING HIGH-RESOLUTION RADAR IMAGES." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 1 (2020): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.14494.

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Short-duration rainfall characteristics in the form of certain intensity, time, and spatial distribution become valuable contribution for lahar flow disaster mitigation in a mountainous region. Due to mitigation purpose, such information can be provided through the rainfall nowcasting process. One of the promising rainfall nowcasting applications is the extrapolation-based method. Rain motion tracking is a crucial part of the rainfall nowcasting based on this method. This paper discusses the application of Pyramid Lucas-Kanade Optical Flow (PLKOF) method on the rain motion tracking analysis us

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Savitri, E., N. Wahyuningrum, H. Y. S. H. Nugroho, N. Sudiana, Y. Indrajaya, and N. Christanto. "Identification of the rain gauge stations for the participatory flood and landslide mitigation in the Serayu river basin, Central Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109, no. 1 (2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012007.

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Abstract Rainfall data is vital in analysing hydro-meteorological disasters, e.g., floods, landslides, or droughts. Currently, the location of climatological stations or rain gauges is preferred in areas that require climatological data, such as airports and near settlements. On the other hand, rainfall analysis for disaster mitigation purposes is more for remote areas, which are often far from the nearest rainfall station. This study aims to obtain accurate rainfall data through the placement of suited rain gauge locations and utilising community participation. The method used in this study i

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Wang, Zhiliang, and Chunyan Huang. "Self-Organized Criticality of Rainfall in Central China." Advances in Meteorology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/203682.

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Rainfall is a complexity dynamics process. In this paper, our objective is to find the evidence of self-organized criticality (SOC) for rain datasets in China by employing the theory and method of SOC. For this reason, we analyzed the long-term rain records of five meteorological stations in Henan, a central province of China. Three concepts, that is, rain duration, drought duration, accumulated rain amount, are proposed to characterize these rain events processes. We investigate their dynamics property by using scale invariant and found that the long-term rain processes in central China indee

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Shige, Shoichi, Satoshi Kida, Hiroki Ashiwake, Takuji Kubota, and Kazumasa Aonashi. "Improvement of TMI Rain Retrievals in Mountainous Areas." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 1 (2013): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-074.1.

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AbstractHeavy rainfall associated with shallow orographic rainfall systems has been underestimated by passive microwave radiometer algorithms owing to weak ice scattering signatures. The authors improve the performance of estimates made using a passive microwave radiometer algorithm, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) algorithm, from data obtained by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) for orographic heavy rainfall. An orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme is developed on the basis of orographically forced upward vertical m

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