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Academic literature on the topic 'Rain and rainfall – Saudi Arabia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Rain and rainfall – Saudi Arabia"

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د. فهدة فلاح بن حشر, د. فهدة فلاح بن حشر. "Estimation and analysis of the effective rainfall In Tabuk area – Saudi Arabia." journal of King Abdulaziz University Arts And Humanities 28, no. 14 (May 14, 2020): 142–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/art.28-14.4.

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this study examined the effective rainfall in Tabuk area by applying the Lang rainfall factor, De Martonne Index and the (UNEP) arid index. The study methodology was based on a statistical tests using the Normality test (Shapiro-Wilk), the Homogeneity test (Leven test), the ANOVA (LSD test) of the monthly mean of rainfall, the daily maximum rainfall and the total number of rainfall days. The multiple comparison (Tehmane’s Test) had been applied between the studied stations. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test shows that the distribution of monthly rainfall averages follows normal distribution in all stations except stations Tabuk and Al Bad’ and that the maximum daily rainfall distribution at Duba, Shuw?q, Al Kurr stations is also normal distribution. The Leven test results showed that the significance level was greater than 0.05 and the Leven Test was greater than 0.05 for the average monthly precipitation, for the daily maximum rainfall and for the number of rain days and it indicates the homogeneity of the rainfall variances in the studied stations.The ANOVA analysis of the averages and maximum daily rainfall, shows that the significance level is greater than 0.05 and the LSD test is greater than 0.05 indicating that the differences are not significant. While the LSD was greater than 0.05 for the number of rain days, indicating that the differences between the number of rain days and their distribution at the studied stations are statistically significant differences, and therefore there is no homogeneity in their differences. The results of the Tamhane’s Test of multiple comparison confirmed that the mean level of monthly mean rainfall and daily maximum rainfall is greater than 0.05 indicates that the differences between the monthly rain averages of and the daily maximum rainfall amounts are not significant for 22.2% of total comparisons.The effective rainfall estimate of Lang’s rainfall index shows that the threshold of effective mean rainfall is between 1.3 and 27.4 mm and that the threshold of maximum daily rainfall is 154.1 mm at the station (Al Bad’). Also, the effective rainfall estimate by the DeMartonne index shows that the threshold of average effective rainfall is between 1.2 and 15.2 mm and that the threshold of maximum daily rainfall is 80.4 mm at the station (Al Bad’). Therefore, the effective rainfall estimate by the UNEP index shows that the threshold of average effective rainfall is between 1.8 and 30.3 mm and that the threshold of maximum daily rainfall is 130.5 mm at the station (Al Bad’). Finally, the effective rainfall estimate by the difference between the rainfall and Pan Class“A” Evaporation shows that the threshold of average effective rainfall is between 1.2 and 25.8 mm and that the threshold of maximum daily rainfall is 137.1 mm at the station (Al Bad’).- Key Words:Effective rainfall average, Effective maximum daily rainfall , Number of rainy days, Statistical tests, Lang rainfall factor, DeMartonne index, UNEP arid index, Tabuk area, Saudi Arabia.
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Anoud Radhi Thamer Alanazi, Anoud Radhi Thamer Alanazi. "Spatial variance analysis of the actual daily mean rainfall in Riyadh for the period 1970 - 2017: تحليل التباين المكاني للمتوسط اليومي الفعلي للأمطار بمنطقة الرياض للفترة بين عامي 1970 و2017." Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 47–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.d200121.

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This study aims to compute the actual mean daily rainfall and analyze its statistical characteristics at the stations of Al Majma’ah (R101-460), Riyadh factories (R001-452), Duruma (R112-470), Jubaylah (R106-464), Sudus (R102-461), Rumah (HU103-954, Shaqra’a (R006-457), Hawtat Sudayr (R005-456), Al Hariq (R104-453), and Huraymilah (R103-462). To achieve the objectives, this study relied on the inductive approach with analyzing the statistical characteristics of rainfall distribution by applying dispersion measures (mean, standard deviation, standard error of the mean, standard error of standard deviation) and on calculating the ratio between annual rainfall amounts and the total number of rainy days per year. The spatial analysis also uses the homogeneous classes of the annual rainfall, the number of rainy days, and the actual mean daily rainfall. This study reached an analysis of the statistical characteristics of the annual rainfall and the number of rainy days recorded during the period 1970-2017 in a total of 10 rain stations. This data is used in calculating the mean actual daily rainfall and in analyzing the variation of its spatial and temporal distribution. The best model for the correlation (cubic model) between annual rainfall amounts and the number of rainy days was also identified. So, this study presents some recommendations to expand this study method in the various regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and compare its results with the results of similar studies in various dry and semi-arid regions. These study results can be used in inferring the effects of climate change and employ the actual mean daily of rain in estimating the water balance in Riyadh area and surface water resources during rainy days to benefit from them in various fields and in designing a climatic and hydrological database in the various regions of Saudi Arabia. The implementation of irrigation projects to prevent flood risks can be used these water resources.
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Mahmoud, Mohammed T., Safa A. Mohammed, Mohamed A. Hamouda, and Mohamed M. Mohamed. "Impact of Topography and Rainfall Intensity on the Accuracy of IMERG Precipitation Estimates in an Arid Region." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010013.

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The influence of topographical characteristics and rainfall intensity on the accuracy of satellite precipitation estimates is of importance to the adoption of satellite data for hydrological applications. This study evaluates the three GPM IMERG V05B products over the arid country of Saudi Arabia. Statistical indices quantifying the performance of IMERG products were calculated under three evaluation techniques: seasonal-based, topographical, and rainfall intensity-based. Results indicated that IMERG products have the capability to detect seasons with the highest precipitation values (spring) and seasons with the lowest precipitation (summer). Moreover, results showed that IMERG products performed well under various rainfall intensities, particularly under light rain, which is the most common rainfall in arid regions. Furthermore, IMERG products exhibited high detection accuracy over moderate elevations, whereas it had poor performance over coastal and mountainous regions. Overall, the results confirmed that the performance of the final-run product surpassed the near-real-time products in terms of consistency and errors. IMERG products can improve temporal resolution and play a significant role in filling data gaps in poorly gauged regions. However, due to the errors in IMERG products, it is recommended to use sub-daily rain gauge data in satellite calibration for better rainfall estimation over arid and semiarid regions.
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Deng, Liping, Matthew F. McCabe, Georgiy Stenchikov, Jason P. Evans, and Paul A. Kucera. "Simulation of Flash-Flood-Producing Storm Events in Saudi Arabia Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model*." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0126.1.

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Abstract The challenges of monitoring and forecasting flash-flood-producing storm events in data-sparse and arid regions are explored using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model (version 3.5) in conjunction with a range of available satellite, in situ, and reanalysis data. Here, we focus on characterizing the initial synoptic features and examining the impact of model parameterization and resolution on the reproduction of a number of flood-producing rainfall events that occurred over the western Saudi Arabian city of Jeddah. Analysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) data suggests that mesoscale convective systems associated with strong moisture convergence ahead of a trough were the major initial features for the occurrence of these intense rain events. The WRF Model was able to simulate the heavy rainfall, with driving convective processes well characterized by a high-resolution cloud-resolving model. The use of higher (1 km vs 5 km) resolution along the Jeddah coastline favors the simulation of local convective systems and adds value to the simulation of heavy rainfall, especially for deep-convection-related extreme values. At the 5-km resolution, corresponding to an intermediate study domain, simulation without a cumulus scheme led to the formation of deeper convective systems and enhanced rainfall around Jeddah, illustrating the need for careful model scheme selection in this transition resolution. In analysis of multiple nested WRF simulations (25, 5, and 1 km), localized volume and intensity of heavy rainfall together with the duration of rainstorms within the Jeddah catchment area were captured reasonably well, although there was evidence of some displacements of rainstorm events.
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Mahmoud, Mohammed, Safa Mohammed, Mohamed Hamouda, and Mohamed Mohamed. "Temporal assessment of the GPM satellite rainfall products across extremely arid regions." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016702001.

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Measuring rainfall precisely is always challenging due to its high variability, particularly in arid regions. Arid regions such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), suffer from rainfall scarcity and high variability of rainfall distribution. Thus, accurate monitoring and management of rainfall are one of the countries’ priority to ensure proficient water resources management. This study validates the accuracy of the GPM IMERG rainfall products over the KSA and UAE to detect the large rainfall events over the period from 2015 to 2017 (two seasons). A temporal assessment was carried out to evaluate the performance of the GPM satellite to detect the rainfall events. The results showed that, for satellite detection, all of the three IMERG near real-time and post-real-time products had a significant detection accuracy. On the other hand, the error indicators showed that the final-run-product had a relatively low estimation error and bias compared with the other IMERG products. Overall, the results revealed that the IMERG final-run-product have the potential to serve as a consistent product to supplement ground measurements, particularly in regions with insufficient coverage by rain gauges. This study is considered one of the earliest evaluations of the GPM IMERG products in the region. Thus, the findings could be used to enhance the upcoming IMERG algorithms associated with the arid regions.
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Dayan, Uri, Itamar M. Lensky, Baruch Ziv, and Pavel Khain. "Atmospheric conditions leading to an exceptional fatal flash flood in the Negev Desert, Israel." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): 1583–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1583-2021.

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Abstract. The study deals with an intense rainstorm that hit the Middle East between 24 and 27 April 2018 and took the lives of 13 people, 10 of them on 26 April during the deadliest flash flood in Tzafit Basin (31.0∘ N, 35.3∘ E), the Negev Desert. The rainfall observed in the southern Negev was comparable to the long-term annual rainfall there, with intensities exceeding a 75-year return period. The timing of the storm, at the end of the rainy season when rain is relatively rare and spotty, raises the question of what the atmospheric conditions were that made this rainstorm one of the most severe late-spring storms. The synoptic background was an upper-level cut-off low that formed south of a blocking high which developed over eastern Europe. The cut-off low entered the Levant near 30∘ N latitude, slowed its movement from ∼10 to <5 m s−1 and so extended the duration of the storm over the region. The dynamic potential of the cut-off low, as estimated by its curvature vorticity, was the largest among the 12 late-spring rainstorms that occurred during the last 33 years. The lower levels were dominated by a cyclone centred over north-western Saudi Arabia, producing north-westerly winds that advected moist air from the Mediterranean inland. During the approach of the storm, the atmosphere over Israel became unstable, with instability indices reaching values favourable for thunderstorms (e.g. CAPE>1500 J kg−1, LI=4 K) and the precipitable water reaching 30 mm. The latter is explained by lower-level moisture advection from the Mediterranean and an additional contribution of mid-level moist air transport entering the region from the east. Three major rain centres were active over Israel during 26 April, only one of them was orographic and the other two were triggered by instability and mesoscale cyclonic centres. The build-up of the instability is explained by a negative upper-level temperature anomaly over the region caused by a northerly flow east of a blocking high that dominated eastern Europe and ground warming during several hours under clear skies. The intensity of this storm is attributed to an amplification of a mid-latitude disturbance which produced a cut-off low with its implied high relative vorticity, low upper-level temperatures and slow progression. All these, combined with the contribution of moisture supply, led to intense moist convection that prevailed over the region for 3 successive days.
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Mashat, A., and H. M. "Analysis of Rainfall over Saudi Arabia." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences 22, no. 2 (2011): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/met.22-2.4.

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Al-Ahmadi, Khalid, and Sharaf Al-Ahmadi. "Rainfall-Altitude Relationship in Saudi Arabia." Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/363029.

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Alabdula'aly, A. I., and M. A. Khan. "Chemistry of Rain Water in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39, no. 1 (June 30, 2000): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010081.

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Almazroui, Mansour. "Rainfall Trends and Extremes in Saudi Arabia in Recent Decades." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090964.

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The observed records of recent decades show increased economic damage associated with flash flooding in different regions of Saudi Arabia. An increase in extreme rainfall events may cause severe repercussions for the socio-economic sectors of the country. The present study investigated the observed rainfall trends and associated extremes over Saudi Arabia for the 42-year period of 1978–2019. It measured the contribution of extreme events to the total rainfall and calculated the changes to mean and extreme rainfall events over five different climate regions of Saudi Arabia. Rainfall indices were constructed by estimating the extreme characteristics associated with daily rainfall frequency and intensity. The analysis reveals that the annual rainfall is decreasing (5.89 mm decade−1, significant at the 90% level) over Saudi Arabia for the entire analysis period, while it increased in the most recent decade. On a monthly scale, the most significant increase (5.44 mm decade−1) is observed in November and the largest decrease (1.20 mm decade−1) in January. The frequency of intense rainfall events is increasing for the majority of stations over Saudi Arabia, while the frequency of weak events is decreasing. More extreme rainfall events are occurring in the northwest, east, and southwest regions of Saudi Arabia. A daily rainfall of ≥ 26 mm is identified as the threshold for an extreme event. It is found that the contribution of extreme events to the total rainfall amount varies from region to region and season to season. The most considerable contribution (up to 56%) is found in the southern region in June. Regionally, significant contribution comes from the coastal region, where extreme events contribute, on average, 47% of the total rainfall each month from October to February, with the largest (53%) in November. For the entire country, extreme rainfall contributes most (52%) in November and least (20%) in July, while contributions from different stations are in the 8–50% range of the total rainfall.
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Books on the topic "Rain and rainfall – Saudi Arabia"

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Uḥaydib, Ibrāhīm ibn Sulaymān. Tawzīʻ al-amṭār fī Janūb Gharb al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al- Saʻūdīyah. al-Qāhirah: Maʻhad al-Buḥūth wa-al-Dirāsāt al-ʻArabīyah, 1992.

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Uhaydib, Ibrahim ibn Sulayman. Tawzi al-amtar fi janub gharb al-Mamlakah al-Arabiyah al-Saudiyah (Silsilat al-Dirasat al-khassah). Mahad al-Buhuth wa-al-Dirasat al-Arabiyah, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rain and rainfall – Saudi Arabia"

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Sendil, Uygur, and Abdin M. A. Salih. "Rainfall Frequency Studies for Central Saudi Arabia." In Hydrologic Frequency Modeling, 315–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3953-0_22.

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Abouammoh, A. M. "The Distribution of Monthly Rainfall Intensity at Some Sites in Saudi Arabia." In Statistical Methods for the Environmental Sciences, 11–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3186-5_2.

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Al-Amri, Nassir S., and Ali M. Subyani. "Analysis of Rainfall, Missing Data, Frequency and PMP in Al-Madinah Area, Western Saudi Arabia." In Regional Geology Reviews, 235–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21874-4_9.

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Boken, Vijendra K. "Agricultural Drought and Its Monitoring and Prediction: Some Concepts." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0007.

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Droughts develop largely due to below-average precipitation over a land area, and they adversely affect various economic sectors in a region. Some of these adverse effects include reductions in agricultural production, hydropower generation, urban and rural water supplies, and industrial outputs. These effects lead to other consequences, secondary and tertiary, that further impact an economy. For instance, when agricultural production declines, food and other commodities tend to cost more and cause economic inflation in a society. Chain effects of persistent droughts can shatter an economy and even cause famine and sociopolitical upheaval in some countries. How does one define a drought? Usually, either precipitation or a form of drought impact is used to define a drought. Because precipitation and drought impacts vary spatially, there is a geographical dimension to definitions of drought. In Saudi Arabia or Libya, droughts are recognized after two to three years without significant rainfall, whereas in Bali (Indonesia), any period of six days or more without rain is considered drought (Dracup et al., 1980; Sen, 1990). In Egypt, any year in which the Nile does not flood is considered a drought year. More than 150 definitions of drought are available in the literature (Gibbs, 1975; Krishnan, 1979; Dracup et al., 1980; Wilhite and Glantz, 1987). For example, a drought can be characterized as climatological, meteorological, water management, socioeconomic, absolute, partial, dry spell, serious, severe, multiyear, design, critical, point, or regional (Palmer, 1965; Herbst et al., 1966; Joseph, 1970a, 1970b; Askew et al., 1971; Beard and Kubik, 1972; Karl, 1983; Santos, 1983; Alley, 1984; Chang, 1990). Often, the difference between an estimated water demand and an expected water supply in a region becomes the basis to define a drought for that region (Kumar and Panu, 1997). A few of the chapters in this book provide a brief description of drought definitions that have been adopted in some countries. Despite the variation in drought definitions, a drought is broadly categorized as meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, or socioeconomic. A meteorological drought is said to occur when seasonal or annual precipitation falls below its long-term average.
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"8 Fluctuations in the price of oil 1973–93 325 13.9 Oil production in the USA, USSR, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela 327 and Kuwait, 1954–92 14.1 Population structure of India in 1991 333 14.2 The states of India 334 14.3 Economic map of India 335 14.4 Rainfall and soil in India 336 14.5 Rice yields in selected countries, 1931–90 337 14.6 Location maps of Pakistan and Bangladesh 345 15.1 Countries and cities of Southeast Asia 353 15.2 Southeast Asia and neighbouring regions 354 15.3 A comparison of the population structure of Singapore and 355 Malaysia 15.4 The population structure of Indonesia 356 15.5 Economic map of Southeast Asia 358 15.6 Centres of tourism in Thailand 364 16.1 Position of China in the hemisphere centred on Lanzhou 373 16.2 The Provinces of China represented (a) conventionally, (b) in 375 the form of a cartogram with Provinces drawn according to the size of population 16.3 Population change in China, 1949–92 376 16.4 Population structure of China, 1990 376 16.5 Three alternative futures for the population of China 379." In Geography of the World's Major Regions, 663. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203429815-173.

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