Journal articles: 'Rainfall simulator'

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Nolan, S. C., L. J. P. van Vliet, T. W. Goddard, and T. K. Flesch. "Estimating storm erosion with a rainfall simulator." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-079.

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Interpreting soil loss from rainfall simulators is complicated by the uncertain relationship between simulated and natural rainstorms. Our objective was to develop and test a method for estimating soil loss from natural rainfall using a portable rainfall simulator (1 m2 plot size). Soil loss from 12 rainstorms was measured on 144-m2 plots with barley residue in conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and zero tillage (ZT) conditions. A corresponding "simulated" soil loss was calculated by matching the simulator erosivity to each storm's erosivity. High (140 mm h−1) and low (60 mm h−1) simulation intensities were examined. The best agreement between simulated and natural soil loss occurred using the low intensity, after making three adjustments. The first was to compensate for the 38% lower kinetic energy of the simulator compared with natural rain. The second was for the smaller slope length of the simulator plot. The third was to begin calculating simulator erosivity only after runoff began. After these adjustments, the simulated soil loss over all storms was 99% of the natural soil loss for CT, 112% for RT and 95% for ZT. Our results show that rainfall simulators can successfully estimate soil loss from natural rainfall events. Key words: Natural rainfall events, simulated rainfall, erosivity, tillage

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Si, Zhen Jiang, Yan Meng, and Yan Huang. "Development of a Mobile Rainfall Simulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.118.

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in order to solve the rainfall simulator single control operation currently used in the experiment of soil erosion. A mobile rainfall simulator was designed. The device adopts a rainfall simulator and Longmen mobile support integration mode, which is controllable and mobile and easy to move. The results show that the equipment is advanced in technology, stable performance, flexible movement, rainfall uniformity high, effective rainfall area is 1.5×4.5m with rainfall intensity ranging from 9.5 to 100mm/h. and to a greater extent meets the needs of rainfall simulation. This rainfall simulator can be used in indoor and outdoor experiment of soil erosion in different slope, which improves the efficiency of utilization of rainfall simulator.

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Isidoro, Jorge M. G. P., and João L. M. P. de Lima. "Hydraulic system to ensure constant rainfall intensity (over time) when using nozzle rainfall simulators." Hydrology Research 46, no. 5 (January 27, 2015): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.087.

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Rainfall simulation is widely used in the laboratory and in field work to produce artificial rainfall for small-scale surface hydrology and soil erosion studies. Simulated rainfall produced by simulators must be predictable, accurate and consistent to be useful to model the related physical processes. Pressure fluctuations in the water supply system frequently cause variation in rainfall intensity during simulated events. This study describes a hydraulic system that is attached to the outlet (nozzle) of a rainfall simulator to ensure constant pressure and discharge, which consequently facilitates constant rainfall intensity at ground level, throughout the rainfall event, especially in the controlled environment of the laboratory. Fifty rainfall events were simulated (five different pressure levels at the water intake). More than 750 pressure measurements were collected for each rainfall event at the water intake and at the nozzle, adding a total of more than 75,000 pressure measurements. Standard deviation of pressure measured at the water intake was always higher than at the nozzle (ranging from 1.978 to 4.199 times higher). The results show that with this hydraulic system rainfall simulators can operate with constant (rainfall) intensity throughout the entire simulation or sequence of events, even if the water supply pressure fluctuates.

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MD Isa, Siti Fazlina, A. T. S. Azhar, and M. Aziman. "Design, Operation and Construction of a Large Rainfall Simulator for the Field Study on Acidic Barren Slope." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 8 (August 27, 2018): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091119.

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The utilization of rainfall simulators has turned out to be more far reaching with the automated instrumentation and control systems. This paper portrays a rainfall simulator designed for analysis of erosion on steep (2.5H: 1V). A rainfall simulator designed to perform experiments in slope is introduced. The large scale of the apparatus allows the researcher to work in remote areas and on steep slopes. This simulator was designed to be effortlessly set up and kept up as well as able and additionally ready to create a variety of rainfall regimes. The nozzle performance tests and lateral spacing tests were performed at Research Center for Soft Soil (RECESS), which is another Research and Development (R and D) activity by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. This test system is the standard for research involving simulated rainfall. The rainfall simulator is a pressurized nozzle type simulator. It discharges uniform rainfall on a square plot 6 m wide by 6 m (19.685 ft) long. The fundamental parts of a sprinkler rainfall simulator are a nozzle, a structure in which installs the nozzle, and the connections with the water supply and the pumping system. The structure of the test system was manufactured created with four fixed hollow rectangular galvanised on which a header with 25 nozzles attached to it. The nozzles are spaced 1 m apart. Flow meters control the inflow of water from the storage tank, ensuring each nozzle has a similar release rate, regardless of the introduction of the test system. The tank that was utilized has the 200 gallons of water which is 757.08 Lit and the full with water in tank can run the artificial rainfall simulation roughly around 50 to 60 minutes. The support system is collapsible, easy to set up and maintain. The subsequent test system is conservative (under RM9,000 to build), made with industrially accessible parts, simple to set-up and maintain and highly accurate.

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Lasisi, M. O., F. F. Akinola, and O. R. Ogunjimi. "MODIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SMALL-SCALE RAINFALL SIMULATOR." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 03 (2022): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5736.

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Rainfall simulator is an essential tool to simulate natural rainfall accurately and precisely. A reliable, accurate and portable small scale rainfall simulator is required for runoff, infiltration, sediment generation and erosion studies. And this has been used extensively to gather runoff, infiltration and erosion data in both laboratory and field experiments. This study was conducted to determine rainfall intensity, rainfall drop sizes and erosivity. An existing rainfall simulator was modified to be easily assembled, transported and maintained as well as to create a variety of rainfall regimes. Performance evaluation of the modified rainfall simulator was carried out with 10 trials to determine the intensity of rainfall, drop sizes and erosivity. Correlations were drawn out between the data of the simulated rainfall and that of the natural rainfall data. The results show that rainfall amount, intensity and kinetic energy are the main variables that influence rainfall erosivity index at 99% confidence level. The erosivity index of both simulated rainfall and natural rainfall are 36395.40JM-2mmhr-1 and 34792.51JM-2mmhr-1, respectively. The results of regression analysis of the simulated and natural rainfall show the influence of intensity and amount of rainfall on erosivity index. The linear regression models of simulated and natural rainfall show strong influence to varying degrees of (R2-values) which are 0.949, 0.190, 0.949 and 0.955, respectively. It was concluded that the modified rainfall simulator is suitable to simulate and reproduce natural rainfall characteristics such as rain drop size, intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity. The modified rainfall simulator is a portable type which can be easily assembled, maintained, transported and it can also be used in both laboratory and field experiments for irrigation, infiltration, runoff, sediment and erosion control studies. The estimated cost of modification was ₦44,520.00.

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Zemke, J. J. "Set-up and calibration of a portable small scale rainfall simulator for assessing soil erosion processes at interrill scale." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3129.

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A portable rainfall simulator was built for assessing runoff and soil erosion processes at interrill scale. Within this study, requirements and constraints of the rainfall simulator are identified and discussed. The focus lies on the calibration of the simulator with regard to spatial rainfall homogeneity, rainfall intensity, drop size, drop fall velocity and rainfall kinetic energy. These parameters were obtained using different methods including a Laser Precipitation Monitor. A detailed presentation of the operational characteristics is given. The presented rainfall simulator setup featured a rainfall intensity of 45.4 mm·h-1 with a spatial homogeneity of 80.4% based on a plot area of 0.64 m². Because of the comparatively low drop height (2 m), the diameter-dependent terminal fall velocity (1.87 m·s-1) was lower than benchmark values for natural rainfall. This conditioned also a reduced rainfall kinetic energy (4.6 J·m-2·mm-1) compared to natural rainfall with same intensity. These shortfalls, a common phenomenon concerning portable rainfall simulators, represented the best possible trade-off between all relevant rainfall parameters obtained with the given simulator setup. Field experiments proved that the rainfall erosivity was constant and replicable.

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G. B. Paige, J. J. Stone, J. R. Smith, and J. R. Kennedy. "THE WALNUT GULCH RAINFALL SIMULATOR: A COMPUTER-CONTROLLED VARIABLE INTENSITY RAINFALL SIMULATOR." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 20, no. 1 (2004): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.15691.

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Fernández-Raga, María, Indira Rodríguez, Pablo Caldevilla, Gabriel Búrdalo, Almudena Ortiz, and Rebeca Martínez-García. "Optimization of a Laboratory Rainfall Simulator to Be Representative of Natural Rainfall." Water 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 3831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14233831.

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The importance of understanding the effects of rainfall on different materials over time makes it essential to carry out controlled tests to reduce analysis time. Rainfall simulators have been in use for decades and have been implemented as technology and knowledge of the physical behavior of water advanced. There are two main types of rainfall simulators: gravity simulators and pressure simulators. In the former, the drop velocity is normally smaller than the terminal velocity reached by natural droplets; in the latter, the drop size is too small to be representative and has far more speed than the natural speed for those sizes. To solve this problem, a simulator has been developed where the terminal velocity of the raindrops is reached and the drop size can be varied by different nozzles of variable sizes, adapting it to the conditions of a given region. In this study, conditions similar to the rainfall conditions of the city of León have been achieved. This paper presents the design of a rainfall simulator that recreates different rainfall conditions and rainwater composition and its calibration process.

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Jan, Petrů, and Kalibová Jana. "Measurement and computation of kinetic energy of simulated rainfall in comparison with natural rainfall." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 4 (October 18, 2018): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/218/2016-swr.

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Rainfall characteristics such as total amount and rainfall intensity (I) are important inputs in calculating the kinetic energy (KE) of rainfall. Although KE is a crucial indicator of the raindrop potential to disrupt soil aggregates, it is not a routinely measured meteorological parameter. Therefore, KE is derived from easily accessible variables, such as I, in empirical laws. The present study examines whether the equations which had been derived to calculate KE of natural rainfall are suitable for the calculation of KE of simulated rainfall. During the experiment presented in this paper, the measurement of rainfall characteristics was carried out under laboratory conditions using a rainfall simulator. In total, 90 measurements were performed and evaluated to describe the rainfall intensity, drop size distribution and velocity of rain drops using the Thies laser disdrometer. The duration of each measurement of rainfall event was 5 minutes. Drop size and fall velocity were used to calculate KE and to derive a new equation of time-specific kinetic energy (KE<sub>time</sub> – I). When comparing the newly derived equation for KE of simulated rainfall with the six most commonly used equations for KE<sub>time</sub> – I of natural rainfall, KE of simulated rainfall was discovered to be underestimated. The higher the rainfall intensity, the higher the rate of underestimation. KE of natural rainfall derived from theoretical equations exceeded KE of simulated rainfall by 53–83% for I = 30 mm/h and by 119–275% for I = 60 mm/h. The underestimation of KE of simulated rainfall is probably caused by smaller drops formed by the rainfall simulator at higher intensities (94% of all drops were smaller than 1 mm), which is not typical of natural rainfall.

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Kim, Haksoo, Teakjo Ko, Hyangseon Jeong, and Sungje Ye. "The Development of a Methodology for Calibrating a Large-Scale Laboratory Rainfall Simulator." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110427.

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The objective of this study was to establish a method to calibrate a large-scale laboratory rainfall simulator through developing and implementing an automated rainfall collection system to assess the reliability and accuracy of a rainfall simulator. The automated rainfall collection system was designed to overcome the limitations caused by the traditional manual measurement for obtaining the rainfall intensity and the spatial rainfall distribution in a large experimental area. The developed automated rainfall collection system was implemented to calibrate a large-scale laboratory rainfall simulator. The adequacy of average rainfall intensities automatically collected from the miniature tipping bucket rain gauges was assessed by comparison with those based on the volumetric method using the flowmeter. The functional relationships between the system variables of the rainfall simulator and the simulated intensity and uniformity distribution of rainfall (i.e., operation models) were derived based on a multiple regression approach incorporating correlation analysis on linear and logarithm scales, with consideration of a significance level. The operation models exhibited high accuracy with respect to both the rainfall intensity and the uniformity coefficients.

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Bateni, Norazlina, Sai Hin Lai, Frederik Josep Putuhena, Darrien Yau Seng Mah, and Md Abdul Mannan. "A Rainfall Simulator Used for Testing of Hydrological Performances of Micro-Detention Permeable Pavement." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.18 (August 2, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.18.16671.

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A rainfall simulator for laboratory experimentation is developed to test hydrological performances of micro-detention pond permeable pavement, MDPP. Rainfall characteristics consisting of rainfall intensity, spatial uniformity, raindrop size, and raindrop velocity show that natural rainfall is simulated with sufficient accuracy. The rainfall simulator used pressure nozzles to spray water for rainfall intensity from 40 to 220mm/hr. Uniformity distribution test gives coefficient of uniformity of 95% over an area of 1m2. The raindrops falling at velocity ranging from 0.5 to 15m/s with drop sizes diameter between 2 to 5mm. Free drainage system below the rainfall simulator is accompanied with outlet tanks attached with ultrasonic sensor devices to record the outflow data. During the experiments, the outflow received is 98% in average. Experiment results in typical runoff hydrograph and percolation rate of the MDPP system. This shows the ability of the rainfall simulator to obtain initial hydrology data to aid in the design of the MDPP prototype.

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Fister, W., T. Iserloh, J. B. Ries, and R. G. Schmidt. "Comparison of rainfall characteristics of a small portable rainfall simulator and a portable wind and rainfall simulator." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 55, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2011/0055s3-0054.

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CHERAKU, SRIVALLI, P. SWATHI, Y. SUSHMITHA, D. PRANEETHA, and CH RADHA SRIVALLI. "Fabrication and study of laboratory scale rainfall simulator for soil erosion assessment." Journal of AgriSearch 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v8i2.7298.

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A rainfall simulator is an ideal tool for infiltration, soil erosion and other related research areas for replicating the process and characteristics of natural rainfall. The present paper describes the design of a comprehensive rainfall simulator. In this study a laboratory scale rainfall simulator is developed, which is particularly meant for the assessment of soil erosion at plot scale by considering various soil grain types, soil slope angles and surface exposures under different rainfall conditions. The Rainfall characteristics including the rainfall intensity and its spatial uniformity raindrop size and kinetic energy confirm that natural rainfall conditions are simulated with sufficient accuracy. The comparative measurement was carried out in a laboratory using rainfall simulator fabricated of 4 feet length and 2.5 feet width, where the applied slope angle is 3% with 39 mm/hr rainfall intensity. The runoff and soil loss for different samples were assessed by conducting number of trials. From the results it was found that the soil tilled and keeping it as a bare plot is more prone to runoff compared to soil without tilled and straw mulching has helped to reduce the runoff by 57% as compared to soil without mulching.

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T. P. Regmi and A. L. Thompson. "RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR LABORATORY STUDIES." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 16, no. 6 (2000): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.5380.

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M. C. Hirschi, J. K. Mitchell, D. R. Feezor, and B. J. Lesikar. "MICROCOMPUTER-CONTROLLED LABORATORY RAINFALL SIMULATOR." Transactions of the ASAE 33, no. 6 (1990): 1950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.31563.

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C. H. Shelton, R. D. von Bernuth, and S. P. Rajbhandari. "A Continuous-Application Rainfall Simulator." Transactions of the ASAE 28, no. 4 (1985): 1115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32397.

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Valette, Gilles, Stéphanie Prévost, Joël Léonard, and Laurent Lucas. "A virtual discrete rainfall simulator." Environmental Modelling & Software 29, no. 1 (March 2012): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.10.003.

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Polyakov, Viktor, Jeffry Stone, Chandra Holifield Collins, Mark A. Nearing, Ginger Paige, Jared Buono, and Rae-Landa Gomez-Pond. "Rainfall simulation experiments in the southwestern USA using the Walnut Gulch Rainfall Simulator." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-19-2018.

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Abstract. This dataset contains hydrological, erosion, vegetation, ground cover, and other supplementary information from 272 rainfall simulation experiments conducted on 23 semiarid rangeland locations in Arizona and Nevada between 2002 and 2013. On 30 % of the plots, simulations were conducted up to five times during the decade of study. The rainfall was generated using the Walnut Gulch Rainfall Simulator on 2 m by 6 m plots. Simulation sites included brush and grassland areas with various degrees of disturbance by grazing, wildfire, or brush removal. This dataset advances our understanding of basic hydrological and biological processes that drive soil erosion on arid rangelands. It can be used to estimate runoff, infiltration, and erosion rates at a variety of ecological sites in the Southwestern USA. The inclusion of wildfire and brush treatment locations combined with long-term observations makes it important for studying vegetation recovery, ecological transitions, and the effect of management. It is also a valuable resource for erosion model parameterization and validation. The dataset is available from the National Agricultural Library at https://data.nal.usda.gov/search/type/dataset (DOI: https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1358583).

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Naves, Juan, Jose Anta, Joaquín Suárez, and Jerónimo Puertas. "Development and Calibration of a New Dripper-Based Rainfall Simulator for Large-Scale Sediment Wash-Off Studies." Water 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010152.

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Rainfall simulators are useful tools for controlling the main variables that govern natural rainfall. In this study, a new drop-forming rainfall simulator, which consists of pressure-compensating dripper grids above a horizontal mesh that breaks and distributes raindrops, was developed to be applied in wash-off experiments in a large-scale physical model of 36 m2. The mesh typology and size, and its distance to drippers, were established through a calibration where rain uniformity and distributions of raindrop sizes and velocities were compared with local natural rainfall. Finally, the rain properties of the final solution were measured for the three rain intensities that the rainfall simulator is able to generate (30, 50 and 80 mm/h), obtaining almost uniform rainfalls with uniformity coefficients of 81%, 89% and 91%, respectively. This, together with the very suitable raindrop size distribution obtained, and the raindrop velocities of around 87.5% of the terminal velocity for the mean raindrop diameter, makes the proposed solution optimal for wash-off studies, where rain properties are key in the detachment of particles. In addition, the flexibility seen in controlling rain characteristics increases the value of the proposed design in that it is adaptable to a wide range of studies.

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Mendes, Thiago Augusto, Roberto Dutra Alves, Gilson de Farias Neves Gitirana, Sávio Aparecido dos Santos Pereira, Juan Félix Rodriguez Rebolledo, and Marta Pereira da Luz. "Evaluation of Rainfall Interception by Vegetation Using a Rainfall Simulator." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 5082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095082.

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Interception by vegetation is one of the main variables controlling hydrological and geo-environmental problems such as erosion, landslides and floods. Interception, along with precipitation and evapotranspiration, is required for the modeling of infiltration, percolation and runoff. Unfortunately, the measurement of interception in the field is time consuming, burdensome and subject to testing parameters with relatively high variability. In this context, experiments using rainfall simulators (RSs) have the potential to provide an alternative approach that addresses most of the limitations of field experiments. This paper presents a new approach to evaluate interception that combines a RS and the monitoring of the wetting front using pore-water pressure instrumentation at specific locations of the specimen. Two specimens are required, one with and another without vegetation. The proposed approach was applied to Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) and a tropical soil. The results indicated an average interception of 5.1 mm of the simulated rainfall for a slope at 15 degrees, rainfall intensity of 86 mm h−1, and duration of 60 min. Furthermore, the vegetation decreased the surface runoff that contributes to erosion. The proposed method will enable studies on the interception mechanisms and the various involved variables, with benefits to the modeling of soil-vegetation-atmosphere interaction.

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J. J. Stone, G. B. Paige, and R. H. Hawkins. "Rainfall Intensity-Dependent Infiltration Rates on Rangeland Rainfall Simulator Plots." Transactions of the ASABE 51, no. 1 (2008): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24226.

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Nielsen, Kristoffer T., Per Moldrup, Søren Thorndahl, Jesper E. Nielsen, Lene B. Duus, Søren H. Rasmussen, Mads Uggerby, and Michael R. Rasmussen. "Automated rainfall simulator for variable rainfall on urban green areas." Hydrological Processes 33, no. 26 (September 2, 2019): 3364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13563.

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Lascano, Robert J., John E. Stout, Timothy S. Goebel, and Dennis C. Gitz III. "A Portable and Mobile Rainfall Simulator." Open Journal of Soil Science 09, no. 10 (2019): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2019.910012.

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Abudi, I., G. Carmi, and P. Berliner. "Rainfall simulator for field runoff studies." Journal of Hydrology 454-455 (August 2012): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.05.056.

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Isidoro, Jorge Manuel Guieiro Pereira, Alexandre Silveira, and Bruno Oliveira Lima. "Development of a large-scale rainfall simulator for urban hydrology research." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 27, no. 1 (February 2022): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-415220200365.

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ABSTRACT This work presented the development and testing of a large-scale rainfall simulator (LSRS) to be used as a research tool on rainfall-runoff and associated transport processes in urban areas. The rainfall simulator consists of a pressurized water supply system which supplies a set of 16 full-cone nozzles. Artificial rainfall with different rainfall intensities can be produced over an area of 100 m2 in a V shape. The assembly is housed in a tailor-made acrylic structure to eliminate the influence of wind and natural rainfall. Runoff is measured and collected at the outlet of the drainage basin, from where it is pumped to a storage tank that enables the reuse of water. Runoff hydrographs and pollutographs are presented as examples of possible outcomes from this facility. The LSRS is showed to be able to reproduce the rainfall-runoff and pollutant transport processes under simulated rainfall events with intensity and spatial uniformity similar to other experiments described in the literature.

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Rončević, Vukašin, Nikola Živanović, Ratko Ristić, John H. van Boxel, and Milica Kašanin-Grubin. "Dripping Rainfall Simulators for Soil Research—Design Review." Water 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 3309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203309.

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Dripping rainfall simulators are important instruments in soil research. However, a large number of non-standardized simulators have been developed, making it difficult to combine and compare the results of different studies in which they were used. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to become familiar with the design and performances of the current rainfall simulators. A search has been conducted for scientific papers describing dripping rainfall simulators (DRS) and papers that are thematically related to the soil research using DRS. Simulator design analysis was performed integrally, for simulators with more than one dripper (DRS>1) and with one dripper (DRS=1). Descriptive and numerical data were extracted from the papers and sorted by proposed categories, according to which the types and subtypes of used simulators are determined. The six groups of elements that simulators could consist of have been determined, as well their characteristics, representation and statistical analyses of the available numerical parameters. The characteristics of simulators are analyzed and presented, facilitating the selection of simulators for future research. Description of future simulators in accordance to the basic groups of simulator elements should provide all data necessary for their easier replication and provide a step closer to the reduction of design diversification and standardization of rainfall simulators intended for soil research.

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Seong, Hoje, Dong Sop Rhee, and Inhwan Park. "Analysis of Urban Flood Inundation Patterns According to Rainfall Intensity Using a Rainfall Simulator in the Sadang Area of South Korea." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 9, 2020): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031158.

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An urban flood in the Sadang area located in South Korea was reproduced using a rainfall simulator. The rainfall simulator was developed to be able to demonstrate the rainfall intensity in range of 80–200 mm/h, and the artificial rainfall was created using 42 full cone type nozzles in the urban model. The uniformity coefficient of the rainfall distribution was 89.5%, which indicates the rainfall simulator achieved the high requirements for spatial uniformity. The flood experiments in the 1/200 scale model of the Sadang area were conducted using the rainfall simulator, and the flood patterns were investigated by changing the rainfall intensity. The rainwater mainly accumulated in the lowland of the crossroad where the entrances to the subway station are located. The flow velocity and the inundation depth were sharply increased until the rainfall intensity became 160 mm/h. Furthermore, the unstable human activities based on the moment and the friction instabilities also occurred from 160 mm/h. These results suggest that the study area requires flood damage mitigation facilities considering a rainfall intensity exceeding 160 mm/h.

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Littleboy, M., RC Sachan, GD Smith, and AL Cogle. "Soil management and production of alfisols in the semi-arid tropics. II.* Deriving USDA curve numbers from rainfall simulator data." Soil Research 34, no. 1 (1996): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960103.

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A comparison of USDA-SCS runoff curve numbers from model calibration using experimental runoff data and rainfall simulation is presented. A rainfall simulator was used to derive curve numbers for a range of antecedent soil water contents and surface cover conditions for an Alfisol soil in the semi-arid tropics of India. These relationships between cover and curve number are compared with relationships that were obtained using model calibration in Part I of this paper. The results showed that rainfall simulation on dry soils was most useful for deriving curve numbers. Derived curve numbers under dry antecedent conditions (CN1) can be easily adjusted to curve numbers for average antecedent conditions (CN2) which is an input parameter for many agricultural simulation models. Further analysis of the effects of cover on curve number showed that a linear function explained up to 86% of the variability between curve number and surface cover. Curve numbers derived from rainfall simulators were similar to those obtained from model calibration. This has improved confidence in using rainfall simulation to measure a runoff curve number.* Part I, Aust. J. Soil Res. 1996, 34, 91–102.

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J. D. Williams, D. E. Wilkins, D. K. McCool, L. L. Baarstad, B. L. Klepper, and R. I. Papendick. "A NEW RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR USE IN LOW-ENERGY RAINFALL AREAS." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 14, no. 3 (1998): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.19385.

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SOUZA, THAIS EMANUELLE MONTEIRO DOS SANTOS, ELISÂNGELA PEREIRA GONÇALVES, DJALMA SILVA PEREIRA, LUANA MENEZES DOS SANTOS, LÍVIA SANTOS MACHADO, and EDIVAN RODRIGUES DE SOUZA. "REDUCING EROSION IN SORGHUM CROPS WITH MULCHING." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 3 (July 2018): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n323rc.

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ABSTRACT Researches evaluating the use of mulch has contributing to optimize soil management towards sustainability, and improving soil quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of mulching on the reduction of erosion in a soil with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) crops subjected to simulated rainfall and increased soil organic carbon. The experiment was carried out from August to December 2013 under field conditions, using a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of sorghum with mulch, using the local vegetation available in the area; and sorghum without mulch. Simulated rainfalls were performed in three different periods of the crop cycle (initial, intermediate, and final), using a rainfall simulator. The use of mulch in soils with sorghum crops was efficient in improving soil water retention in all phases of the crop, and maintaining soil moisture during the rainfall intervals used, resulting in the absence of plant water loss, and greater contribution to soil organic carbon.

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Hou, Jian Shu. "Design of Artificial Rainfall Simulator for Model Test of Landslide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1491.

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Landslide is a main type of natural disasters, and makes huge human life losses and property losses. Landslides are often triggered by rainfall, especially long time rainfall or high intensity rainfall. Model test is an effective method to study the mechanism of landslide. An artificial rainfall simulator for model test of landslide is designed, which including water reservoir, water pressure control and rainfall drop making needles. To maintain the rainfall intensity, the water lever of reservoir is kept constant by a servo-control system. And a cross leaf can rotate in the raining process is set in the front of rainfall drop making needle to make the local rainfall drop distribution uniform. Then particle flow method is used to simulate the rainfall drops making process, and the result shows that he reasonable rotation velocity of needle leaf should be confirmed in the rainfall calibration to maintain a uniform distribution before test.

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Mendes, Thiago Augusto, Sávio Aparecido dos Santos Pereira, Juan Félix Rodriguez Rebolledo, Gilson de Farias Neves Gitirana, Maria Tereza da Silva Melo, and Marta Pereira da Luz. "Development of a Rainfall and Runoff Simulator for Performing Hydrological and Geotechnical Tests." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063060.

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Laboratory apparatuses for the analysis of infiltration and runoff enable studies under controlled environments and at reduced costs. Unfortunately, the design and construction of such systems are complex and face difficulties associated with the scale factor. This paper presents the design, construction, and evaluation of a portable rainfall and runoff simulator. The apparatus allows the evaluation of unsaturated soils with and without vegetation cover, under a wide range of simulation scenarios. The apparatus also enables the control of the intensity, size, and uniformity of simulated raindrops for variable surface slope, specimen thickness, and length conditions. The monitoring of the volumetric water content and matric suction and a rigorous computation of water balance are ensured. The obtained results indicate that the automated rainfall generator produces raindrops with Christiansen uniformity coefficients higher than 70%, and with an adequate distribution of raindrop sizes under a range of rainfall intensities between 86.0 and 220.0 mm h−1. The ideal rainfall generator conditions were established for a relatively small area equal to or lower than 1.0 m2 and considering rainfall events with return periods of 10 to 100 years.

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Silveira, Alexandre, Jorge M. G. P. Isidoro, Fábio P. de Deus, Simone Siqueira dos Reis, Antônio Marciano da Silva, Flávio A. Gonçalves, Paulo Henrique Bretanha Junker Menezes, and Rafael de O. Tiezzi. "Enhancing the spatial rainfall uniformity of pressurized nozzle simulators." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2015-0140.

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Purpose Rainfall simulators are used on experimental hydrology, in areas such as, e.g., urban drainage and soil erosion, with important timesaving when compared to real scale hydrological monitoring. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to increase the quality of rainfall simulation, namely, for its use with scaled physical models. Design/methodology/approach Two pressurized rainfall simulators are considered. M1 uses three HH-W 1/4 FullJet nozzles under an operating pressure of 166.76 kPa and was tested over a 4.00 m length by 2.00 m width V-shaped surface. M2 was prepared to produce artificial rainfall over an area of 10.00 m length by 10.00 m width. The spatial distribution of rainfall produced from a single nozzle was characterized in order to theoretically find the best positioning for nozzles to cover the full 100 m2 area with the best possible rainfall uniformity. Findings Experiments with M1 led to an average rainfall intensity of 76.77-82.25 mm h−1 with a 24.88 per cent variation coefficient and a Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) of 78.86 per cent. The best result with M2 was an average rainfall intensity of 75.12-76.83 mm h−1 with a 21.23 per cent variation coefficient and a CUC of 83.05 per cent. Practical implications This study contributes to increase the quality of artificial rainfall produced by pressurized rainfall simulators. Originality/value M2 is the largest rainfall simulator known by the authors worldwide. Its use on rainfall-runoff studies (e.g. urban areas, erosion, pollutant transport) will allow for a better understanding of complex surface hydrology processes.

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García Lara, Carlos Manuel, José Luis Carreras Nampulá, Eduardo Espinosa Medinilla, Raúl González Herrera, Pedro Vera Toledo, and Rubén Alejandro Vázquez Sánchez. "Diseño y calibración de un simulador automático de lluvia." Revista Espacio I+D Innovación más Desarrollo 5, no. 12 (October 23, 2016): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31644/imasd.12.2016.a02.

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Kok, Hans, and Shelly Kessen. "Water Conservation Education with a Rainfall Simulator." Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 26, no. 1 (March 1997): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jnrlse.1997.0020.

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Miller, W. P. "A Solenoid-Operated, Variable Intensity Rainfall Simulator." Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, no. 3 (May 1987): 832–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100030048x.

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Gires, Auguste, Philippe Bruley, Anne Ruas, Daniel Schertzer, and Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia. "Disdrometer measurements under Sense-City rainfall simulator." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 2 (April 14, 2020): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-835-2020.

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Abstract. The Hydrology, Meteorology and Complexity Laboratory of École des Ponts ParisTech (http://hmco.enpc.fr, last access: 24 March 2020) and the Sense-City consortium (http://sense-city.ifsttar.fr/, last access: 24 March 2020) made available a dataset of optical disdrometer measurements stemming from a campaign that took place in September 2017 under the rainfall simulator of the Sense-City climatic chamber, which is located near Paris. Two OTT Parsivel2 disdrometers were used. The size and velocity of drops falling through the sampling area of the devices of roughly a few tens of square centimetres are computed by disdrometers. This enables the estimation of the drop size distribution and the further study of rainfall microphysics or kinetic energy for example. Raw data – basically a matrix containing a number of drops according to classes of size and velocity, along with more aggregated ones such as rain rate and drop size distribution with filtering – are available. The dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3347051(Gires et al., 2019).

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Kiwan, Mohamed E., and Abdullah S. Al-Wagdany. "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR." Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2009.109486.

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Frasier, Gary W., Mark Weltz, and Laura Weltz. "Technical Note: Rainfall Simulator Runoff Hydrograph Analysis." Journal of Range Management 51, no. 5 (September 1998): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003370.

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Thomas, N. P., and Samir A. El Swaify. "Construction and calibration of a rainfall simulator." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 43 (May 1989): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8634(89)80001-0.

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Yamazaki, Yusuke, Shinji Egashira, and Yoichi Iwami. "Method to Develop Critical Rainfall Conditions for Occurrences of Sediment-Induced Disasters and to Identify Areas Prone to Landslides." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p1103.

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The present study demonstrates a method to specify critical rainfall conditions for the occurrence of a sediment disaster and identify areas prone to landslides using a simulator proposed by the current authors for sediment hazards. The simulator predicts spatial and temporal distributions for surface and subsurface flows, landslides, and debris flow resulting from rainfall events. The method to develop a critical curve for the occurrence of a disaster is proposed using simulated landslide data derived from artificially specified rainfall conditions, past rainfall data, and disaster records. Usually, a rainfall event also constitutes a period without rain, and this method can be used to evaluate the influence of the no-rain period. In addition, we propose a method to classify slopes according to the probability of landslide occurrences on a domain defined by slope gradient versus catchment area, using data on landslides resulting from a specified rainfall amount and intensity. Areas identified as having a high probability of landslide occurrences correspond to the runout mark of landslides and debris flow in August 2014.

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Respatiningrum, Amalia Wara, Lily Montarcih Limantara, and Ussy Andawayanti. "Analisis Debit Limpasan dan Indeks Erosivitas Hujan pada Metode USLE Akibat Variasi Intensitas Hujan dengan Alat Rainfall Simulator." Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtresda.2021.001.02.11.

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Terjadinya hujan mengakibatkan banyak sekali hal, misalnya aliran permukaan dan juga erosivitas hujan. Energi hujan tersebut bisa membuat suatu lahan tererosi. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi intensitas hujan terhadap debit limpasan yang dihasilkan, indeks erosivitas hujan, dan besar laju erosi dengan metode USLE pada alat rainfall simulator. Pengambilan sampel tanah di Desa Pandesari, Kecamatan Pujon, Kabupaten Malang. Studi ini dilakukan dengan variasi hujan yaitu 0,5 liter/menit, 1,0 liter/menit, 1,5 liter/menit, dan 2,0 liter/menit dengan kemiringan alat rainfall simulator sebesar 5%. Hasilnya, intensitas hujan sangat memengaruhi debit limpasan pada alat rainfall simulator, dengan koefisien determinasi R2 = 0,981. Intensitas hujan juga memengaruhi erosivitas hujan pada rainfall simulator dengan koefisien determinasi R2 = 0,999. Dan pada metode USLE, laju erosi yang dihasilkan dipengaruhi juga oleh intensitas hujan dengan koefisien determinasi R2 = 0,999.

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Fankhauser, Rolf. "Influence of systematic errors from tipping bucket rain gauges on recorded rainfall data." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0450.

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Tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) are widely used in urban hydrology. The present study investigated the uncertainties in recorded rainfall intensity induced by the following properties of the TBR: depth resolution i.e. the bucket volume, calibration parameters, wetting and evaporation losses and the method of data recording (time between tips or tips per minute). The errors were analysed by means of a TBR simulator i.e. a simulation program that models the behaviour of a TBR. Rainfall data disaggregated to 6 seconds from measured 1-min data and randomly varied were taken as input to the simulator. Different TBR data series were produced by changing the properties of the simulated rain gauge. These data series together with the original rainfall events were used as input to a rainfall-runoff model. Computed overflow volume and peak discharge from a combined sewer overflow (CSO) weir were compared. Errors due to depth resolution (i.e. the bucket size) proved to be small. Therefore TBRs with a depth resolution up to 0.254 mm can be used in urban hydrology without inducing significant errors. Wetting and evaporation losses caused small errors. The method of data recording had also little influence. For larger bucket volumes variable time step recording induced smaller errors than tips per minute recording.

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Hamanaka, Akihiro, Takashi Sasaoka, Hideki Shimada, and Shinji Matsumoto. "Experimental study on soil erosion under different soil composition using rainfall simulator." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 4 (April 23, 2019): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/68/2019-pse.

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Soil erosion is one of the major environmental problems in open-cut mines in tropical regions. It causes negative impacts including the removal of nutrient-rich topsoil, destroys aquatic habitat, dam and pond siltation, clogs river by deposition of sediment, and causes water pollution in the rehabilitation process. Soil texture is an important factor to affect soil erosion. In this study, artificial rainfall experiment in the laboratory scale was conducted to clarify the mechanism of soil erosion under the different soil composition and to discuss the methods for minimizing soil erosion. The obtained results showed that the soil seal generated due to the presence of fine particle under high rainfall intensity is the main contributor to accelerate the soil erosion. Additionally, the surface coverage by the cover crops is the most effective measure to reduce soil erosion because both the coarse and fine contents runoff can be minimized while arranging of the slope angle is effective for reducing the runoff of coarse contents and the soil compaction is effective to reduce that of fine contents. Soil erosion can be minimized by selecting prevention method considering the type of soil because the prevention effect on soil erosion is different depending on the type of soil.

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Ricks, Matthew D., Matthew A. Horne, Brian Faulkner, Wesley C. Zech, Xing Fang, Wesley N. Donald, and Michael A. Perez. "Design of a Pressurized Rainfall Simulator for Evaluating Performance of Erosion Control Practices." Water 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112386.

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Construction site erosion and resulting sedimentation constitutes one of the greatest non-point source pollution threats to our nation’s waterways. Erosion control practices are important aspects of any construction project due to their ability to limit the process of erosion. Testing erosion control practices under simulated rainfall representative of conditions experienced on construction sites is important to better understand their erosion reduction capabilities. Full-scale testing using simulated rainfall has been shown to provide controllable and repeatable results, in comparison to field-testing under natural conditions. Therefore, the focus of this study was to design, construct, and calibrate a pressurized rainfall simulator testing apparatus capable of accurately and repeatedly simulating rainfall intensities of 50.8, 101.6, and 152.4 mm/hr (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 in/hr) for 20-min intervals. The developed testing apparatus consisted of a 12 m (40 ft) long by 2.4 m (8.0 ft) earthen slope at a 3H:1V slope. Ten sprinkler risers at a height of 4.27 m (14 ft) were installed around the perimeter of the slope to create a uniform distribution of rainfall. Data collection procedures consisted of collecting and analyzing rainfall depth, drop size distributions, and sediment concentrations. The optimum location for each sprinkler riser, as well as the most accurate nozzle configuration, were determined through test procedures developed for this study. Through calibration testing, the simulator was found to produce accurate rainfall intensities with relative errors of 1.17–4.00% of the target intensities. Uniformity of rainfall distribution ranged from 85.7 to 87.5%. Average drop sizes were determined to be between 2.35 and 2.58 mm (0.093 to 0.102 in.).

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James, T. K., and A. Rahman. "Efficacy of several organic herbicides and glyphosate formulations under simulated rainfall." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4322.

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Glasshouse studies were conducted to determine the efficacy and rainfast interval of several organic and glyphosatebased herbicides marketed for use in home gardens The test species used were white clover (Trifolium repens) annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and couch (Elytrigia repens) After spraying the 6weekold plants some pots were set aside and received no simulated rainfall while others were placed under the rainfall simulator (11 mm rain over 30 minutes) at 2 3 or 6 h after application Plants were visually assessed for herbicide efficacy and after 4 weeks all the new growth was harvested and dry matter measured Rainfall applied 2 or 3 h after application did not reduce the efficacy of organic herbicides In the case of glyphosate rain applied at 2 h after spraying reduced efficacy by 440 while rain 6 h after application reduced it by 020 depending on formulation and plant type

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Nelson, David. "Rainfall noise simulation and mitigation." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 264, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc-2022-828.

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A newly constructed and otherwise well-regarded building suffered from excessive rain noise in open areas where the roof deck was exposed. A single major rain event was used to characterize the existing condition, making use of a handheld sound level meter, mobile phone recordings, and weather radar data and corresponding rainfall rates. Several retrofit options were evaluated using a "homebuilt" rainfall simulator fashioned after that described in ISO 140-18. Measured data allowed each treatment's benefit to be compared to a speech interference criterion. Because the actual practical criterion was Owner satisfaction, an audio presentation using filtered recordings was planned rather than presentation of engineering data. However the simulator was constructed so that changes could be rapidly made, so that an Owner representative was able to personally experience and approve the changes prior to installation.

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Lassu, Tamás, Manuel Seeger, Piet Peters, and Saskia D. Keesstra. "The Wageningen Rainfall Simulator: Set-up and Calibration of an Indoor Nozzle-Type Rainfall Simulator for Soil Erosion Studies." Land Degradation & Development 26, no. 6 (March 1, 2015): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2360.

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Menezes Sanchez Macedo, Pietro, Marinaldo Ferreira Pinto, Teodorico Alves Sobrinho, Nivaldo Schultz, Thiago Altamir Rodrigues Coutinho, and Daniel Fonseca de Carvalho. "A modified portable rainfall simulator for soil erosion assessment under different rainfall patterns." Journal of Hydrology 596 (May 2021): 126052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126052.

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Choi, Hun, Chan Joo Lee, and Jin Kwan Kim. "Analysis on Rainfall Spatial Distribution and Rainfall Energy in a Large Rainfall Simulator with Fixed Nozzle Arrangement." Journal of the Association of Korean Geographers 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25202/jakg.7.1.4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rainfall simulator'

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